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clostridium difficile psi polysaccharide: synthesis of pentasaccharide repeating block, conjugation to exotoxin b subunit, and detection of natural anti-psi igg antibodies in horse serum.clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea in humans and may cause death. previously, we discovered that c. difficile expresses three polysaccharides, named psi, psii, and psiii. it has now been established that psii is a conserved antigen abundantly present on the cell-surface and biofilm of c. difficile. in contrast, the expression of psi and psiii appears to be stochastic processes. in this work, the total chemical synthesis of the psi pentasaccharide ...201323597587
clostridium difficile vertebral osteomyelitis.clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and it occasionally causes extraintestinal infections. we present a case of c. difficile-associated diarrhea that led to vertebral osteomyelitis associated with hardware. the osteomyelitis became symptomatic 2 years after the initial diarrheal event. c. difficile recovered from internal hardware sites cannot simply be regarded as a contaminant but should be treated.201323594589
prebiotics, faecal transplants and microbial network units to stimulate biodiversity of the human gut microbiome.accumulating evidence demonstrates the intimate association between human hosts and the gut microbiome. starting at birth, the sterile gut of the newborn acquires a diverse spectrum of microbes, needed for immunological priming. however, current practices (caesarean sections, use of formula milk) deprive newborns from being exposed to this broad spectrum of microbes. unnecessary use of antibiotics and excessive hygienic precautions (e.g. natural versus chlorinated drinking water) together with t ...201323594389
reply to "comparison of detection methods for clostridium difficile". 201323592855
comparison of detection methods for clostridium difficile. 201323592854
effect of occurrence of infection-related never events on length of stay and hospital charges in patients undergoing radical neck dissection for head and neck cancer.to estimate the impact of infection-related never events (postoperative pneumonia, clostridium difficile infection, infection with microorganisms resistant to penicillin, postoperative infections, and decubitus ulcers) following radical neck dissections for head and neck cancers.201323591100
specialty care delivery: bringing infectious disease expertise to the residents of a veterans affairs long-term care facility.to initiate a long-term care facility (ltcf) infectious disease (lid) service that provides on-site consultations to ltcf residents to improve the care of residents with possible infections.201323590125
what is hot in the anaerobe literature? clostridium difficile infections. 201323587754
evaluation of multiplex pcr with enhanced spore germination for detection of clostridium difficile from stool samples of the hospitalized patients.clostridium difficile poses as the most common etiologic agent of nosocomial diarrhea. although there are many diagnostic methods to detect c. difficile directly from stool samples, the nucleic acid-based approach has been largely performed in several laboratories due to its high sensitivity and specificity as well as rapid turnaround time. in this study, a multiplex pcr was newly designed with recent accumulated nucleotide sequences. the pcr testing with various c. difficile ribotypes, other cl ...201323586062
clostridium septicum gas gangrene in a previously healthy 8-year-old female with survival.we present the only reported case of an immunocompetent pediatric patient in the literature to have fulminate gas gangrene of the lower extremity and concomitant gastrointestinal tract infection due to clostridium septicum coinfected with clostridium difficile colitis respectively. the patient survived with aggressive medical and surgical treatment.201323583163
isolation of clostridium difficile from faecal specimens--a comparison of chromid c. difficile agar and cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar.the culture of toxigenic clostridium difficile from stool specimens is still seen as the gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis of c. difficile infection (cdi). biomérieux have released chromid cdiff chromogenic agar (cdif) for the isolation and identification of c. difficile in 24 h. in this study, we compared cdif to pre-reduced cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar with sodium taurocholate (tccfa) in the examination of glutamate dehydrogenase-positive faecal specimens that were either geneo ...201323579394
if microbial ecosystem therapy can change your life, what's the problem?the increased incidence of morbidity and mortality due to clostridium difficile infection, had led to the emergence of fecal microbial transplantation (fmt) as a highly successful treatment. from this, a 32 strain stool substitute has been derived, and successfully tested in a pilot human study. these approaches could revolutionize not only medical care of infectious diseases, but potentially many other conditions linked to the human microbiome. but a second revolution may be needed in order for ...201323575749
longitudinal study of clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus associated with pigs from weaning through to the end of processing.there has been a recent increase in community-associated infections linked to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and clostridium difficile. it is established that both pathogens can be recovered from retail pork, although it is unclear to what degree contamination is acquired at the farm in comparison to that acquired during processing. to address this gap, the following study reports on the carriage of mrsa and c. difficile on pigs from birth through to the end of processing. c. ...201323575124
diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry.the world's poultry industry has grown into a multibillion-dollar business, the success of which hinges on healthy intestinal tracts, which result in effective feed conversion. enteric disease in poultry can have devastating economic effects on producers, due to high mortality rates and poor feed efficiency. clostridia are considered to be among the most important agents of enteric disease in poultry. diagnosis of enteric diseases produced by clostridia is usually challenging, mainly because man ...201323572451
impact of preoperative organ failures on survival in intensive care unit patients with colectomy.the present study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of preoperative changes in sequential organ failure assessment (sofa) score, daily norepinephrine (ne) dose, lactate, c-reactive protein, and white blood cell count among patients with colectomy in the intensive care unit (icu).201323571867
total colectomy for ulcerative colitis in children: when are we operating?ulcerative colitis (uc) in children is frequently severe and treatment-refractory. while medical therapy is well standardized, little is known regarding factors that contribute to surgical indications. our aim was to identify factors associated with progression to colectomy in a large cohort of pediatric uc patients.201323571824
analysis of anti-clostridium difficile activity of thuricin cd, vancomycin, metronidazole, ramoplanin, and actagardine, both singly and in paired combinations.due to the ongoing problem of recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea following antibiotic treatment, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment options. we assessed the mics of five antimicrobials singly and in combinations against a range of c. difficile clinical isolates. ramoplanin-actagardine combinations were particularly effective, with partial synergistic/additive effects observed against 61.5% of c. difficile strains tested.201323571539
rapid hospital room decontamination using ultraviolet (uv) light with a nanostructured uv-reflective wall coating.we tested the ability of an ultraviolet c (uv-c)-reflective wall coating to reduce the time necessary to decontaminate a room using a uv-c-emitting device (tru-d smartuvc). the reflective wall coating provided the following time reductions for decontamination: for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, from 25 minutes 13 seconds to 5 minutes 3 seconds ([formula: see text]), and for clostridium difficile spores, from 43 minutes 42 seconds to 9 minutes 24 seconds ([formula: see text]).201323571373
beyond the hawthorne effect: reduction of clostridium difficile environmental contamination through active intervention to improve cleaning practices.education and passive observation resulted in a significant improvement in housekeeper disinfection of nontoxigenic clostridium difficile spores artificially inoculated onto surfaces in c. difficile infection rooms. a further significant reduction occurred with direct supervision and real-time feedback, suggesting that optimal disinfection is achieved by working closely with housekeepers.201323571372
decontamination of targeted pathogens from patient rooms using an automated ultraviolet-c-emitting device.objective. to determine the effectiveness of an automated ultraviolet-c (uv-c) emitter against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), clostridium difficile, and acinetobacter spp. in patient rooms. design. prospective cohort study. setting. two tertiary care hospitals. participants. convenience sample of 39 patient rooms from which a patient infected or colonized with 1 of the 3 targeted pathogens had been discharged. intervention. environmental sites were cultured before and after use of an au ...201323571362
an environmental disinfection odyssey: evaluation of sequential interventions to improve disinfection of clostridium difficile isolation rooms.objective. effective disinfection of hospital rooms after discharge of patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is necessary to prevent transmission. we evaluated the impact of sequential cleaning and disinfection interventions by culturing high-touch surfaces in cdi rooms after cleaning. design. prospective intervention. setting. a veterans affairs hospital. interventions. during a 21-month period, 3 sequential tiered interventions were implemented: (1) fluorescent markers to provide ...201323571361
nanolitre real-time pcr detection of bacterial, parasitic, and viral agents from patients with diarrhoea in nunavut, canada.little is known about the microbiology of diarrhoeal disease in canada's arctic regions. there are a number of limitations of conventional microbiology testing techniques for diarrhoeal pathogens, and these may be further compromised in the arctic, given the often long distances for specimen transport.201323570023
detection of clostridium difficile in small and medium-sized wild mammals in southern ontario, canada.we sampled 325 small and medium-sized wild mammals in ontario, canada in 2007 and 2010 to determine the prevalence and characteristics of clostridium difficile in wild mammals living in proximity to captive wildlife and livestock. clostridium difficile was isolated from five of 109 animals (4.6%) on four of 25 farms (16%), but was not isolated from any of the 216 samples from raccoons (procyon lotor) living on the grounds of the toronto zoo. the positive animals included two raccoons from one be ...201323568920
antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of human and piglet clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 078.in the last decade, outbreaks of nosocomial clostridium difficile infections (cdi) occurred worldwide. a new emerging type, pcr-ribotype 027, was the associated pathogen. antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of this type were extensively investigated and used to partly explain its spread. in europe, the incidence of c. difficile pcr-ribotype 078 recently increased in humans and piglets. using recommendations of the european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) and the clin ...201323566553
calcineurin inhibitors and clostridium difficile infection in adult lung transplant recipients: the effect of cyclosporine versus tacrolimus.tacrolimus (fk506) has a superior immunosuppressive effect compared with cyclosporine (csa) without a significant increase in generalized infectious complications. differences in specific infections such as clostridium difficile (cdi) have not been reported. we investigated the relationship between calcineurin inhibitors and cdi, hypothesizing that choice of calcineurin inhibitor (csa or fk506) after lung transplantation would have no effect on the incidence of cdi.201323566442
do statins protect against the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea?to assess whether prior statin use protects against the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in hospitalized patients.201323563740
emergence of a highly resistant clostridium difficile strain (nap/bi/027) in a tertiary care center in saudi arabia. 201323563012
carbohydrate-based clostridium difficile vaccines.clostridium difficile is responsible for thousands of deaths each year and a vaccine would be welcomed, especially one that would disrupt bacterial maintenance, colonization and persistence in carriers and convalescent patients. structural explorations at the university of guelph (on, canada) discovered that c. difficile may express three phosphorylated polysaccharides, named psi, psii and psiii; this review captures our recent efforts to create vaccines based on these glycans, especially psii, ...201323560922
intracolonic vancomycin for severe clostridium difficile colitis.clostridium difficile colitis is associated with increased age, antibiotic usage, and hospitalization. severe c. difficile colitis refractory to medical therapy may require surgical intervention including subtotal colectomy. we initiated an adjuvant intracolonic vancomycin (icv) enema protocol for inpatients with severe c. difficile colitis and compared the response to this therapy in patients from the community and nursing homes.201323560732
impact of ribotype 027 on clostridium difficile infection in a geriatric department.the purposes of this study were to describe the epidemiology (2001-2009) of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in a geriatric department and to compare the clinical data of patients infected with a 027 or non-027 strain. we retrospectively identified all geriatric patients with cdi and analysed the clinical and microbiological data of 133 patients for whom a ribotype was available between march 2003 and december 2009. the incidence of cdi in our geriatric department increased from 0.2 per 10 ...201323558363
cellular uptake of clostridium difficile tcda and truncated tcda lacking the receptor binding domain.the combined repetitive oligopeptides (crops) of clostridium difficile toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb) induce clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the toxins. inconsistently, crop-truncated tcda(1-1874) is also capable of entering host cells and displaying full cytotoxic properties although with less potency. pre-incubation of cells with isolated crops, however, reconstitutes the reduced uptake of tcda(1-1874) to the level of the full-length toxin. we believe that tcda exhibits an additional binding mo ...201323558138
two cases of fulminant colitis due to binary toxin-positive clostridium difficile that are not pcr ribotype 027 or type 078.two cases of fulminant colitis due to clostridium difficile occurred within ten weeks of each other on the same ward of a hospital in japan. the patients died 2 and 4 days after the onset of colitis. c. difficile isolates obtained from both patients were toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive and binary toxin-positive. these isolates yielded identical results by both pcr ribotyping and slpa sequence typing. however, the banding patterns and slpa sequences of the isolates differed from those of pcr r ...201323558137
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline against clostridium difficile and propensity to induce c. difficile infection in an in vitro human gut model.to examine the effects of exposure to ceftaroline or ceftriaxone on the epidemic clostridium difficile strain pcr ribotype 027 and the indigenous gut microflora in an in vitro human gut model. additionally, the mics of ceftriaxone and ceftaroline for 60 c. difficile isolates were determined.201323557928
clostridium difficile enteritis: a report of two cases and systematic literature review.clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the most common cause of healthcare associated infectious diarrhea. in the last decade, the incidence of c. difficile infection has increased dramatically. the virulence of c. difficile has also increased recently with toxigenic strains developing. c. difficile is generally a disease of the colon and presents with abdominal pain and diarrhea due to colitis. however, c. difficile enteritis has been reported rarely. the initial reports suggested mortality ra ...201323556059
low cost extraction and isothermal amplification of dna for infectious diarrhea diagnosis.in order to counter the common perception that molecular diagnostics are too complicated to work in low resource settings, we have performed a difficult sample preparation and dna amplification protocol using instrumentation designed to be operated without wall or battery power. in this work we have combined a nearly electricity-free nucleic acid extraction process with an electricity-free isothermal amplification assay to detect the presence of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) dna in the st ...201323555883
clostridium difficile ribotype diversity at six health care institutions in the united states.capillary-based pcr ribotyping was used to quantify the presence/absence and relative abundance of 98 clostridium difficile ribotypes from clinical cases of disease at health care institutions in six states of the united states. regionally important ribotypes were identified, and institutions in close proximity did not necessarily share more ribotype diversity than institutions that were farther apart.201323554188
appendectomy is not associated with adverse outcomes in clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study. 201323552320
nisin and clostridium difficile: a potentially effective treatment for an increasingly problematic disease. 201323552318
fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: what's old is new again?in recent years, effective management of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has emerged as an important issue for those clinicians who treat patients with cdi. in addition to antibiotic-based therapies, including alternating use, chaser, and tapering protocols, interest has increased in the potential utility of a variety of nonantibiotic forms of adjunctive therapy. among these alternative forms of treatment, the concept of transferring extracts of a stool from donors to patients wi ...201323549617
clostridium difficile infection in the hospitalized pediatric population: increasing trend in disease incidence.to determine whether the incidence of clostridium difficile infection continues to increase in hospitalized pediatric patients, we evaluated data from a united states national inpatient database. for the period of 2003 to 2009, we found an increasing trend in the incidence of c. difficile infection. these data suggest greater effort be given to prevent and treat this infection in children.201323546535
new opportunities for improved ribotyping of c. difficile clinical isolates by exploring their genomes.clostridium difficile causes outbreaks of infectious diarrhoea, most commonly occurring in healthcare institutions. recently, concern has been raised with reports of c. difficile disease in those traditionally thought to be at low risk i.e. community acquired rather than healthcare acquired. this has increased awareness for the need to track outbreaks and pcr-ribotyping has found widespread use to elucidate epidemiologically linked isolates. pcr-ribotyping uses conserved regions of the 16s rrna ...201323545446
toll-like receptor 5-dependent immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant fusion protein vaccine containing the nontoxic domains of clostridium difficile toxins a and b and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium flagellin in a mouse model of clostridium difficile disease.clostridium difficile is a spore-forming bacillus that produces toxin-mediated enteric disease. c. difficile expresses two major virulence factors, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). human and animal studies demonstrate a clear association between humoral immunity to these toxins and protection against c. difficile infection (cdi). the receptor binding-domains (rbds) of tcda and tcdb are known to be immunogenic. here, we tested the immunoadjuvant properties of salmonella enterica serovar typhimu ...201323545305
the clostridium difficile cpr locus is regulated by a noncontiguous two-component system in response to type a and b lantibiotics.the intestinal pathogen clostridium difficile is known to grow only within the intestines of mammals, yet little is known about how the bacterium subsists in this environment. in the intestine, c. difficile must contend with innate defenses within the host, such as cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) produced by the host and the indigenous microbiota. in this study, we investigated the mechanism of activation and regulation of the cprabc transporter system, which provides resistance to multi ...201323543720
diagnosis and management of clostridium difficile infection.clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in frequency and severity in and out of the hospital, with a high probability of recurrence after treatment. the recent literature on cdi was reviewed using pubmed to include recent publications dealing with diagnosis and therapy. real-time polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive and useful diagnostic test for cdi but there are growing concerns of false-positive test results if the rate of cdi is low in the patient population providing samples ...201323542332
protective effect of a mixture of kefir-isolated lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in a hamster model of clostridium difficile infection.the objective of this work was to test the protective effect of a mixture (mm) constituted by kefir-isolated microorganisms (lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus kefir, lc. lactis, kluyveromyces marxianus and saccharomyces cerevisiae) in a hamster model of infection with clostridium difficile, an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium that causes diarrhoea. placebo or mm was administered ad libitum in drinking water from day 0 to the end of treatment. hamsters received orally 200 μg of clyndamicin ...201323542116
adjuvant vancomycin for antibiotic prophylaxis and risk of clostridium difficile infection after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.the incidence of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased rapidly over the past decade; patients undergoing major surgery, including coronary artery bypass grafting (cabg), are at particular risk. intravenous vancomycin exposure has been identified as an independent risk factor for cdi, but this is controversial. it is not known whether vancomycin administered for surgical site infection prophylaxis increases the risk of cdi.201323541855
systemic antibody responses induced by a two-component clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine protect against c. difficile-associated disease in hamsters.clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy. recent epidemiological changes as well as increases in the number of outbreaks of strains associated with increased virulence and higher mortality rates underscore the importance of identifying alternatives to antibiotics to manage this important disease. animal studies have clearly demonstrated the roles that toxins a and b play ...201323518659
surface-layer (s-layer) of human and animal clostridium difficile strains and their behaviour in adherence to epithelial cells and intestinal colonization.clostridium difficile is a frequent cause of severe, recurrent post-antibiotic diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. the surface layer (s-layer) is the predominant outer surface component of c. difficile which is involved in pathogen-host interactions critical to pathogenesis. in this study, we characterized the s-layer protein a (slpa) of animal and human strains belonging to different pcr-ribotypes (pr) and compared the in vitro adherence and in vivo colonization properties of strains showin ...201323518658
germination efficiency of clinical clostridium difficile spores and correlation with ribotype, disease severity and therapy failure.spore germination is an important part of the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). spores are resistant to antibiotics, including those therapeutically administered for cdi and strains with a high germination rate are significantly more likely to be implicated in recurrent cdi. the role of germination efficiency in cases of refractory cdi where first-line therapy fails remains unclear. we investigated spore germination efficiencies of clinical c. difficile isolates by measuring ...201323518657
cbpa: a novel surface exposed adhesin of clostridium difficile targeting human collagen.clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. while the role of toxins in pathogenesis has been extensively described, the contribution of surface determinants to intestinal colonization is still poorly understood. we focused our study on a novel member of the mscramm family, named cbpa (collagen binding protein a), for its adhesive properties towards collagen. we demonstrate that cbpa, which carries an lpxtg-like cell wall anchoring ...201323517059
evaluation of the fully automated bd max cdiff and xpert c. difficile assays for direct detection of clostridium difficile in stool specimens.we evaluated the fully automated molecular bd max cdiff assay (bd diagnostics) and the xpert c. difficile test (cepheid) for rapid detection of clostridium difficile infection. culture was done on chromogenic agar followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry identification and toxin detection. repeat testing was required for 1.8% and 6.0% of the bd max and xpert tests, respectively. sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values ( ...201323515539
decreasing clostridium difficile infections in surgery: impact of a practice bundle incorporating a resident rounding protocol.clostridium difficile (cd) infection is a significant health problem. a new systems approach was introduced to reduce the risk of hospital-acquired cd infection (ha-cd) at our institution. we hypothesized that a practice bundle, including a protocol to limit patient exposures during house staff rounding, would decrease ha-cd infections.201323513633
chlorhexidine to maintain cleanliness of laryngoscope handles: an audit and laboratory study.laryngoscope handles are a potential vector for infection transmission and require adequate decontamination.201323511956
fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and meta-analysis.the clinical and economic burden of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is significant. recurrent cdi management has emerged as a major challenge with suboptimal response to standard therapy. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been used as a treatment to reconstitute the normal microbial homeostasis and break the cycle of antibiotic agents that may further disrupt the microbiome. given the lack of randomized-controlled trials (rcts) and limitations in previous systematic reviews, we ai ...201323511459
effect of host defenses on clostridium difficile toxin-induced intestinal barrier injury.the severity of clostridium difficile-associated infection depends on the virulence factors of the organism and host factors, including intestinal barrier function. the intestinal mucus layer has recently been recognized as the first line of defense against enteric pathogens. its interaction with mucosal humoral immunity provided by secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) is unknown as it relates to c. difficile disease severity. this was studied in vitro.201323511135
rifaximin therapy and clostridium difficile infection: a note of caution. 201323507769
clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease.the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has become a focus of increased attention, as the c. difficile epidemic continues to grow. although first documented more than 20 years ago, only in recent years has the relationship between these 2 entities been better clarified, and recent epidemiologic studies have shown that ibd patients are at increased susceptibility for cdi compared with the general population. despite this increased attention, muc ...201323507767
opioid use and clostridium difficile infection. 201323507210
procalcitonin levels associate with severity of clostridium difficile infection.clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major cause of morbidity and biomarkers that predict severity of illness are needed. procalcitonin (pct), a serum biomarker with specificity for bacterial infections, has been little studied in cdi. we hypothesized that pct associated with cdi severity.201323505476
clostridium difficile contamination of public tap water distribution system during a waterborne outbreak in finland.in november through december 2007, the drinking water distribution system in the town of nokia, finland, was contaminated with treated sewage effluent that resulted in a large gastroenteritis outbreak in the community. the aim of the present study was to investigate if the contaminated water in this outbreak was also a potential source of clostridium difficile infections.201323503193
clinical and microbiological features of clostridium difficile infections in france: the icd-raisin 2009 national survey.the surveillance of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in france was reinforced after the emergence of the pcr-ribotype 027 epidemic clone in 2006; notification of case clusters or severe cases by healthcare facilities (hcf) became mandatory. the french public health surveillance institute (invs) and the c. difficile national reference center (nrc) launched a national, prospective, multicentric survey to complete available data, in 2009. the survey had for objectives to assess cdi incidence ...201323498135
clostridium difficile in faeces from healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea.this study was conducted to evaluate the faecal occurrence and characterization of clostridium difficile in clinically healthy dogs (n = 50) and in dogs with diarrhea (n = 20) in the stockholm-uppsala region of sweden.201323497714
current role of surgery for the treatment of fulminant clostridium difficile colitis.this review discusses the current status and progress in studies on fulminant clostridium difficile colitis (fcdc), including the definition, risk factor, diagnostic role of ct, surgical treatment, postoperative mortality, and new therapeutic strategy.201323489808
understanding factors that impact on health care professionals' risk perceptions and responses toward clostridium difficile and meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: a structured literature review.clostridium difficile is the most common health care-associated infection. despite considerable efforts to prevent and manage c difficile, poor clinical practice and nonadherence to policy continues to compromise patient safety. risk perception research is essential in gaining understanding about how health care professionals respond.201323489738
the role of gut inflammation in recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease. 201323487370
markers of intestinal inflammation, not bacterial burden, correlate with clinical outcomes in clostridium difficile infection.clostridium difficile is a leading hospital-acquired infection. many patients remain symptomatic for several days on appropriate antibiotic therapy. to assess the contribution of ongoing infection vs persistent inflammation, we examined the correlation between fecal cytokine levels, fecal c. difficile burden, and disease outcomes in c. difficile infection (cdi).201323487367
a segment of 97 amino acids within the translocation domain of clostridium difficile toxin b is essential for toxicity.clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) intoxicates target cells by glucosylating rho gtpases. tcdb (269 kda) consists of at least 4 functional domains including a glucosyltransferase domain (gtd), a cysteine protease domain (cpd), a translocation domain (td), and a receptor binding domain (rbd). the function and molecular mode of action of the td, which is the largest segment of tcdb and comprises nearly 50% of the protein, remain largely unknown. here we show that a 97-amino-acid segment (aa1756 ...201323484044
[infusion of donor feces in recurrent clostridium difficile infection? - infusion of donor feces: promising intervention with several question marks]. 201323483414
clostridium difficile colitis in patients undergoing lower-extremity arthroplasty: rare infection with major impact.the prevalence of clostridium difficile colitis is reportedly increasing in surgical patients and can negatively impact their outcome. however, as yet there are no clear estimates of the c difficile infection colitis rate and its consequences among patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (tja).201323479237
meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated clostridium difficile infection.the rising incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) could be reduced by lowering exposure to high-risk antibiotics. the objective of this study was to determine the association between antibiotic class and the risk of cdi in the community setting. the embase and pubmed databases were queried without restriction to time period or language. comparative observational studies and randomized controlled trials (rcts) considering the impact of exposure to antibiotics on cdi risk among nonhosp ...201323478961
health care burden of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children with inflammatory bowel disease.children with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), similar to adults, are at increased risk of acquiring a clostridium difficile infection (cdi). our objective was to characterize the health care burden associated with cdi in hospitalized pediatric patients with ibd.201323478808
trends in clostridium difficile infection and risk factors for hospital acquisition of clostridium difficile among children with cancer.to study the trend of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and risk factors for hospital acquired cdi (ha-cdi) among children with cancer.201323477996
the clostridium difficile problem: a south african tertiary institution's prospective perspective.the aim of this study is to report the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a tertiary-care hospital in south africa and to identify risk factors, assess patient outcomes and determine the impact of the hypervirulent strain of the organism referred to as north american pulsed-field type 1 (nap1).201323472693
analysis of nosocomial acquired clostridium difficile infection in an italian research and teaching hospital.clostridium difficile (cd) infection is a nosocomial plague which is correlated with several clinical and medical factors such as antibiotics intake. it is known that prevention is possible through infection control measures both clinical and epidemiological.201323471449
effectiveness of supportive care measures to reduce infections in pediatric aml: a report from the children's oncology group.objective was to describe the effect of antibiotic and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) prophylaxis and discharge policy on infection risk and nonrelapse-related mortality (nrm) during chemotherapy for children with acute myeloid leukemia. patients were non-down syndrome children enrolled on children's oncology group (cog) trial aaml0531. we surveyed sites to determine institutional standards for systemic antibacterial, antifungal, and g-csf prophylaxis, and mandatory hospitalizatio ...201323471307
the association between histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major health problem. epidemiological evidence suggests that there is an association between acid suppression therapy and development of cdi.201323469173
fecal transplant in refractory clostridium difficile colitis.clostridium difficile infections are becoming more common, more severe, and more likely to recur. conventional treatment with antibiotics often fails to eradicate the infection; even when it succeeds, recurrent infection is common. complementary treatment with probiotic agents to reconstitute the physiological intestinal flora does not yield any consistent benefit. in recent years, fecal transplantation has been used in the english-speaking countries with cure rates of about 87%, but the availab ...201323468820
clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in an ocelot (leopardus pardalis).the aim of this study is to report a case of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in an ocelot (leopardus pardalis) in the state of mato grosso do sul, brazil. the animal, a 24-month-old male, was referred to the centro de reabilitação de animais silvestres (cras) with a history of having been run over and tibia and fibula fractures. after a surgery to repair the fractures, the ocelot underwent antibiotic therapy with two doses of sodium cefovecin, during which he presented with diarrhea. a ...201323467074
clostridium difficile infection: it's a family affair. 201323466923
transfer of clostridium difficile spores by nonsporicidal wipes and improperly used hypochlorite wipes: practice + product = perfection. 201323466922
electronic health record-based detection of risk factors for clostridium difficile infection relapse.a major challenge in treating clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is relapse. many new therapies are being developed to help prevent this outcome. we sought to establish risk factors for relapse and determine whether fields available in an electronic health record (ehr) could be used to identify high-risk patients for targeted relapse prevention strategies.201323466915
environmental prevention of infection in stem cell transplant recipients: a survey of the infectious diseases working party of the european group for blood and marrow transplantation.the developments of peripheral blood stem cells in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-hct), and of reduced-intensity conditioning (ric) regimens in allogeneic hct (allo-hct), have considerably changed the transplant approach. prolonged neutropenia combined with severe mucosal damage and organ dysfunction is no longer the rule in the early post-hct pancytopenic phase. although strict isolation during pancytopenia was followed by most hct units in the past, this may not be th ...201323465046
clostridium difficile infections in solid organ transplantation. 201323464997
does infection with specific clostridium difficile strains or clades influence clinical outcome? 201323463642
relationship between bacterial strain type, host biomarkers, and mortality in clostridium difficile infection.despite substantial interest in biomarkers, their impact on clinical outcomes and variation with bacterial strain has rarely been explored using integrated databases.201323463640
successful use of fidaxomicin in recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a child. 201323463209
clostridium difficile infection in children.clostridium difficile is the most common cause of health care-associated diarrhea among adults in the united states and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. during the past decade, the epidemiology of c difficile infection (cdi) has changed, including a rise in the rate and severity of infection related to the emergence of a hypervirulent strain as well as an increase in disease among outpatients in community settings. although less is known about cdi among pediatric patients, ...201323460123
in vitro activity of cadazolid against clostridium difficile strains isolated from primary and recurrent infections in stockholm, sweden.one hundred thirty-three clostridium difficile strains were collected from 71 patients and analyzed for the presence of c. difficile toxin b by the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay, genes for toxin a, toxin b, binary toxin and tcdc deletion by pcr. all strains were also pcr-ribotyped and analyzed for sporulation frequency. the mics of the isolates were determined against cadazolid and seven other antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. all isolates were positive for toxin b by th ...201323454525
statewide costs of health care-associated infections: estimates for acute care hospitals in north carolina.state-specific, health care-associated infection (hai) cost estimates have not been calculated to guide department of public health efforts and investments.201323453162
detection of a/b toxin and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from foals.toxin detection and screening could contribute to knowledge of the transmission patterns, risk factors and epidemiology of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens.201323452044
clostridium difficile infection of a prosthetic knee joint requiring amputation. 201323451730
[clostridium difficile infection as interdisciplinary challenge. current discussions in respect to epidemiology, diagnostic methods, risk classification as well as treatment options].within the last decade, the incidence ofclostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased in many regions all over the world including the highly virulent b1/nap1/027 strain. meanwhile, the value of predisposing risk factors and diagnostic measures as well as the spectrum of therapeutic options has been elucidated in more detail. most commonly applied antiinfective agents include metronidazole, vancomycin and fidaxomicin, however, several questions remain unanswered in respect to their optimiz ...201323451705
contamination of ready-to-eat raw vegetables with clostridium difficile in france.the presence of clostridium difficile in food like shellfish, vegetables and meat has been reported in several publications during the past few years. the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of ready-to-eat raw vegetables contaminated with c. difficile in france. one hundred and four ready-to-eat salads and vegetables were studied. toxigenic c. difficile strains were isolated in three samples (2.9 %): two ready-to-eat salads (one heart of lettuce and one lamb's lettuce salad) an ...201323449876
epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection and risk factors for unfavorable clinical outcomes: results of a hospital-based study in barcelona, spain.prospective hospital-based surveillance for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) was conducted in barcelona (spain) to describe the epidemiology of this condition and investigate the risk factors for an unfavorable outcome. all patients diagnosed with cdad during 2009 were included. using logistic regression modeling, we analyzed the potential risk factors associated with recurrent and complicated cdad, defined as a need for colectomy or death within 30 days. there were 365 episodes o ...201323447638
clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dialysis patients.dialysis patients have impaired host defense mechanisms and frequently require antibiotics for various infective complications. in this study, we investigated whether dialysis patients have greater risk for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad).201326889434
clostridium difficile infection.the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infections have increased over the past few decades. new challenges have developed in the treatment and prevention of both hospital- and community-acquired disease. as mentioned by tamma and sandora [ 1] in their recent review, many questions about c difficile management in children remain unanswered, forcing pediatricians to rely on adult studies for guidance. the following is a brief synopsis of a few recent publications that focused on c dif ...201326619449
emergence of clostridium difficile infection in tuberculosis patients due to a highly rifampicin-resistant pcr ribotype 046 clone in poland.clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major cause of nosocomial diarrhea. cdi is known to develop after antibiotic administration, but anti-tuberculosis agents have rarely been implicated. we documented an outbreak caused by a highly rifampicin-resistant c. difficile strain of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 046 in patients with active tuberculosis.201323443474
candidemia subsequent to severe infection due to clostridium difficile: is there a link? 201323723197
diversity of cwp loci in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile.an increased incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is associated with the emergence of epidemic strains characterized by high genetic diversity. among the factors that may have a role in cdi is a family of 29 paralogues, the cell-wall proteins (cwps), which compose the outer layer of the bacterial cell and are likely to be involved in colonization. previous studies have shown that 12 of the 29 cwp genes are clustered in the same region, named after slpa (cwp1), the slpa locus, where ...201323722432
mortality in patients with clostridium difficile infection correlates with host pro-inflammatory and humoral immune responses.host anti-toxin immune responses play important roles in clostridium difficile disease and outcome. the relationship between host immune and inflammatory responses during severe c. difficile infection (cdi) and the risk of mortality has yet to be defined. we aimed to investigate the host systemic igg anti-toxin immune responses, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the infecting c. difficile ribotyped strain, and the host inflammatory markers and their relationship to cdi disease severity and risk of mo ...201323722431
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