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evaluation of gamma interferon (ifn-γ)-induced protein 10 (ip-10) responses for detection of cattle infected with mycobacterium bovis: comparisons to ifn-γ responses.gamma interferon (ifn-γ)-induced protein 10 (ip-10) has recently shown promise as a diagnostic biomarker of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of humans. the aim of the current study was to compare ip-10 and ifn-γ responses upon mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle using archived samples from two aerosol inoculation studies. in the first study (10(4) cfu m. bovis by aerosol, n = 7), m. bovis purified protein derivative (ppdb)-specific ip-10 and ifn-γ gene expression were detected as early a ...201222237891
mycobacterium avium complex infection-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of the central nervous system in an hiv-infected patient: case report and review.disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection involves the central nervous system (cns) less frequently than tuberculosis, and mac-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris) of the cns in aids patients is even more rarely described. we report a case of mac-related iris of the cns in an hiv-infected patient who presented with meningoencephalitis and myelitis 2 months after discontinuation of antimac therapy, when he had achieved prolonged suppression of hiv replication ...201222227308
a phosphorylated pseudokinase complex controls cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria.prokaryotic cell wall biosynthesis is coordinated with cell growth and division, but the mechanisms regulating this dynamic process remain obscure. here, we describe a phosphorylation-dependent regulatory complex that controls peptidoglycan (pg) biosynthesis in mycobacterium tuberculosis. we found that pknb, a pg-responsive ser-thr protein kinase (stpk), initiates complex assembly by phosphorylating a kinase-like domain in the essential pg biosynthetic protein, mvin. this domain was structurally ...201222275220
persistently bound ku at dna ends attenuates dna end resection and homologous recombination.dna double strand breaks (dsbs) are repaired by non-homologous end joining (nhej) or homologous recombination (hr). the dna cell cycle stage and resection of the dsb ends are two key mechanisms which are believed to push dsb repair to the hr pathway. here, we show that the nhej factor ku80 associates with dsbs in s phase, when hr is thought to be the preferred repair pathway, and its dynamics/kinetics at dsbs is similar to those observed for ku80 in non-s phase in mammalian cells. a ku homolog f ...201222265216
low dose aerosol fitness at the innate phase of murine infection better predicts virulence amongst clinical strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis.evaluation of a quick and easy model to determine the intrinsic ability of clinical strains to generate active tb has been set by assuming that this is linked to the fitness of mycobacterium tuberculosis strain at the innate phase of the infection. thus, the higher the bacillary load, the greater the possibility of inducting liquefaction, and thus active tb, once the adaptive response is set.201222235258
respiratory outbreak of mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense in a lung transplant and cystic fibrosis center. 201222246710
deciphering the genetic architecture of variation in the immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.tuberculosis (tb) is a major public health problem. one-third of the world's population is estimated to be infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the etiological agent causing tb, and active disease kills nearly 2 million individuals worldwide every year. several lines of evidence indicate that interindividual variation in susceptibility to tb has a heritable component, yet we still know little about the underlying genetic architecture. to address this, we performed a genome-wide mappin ...201222233810
polymorphisms of nod2 and the risk of tuberculosis: a validation study in the chinese population.a genome-wide association study (gwas) of leprosy reported four specific genetic polymorphisms of nod2 that were associated with susceptibility to mycobacterium leprae in china. considering the role of nod2 in innate immune defence, we performed a study in a chinese population to determine whether the same snps of nod2 that were associated with disease caused by m. leprae were also associated with disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. we performed a frequency-matched case-control study i ...201222212192
epidemiology of bloodstream infections and predictive factors of mortality among hiv-infected adult patients in thailand in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.few studies have described the pattern of bloodstream infections (bsi) among hiv-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) era, particularly in resource-limited settings. a retrospective cohort study was conducted among 140 hiv-infected patients who had a positive blood culture from 2004-2008. of the 140 patients, 91 (65%) were male with a mean (sd) age of 38 (9.1) years and a median (iqr) cd4 cell count of 32 (9-112) cells/mm(3). community-acquired infection was ...201222274154
different potency of bacterial antigens, both tlr2 and tlr4 ligands, in stimulating mature mast cells to cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis.the aim of study was to compare the potency of different bacterial antigens to induce rat mature mast cell to cysteinyl leukotriene (cyslt) generation. we examined toll-like receptor (tlr)2 agonists, i.e. lipoteichoic acid (lta) staphylococcus faecalis, streptococcus pyogenes, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus, lipoarabinomannan (lam) mycobacterium smegmatis, peptydoglican (pgn) staphylococcus aureus, as well as tlr4 agonists, i.e. lipopolysaccharide (lps) klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudo ...201222233438
mycobacterium massiliense outbreak after intramuscular injection, south korea.summarywe conducted an epidemic investigation to discover the route of transmission and the host factors of an outbreak of post-injection abscesses. of the 2984 patients who visited a single clinic, 77 cases were identified and 208 age- and sex-matched controls were selected for analysis. injected medications per se were not found to be responsible, and a deviation from safe injection practice suggested the likelihood of diluent contamination. therefore the injected medications were classified a ...201222217328
real-time pcr and amplified mtd® for rapid detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary specimens.patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) in the first affiliated hospital, college of medicine, zhejiang university.201222236926
occurrence, diagnosis, and strain typing of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) in southwestern alberta.the role that wildlife may play in the transmission of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease (jd), and the potential consequences of infection in these populations are being given increasing consideration. a yearling male rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) from southwestern alberta, canada, was found infected with map in august 2009. clinical signs of emaciation and diarrhea and histologic findings of diffuse granulom ...201222247368
inhibition of bacterial carbonic anhydrases and zinc proteases: from orphantargets to innovative new antibiotic drugs.zinc-containing enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrases (cas) and metalloproteases (mps) play critical functions in bacteria, being involved in various steps of their life cycle, which are important for survival, colonization, acquisition of nutrients for growth and proliferation, facilitation of dissemination, invasion and pathogenicity. the development of resistance to many classes of clinically used antibiotics emphasizes the need of new antibacterial drug targets to be explored. there is a weal ...201222214451
identification of the leprosy agent mycobacterium lepromatosis in singapore.background: a new leprosy-causing species, namely mycobacterium lepromatosis, was discovered recently to be the cause of diffuse lepromatous leprosy (dll) in mexico. it is unknown whether this organism exists beyond mexico. methods: we sought to determine the identity of the mycobacteria in the skin tissue of two patients from singapore who died of dll. dna was extracted from archived biopsy tissue, and conserved polymerase chain reaction primers were used to amplify and sequence two to three my ...201222270197
inhibition of the plasma-membrane-associated serine protease cathepsin g by mycobacterium tuberculosis rv3364c suppresses caspase-1 and pyroptosis in macrophages.tuberculosis is a disease associated with the infection of a great part of the world's population and is responsible for the death of two to three million people annually. mycobacterium tuberculosis infects macrophages and subverts its mechanisms of killing. the pathogen suppresses macrophage apoptosis by many different mechanisms. we describe that, upon uptake by macrophages, m. tuberculosis overexpresses an operon rv3361c-rv3365c and secretes rv3364c. the rv3365c knockout strain is deficient i ...201222275911
improved detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis using two independent pcr targets in a tertiary care centre in south india.tuberculosis (tb) causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide as one of the leading infectious diseases. in india, more than 1.8 million new cases occur every year. rapid and accurate diagnosis of tb would improve patient care and limit its transmission. this study aimed to evaluate a dual target polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnostic assay to detect mycobacterium tuberculosis from pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples at a tertiary care centre in south india.201222240428
predictors of 5-year mortality in pulmonary mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex disease.setting: kyoto, japan.objective: to determine predictors of 5-year mortality in pulmonary mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (mac) disease.design: retrospective study of 164 patients diagnosed with pulmonary mac disease between 1999 and 2005 and followed for 5 years.results: overall 5-year mortality was 28.0%. among 117 patients with microbiological outcomes, 54 were treated (treated mac patients) and 24 were not treated and did not experience sputum culture conversion during follow-up ( ...201222230733
clinical and radiological deterioration due to mycobacterium szulgai in an asthmatic patient.we report the case of a 23-year-old asthmatic woman who had clinical and radiological deterioration due to mycobacterium szulgai infection and good response to anti-mycobacterial treatment without any structural abnormalities in previous lung imaging studies. m. szulgai may be considered a pathogen able to cause deterioration of respiratory health even in patients with previously normal lungs.201222240435
role of mycobacterium tuberculosis pknd in the pathogenesis of central nervous system tuberculosis.abstract: background: central nervous system disease is the most serious form of tuberculosis, and is associated with high mortality and severe neurological sequelae. though recent clinical reports suggest an association of distinct mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with central nervous system disease, the microbial virulence factors required have not been described previously. results: we screened 398 unique m. tuberculosis mutants in guinea pigs to identify genes required for central nervous ...201222243650
performance assessment of the capitalbio mycobacterium identification array system for identification of mycobacteria.the capitalbio mycobacterium identification microarray system is a rapid system for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis. the performance of this system was assessed with 24 reference strains, 486 mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates, and 40 clinical samples and then compared to the "gold standard" of dna sequencing. the capitalbio mycobacterium identification microarray system showed highly concordant identification results of 100% and 98.4% for mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ...201222090408
the pe/ppe multigene family codes for virulence factors and is a possible source of mycobacterial antigenic variation: perhaps more?the pe/ppe multigene family codes for approximately 10% of the mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome and is encoded by 176 open reading frames. these proteins possess, and have been named after, the conserved proline-glutamate (pe) or proline-proline-glutamate (ppe) motifs at their n-terminus. their genes have a conserved structure and repeat motifs that could be a potential source of antigenic variation in m. tuberculosis. pe/ppe genes are scattered throughout the genome and pe/ppe pairs are usua ...201222005451
Mycobacterium mucogenicum and other non-tuberculous mycobacteria in potable water of a trauma hospital: a potential source for human infection.This study examined the frequency of occurrence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in potable water samples from a main trauma hospital in Mexico City. Sixty-nine potable water samples were collected, 23 from each source: cistern, kitchen tap and bathroom showers. Of the 69 samples, 36 harboured NTM species. Twenty-nine of the 36 isolates were Mycobacterium mucogenicum, two Mycobacterium rhodesiae, one Mycobacterium peregrinum, one Mycobacterium fortuitum and three were Mycobacterium spp. Hos ...201222055394
Antibacterial spectrum and cytotoxic activities of serrulatane compounds from the Australian medicinal plant Eremophila neglecta.Aims: To determine the antibacterial spectrum and cytotoxic activities of serrulatane compounds from the Australian plant Eremophila neglecta. Methods and Results: Antimicrobial activities of serrulatane compounds 8,19-dihydroxyserrulat-14-ene (1) and 8-hydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (2) were tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including human and veterinary pathogens and some multidrug-resistant isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal ...201221988135
Purification and Characterization of an Endo-D: -arabinase Produced by Cellulomonas.An extracellular endo-D: -arabinase enzyme produced by the bacterial strain of Cellulomonas was purified 77.1-fold with 0.20% recovery for protein by DEAE Sepharose anion exchange, Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration and blue Sepharose affinity chromatography, and designated as CEDAase. The apparent molecular mass of CEDAase was 45 kDa determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CEDAase is an endoenzyme for arabinogalactan with the main and specific product of hexa-arabin ...201222120088
the beginning of the rpob gene in addition to the rifampin resistance determination region might be needed for identifying rifampin/rifabutin cross-resistance in multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from southern china.we aimed to study the distribution and contribution of mutations in the rpob whole gene in rifampin-resistant/rifabutin-resistant (rif(r)/rfb(r)) (or rif/rfb cross-resistant) clinical mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. one standard m. tuberculosis strain (h37rv) and 392 other clinical m. tuberculosis isolates mainly from guangdong province of china whose susceptibilities to rifampin (rif), rifabutin (rfb), streptomycin (sm), ethambutol (emb), and isoniazid (inh) were previously determined were ...201222075601
synthesis, antitubercular evaluation and 3d-qsar study of n-phenyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-substituted pyrazole derivatives.as a part of our ongoing research to develop novel antitubercular agents, a series of n-phenyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-substituted pyrazoles have been synthesized and tested for antimycobacterial activity in vitro against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv strain using the bactec 460 radiometric system. a 3d-qsar study based on comfa and comsia was performed on these pyrazole derivatives to correlate their chemical structures with the observed activity against m. tuberculosis. the comfa model provide ...201222104148
The relative frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium infections in HIV positive patients, Ahvaz, Iran.To estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) infections in HIV-positive patients suspected to have pulmonary and extrapulmonary mycobacterial co-infection using PCR technique.201222182648
Recombinant BCG coexpressing Ag85B, CFP10, and interleukin-12 induces multifunctional Th1 and memory T cells in mice.Lin C-W, Su I-J, Chang J-R, Chen Y-Y, Lu J-J, Dou H-Y. Recombinant BCG coexpressing Ag85B, CFP10, and interleukin-12 induces multifunctional Th1 and memory T cells in mice. APMIS 2012; 120: 72-82. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) continues to be a leading cause of human deaths due to an infectious agent. Current efforts are focused on making better TB vaccines. We describe the generation and immunological characterization of recombinant BCG (rBCG). This rBCG was generated by incorporating an exp ...201222151310
Cloning and expression of a gene with phospholipase B activity from Pseudomonas fluorescens in Escherichia coli.A gene from Pseudomonasfluorescens BIT-18 encoding a protein with phospholipase B activity (Pf-PLB) was cloned in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The open reading frame consists of 1272bp and potentially encodes a protein of 423 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 45.8kDa. The nucleotide sequence of Pf-PLB is 45%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 33%, and 31% identical to that of Bifidobacteriumanimals, Mycobacteriumparascrofulaceum, Acidobacteriumcapsulatum, Lactobacillusjohnsonii, Moraxellabovis, and Mo ...201222078969
Human Mycobacterium bovis Infections in London and Southeast England.Variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) and spoligotyping analyses were used to assess transmission of Mycobacterium bovis between humans. VNTR was more discriminatory than spoligotyping. Low case numbers, despite a substantial animal reservoir, and resolution of all isolates provided no evidence of recent human-to-human transmission or recent significant infection from animals.201222075587
Monocyte-derived inflammatory dendritic cells in the granuloma during mycobacterial infection.The monocyte-derived, inflammatory dendritic cell subset plays an important role during immune responses against infections. This review will focus on the complex, changing role of this subset during mycobacterial infection. Studies demonstrate that in addition to sustaining a systemic anti-mycobacterial response, the inflammatory dendritic cell subset present in Mycobacterium-induced granulomas also influences local immune regulation within the granuloma over the course of infection. This revie ...201221948374
Effects of infectious young stock on results of certification, surveillance and control programmes for paratuberculosis in dairy herds.In many epidemiological models for paratuberculosis, it is assumed that infected young stock (<2 years of age) do not shed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) before adulthood. If this assumption were true, the effective separation of young stock from adult cattle (=2 years) would largely prevent postnatal infections, provided that uninfected adult cattle are highly resistant to infection. However, this assumption is in contrast with observed faecal shedding of MAP in young stock. ...201221856097
induction of serine protease inhibitor 9 by mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits apoptosis and promotes survival of infected macrophages.our recent microarray analysis of infected human alveolar macrophages (ams) found serine protease inhibitor 9 (pi-9) to be the most prominently expressed of a cluster of apoptosis-associated genes induced by virulent mycobacterium tuberculosis. in the current study, we show that induction of pi-9 occurs within hours of infection with m. tuberculosis h37rv and is maintained through 7 days of infection in both ams and blood monocytes. inhibition of pi-9 by small inhibitory rna decreased m. tubercu ...201222090449
Performance of Nucleic Acid Amplification following Extraction of 5 Milliliters of Whole Blood for Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacteremia.To investigate the performance of a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia, 5-ml aliquots of blood were inoculated into bioMérieux mycobacterial (MB) bottles and incubated, and 5-ml aliquots of blood were extracted and tested by real-time PCR. Of 25 samples from patients with M. tuberculosis bacteremia, 9 (36.0%) were positive and 1 (1.5%) of 66 control samples was positive by NAAT. The NAAT shows promise, but modifications should focus ...201222031703
an assay for exogenous sources of purified murg, enabled by the complementation of escherichia coli murg(ts) by the mycobacterium tuberculosis homologue.the mycobacterium tuberculosis murg gene, rv2153, was expressed in escherichia coli murg(ts) strain ov58 on a plasmid under the control of the arabinose-inducible arabad promoter. mycobacterium tuberculosis murg rescued the growth of e. coli murg(ts) at the nonpermissive temperature: transformants were only obtained in the presence of 0.2% arabinose at 42 °c, and their growth rate was dependent on arabinose concentrations. however, no murg activity was detected in membranes from the transformant ...201222092490
adaptive immunity in the colostrum-deprived calf: response to early vaccination with mycobacterium bovis strain bacille calmette guerin and ovalbumin.responses of the newborn calf to vaccination are frequently characterized by marginal antibody (ab) responses. the present study evaluated effects of colostrum ingestion on the adaptive immune response of the preruminant calf to early vaccination. colostrum-fed (cf) and colostrum-deprived (cd) calves were vaccinated at 2 d of age with mycobacterium bovis, pasteur strain of bacille calmette guerin (bcg), and ovalbumin (ova) to track development of the adaptive immune response during the first 8 w ...201222192201
ESAT-6 induced COX-2 expression involves coordinated interplay between PI3K and MAPK signaling.Macrophages, as sentinels of robust host immunity, are key regulators of innate immune responses against invading mycobacteria; however, pathogenic mycobacteria survive in the infected host by subverting host innate immunity. Infection dependent expression of early secreted antigenic target protein 6 (ESAT-6) by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is strongly correlated with subversion of innate immune responses against invading mycobacteria. As a part of multifaceted immunity to mycobacterial infection, ...201222154837
The prrAB Two-Component System Is Essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Viability and Is Induced under Nitrogen-Limiting Conditions.The Mycobacterium tuberculosis prrA-prrB (Rv0903c-Rv0902c) two-component regulatory system is expressed during intracellular growth in human macrophages and is required for early intracellular multiplication in murine macrophages, suggesting its importance in establishing infection. To better understand the function of the prrA-prrB two-component system, we defined the transcriptional characteristics of the prrA and prrB genes during exponential and stationary growth and upon exposure to differe ...201222081401
high resolution melting pcr to differentiate mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis"cattle type" and "sheep type".in this study, we describe a novel hrm-pcr assay that clearly differentiates the two main types of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (cattle and sheep) based on the polymorphic variation of a previously described tandem repeat. this modern genotyping technique has several advantages over alternative methods, including cost, ease of use and rapidity.201222033498
an enlarged, adaptable active site in cyp164 family p450 enzymes, the sole p450 in mycobacterium leprae.cyp164 family p450 enzymes are found in only a subset of mycobacteria and include cyp164a1, which is the sole p450 found in mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy. this has previously led to interest in this enzyme as a potential drug target. here we describe the first crystal structure of a cyp164 enzyme, cyp164a2 from mycobacterium smegmatis. cyp164a2 has a distinctive, enlarged hydrophobic active site that extends above the porphyrin ring toward the access channels. unusually, w ...201222037849
the risk of tuberculosis infection in psoriasis patients treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy.abstract the biologic tnf-alpha inhibitors are highly efficacious in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis; however, their use is associated with an increased risk of developing active tb because of the critical role played by tnf-α in preventing tb infection and reactivation of latent tb infection (ltbi). therefore, it is critical that all patients should be screened for ltbi prior initiating therapy. an expert panel of italian dermatologists met recently with the goal of produci ...201222208431
deletion and overexpression studies on dacb2, a putative low molecular mass penicillin binding protein from mycobacterium tuberculosis h(37)rv.mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes several high and low molecular mass penicillin binding proteins. one such low molecular mass protein is dacb2 encoded by open reading frame rv2911 of m. tuberculosis which is predicted to play a role in peptidoglycan synthesis. in this study we have tried to gain an insight into the role of this accessory cell division protein in mycobacterial physiology by performing overexpression and deletion studies. the overproduction of dacb2 in non-pathogenic, fas ...201222138550
arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis: structure, biogenesis and their potential as drug targets.mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tb, remains the leading cause of mortality from a single infectious organism. the persistence of this human pathogen is associated with its distinctive lipid-rich cell wall structure that is highly impermeable to hydrophilic chemical drugs. this highly complex and unique structure is crucial for the growth, viability and virulence of m. tuberculosis, thus representing an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. it contains a large m ...201222191451
factors influencing the microbial composition of metalworking fluids and potential implications for machine operator's lung.hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as "machine operator's lung" (mol), has been related to microorganisms growing in metalworking fluids (mwfs), especially mycobacterium immunogenum. we aimed to (i) describe the microbiological contamination of mwfs and (ii) look for chemical, physical, and environmental parameters associated with variations in microbiological profiles. we microbiologically analyzed 180 mwf samples from nonautomotive plants (e.g., screw-machining or metal-cutting plants) i ...201222057869
inhibition of type ia topoisomerase by a monoclonal antibody through perturbation of dna cleavage-religation equilibrium.type ia dna topoisomerases, typically found in bacteria, are essential enzymes that catalyse the dna relaxation of negative supercoils. dna gyrase is the only type ii topoisomerase that can carry out the opposite reaction (i.e. the introduction of the dna supercoils). a number of diverse molecules target dna gyrase. however, inhibitors that arrest the activity of bacterial topoisomerase i at low concentrations remain to be identified. towards this end, as a proof of principle, monoclonal antibod ...201222008463
detection of immune cell response to m. tuberculosis-specific antigens by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.one third of the world's population is latently infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) and up to 10% of infected individuals develop active tuberculosis (tb) in their lifetime. among the major challenges in the control of tb is the implementation of sensitive methods for detection of latent tuberculosis infection (ltbi). currently, in vitro interferon gamma release assays, yielding single value readout, are used as an alternative to the traditional tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis ...201222085772
dynamics of mycobacterium leprae transmission in environmental context: deciphering the role of environment as a potential reservoir.leprosy is a disease caused by mycobacterium leprae. various modes of transmission have been suggested for this disease. transmission and risk of the infection is perhaps related to presence of the infectious cases and is controlled by environmental factors. evidence suggests that humidity may favor survival of m. leprae in the environment. several reports show that non-human sources like 'naturally' infected armadillos or monkeys could act as reservoir for m. leprae. inanimate objects or fomite ...201222101333
pharmacokinetic evaluation of the penetration of antituberculosis agents in rabbit pulmonary lesions.standard antituberculosis (anti-tb) therapy requires the use of multiple drugs for a minimum of 6 months, with variable outcomes that are influenced by a number of microbiological, pathological, and clinical factors. this is despite the availability of antibiotics that have good activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles in plasma. however, little is known about the distribution of widely used antituberculous agents in the pulmonary lesions where ...201221986820
Increased frequency of regulatory T cells and T lymphocyte activation in persons with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis.Extrapulmonary tuberculosis may be due to underlying immune compromise. Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and CD4(+) T lymphocytes in general, are important in the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We evaluated T lymphocytes from patients after recovery from extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which may reflect conditions before M. tuberculosis infection. A case-control study was conducted among HIV-uninfected adults with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis ...201222038848
application of a microcalorimetric method for determining drug susceptibility in mycobacterium species.mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global public health concern, particularly with the emergence of drug-resistant strains. immediate identification of drug-resistant strains is crucial to administering appropriate treatment before the bacteria are allowed to spread. however, developing countries, which are most affected by drug resistance, are struggling to combat the disease without the facilities or funds for expensive diagnostics. recent studies have emphasized the suitability of isothermal mic ...201222090404
culture and molecular method for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and dairy products.a combined molecular and cultural method for the detection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was developed and tested with artificially contaminated milk and dairy products. results indicate that the method can be used for a reliable detection as a basis for first risk assessments.201222057864
pulmonary infection caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in a medical center in taiwan, 2005-2008.the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of pulmonary infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) in a university hospital in taiwan from 2005 to 2008. during the study period, a total of 312 patients with ntm pulmonary infection were identified. most patients with ntm pulmonary infection had preexisting pulmonary diseases or malignancies. the incidence (per 100,000 inpatients and outpatients) of patients with ntm isolations (6.67 in 2005 ...201222015322
specificity of the tuberculin skin test and the t-spot.tb assay among students in a low-tuberculosis incidence setting.abstract objective: interferon-γ release assays (igras) are an important tool for detecting latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (ltbi). insufficient data exist about igra specificity in college health centers, most of which screen students for ltbi using the tuberculin skin test (tst). participants: students at a low-tb incidence college health center. methods: tst and t-spot.tb were performed on prospectively recruited students. tb exposure risk was assessed using a questionnaire: th ...201222171735
Increased risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in asthmatic patients using long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy.Background and objective: The risk of pneumonia is increased among COPD patients using inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). However, there is uncertainty regarding the association between long-term use of ICS and exacerbations of respiratory tract infections among asthmatic patients. Methods: A case-control nested cohort study was performed to assess the association of asthma with nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infection. Results: Among this cohort of 464 asthmatic patients, 14 experienced comp ...201221995339
CNS infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus complex: clinical features and antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates.Objectives CNS infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are rare and only three cases of CNS infections due to Mycobacterium abscessus complex have been reported. Methods We searched the Mycobacteriology Database of the National Taiwan University Hospital and identified patients with CNS infections due to NTM. Results A total of 15 patients, namely 4 HIV-seropositive patients and 11 HIV-seronegative patients, with CNS infections caused by NTM were identified during 2000-10. All ...201221980068
Characterization of NrnA homologs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Processive RNases are unable to degrade efficiently very short oligonucleotides, and they are complemented by specific enzymes, nanoRNases, that assist in this process. We previously identified NrnA (YtqI) from Bacillus subtilis as a bifunctional protein with the ability to degrade nanoRNA (RNA oligos =5 nucleotides) and to dephosphorylate 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (pAp) to AMP. While the former activity is analogous to that of oligoribonuclease (Orn) from Escherichia coli, the latter cor ...201222114320
Evaluation of nitrate reduction assay, resazurin microtiter assay and microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay for first line antitubercular drug susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis.Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a growing concern worldwide. Early detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of primary importance for both patient management and infection control. Optimal method for identifying drug-resistant M. tuberculosis in a timely and affordable way in resource-limited settings is not yet available.201222133919
analysis of microrna expression profiling identifies mir-155 and mir-155* as potential diagnostic markers for active tuberculosis: a preliminary study.to explore biologic behaviors and disease relevance of micrornas (mirnas) in the development of active tuberculosis (atb), we investigated the expression profile of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) purified protein derivative (ppd)-induced mirnas to determine the specific mirnas involved in the pathogenesis of atb. the expression profile of mirna under ppd challenge was first measured using microarray analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from atb patients and healthy controls ...201222037148
mefloquine-oxazolidine derivatives, derived from mefloquine and arenecarbaldehydes: in vitro activity including against the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strain t113.ten new mefloquine-oxazolidine derivatives, 4-[(1s,8ar)-3-(aryl)hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-1-yl]-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (1: aryl=substituted phenyl) and 4-[(1s,8ar)-3-(heteroaryl)hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-1-yl]-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline [2: heteroaryl=5-nitrothien-2-yl (2a); 5-nitrofuran-2-yl (2b) and 4h-imidazol-2-yl) (2c)], have been synthesized and evaluated against mycobacterium tuberculosis. compounds 1f (aryl=3-ethoxyphenyl), 1g (ar=3,4,5-(meo)(3)-c(6) ...201222142615
stable analogues of osb-amp: potent inhibitors of mene, the o-succinylbenzoate-coa synthetase from bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis.mene, the o-succinylbenzoate (osb)-coa synthetase from bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis, is a promising new antibacterial target. sulfonyladenosine analogues of the cognate reaction intermediate, osb-amp, have been developed as inhibitors of the mene enzymes from mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtmene), staphylococcus aureus (samene) and escherichia coli (ecmene). both a free carboxylate and a ketone moiety on the osb side chain are required for potent inhibitory activity. osb-ams (4) is a competi ...201222109989
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