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requirement of the isocitrate lyase gene icl1 for vps41-mediated starvation response in cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of fungal meningitis in individuals with impaired immunity. our previous studies have shown that the vps41 gene plays a critical role in the survival of cryptococcus neoformans under nitrogen starvation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying vps41-mediated starvation response remain to be elucidated. in the present study, we show that, under nitrogen starvation, vps41 strongly enhanced icl1 expression in c. neoformans and that overexpression of icl ...201627350614
multicenter evaluation of biofire filmarray meningitis/encephalitis panel for detection of bacteria, viruses, and yeast in cerebrospinal fluid specimens.rapid diagnosis and treatment of infectious meningitis and encephalitis are critical to minimize morbidity and mortality. comprehensive testing of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) often includes gram stain, culture, antigen detection, and molecular methods, paired with chemical and cellular analyses. these methods may lack sensitivity or specificity, can take several days, and require significant volume for complete analysis. the filmarray meningitis/encephalitis (me) panel is a multiplexed in vitro di ...201627335149
suppressive effects of mycoviral proteins encoded by magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 strain a on conidial germination of the rice blast fungus.magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 strain a (mocv1-a) is the causal agent of growth repression and attenuated virulence (hypovirulence) of the rice blast fungus, magnaporthe oryzae. we previously revealed that heterologous expression of the mocv1-a orf4 protein resulted in cytological damage to the yeasts saccharomyces cerevisiae and cryptococcus neoformans. since the orf4 protein is one of the components of viral particles, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of the purified virus particle agains ...201627329666
isavuconazole is effective for the treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis.we evaluated the efficacy of isavuconazole against cryptococcal meningitis. treatment with either oral isavuconazole (120 mg/kg and 240 mg/kg twice a day [bid]) or fluconazole as the positive control significantly improved survival in mice infected intracranially with either cryptococcus neoformans usc1597 or h99 and significantly reduced brain fungal burdens for both isolates. concentrations of isavuconazole in plasma and brain tissue also demonstrated that the greatest improvements in survival ...201627324761
effects of ctr4 deletion on virulence and stress response in cryptococcus neoformans.roles of the high-affinity copper transporter ctr4 in the virulence of cryptococcus neoformans remain to be fully determined. here we demonstrate that ctr4 plays a necessary role in virulence and tolerance to a number of stress conditions. we first observed, with the method of flame atomic absorption spectrometry, that deletion of ctr4 resulted in a significant decrease in intracellular copper level, confirming the role of ctr4 as a copper transporter in c. neoformans. furthermore, ctr4 was crit ...201627317510
emestrins: anti-cryptococcus epipolythiodioxopiperazines from podospora australis.eleven emestrin-type epipolythiodioxopiperazines, including four new compounds, emestrins h-k (1-4), were isolated from the crude extracts of two strains of the coprophilous fungus podospora australis. the structures of 1-4 were established primarily by analysis of nmr data, and the absolute configuration of c-6 in 1 was independently assigned using the modified mosher method. four of the known emestrins obtained (emestrins c-e and mpc1001c) were found to selectively inhibit the growth of crypto ...201627557418
extended n-terminal region of the essential phosphorelay signaling protein ypd1 from cryptococcus neoformans contributes to structural stability, phosphostability and binding of calcium ions.rapid response to external stimuli is crucial for survival and proliferation of microorganisms. pathogenic fungi employ histidine-to-aspartate multistep phosphorelay systems to respond to environmental stress, progress through developmental stages and to produce virulence factors. because these his-to-asp phosphorelay systems are not found in humans, they are potential targets for the development of new antifungal therapies. here we report the characterization of the histidine phosphotransfer (h ...201627549628
fungal infection in the brain: what we learned from intravital imaging.approximately 1.2 billion people suffer from fungal diseases worldwide. arguably, the most serious manifestation occurs when pathogenic fungi infect the brain, often causing fatal meningoencephalitis. for most fungi, infection occurs via the vascular route. the organism must first be arrested in the brain microvasculature and transmigrate into the brain parenchyma across the blood-brain barrier. as a result, host immune cells are recruited into the brain to contain the fungi. however, it remains ...201627532000
population genetic analysis reveals a high genetic diversity in the brazilian cryptococcus gattii vgii population and shifts the global origin from the amazon rainforest to the semi-arid desert in the northeast of brazil.cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are responsible globally for almost one million cryptococcosis cases yearly, mostly in immunocompromised patients, such as those living with hiv. infections due to c. gattii have mainly been described in tropical and subtropical regions, but its adaptation to temperate regions was crucial in the species evolution and highlighted the importance of this pathogenic yeast in the context of disease. cryptococcus gattii molecular type vgii has come to th ...201627529479
point-of-care testing for cryptococcal disease among hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in ethiopia.in a cross-sectional study among hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients in ethiopia, we sought to determine the rates and predictors of cryptococcal disease and evaluate the test performance of a recently introduced point-of-care test for cryptococcus neoformans detection in various biological samples. we tested serum, urine, and fingerstick blood samples from each patient with a cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (crag lfa; immuno mycologic inc., norman, ok). cer ...201627527636
detection of zoonotic pathogens in wild birds in the cross-border region austria - czech republic.to assess the importance of wild birds as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens in austria and the czech republic, we sampled 1,325 wild birds representing 13 orders, 32 families, and 81 species. the majority belonged to orders columbiformes (43%), passeriformes (25%), and to birds of prey: accipitriformes, strigiformes, and falconiformes (15%). we collected cloacal swabs from 1,191 birds for bacterial culture and 1,214 triple swabs (conjunctiva, choana, cloaca) for dna and rna isolation. the cloaca ...201627525596
[a pediatric case of hiv who diagnosed by virtue of disseminated cryptococcus infection].cryptococcus neoformans is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes serious mortality and morbidity in aids patients. although its incidence has decreased with proper antiretroviral treatment (art), it is still a major concern in areas with low socioeconomic hiv endemic countries with poor sources of therapy. in our country, pediatric hiv infection and so, hiv-related opportunistic infections are very rare. in order to pay attention to this unusual collaboration; herein, we presented a pe ...201627525403
diagnostic challenges of cryptococcus neoformans in an immunocompetent individual masquerading as chronic hydrocephalus.cryptococcus neoformans can cause disseminated meningoencephalitis and evade immunosurveillance with expression of a major virulence factor, the polysaccharide capsule. direct diagnostic assays often rely on the presence of the cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan capsular antigen (crag) or visualization of the capsule. strain specific phenotypic traits and environmental conditions influence differences in expression that can thereby compromise detection and timely diagnosis. immunocompetent hosts m ...201627525140
[retrospective study of neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in patients infected with hiv in the infectious diseases unit of university hospital of casablanca, morocco].to report the cases of neuromeningeal cryptococcosis and to describe the clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and outcomes of patients.201627520534
networks of fibers and factors: regulation of capsule formation in cryptococcus neoformans.the ability of the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans to cause life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals is due in large part to elaboration of a capsule consisting of polysaccharide fibers. the size of the cell-associated capsule is remarkably responsive to a variety of environmental and host conditions, but the mechanistic details of the regulation, synthesis, trafficking, and attachment of the polysaccharides are poorly understood. recent studies reveal a co ...201627516877
identification of multiple cryptococcal fungicidal drug targets by combined gene dosing and drug affinity responsive target stability screening.cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus that is responsible for up to half a million cases of meningitis globally, especially in immunocompromised individuals. common fungistatic drugs, such as fluconazole, are less toxic for patients but have low efficacy for initial therapy of the disease. effective therapy against the disease is provided by the fungicidal drug amphotericin b; however, due to its high toxicity and the difficulty in administering its intravenous formulation, it is impera ...201627486194
synergy and antagonism between iron chelators and antifungal drugs in cryptococcus.fungal infections remain very difficult to treat, and developing new antifungal drugs is difficult and expensive. recent approaches therefore seek to augment existing antifungals with synergistic agents that can lower the therapeutic dose, increase efficacy and prevent resistance from developing. iron limitation can inhibit microbial growth, and iron chelators have been employed to treat fungal infections. in this study, chequerboard testing was used to explore combinations of iron chelators wit ...201627474467
participation of purines in the modulation of inflammatory response in rats experimentally infected by cryptococcus neoformans.the present study was carried out to assess the participation of purines in the activation and modulation of inflammatory response of rats experimentally infected by cryptococcus neoformans. twenty four wistar rats were divided into two groups of 12 animals each: group a - uninfected control group and group b - infected by c. neoformans. blood was collected 20 and 50 days post-infection (pi) from six animals of each group in order to verify purine levels (adenosine triphosphate (atp), adenosine ...201627469575
molecular epidemiology reveals genetic diversity among 363 isolates of the cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii species complex in 61 ivorian hiv-positive patients.cryptococcal meningitis is a severe opportunistic infection in hiv-infected patients. in ivory coast, despite the availability of antiretroviral treatment (art), this infection is still prevalent. the study investigates the genetic diversity of 363 clinical isolates of cryptococcus from 61 ivorian hiv-positive patients, the occurrence of mixed infections and the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of the isolates. serotyping was performed via lac1 and cap64 gene amplification. genotyping was perf ...201627461533
synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,5-dimethoxystilbene analogs.in our continuing effort to discover natural product-based pest management agents, derivatives of 3,5-dimethoxystilbene were synthesized yielding 27 new and six known compounds. compounds 11 and 12 showed strong aedes aegypti larvicidal activity (lc50 45.31 and 49.93 μm, respectively). furthermore, 11 and 12 exhibited high effectiveness against larvae of pesticide-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of ae. aegypti; activity against the adult mosquitoes was low. compounds 6f, 6g, and 6i ...201627450661
cryptococcal meningitis initially presenting with eye symptoms in an immunocompetent patient: a case report.although cryptococcal meningitis (cm) typically occurs in immunocompromised hosts, immunocompetent humans are susceptible to cm. in humans with an intact immune system, cm presents with signs and symptoms typical of meningitis, including fever, headache and neck stiffness. the present study reported the case of a female immunocompetent patient who presented visual blurring in both eyes and bilateral papilledema for ~1 month. following hospital admission, the patient was diagnosed with optic nerv ...201627446330
cryptococcal disease in hiv-infected children.cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen that is remarkable for its tendency to cause meningoencephalitis, especially in patients with aids. while disease is less common in children than adults, it remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among hiv-infected children without access to anti-retroviral therapy. this review highlights recent insights into both the biology and treatment of cryptococcosis with a special emphasis on the pediatric literature.201627443557
predominance of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii multilocus sequence type 5 and emergence of isolates with non-wild-type minimum inhibitory concentrations to fluconazole: a multi-centre study in china.there are few data on the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcosis in china. here we investigated the species distribution, molecular types and antifungal susceptibilities of 312 cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates from ten hospitals over 5 years. isolates were identified by internal transcribed spacer (its) sequencing and by two matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) systems. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was used to verify s ...201627432767
synthesis of part structures of cryptococcus neoformans serotype c capsular polysaccharide.cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. the development of a vaccine based on the capsular polysaccharide of c. neoformans is still an open challenge due to the heterogeneity of the capsular polysaccharide and the difficulty of identifying protective epitopes. therefore, construction of structurally defined part structures of the c. neoformans gxm capsule is in great demand. herein is presented the synthesis of a 3-o- ...201627423877
the simultaneous occurrence of histoplasmosis and cryptococcal fungemia: a case report and review of the literature.simultaneous infections with cryptococcus neoformans and histoplasma capsulatum are rare and typically occur in immunocompromised individuals, particularly aids patients. because both of those fungi can spur the development of latent infections, it is generally unknown which organism was first present. the diagnosis of one fungus can hide the diagnosis of the other, leading to underdiagnoses and poor prognosis. we report a case of c. neoformans and h. capsulatum co-infection. we also performed a ...201627423433
disruption of early tumor necrosis factor alpha signaling prevents classical activation of dendritic cells in lung-associated lymph nodes and development of protective immunity against cryptococcal infection.anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-tnf-α) therapies have been increasingly used to treat inflammatory diseases and are associated with increased risk of invasive fungal infections, including cryptococcus neoformans infection. using a mouse model of cryptococcal infection, we investigated the mechanism by which disruption of early tnf-α signaling results in the development of nonprotective immunity against c. neoformans we found that transient depletion of tnf-α inhibited pulmonary fungal cle ...201627406560
induction of protective immunity to cryptococcal infection in mice by a heat-killed, chitosan-deficient strain of cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans is a major opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes fatal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals and is responsible for a large proportion of aids-related deaths. the fungal cell wall is an essential organelle which undergoes constant modification during various stages of growth and is critical for fungal pathogenesis. one critical component of the fungal cell wall is chitin, which in c. neoformans is predominantly deacetylated to chitosan. we previously re ...201627165801
lipid flippase subunit cdc50 mediates drug resistance and virulence in cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans is a human fungal pathogen and a major cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. treatment options for cryptococcosis are limited. of the two major antifungal drug classes, azoles are active against c. neoformans but exert a fungistatic effect, necessitating long treatment regimens and leaving open an avenue for emergence of azole resistance. drugs of the echinocandin class, which target the glucan synthase and are fungicidal against a number of other f ...201627165800
belatacept and mediastinal histoplasmosis in a kidney transplant patient.in transplantation immunosuppression enhances the appearance of opportunist infections. an ideal balance between the prevention of rejection, the lowest risk of infections and the highest rates of graft survival is a continuous challenge. lower doses of immunosuppression may diminish the risk of infections, metabolic and hemodynamic complications or even of malignancy, but may expose patients to episodes of acute rejection. new drugs are being developed to improve graft survival at the lowest ri ...201627152295
corrigendum: impact of resistance to fluconazole on virulence and morphological aspects of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolates.[this corrects the article on p. 153 in vol. 7, pmid: 26909069.].201627148225
favorable evolution of cryptococcal meningitis in the context of flucytosine resistance.cryptococcal meningitis is a critical illness affecting 0.2% to 5% solid-organ transplant recipients with a 40% to 50% mortality. we report the case of a 48-year-old lung transplant recipient, who, 15 months after a right lung graft, kept parakeets and developed meningitis due to cryptococcus neoformans. immunosuppressive treatment was based on a quadruple sequential immunosuppressive therapy that included induction therapy with thymoglobulin, followed by corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, ...201627143150
evaluation of antifungal combination against cryptococcus spp.the second cause of death among systemic mycoses, cryptococcosis treatment represents a challenge since that 5-flucytosine is not currently available in brazil. looking for alternatives, this study evaluated antifungal agents, alone and combined, correlating susceptibility to genotypes. eighty cryptococcus clinical isolates were genotyped by ura5 gene restriction fragment length polymorphism. antifungal susceptibility was assessed following clsi-m27a3 for amphotericin (amb), 5-flucytosine (5fc), ...201627135278
cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii-induced arthritis with encephalitic dissemination in a dog and review of published literature.this article describes the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical findings associated with cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii in a 4-year-old female boxer dog from uberlândia, minas gerais, southeastern brazil. clinically, there was a swelling at the right metatarsal region and the hock joint with enlargement of regional lymph nodes. radiographical evaluation revealed lysis of the tarsal bone; cytology demonstrated cryptococcal intralesional organisms at the swollen joint. despite empi ...201627126588
cryptococcosis in non-hiv/non-transplant patients: a brazilian case series.cryptococcosis is a classical systemic opportunistic mycosis, primarily occurring among patients with significant immunologic impairment. however, this disease could also affect patients without any recognized immunologic defects, that is, phenotypically normal patients. the medical records of 29 non-hiv/nontransplant patients with cryptococcal disease during the period 2007-2014 were retrospectively reviewed. the most common site of infection was the central nervous system (n = 25, 86.2%), foll ...201627118805
the zip family zinc transporters support the virulence of cryptococcus neoformans.zinc is an essential element in living organisms and a cofactor for various metalloproteins. to disseminate and survive, a pathogenic microbe must obtain zinc from the host, which is an environment with extremely limited zinc availability. in this study, we investigated the roles of the zip family zinc transporters zip1 and zip2 in the human pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans zip1 and zip2 are homologous to zrt1 and zrt2 of the model fungus, saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. we foun ...201627118799
intravascular clearance of disseminating cryptococcus neoformans in the brain can be improved by enhancing neutrophil recruitment in mice.extrapulmonary dissemination of cryptococcus neoformans (c. neoformans) is one of the most critical steps in the development of meningoencephalitis. here, we report that clearance of the disseminating c. neoformans occurs within the brain microvasculature. interestingly, the efficiency of the intravascular clearance in the brain is reduced compared to that in the lung. intravascular clearance is mainly mediated by neutrophils, and complement c5a receptor signaling is crucial for mediating neutro ...201627109176
fisetin as a promising antifungal agent against cryptocococcus neoformans species complex.the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action of fisetin, a flavonol with antifungal activity previously evaluated against the cryptococcus neoformans species complex.201627107205
cryptococcus neoformans isolates from yaoundé human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients exhibited intra-individual genetic diversity and variation in antifungal susceptibility profiles between isolates from the same patient.cryptococcal meningitis is a dreadful opportunistic fungal infection amongst human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. one complication in the management of the disease is the possible infection of a patient by two or more different strains of cryptococcus neoformans. this study investigated the intra-individual genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of c. neoformans isolates from yaoundé (cameroon) hiv-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis. twenty-five clinical iso ...201627100672
transcriptional control of sexual development in cryptococcus neoformans.developmental processes are essential for the normal life cycles of many pathogenic fungi, and they can facilitate survival in challenging environments, including the human host. sexual development of the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans not only produces infectious particles (spores) but has also enabled the evolution of new disease-related traits such as drug resistance. transcription factor networks are essential to the development and pathogenesis of c. neoformans, and a variety ...201627095452
computational analysis reveals a key regulator of cryptococcal virulence and determinant of host response.cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous, opportunistic fungal pathogen that kills over 600,000 people annually. here, we report integrated computational and experimental investigations of the role and mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in cryptococcal infection. major cryptococcal virulence traits include melanin production and the development of a large polysaccharide capsule upon host entry; shed capsule polysaccharides also impair host defenses. we found that both transcription and tran ...201627094327
disseminated cryptococcal infection resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) as the initial clinical presentation of aids.cryptococcosis is a cosmopolitan but rare opportunistic mycosis which is usually caused by cryptococcus neoformans. although the most common and worrisome disease manifestation is meningoencephalitis, pulmonary cryptococcosis has the potential to be lethal. the diagnosis of cryptococcal pneumonia is challenging, given its non-specific clinical and radiographic features. respiratory failure leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome as a consequence of cryptococcal disease has been infrequent ...201627086819
glucosylceramide administration as a vaccination strategy in mouse models of cryptococcosis.cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the causative agent of the disease cryptococcosis. cryptococcosis is initiated as a pulmonary infection and in conditions of immune deficiency disseminates to the blood stream and central nervous system, resulting in life-threatening meningoencephalitis. a number of studies have focused on the development of a vaccine against cryptococcus, primarily utilizing protein-conjugated components of the cryptococcus polysaccharide capsule a ...201627082428
dap12 inhibits pulmonary immune responses to cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is inhaled into the lungs and can lead to life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. currently, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the mammalian immune response to respiratory cryptococcal challenge remain poorly defined. dap12, a signaling adapter for multiple pattern recognition receptors in myeloid and natural killer (nk) cells, has been shown to play both activating and inhibitory roles during lung ...201627068093
molecular epidemiology and in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of 108 clinical cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato and cryptococcus gattii sensu lato isolates from denmark.cryptococcosis is mainly caused by members of the cryptococcus gattii/cryptococcus neoformans species complexes. here, we report the molecular characterisation and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of danish clinical cryptococcal isolates. species, genotype, serotype and mating type were determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprinting and qpcr. eucast e.def 7.2 mics were determined for amphotericin b, flucytosine, fluconazole, voriconazole and isavuconazole. most isol ...201627061834
in vitro analysis of metabolites secreted during infection of lung epithelial cells by cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated basidiomycetous yeast commonly associated with pigeon droppings and soil. the opportunistic pathogen infects humans through the respiratory system and the metabolic implications of c. neoformans infection have yet to be explored. studying the metabolic profile associated with the infection could lead to the identification of important metabolites associated with pulmonary infection. therefore, the aim of the study was to simulate cryptococcal infection ...201627054608
triclosan demonstrates synergic effect with amphotericin b and fluconazole and induces apoptosis-like cell death in cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis especially in aids patients. there is an increasing need for discovery of new anti-cryptococcal drugs due to emergence of resistance cases in recent years. in this study, we aim to elucidate the antifungal effect of triclosan against c. neoformans.201627047474
cryptococcus tetragattii as a major cause of cryptococcal meningitis among hiv-infected individuals in harare, zimbabwe.hiv-associated cryptococcal meningitis is commonly caused by cryptococcus neoformans, whilst infections with cryptococcus gattii sensu lato are historically rare. despite available studies, little is known about the occurrence of c. gattii sensu lato infections among hiv-infected individuals in zimbabwe.201627038502
identification of a major ip5 kinase in cryptococcus neoformans confirms that pp-ip5/ip7, not ip6, is essential for virulence.fungal inositol polyphosphate (ip) kinases catalyse phosphorylation of ip3 to inositol pyrophosphate, pp-ip5/ip7, which is essential for virulence of cryptococcus neoformans. cryptococcal kcs1 converts ip6 to pp-ip5/ip7, but the kinase converting ip5 to ip6 is unknown. deletion of a putative ip5 kinase-encoding gene (ipk1) alone (ipk1δ), and in combination with kcs1 (ipk1δkcs1δ), profoundly reduced virulence in mice. however, deletion of kcs1 and ipk1 had a greater impact on virulence attenuatio ...201627033523
leveraging a high resolution microfluidic assay reveals insights into pathogenic fungal spore germination.germination of spores into actively growing cells is a process essential for survival and pathogenesis of many microbes. molecular mechanisms governing germination, however, are poorly understood in part because few tools exist for evaluating and interrogating the process. here, we introduce an assay that leverages developments in microfluidic technology and image processing to quantitatively measure germination with unprecedented resolution, assessing both individual cells and the population as ...201627026574
a rare cause of cerebral venous thrombosis: cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (cm) is a serious central nervous system infection caused by cryptococcus neoformans, seen mostly in immunocompromised hosts and less in immunocompetent patients. the vast majority of cryptococcosis cases are seen as human immunodeficiency virus infections with advanced immunosuppression. meningitis and meningoencephalitis are the most common clinical manifestations. nevertheless, immunocompetent patients with cm are rarely reported. cerebral venous sinus thrombo ...201627025504
a case of pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jirovecii and cryptococcus neoformans in a patient with htlv-1 associated adult t- cell leukemia/lymphoma: occam's razor blunted.adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma (atll) is usually preceded by infection with human t-cell lymphotropic virus i (htlv-i). patients with atll frequently get opportunistic infections of the lungs, intestines, and central nervous system. pneumocystis pneumonia is commonly known as an aids defining illness. grocott's methenamine silver stain of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples obtained via bronchoscopy remain the gold standard for diagnosis. pulmonary cryptococcosis is seen in patients with t-cell ...201627024978
berberine antifungal activity in fluconazole-resistant pathogenic yeasts: action mechanism evaluated by flow cytometry and biofilm growth inhibition in candida spp.the incidence of fungal infections and, in particular, the incidence of fungal antibiotic resistance, which is associated with biofilm formation, have significantly increased, contributing to morbidity and mortality. thus, new therapeutic strategies need to be developed. in this context, natural products have emerged as a major source of possible antifungal agents. berberine is a protoberberine-type isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of natural herbs, such as ...201627021328
magnesium ion acts as a signal for capsule induction in cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcal meningitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans, is a common opportunistic neural infection in immunocompromised individuals. cryptococcus meningitis is associated with fungal burden with larger capsule size in cerebrospinal fluid (csf). to understand the role of csf constituents in capsule enlargement, we have evaluated the effect of artificial csf on capsule induction in comparison with various other capsule inducing media. two different strains of c. neoformans, an environmental and ...201627014245
virulence of cryptococcus sp. biofilms in vitro and in vivo using galleria mellonella as an alternative model.cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii are fungal pathogens that are most commonly found in infections of the central nervous system, which cause life-threatening meningoencephalitis and can grow as a biofilm. biofilms are structures conferring protection and resistance of microorganism to the antifungal drugs. this study compared the virulence of planktonic and biofilm cells of c. neoformans and c. gattii in galleria mellonella model, as well as, the quantification of gene transcripts lac1, ure1 ...201627014214
morphotype-specific effector functions of cryptococcus neoformans pum1.the basidiomycete fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans requires the puf protein, pum1, for hyphal morphogenesis during sexual development. in this study we found that pum1 was auto-repressive under growth as yeast, but that auto-repression was relieved during filamentous growth through utilization of an alternative transcription start site driven by the master filamentation regulator znf2. in addition, pum1 was required to stabilize the znf2 mrna through an indirect mechanism suggesting that ...201627008977
molecular typing of environmental cryptococcus neoformans/c. gattii species complex isolates from manaus, amazonas, brazil.cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are the main causative agents of cryptococcosis, a systemic fungal disease that affects internal organs and skin, and which is acquired by inhalation of spores or encapsulated yeasts. it is currently known that the c. neoformans/c. gattii species complex has a worldwide distribution, however, some molecular types seem to prevail in certain regions. few environmental studies of cryptococcus have been conducted in the brazilian amazon. this is the fi ...201627005969
cryptococcal therapies and drug targets: the old, the new and the promising.half a century after the introduction of amphotericin b the management of cryptococcosis remains unsatisfactory. the disease, caused primarily by the two fungal species cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii, remains responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality despite standard medical care. current therapeutic options are limited to amphotericin b, azoles and 5-flucytosine. however, this organism has numerous well-characterized virulence mechanisms that are amenable to pharmaco ...201626990050
molecular typing of clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans/cryptococcus gattii species complex from northeast mexico.cryptococcosis is caused by members of the cryptococcus neoformans/cryptococcus gattii species complex. based on molecular identification, these two species have been further differentiated into molecular types. the aim of this work was to characterize clinical cryptococcal isolates recovered from six hospitals in northeast mexico from 1995 to 2011. one hundred and sixty-six isolates, which were characterized by biochemical tests and in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin b, fluconazole, and vo ...201626109075
fatal primary cutaneous cryptococcosis: case report and review of published literature.cryptococcus is an opportunistic yeast with a worldwide distribution that primarily causes significant infections in immunocompromised individuals, generally by affecting the respiratory tract. but primary cutaneous cryptococcosis (pcc) without systemic infection is rare. we report a case of pcc in a patient with nephrotic syndrome.201626246081
first isolation of cryptococcus neoformans genotype vni mat-alpha from wood inside hollow trunks of hymenaea courbaril.cryptococcal infection is transmitted by the inhalation of cryptococcus spp. propagules. information about the cryptococcus species inhabiting plants might be clinically relevant due to the epidemiological role of these habitats as possible sources of human infection. the aim of this study was to increase the knowledge about the environmental occurrence of cryptococcosis agents. hollow tree vegetal debris of nine plant species was sampled quarterly over a 12-month period. melanized colonies were ...201626337089
cryptococcal transmigration across a model brain blood-barrier: evidence of the trojan horse mechanism and differences between cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii strain h99 and cryptococcus gattii strain r265.cryptococcus neoformans (cn) and cryptococcus gattii (cg) cause neurological disease and cross the bbb as free cells or in mononuclear phagocytes via the trojan horse mechanism, although evidence for the latter is indirect. there is emerging evidence that cn and the north american outbreak cg strain (r265) more commonly cause neurological and lung disease, respectively. we have employed a widely validated in vitro model of the bbb, which utilizes the hcmec/d3 cell line derived from human brain e ...201626369713
accurate and sensitive real-time pcr assays using intergenic spacer 1 region to differentiate cryptococcus gattii sensu lato and cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato.in this work, two accurate and sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays to differentiate pathogenic cryptococcus gattii sensu lato (s.l.) and c. neoformans sensu lato (s.l.) targeting the intergenic spacer 1 (igs1) region from rdna locus were developed. specific primers were designed based on their igs1 sequence analyses and the optimal real-time pcr assays showed that the dissociation curves generated two different melting peaks, at 82.8 and 84.2ºc for c. gattii s.l. and c. ne ...201626392390
real-time in vivo imaging reveals the ability of neutrophils to remove cryptococcus neoformans directly from the brain vasculature.although neutrophils are typically the first immune cells attracted to an infection site, little is known about how neutrophils dynamically interact with invading pathogens in vivo. here, with the use of intravital microscopy, we demonstrate that neutrophils migrate to the arrested cryptococcus neoformans, a leading agent to cause meningoencephalitis, in the brain microvasculature. following interactions with c. neoformans, neutrophils were seen to internalize the organism and then circulate bac ...201626428677
isolation, identification and screening of antimicrobial thermophilic streptomyces sp. al-dhabi-1 isolated from tharban hot spring, saudi arabia.the strain streptomyces sp. al-dhabi-1 was isolated from soil sediments collected from tharban hot spring in the southern west of saudi arabia using actinomycetes isolation agar and starch casein agar at 55 °c. identification of the isolate was done according to morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16s rrna sequence similarity as well. 16s rrna sequence and blast analyses confirmed that the isolate belonging to the genus streptomyces. the sequence was submitted to gen ...201626515082
the 14-3-3 gene function of cryptococcus neoformans is required for its growth and virulence.cryptococcus neoformans is a life-threatening pathogenic yeast that causes devastating meningoencephalitis. the mechanism of cryptococcal brain invasion is largely unknown, and recent studies suggest that its extracellular microvesicles may be involved in the invasion process. the 14-3-3 protein is abundant in the extracellular microvesicles of c. neoformans, and the 14-3-3-gfp fusion has been used as the microvesicle's marker. however, the physiological role of 14-3-3 has not been explored. in ...201626437944
lipoxin signaling in murine lung host responses to cryptococcus neoformans infection.lipoxins (lx) are proresolving mediators that augment host defense against bacterial infection. here, we investigated roles for lx in lung clearance of the fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans (cne). after intranasal inoculation of 5,000 cfu cne, c57bl/6 and c.b-17 mice exhibited strain-dependent differences in cne clearance, immunologic responses, and lipoxin a4 (lxa4) formation and receptor (alx/fpr2) expression. compared with c.b-17 mice, c57bl/6 lungs had increased and persistent cne infe ...201626039320
fungi associated with rocks of the atacama desert: taxonomy, distribution, diversity, ecology and bioprospection for bioactive compounds.this study assessed the diversity of cultivable rock-associated fungi from atacama desert. a total of 81 fungal isolates obtained were identified as 29 ascomycota taxa by sequencing different regions of dna. cladosporium halotolerans, penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium cf. citrinum were the most frequent species, which occur at least in four different altitudes. the diversity and similarity indices ranged in the fungal communities across the latitudinal gradient. the fisher-α index displaye ...201626235221
the formation of titan cells in cryptococcus neoformans depends on the mouse strain and correlates with induction of th2-type responses.cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast that can form titan cells in the lungs, which are fungal cells of abnormal enlarged size. little is known about the factors that trigger titan cells. in particular, it is not known how the host environment influences this transition. in this work, we describe the formation of titan cells in two mouse strains, cd1 and c57bl/6j. we found that the proportion of c. neoformans titan cells was significantly higher in c57bl/6j mice than in cd1. this higher ...201626243235
secondary mania due to aids and cryptococcal meningitis in a 78-year-old patient.we report a 78-year-old man without past psychiatric history who experienced his first manic episode successfully treated with quetiapine and lorazepam, but was ultimately found to have aids and cryptococcus neoformans meningitis. our presented case highlights the importance of comprehensive differential diagnoses to rule out secondary causes of psychiatric symptoms presenting for the first time in elderly patients.201625919146
neuroimaging of hiv-associated cryptococcal meningitis: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with and without immune reconstitution.to determine the frequency, imaging characteristics, neuroanatomical distribution and dynamics of magnetic resonance imaging findings in hiv-associated cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised patients we compared patients without antiretroviral therapy with patients undergoing immune reconstitution. neuroimaging and clinical data of 21 consecutive patients presenting to a german hiv centre in a 10-year period between 2005 and 2014 were reviewed. we identified eight patients with magnetic re ...201625693580
synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3-substituted amino-4-hydroxylcoumarin derivatives as chitin synthase inhibitors and antifungal agents.a series of novel 3-substituted amino-4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives have been designed and synthesized as chitin synthase (chs) inhibitors. all the synthesized compounds have been screened for their chs inhibition activity and antimicrobial activity in vitro. the enzymatic assay indicated that most of the compounds have good inhibitory activity against chs, in which compound 6o with ic50 of 0.10 mmol/l had stronger activity than that of polyoxins b, which acts as control drug with ic50 of 0.18 m ...201625815669
vertebro-cerebral cryptococcosis mimicking tuberculosis: a diagnostic dilemma in countries with high burden of tuberculosis.we report a case of a 30-year-old immunocompetent man with disseminated cryptococcosis who was initially treated with antitubercular therapy due to clinical and radiological diagnosis of vertebro-cerebral tuberculosis. the diagnosis of cryptococcus infection was made due to incidental isolation of this fungus from blood culture with negative cerebrospinal fluid culture results. though disseminated cryptococcosis with central nervous system, skeletal, and skin involvement is an uncommon manifesta ...201622664450
in vitro antifungal susceptibility of environmental isolates of cryptococcus spp. from the west region of cameroon.cryptococcus neoformans is responsible of cryptococcosis, a life-threatening infection that affects healthy and immunocompromised individuals. it is the first cause of adult acute meningitis in some sub-saharan african countries with a mortality rate of about 100% in cases of inappropriate therapy. this study aimed at examining the occurrence and the antifungal patterns of cryptococcus isolates from pigeon droppings and bat guanos in the west region of cameroon.201628450771
antioxidant and antifungal activity of selected medicinal plant extracts against phytopathogenic fungi.medicinal plants are used by many ethnic groups as a source of medicine for the treatment of various ailments in both humans and domestic animals. these plants produce secondary metabolites that have antimicrobial properties, thus screening of medicinal plants provide another alternative for producing chemical fungicides that are relatively non-toxic and cost-effective.201628852739
potential use of bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with mastitis in dairy goats.mastitis caused by microbial infections in dairy goats reduces milk yield, modifies milk composition, and potentially contributes to morbidity in herds and consumers of dairy products. microorganisms associated with mastitis in dairy goats are commonly controlled with antibiotics, but it is known that continued use of these chemical agents promotes antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations. recently, it has been shown that bacteriocins of bacillus thuringiensis inhibit growth of food-bor ...201626022411
the interaction of fungi with the environment orchestrated by rnai.the fungal kingdom has been key in the investigation of the biogenesis and function of small rnas (srnas). the discovery of phenomena such as quelling in neurospora crassa represents pioneering work in the identification of the main elements of the rna interference (rnai) machinery. recent discoveries in the regulatory mechanisms in some yeast and filamentous fungi are helping us reach a deeper understanding of the transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanisms involved in ge ...201626932186
terrenolide s, a new antileishmanial butenolide from the endophytic fungus aspergillus terreus.terrenolide s, a new butenolide derivative (6), together with six known compounds: (22e,24r)-stigmasta-5,7,22-trien-3-β-ol (1), stigmast-4-ene-3-one (2), stigmasta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (3), terretonin a (4), terretonin (5) and butyrolactone vi (7) have been isolated from the endophytic fungus aspergillus terreus isolated from the roots of carthamus lanatus (asteraceae). their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses (1d, 2d nmr and hresims), as well as optical rotati ...201626299734
[evaluation of pna-fish method for direct identification of candida species in blood culture samples and its potential impact on guidance of antifungal therapy].early antifungal therapy has a major influence on survival in candidemia. rapid identification of the species has importance for the treatment, prediction of the species-specific primary resistance and variable antifungal susceptibility. recently, molecular-based methods attempt to reduce the time between the positive signal of a blood culture and identification of the fungus. pna-fish (peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization) assay distinguishes a number of frequently isolated c ...201628124963
granule-dependent natural killer cell cytotoxicity to fungal pathogens.natural killer (nk) cells kill or inhibit the growth of a number of fungi including cryptococcus, candida, aspergillus, rhizopus, and paracoccidioides. although many fungi are not dangerous, invasive fungal pathogens, such as cryptococcus neoformans, cause life-threatening disease in individuals with impaired cell-mediated immunity. while there are similarities to cell-mediated killing of tumor cells, there are also important differences. similar to tumor killing, nk cells directly kill fungi in ...201628123389
discovery of ibomycin, a complex macrolactone that exerts antifungal activity by impeding endocytic trafficking and membrane function.natural products are invaluable historic sources of drugs for infectious diseases; however, the discovery of novel antimicrobial chemical scaffolds has waned in recent years. concurrently, there is a pressing need for improved therapeutics to treat fungal infections. we employed a co-culture screen to identify ibomycin, a large polyketide macrolactone that has preferential killing activity against cryptococcus neoformans. using chemical and genome methods, we determined the structure of ibomycin ...201627746129
amino acid permeases and virulence in cryptococcus neoformans.fungal opportunistic pathogens colonize various environments, from plants and wood to human and animal tissue. regarding human pathogens, one great challenge during contrasting niche occupation is the adaptation to different conditions, such as temperature, osmolarity, salinity, pressure, oxidative stress and nutritional availability, which may constitute sources of stress that need to be tolerated and overcome. as an opportunistic pathogen, c. neoformans faces exactly these situations during th ...201627695080
the celecoxib derivative ar-12 has broad-spectrum antifungal activity in vitro and improves the activity of fluconazole in a murine model of cryptococcosis.only one new class of antifungal drugs has been introduced into clinical practice in the last 30 years, and thus the identification of small molecules with novel mechanisms of action is an important goal of current anti-infective research. here, we describe the characterization of the spectrum of in vitro activity and in vivo activity of ar-12, a celecoxib derivative which has been tested in a phase i clinical trial as an anticancer agent. ar-12 inhibits fungal acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) syn ...201627645246
[a clinical study of invasive fungal disease in children without underlying diseases].to investigate the clinical features of invasive fungal disease (ifd) in children without underlying diseases.201627530787
design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of benzothiazole derivatives as antifungal agents.a series of compounds with benzothiazole and amide-imidazole scaffolds were designed and synthesized to combat the increasing incidence of drug-resistant fungal infections. the antifungal activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro, and their structure-activity relationships (sars) were evaluated. the synthesized compounds showed excellent inhibitory activity against candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. the most potent compounds 14o, 14p, and 14r exhibited potent activity, with m ...201627494168
hybrid molecules containing a 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline nucleus and a substituted 2-pyrazoline with antiproliferative and antifungal activity.twenty-four new hybrid analogues (15-38) containing 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline and 2-pyrazoline n-heterocyclic fragments were synthesized. twelve of the new compounds were evaluated against 58 human cancer cell lines by the u.s. national cancer institute (nci). compounds 25, 30, 31, 36, and 37 showed significant cytostatic activity, with the most outstanding gi50 values ranging from 0.05 to 0.95 µm. the hybrid compounds (15-38) were also evaluated for antifungal activity against candida albicans ...201627472314
bortezomib inhibits bacterial and fungal β-carbonic anhydrases.inhibition of the β-carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) from pathogenic fungi (cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans, candida glabrata, malassezia globosa) and bacteria (three isoforms from mycobacterium tuberculosis, rv3273, rv1284 and rv3588), as well from the insect drosophila melanogaster (dmeca) and the plant flaveria bidentis (fbica1) with the boronic acid peptidomimetic proteosome inhibitor bortezomib was investigated. bortezomib was a micromolar inhibitor of all these enzymes, with ...201627469982
synthesis, characterization and antifungal evaluation of novel thiochromanone derivatives containing indole skeleton.invasive fungal disease constitutes a growing health problem and development of novel antifungal drugs with high potency and selectivity against new fungal molecular targets are urgently needed. in order to develop potent antifungal agents, a novel series of 6-alkyl-indolo[3,2-c]-2h-thiochroman derivatives were synthesized. microdilution broth method was used to investigate antifungal activity of these compounds. most of them showed good antifungal activity in vitro. compound 4o showed the best ...201627373770
strong nucleosomes of yeasts.yeast genome lacks visibly periodic sequences characteristic of strong nucleosomes (sns) originally discovered in a. thaliana, c. elegans, and h. sapiens. yet, the sequences with good match to the (rrrrryyyyy)n consensus of the sns do show preference to centromere regions of schizosaccharomyces pombe, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cryptococcus neoformans - property characteristic of sns of higher eukaryotes. candida albicans is the first exception detected so far, where their sns do not have any ...201625893982
antifungal saponins from the maya medicinal plant cestrum schlechtendahlii g. don (solanaceae).bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract (80% etoh) of the leaves of cestrum schlechtendahlii, a plant used by q'eqchi' maya healers for treatment of athlete's foot, resulted in the isolation and identification of two spirostanol saponins (1 and 2). structure elucidation by ms, 1d-nmr, and 2d-nmr spectroscopic methods identified them to be the known saponin (25r)-1β,2α-dihydroxy-5α-spirostan-3-β-yl-o-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-galactopyranoside (1) and new saponin (25r)-1β,2α-dihy ...201626666462
ziziphora tenuior l. essential oil from dana biosphere reserve (southern jordan); chemical characterization and assessment of biological activities.ziziphora tenuior l. (lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant in jordan, which is included in various antimicrobial, antiseptic, expectorant and wound healing preparations. it is used for the treatment of cough, stomach ache, dysentery, fever, uterus infection, gut inflammation and painful menstruation.201627815078
the synthesis and biological evaluation of alkyl and benzyl naphthyridinium analogs of eupolauridine as potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents.eupolauridine, an indenonaphthyridine alkaloid, has been previously reported by us to exhibit antifungal activity. this study describes the synthesis of new alkyl and benzyl naphthyridinium/pyridinium analogs of eupolauridine as potential antifungal agents. a majority of the analogs exhibited antifungal activity against opportunistic pathogens such as candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. several of them were also effective against bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, mrs, pseudomonas and my ...201627769668
activity of scorpion venom-derived antifungal peptides against planktonic cells of candida spp. and cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans biofilms.the incidence of fungal infections has been increasing in the last decades, while the number of available antifungal classes remains the same. the natural and acquired resistance of some fungal species to available therapies, associated with the high toxicity of these drugs on the present scenario and makes an imperative of the search for new, more efficient and less toxic therapeutic choices. antimicrobial peptides (amps) are a potential class of antimicrobial drugs consisting of evolutionarily ...201627917162
evaluation of virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility in yeast isolates from postmortem specimens.invasive fungal infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, especially in cases requiring a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit. a total of 99 yeast strains were isolated from 42 postmortem cases. in this study, virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of these species were evaluated. the isolates were identified as candida albicans (54), c. tropicalis (15), c. glabrata (12), c. parapsilosis (6), c. lipolytica (3), c. utilis (3), c. kruse ...201627364280
chemical composition and biological activities of artemisia judaica essential oil from southern desert of jordan.artemisia judaica l. (arabic name: beithran), is a medicinal and aromatic plant growing in the valley bottoms of desert areas, particularly in the southern desert of jordan nearest to the jordan-saudi arabia borders and in wadi araba in the southern badia. in jordan, a. judaica is widely used in traditional medicine being recommended by aboriginal bedouins in the north badia region of jordan as calmative. furthermore, it is used for the treatment of stomach ache, heart diseases, sexual weakness, ...201627318275
structures of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase from pathogenic fungi reveal the mechanisms of substrate recognition and catalysis.trehalose is a disaccharide essential for the survival and virulence of pathogenic fungi. the biosynthesis of trehalose requires trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, tps1, and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, tps2. here, we report the structures of the n-terminal domain of tps2 (tps2ntd) from candida albicans, a transition-state complex of the tps2 c-terminal trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase domain (tps2pd) bound to bef3 and trehalose, and catalytically dead tps2pd(d24n) from cryptococcus neoforma ...201627307435
synergism effect of the essential oil from ocimum basilicum var. maria bonita and its major components with fluconazole and its influence on ergosterol biosynthesis.the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the eo and its major components of ocimum basilicum var. maria bonita, a genetically improved cultivar, against the fluconazole sensitive and resistant strains of candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. geraniol presented better results than the eo, with a low mic (76 μg/ml against c. neoformans and 152 μg/ml against both candida strains). the combination of eo, linalool, or geraniol with fluconazole enhanced their antifungal activity, ...201627274752
thailandins a and b, new polyene macrolactone compounds isolated from actinokineospora bangkokensis strain 44ehw(t), possessing antifungal activity against anthracnose fungi and pathogenic yeasts.two new polyene macrolactone antibiotics, thailandins a, 1, and b, 2, were isolated from the fermentation broth of rhizosphere soil-associated actinokineospora bangkokensis strain 44ehw(t). the new compounds from this strain were purified using semipreparative hplc and sephadex lh-20 gel filtration while following an antifungal activity guided fractionation. their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic techniques including uv, hr-esi-ms, and nmr. these compounds demonstrated broad spec ...201627267862
in vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activities of halogenated quinoline analogues against candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans.with the increasing prevalence of fungal infections coupled with emerging drug resistance, there is an urgent need for new and effective antifungal agents. here we report the antifungal activities of 19 diverse halogenated quinoline (hq) small molecules against candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. four hq analogues inhibited c. albicans growth with a minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of 100 nm, whilst 16 analogues effectively inhibited c. neoformans at mics of 50-780 nm. remarkably ...201627256584
a substituted sulfonamide and its co (ii), cu (ii), and zn (ii) complexes as potential antifungal agents.a sulfonamide 1-tosyl-1-h-benzo(d)imidazol-2-amine (tbza) and three new complexes of co(ii), cu(ii), and zn(ii) have been synthesized. the compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, ftir, (1)h, and (13)c-nmr spectroscopy. the structure of the tbza, and its co(ii) and cu(ii) complexes, was determined by x-ray diffraction methods. tbza and its co(ii) complex crystallize in the triclinic p-1 space group, while the cu(ii) complex crystallizes in the monoclinic p21/c space group. antifu ...201627232977
fungal morphogenetic changes inside the mammalian host.one of the main features of the majority of pathogenic fungi is the ability to switch between different types of morphological forms. these changes include the transition between cells of different shapes (such as the formation of pseudohyphae and hyphae), or the massive growth of the blastoconidia and formation of titan cells. morphological changes occur during infection, and there is extensive evidence that they play a key role in processes required for disease, such as adhesion, invasion and ...201627101887
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