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production of superoxide from photosystem ii-light harvesting complex ii supercomplex in stn8 kinase knock-out rice mutants under photoinhibitory illumination.when phosphorylation of photosystem (ps) ii core proteins is blocked in stn8 knock-out mutants of rice (oryza sativa) under photoinhibitory illumination, the mobilization of psii supercomplex is prevented. we have previously proposed that more superoxide (o2(-)) is produced from psii in the mutant (nath et al., 2013, plant j. 76, 675-686). here, we clarify the type and site for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). using both histochemical and fluorescence probes, we observed that, co ...201627390892
determination of optimal harvest time of chuchung variety green rice(®) (oryza sativa l.) with high contents of gaba, γ-oryzanol, and α-tocopherol.in our previous study, an early-maturing variety of rice (oryza sativa l.), jinbu can have feature with unique green color, various phytochemicals as well as nutritive components by the optimal early harvesting, called green rice(®) (gr). the aims of the present field experiments were to evaluate the changes in the weight of 1,000 kernels, yield, and contents of proximate and bioactive compounds in chuchung, a mid-late maturing variety, during the pre-harvest maturation of rough rice and to rese ...201627390725
overexpression of the oserf71 transcription factor alters rice root structure and drought resistance.plant responses to drought stress require the regulation of transcriptional networks via drought-responsive transcription factors, which mediate a range of morphological and physiological changes. ap2/erf transcription factors are known to act as key regulators of drought resistance transcriptional networks; however, little is known about the associated molecular mechanisms that give rise to specific morphological and physiological adaptations. in this study, we functionally characterized the ri ...201627382137
optimizing rice plant photosynthate allocation reduces n2o emissions from paddy fields.rice paddies are a major source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (n2o) emissions, especially under alternate wetting-drying irrigation and high n input. increasing photosynthate allocation to the grain in rice (oryza sativa l.) has been identified as an effective strategy of genetic and agronomic innovation for yield enhancement; however, its impacts on n2o emissions are still unknown. we conducted three independent but complementary experiments (variety, mutant study, and spikelet clipping) to ex ...201627378420
genetic diversity and elite allele mining for grain traits in rice (oryza sativa l.) by association mapping.mining elite alleles for grain size and weight is of importance for the improvement of cultivated rice and selection for market demand. in this study, association mapping for grain traits was performed on a selected sample of 628 rice cultivars using 262 ssrs. grain traits were evaluated by grain length (gl), grain width (gw), grain thickness (gt), grain length to width ratio (gl/gw), and 1000-grain weight (tgw) in 2013 and 2014. our result showed abundant phenotypic and genetic diversities foun ...201627375646
metabolome analysis of oryza sativa (rice) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for characterizing organ specificity of flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity.oryza sativa l. (rice) is an important staple crop across the world. in the previous study, we identified 36 specialized (secondary) metabolites including 28 flavonoids. in the present study, a metabolome analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was conducted on the leaf, bran, and brown and polished rice grains to better understand the distribution of these metabolites. principal component analysis using the metabolome data clearly characterized the accumulation patterns of the me ...201627373652
lodging resistance of japonica rice (oryza sativa l.): morphological and anatomical traits due to top-dressing nitrogen application rates.lodging in rice production often limits grain yield and quality by breaking or bending stems. excessive nitrogen (n) fertilizer rates are the cause of poor lodging resistance in rice, but little is known about the effect of top-dressing n application rates on the mechanical strength of japonica rice plants, especially how the anatomical structure in culms is affected by n. in this study, field experiments on two japonica rice varieties with three top-dressing n application rates, 0 kg n ha(-1) ( ...201627369289
modest amendment of sewage sludge biochar to reduce the accumulation of cadmium into rice(oryza sativa l.): a field study.much research has considered the influence of biochars on the availability and phytoaccumulation of potentially toxic elements (ptes) from soil. however, the vast majority of these studies use, what are arguably, unrealistic and unpractical amounts of biochar (10, 50 and even up to 100 t/ha). to offer a more realistic insight into the influence of biochar on pte partitioning and phytoaccumulation, a field study, using modest rates of biochar application (1.5, 3.0 t/ha), was undertaken. specifica ...201627368131
a high temperature-dependent mitochondrial lipase extra glume1 promotes floral phenotypic robustness against temperature fluctuation in rice (oryza sativa l.).the sessile plants have evolved diverse intrinsic mechanisms to control their proper development under variable environments. in contrast to plastic vegetative development, reproductive traits like floral identity often show phenotypic robustness against environmental variations. however, it remains obscure about the molecular basis of this phenotypic robustness. in this study, we found that eg1 (extra glume1) mutants of rice (oryza savita l.) showed floral phenotypic variations in different gro ...201627367609
fullssr: microsatellite finder and primer designer.microsatellites are genomic sequences comprised of tandem repeats of short nucleotide motifs widely used as molecular markers in population genetics. fullssr is a new bioinformatic tool for microsatellite (ssr) loci detection and primer design using genomic data from ngs assay. the software was tested with 2000 sequences of oryza sativa shotgun sequencing project from the national center of biotechnology information trace archive and with partial genome sequencing with roche 454® from caiman lat ...201627366148
development of high-lysine rice via endosperm-specific expression of a foreign lysine rich protein gene.lysine (lys) is considered to be the first limiting essential amino acid in rice. although there have been extensive efforts to improve the lys content of rice through traditional breeding and genetic engineering, no satisfactory products have been achieved to date.201627357959
genome-wide transcriptome analysis of female-sterile rice ovule shed light on its abortive mechanism.the comprehensive transcriptome analysis of rice female-sterile line and wild-type line ovule provides an important clue for exploring the regulatory network of the formation of rice fertile female gametophyte. ovules are the female reproductive tissues of rice (oryza sativa l.) and play a major role in sexual reproduction. to investigate the potential mechanism of rice female gametophyte fertility, we used rna sequencing, combined with genetic subtraction, to compare the transcriptome of the ov ...201627357232
evolutionarily distinct bahd n-acyltransferases are responsible for natural variation of aromatic amine conjugates in rice.phenolamides (pas) are specialized (secondary) metabolites mainly synthesized by bahd n-acyltransferases. here, we report metabolic profiling coupled with association and linkage mapping of 11 pas in rice (oryza sativa). we identified 22 loci affecting pas in leaves and 16 loci affecting pas in seeds. we identified eight bahd n-acyltransferases located on five chromosomes with diverse specificities, including four aromatic amine n-acyltransferases. we show that genetic variation in pas is determ ...201627354554
genetics of wide compatible gene and variability studies in rice (oryza sativa l.). 201627350693
development and evaluation of rice giant embryo mutants for high oil content originated from a high-yielding cultivar 'mizuhochikara'.rice bran oil is a byproduct of the milling of rice (oryza sativa l.). it offers various health benefits and has a beneficial fatty acid composition. to increase the amount of rice bran as a sink for triacylglycerol (tag), we developed and characterized new breeding materials with giant embryos. to induce mutants, we treated fertilized egg cells of the high-yielding cultivar 'mizuhochikara' with n-methyl-n-nitrosourea (mnu). by screening m2 seeds, we isolated four giant embryo mutant lines. gene ...201627436953
mapping quantitative trait loci for heat tolerance at anthesis in rice using chromosomal segment substitution lines.to study the genetic basis of heat tolerance at anthesis, a set of chromosome segment substitution lines (cssls) derived from sasanishiki (japonica ssp. heat susceptible) and habataki (indica spp. heat tolerant) were used for analysis across three high temperature environments. spikelet fertility (sf), daily flowering time (dft) and pollen shedding level (psl) under high temperature (ht) were assessed. eleven related qtls were detected, of which, two qtls qsf (ht) 2 and qsf (ht) 4.2 for spikelet ...201627436945
meiotic f-box is essential for male meiotic dna double-strand break repair in rice.f-box proteins constitute a large superfamily in plants and play important roles in controlling many biological processes, but the roles of f-box proteins in male meiosis in plants remain unclear. here, we identify the rice (oryza sativa) f-box gene meiotic f-box (mof), which is essential for male meiotic progression. mof belongs to the fbx subfamily and is predominantly active during leptotene to pachytene of prophase i. mof meiocytes display disrupted telomere bouquet formation, impaired pairi ...201627436711
wrky transcription factor genes in wild rice oryza nivara.the wrky transcription factor family is one of the largest gene families involved in plant development and stress response. although many wrky genes have been studied in cultivated rice (oryza sativa), the wrky genes in the wild rice species oryza nivara, the direct progenitor of o. sativa, have not been studied. o. nivara shows abundant genetic diversity and elite drought and disease resistance features. herein, a total of 97 o. nivara wrky (onwrky) genes were identified. rna-sequencing demonst ...201627345721
rice root architectural plasticity traits and genetic regions for adaptability to variable cultivation and stress conditions.future rice (oryza sativa) crops will likely experience a range of growth conditions, and root architectural plasticity will be an important characteristic to confer adaptability across variable environments. in this study, the relationship between root architectural plasticity and adaptability (i.e. yield stability) was evaluated in two traditional × improved rice populations (aus 276 × mtu1010 and kali aus × mtu1010). forty contrasting genotypes were grown in direct-seeded upland and transplan ...201627342311
a nap-family histone chaperone functions in abiotic stress response and adaptation.modulation of gene expression is one of the most significant molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress response in plants. via altering dna accessibility, histone chaperones affect the transcriptional competence of genomic loci. however, in contrast to other factors affecting chromatin dynamics, the role of plant histone chaperones in abiotic stress response and adaptation remains elusive. here, we studied the physiological function of a stress-responsive putative rice (oryza sativa) histone chaper ...201627342307
the mir393a/target module regulates seed germination and seedling establishment under submergence in rice (oryza sativa l.).the conserved mirna393 family is thought to be involved in root elongation, leaf development and stress responses, but its role during seed germination and seedling establishment remains unclear. in this study, expression of the mir393a/target module and its role in germinating rice (oryza sativa l.) seeds were investigated. β-glucuronidase (gus) analysis showed that mir393a and ostir1 had spatial-temporal transcriptional activities in radicle roots, coleoptile tips and stomata cells, correspond ...201627342100
investigating inducible short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases clarifies rice oryzalexin biosynthesis.rice (oryza sativa) produces a variety of labdane-related diterpenoids as phytoalexins and allelochemicals. the production of these important natural products has been partially elucidated. however, the oxidases responsible for production of the keto groups found in many of these diterpenoids have largely remained unknown. only one short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductases (sdrs), which has been proposed to catalyze the last step in such a pathway, has been characterized to date. while rice c ...201627337377
n-glycomic and microscopic subcellular localization analyses of npp1, 2 and 6 strongly indicate that trans-golgi compartments participate in the golgi to plastid traffic of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases in rice.nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (npps) are widely distributed n-glycosylated enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic breakdown of numerous nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. in many plant species, npps are encoded by a small multigene family, which in rice are referred to npp1-npp6 although recent investigations showed that n-glycosylated npp1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (er)-golgi system to the chloroplast through the secretory pathway in rice cells, information on ...201627335351
a two-year field measurement of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from rice paddies under contrasting climate conditions.the effects of three irrigation levels (traditional normal amount of irrigation [na100%], 70%, and 30% of the normal amount [na70% and na30%]) and two rice varieties (oryza sativa l. huayou14 and hanyou8) on ch4 and n2o emissions were investigated over two years under contrasting climate conditions (a 'warm and dry' season in 2013 and a normal season in 2014). hanyou8 was developed as a drought-resistant variety. the mean seasonal air temperature in 2013 was 2.3 °c higher than in 2014, while the ...201627321231
n-glycan transition of the early developmental stage in oryza sativa.n-glycosylation is one of the post-translational modifications. in animals, n-glycans linked to proteins function in cell-cell recognition, sorting, transport, and other biological phenomena. however, in plants, n-glycan-mediated biological functions remain obscure. in a previous study, we showed that the main type of n-glycan transition is from the paucimannosidic to complex type before and after germination in oryza sativa, suggesting that transitions of n-glycan, including those of glycoprote ...201627320861
development of oryza sativa l. by oryza punctata kotschy ex steud. monosomic addition lines with high value traits by interspecific hybridization.this paper describes the development of monosomic alien addition and disomic introgression lines through a cross between autotetraploid indica rice and oryza punctata toward tapping valuable traits for rice improvement. oryza punctata is a distantly related wild oryza species having bb genome with untapped genetic resources for rice improvement. low crossability between the cultivated o. sativa and o. punctata restricts the success of transferring many desirable traits into cultivated rice. arti ...201627318700
hd18, encoding histone acetylase related to arabidopsis flowering locus d, is involved in the control of flowering time in rice.flowering time is one of the most important agronomic traits in rice (oryza sativa l.), because it defines harvest seasons and cultivation areas, and affects yields. we used a map-based strategy to clone heading date 18 (hd18). the difference in flowering time between the japanese rice cultivars koshihikari and hayamasari was due to a single nucleotide polymorphism within the hd18 gene, which encodes an amine oxidase domain-containing protein and is homologous to arabidopsis flowering locus d (f ...201627318280
overexpression of sugarcane gene sosnrk2.1 confers drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco.overexpression of sosnrk2.1 improved drought tolerance and growth of tobacco plants. sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase 2 (snrk2) is a key enzyme in regulating aba signal transduction in plants, and it plays a significant role in response to multiple abiotic stresses. in this research, sosnrk2.1 gene was cloned from sugarcane variety gt21 and characterized under various stresses. the cloned sosnrk2.1 gene has a complete open reading frame of 1002 bp, encoding a peptide of 333 amino a ...201627316630
metabolomic prediction of yield in hybrid rice.rice (oryza sativa) provides a staple food source for more than 50% of the world's population. an increase in yield can significantly contribute to global food security. hybrid breeding can potentially help to meet this goal because hybrid rice often shows a considerable increase in yield when compared with pure-bred cultivars. we recently developed a marker-guided prediction method for hybrid yield and showed a substantial increase in yield through genomic hybrid breeding. we now have transcrip ...201627311694
exploring the genetic characteristics of 93-11 and nipponbare recombination inbred lines based on the goldengate snp assay.understanding genetic characteristics in rice populations will facilitate exploring evolutionary mechanisms and gene cloning. numerous molecular markers have been utilized in linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus (qtl) mappings. however, segregation-distorted markers were rarely considered, which prevented understanding genetic characteristics in many populations. in this study, we designed a 384-marker goldengate snp array to genotype 283 recombination inbred lines (rils) derive ...201627311455
plant-specific duf1110 protein from oryza sativa: expression, purification and crystallization.the os01t0156300 protein from oryza sativa has been classified into the domain of unknown function (duf) family duf1110. duf1110 family members exist in monocotyledons but not in dicotyledons, and share no sequence identity with proteins for which structures have been reported. in this study, the os01t0156300 protein was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. x-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.84 å resolution. the crystal belonged to space group p21, with unit-cell ...201627303902
overexpression of ossap16 regulates photosynthesis and the expression of a broad range of stress response genes in rice (oryza sativa l.).this study set out to identify and characterize transcription factors regulating photosynthesis in rice. screening populations of rice t-dna activation lines led to the identification of a t-dna mutant with an increase in intrinsic water use efficiency (iwue) under well-watered conditions. flanking sequence analysis showed that the t-dna construct was located upstream of loc_os07g38240 (ossap16) encoding for a stress-associated protein (sap). a second mutant identified with activation in the sam ...201627303811
optimal leaf positions for spad meter measurement in rice.the soil plant analysis development (spad) chlorophyll meter is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools to measure crop nitrogen status. however, the measurement method of the meter could significantly affect the accuracy of the final estimation. thus, this research was undertaken to develop a new methodology to optimize spad meter measurements in rice (oryza sativa l.). a flatbed color scanner was used to map the dynamic chlorophyll distribution and irregular leaf shapes. calculus algori ...201627303416
recent progress on the genetics and molecular breeding of brown planthopper resistance in rice.brown planthopper (bph) is the most devastating pest of rice. host-plant resistance is the most desirable and economic strategy in the management of bph. to date, 29 major bph resistance genes have been identified from indica cultivars and wild rice species, and more than ten genes have been fine mapped to chromosome regions of less than 200 kb. four genes (bph14, bph26, bph17 and bph29) have been cloned. the increasing number of fine-mapped and cloned genes provide a solid foundation for develo ...201627300326
effect of different amendments on rice (oryza sativa l.) growth, yield, nutrient uptake and grain quality in ni-contaminated soil.rice ( oryza sativa l.) is one of the main staple food crops which is inherently low in micronutrients, especially iron (fe), and can lead to severe fe deficiency in populations having higher consumption of rice. soils polluted with nickel (ni) can cause toxicity to rice and decreased fe uptake by rice plants. we investigated the potential role of biochar (bc) and gravel sludge (gs), alone and in combination, for in situ immobilization of ni in an industrially ni-contaminated soil at original an ...201627300164
oshsd1, a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, is involved in cuticle formation and lipid homeostasis in rice.cuticular wax, a hydrophobic layer on the surface of all aerial plant organs, has essential roles in plant growth and survival under various environments. here we report a wax-deficient rice mutant oshsd1 with reduced epicuticular wax crystals and thicker cuticle membrane. quantification of the wax components and fatty acids showed elevated levels of very-long-chain fatty acids (vlcfas) and accumulation of soluble fatty acids in the leaves of the oshsd1 mutant. we determined the causative gene o ...201627297988
map-based cloning and functional analysis of ygl8, which controls leaf colour in rice (oryza sativa).as the indispensable part of plant, leaf blade mainly functions as the production workshops where organic substance is produced by photosynthesis. leaf colour mutation is a genetic phenomenon that has a high frequency and is easily identified. the mutations always exhibit negative impact on the development of plants in any of the different stages of growth. up to now, numerous genes involved in leaf colour mutations have been cloned.201627297403
γ-aminobutyric acid addition alleviates ammonium toxicity by limiting ammonium accumulation in rice (oryza sativa) seedlings.excessive use of nitrogen (n) fertilizer has increased ammonium (nh4+ ) accumulation in many paddy soils to levels that reduce rice vegetative biomass and yield. based on studies of nh4+ toxicity in rice (oryza sativa, nanjing 44) seedlings cultured in agar medium, we found that nh4+ concentrations above 0.75 mm inhibited the growth of rice and caused nh4+ accumulation in both shoots and roots. use of excessive nh4+ also induced rhizosphere acidification and inhibited the absorption of k, ca, mg ...201627218863
comparative leaf and root transcriptomic analysis of two rice japonica cultivars reveals major differences in the root early response to osmotic stress.rice (oryza sativa l.) is one of the most important crops cultivated in both tropical and temperate regions and is characterized by a low water-use efficiency and a high sensitivity to a water deficit, with yield reductions occurring at lower stress levels compared to most other crops. to identify genes and pathways involved in the tolerant response to dehydration, a powerful approach consists in the genome-wide analysis of stress-induced expression changes by comparing drought-tolerant and drou ...201627216147
enhanced cadmium accumulation and tolerance in transgenic tobacco overexpressing rice metal tolerance protein gene osmtp1 is promising for phytoremediation.one of the most grievous heavy metal pollutants in the environment is cadmium (cd), which is not only responsible for the crop yield loss owing to its phytotoxicity, but also for the human health hazards as the toxic elements usually accumulate in the consumable parts of crop plants. in the present study, we aimed to isolate and functionally characterize the osmtp1 gene from indica rice (oryza sativa l. cv. ir64) to study its potential application for efficient phytoremediation of cd. the 1257 b ...201627214086
white stripe leaf 12 (wsl12), encoding a nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (osndpk2), regulates chloroplast development and abiotic stress response in rice (oryza sativa l.).chloroplast is a crucial organelle for plant photosynthesis and maintaining normal life activities in higher plants. although some genes related to chloroplast development and pigment synthesis have been identified or cloned in rice, little is known about the relationship between these genes and abiotic stress response. in this study, we identified a novel mutant white stripe leaf 12 (wsl12) affecting pigment synthesis, chloroplast development and abiotic stress response in rice. the mutant phen ...201627212889
regulatory role of a receptor-like kinase in specifying anther cell identity.in flowering plants, sequential formation of anther cell types is a highly ordered process that is essential for successful meiosis and sexual reproduction. differentiation of meristematic cells and cell-cell communication are proposed to coordinate anther development. among the proposed mechanisms of cell fate specification are cell surface-localized leu-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (lrr-rlks) and their putative ligands. here, we present the genetic and biochemical evidence that a rice (or ...201627208278
analysis of chromatin regulators reveals specific features of rice dna methylation pathways.plant dna methylation that occurs at cg, chg, and chh sites (h = a, c, or t) is a hallmark of the repression of repetitive sequences and transposable elements (tes). the rice (oryza sativa) genome contains about 40% repetitive sequence and tes and displays specific patterns of genome-wide dna methylation. the mechanism responsible for the specific methylation patterns is unclear. here, we analyzed the function of osddm1 (deficient in dna methylation 1) and osdrm2 (deficient in dna methylation 1) ...201627208249
x-ray computed tomography reveals the response of root system architecture to soil texture.root system architecture (rsa) impacts plant fitness and crop yield by facilitating efficient nutrient and water uptake from the soil. a better understanding of the effects of soil on rsa could improve crop productivity by matching roots to their soil environment. we used x-ray computed tomography to perform a detailed three-dimensional quantification of changes in rice (oryza sativa) rsa in response to the physical properties of a granular substrate. we characterized the rsa of eight rice culti ...201627208237
down-regulation of a nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase gene, osnaprt1, leads to withered leaf tips.premature leaf senescence affects plant growth and yield in rice. nad plays critical roles in cellular redox reactions and remains at a sufficient level in the cell to prevent cell death. although numerous factors affecting leaf senescence have been identified, few involving nad biosynthetic pathways have been described for plants. here, we report the cloning and characterization of leaf tip senescence 1 (lts1) in rice (oryza sativa), a recessive mutation in the gene encoding o. sativa nicotinat ...201627208230
differential effects of nitrogen forms on cell wall phosphorus remobilization are mediated by nitric oxide, pectin content, and phosphate transporter expression.nh4 (+) is a major source of inorganic nitrogen for rice (oryza sativa), and nh4 (+) is known to stimulate the uptake of phosphorus (p). however, it is unclear whether nh4 (+) can also stimulate p remobilization when rice is grown under p-deficient conditions. in this study, we use the two rice cultivars 'nipponbare' and 'kasalath' that differ in their cell wall p reutilization, to demonstrate that nh4 (+) positively regulates the pectin content and activity of pectin methylesterase in root cell ...201627208223
ageing decreases the phytotoxicity of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in soil cultivated with oryza sativa.this paper was aimed to study the impact of "ageing" (aged in non-saturated soil for 2 and 4 weeks prior to exposure) nanoscale zero-valent iron (nzvi) on the terrestrial plant. the effects of nzvi on oryza sativa germination, seedlings growth, chlorophyll biosynthesis, oxidative stress and the activities of antioxidant enzymes at low (250 mg/kg) and high (1000 mg/kg) concentrations were investigated in this study. the results showed that neither the freshly added nor the "ageing" nzvi to the so ...201627207497
identification of a candidate gene for panicle length in rice (oryza sativa l.) via association and linkage analysis.panicle length (pl) is an important trait for improving panicle architecture and grain yield in rice (oryza sativa l.). three populations were used to identify qtls and candidate genes associated with pl. four qtls for pl were detected on chromosomes 4, 6, and 9 through linkage mapping in the recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the cultivars xiushui79 (short panicle) and c-bao (long panicle). ten ssr markers associated with pl were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 5, 6, ...201627200064
comprehensive analysis and expression profiling of the oslax and osabcb auxin transporter gene families in rice (oryza sativa) under phytohormone stimuli and abiotic stresses.the plant hormone auxin regulates many aspects of plant growth and developmental processes. auxin gradient is formed in plant as a result of polar auxin transportation by three types of auxin transporters such as oslax, ospin, and osabcb. we report here the analysis of two rice auxin transporter gene families, oslax and osabcb, using bioinformatics tools, publicly accessible microarray data, and quantitative rt-pcr. there are 5 putative oslaxs and 22 putative osabcbs in rice genome, which were m ...201627200061
deciphering phosphate deficiency-mediated temporal effects on different root traits in rice grown in a modified hydroponic system.phosphate (pi), an essential macronutrient for growth and development of plant, is often limiting in soils. plants have evolved an array of adaptive strategies including modulation of root system architecture (rsa) for optimal acquisition of pi. in rice, a major staple food, rsa is complex and comprises embryonically developed primary and seminal roots and post-embryonically developed adventitious and lateral roots. earlier studies have used variant hydroponic systems for documenting the effects ...201627200025
the rice eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit f (oseif3f) is involved in microgametogenesis.microgametogenesis is the post-meiotic pollen developmental phase when unicellular microspores develop into mature tricellular pollen. in rice, microgametogenesis can influence grain yields to a great degree because pollen abortion occurs more easily during microgametogenesis than during other stages of pollen development. however, our knowledge of the genes involved in microgametogenesis in rice remains limited. due to the dependence of pollen development on the regulatory mechanisms of protein ...201627200010
comparative metabolomic analysis reveals a reactive oxygen species-dominated dynamic model underlying chilling environment adaptation and tolerance in rice.cold, a major environmental stress for plants, has been studied intensively for decades. its response system has been revealed, especially at the transcriptional level. the mechanisms underlying recovery growth and environmental adaptation, however, remain unknown. taking advantage of a naturally existing system, two subspecies of asian cultivated rice (oryza sativa) with significant divergence in chilling tolerance, we analyzed representative japonica and indica varieties, nipponbare and 93-11, ...201627198693
genome wide association mapping for grain shape traits in indica rice.using genome-wide association mapping, 47 snps within 27 significant loci were identified for four grain shape traits, and 424 candidate genes were predicted from public database. grain shape is a key determinant of grain yield and quality in rice (oryza sativa l.). however, our knowledge of genes controlling rice grain shape remains limited. genome-wide association mapping based on linkage disequilibrium (ld) has recently emerged as an effective approach for identifying genes or quantitative tr ...201627198135
the α-subunit of the rice heterotrimeric g protein, rga1, regulates drought tolerance during the vegetative phase in the dwarf rice mutant d1.essential in the green revolution was the development of high-yielding dwarf varieties of rice (oryza sativa l.), but their selection was not based on responses to water limitation. we studied physiological responses to progressive drought of the dwarf rice mutant, d1, in which the rga1 gene, which encodes the gtp-binding α-subunit of the heterotrimeric g protein, is non-functional. wild-type (wt) plants cease net carbon fixation 11 days after water is withheld, while d1 plants maintain net phot ...201627194741
environmental and physiological effects on grouping of drought-tolerant and susceptible rice varieties related to rice (oryza sativa) root hydraulics under drought.root hydraulic limitations (i.e. intra-plant restrictions to water movement) may be related to crop performance under drought, and groupings in the hydraulic function of drought-tolerant and drought-susceptible rice (oryza sativa) varieties have been previously reported. this study aimed to better understand the environmental and physiological relationships with rice root hydraulics under drought.201627192712
ethylene is involved in root phosphorus remobilization in rice (oryza sativa) by regulating cell-wall pectin and enhancing phosphate translocation to shoots.plants are able to grow under phosphorus (p)-deficient conditions by coordinating pi acquisition, translocation from roots to shoots and remobilization within the plant. previous reports have demonstrated that cell-wall pectin contributes greatly to rice cell-wall pi re-utilization under p-deficient conditions, but whether other factors such as ethylene also affect the pectin-remobilizing capacity remains unclear.201627192711
genome-wide analysis of polycistronic micrornas in cultivated and wild rice.micrornas (mirnas) are small noncoding rnas that direct posttranscriptional gene silencing in eukaryotes. they are frequently clustered in the genomes of animals and can be independently transcribed or simultaneously transcribed into single polycistronic transcripts. only a few mirna clusters have been described in plants, and most of them are generated from independent transcriptional units. here, we used a combination of bioinformatic tools and experimental analyses to discover new polycistron ...201627190137
genetic and root phenotype diversity in sri lankan rice landraces may be related to drought resistance.the development of relatively cheap and high throughput methods of genotyping and phenotyping plants offers the opportunity to explore local germplasm more thoroughly than before and should accelerate the identification of sources of genetic variation suitable for breeding. in this study, 135 sri lankan accessions, mostly identified as landraces, for which data was available at the international rice research institute on drought scores were genotyped using a 384 snp array and assessed for root ...201627189009
lack of genotype and phenotype correlation in a rice t-dna tagged line is likely caused by introgression in the seed source.rice (oryza sativa) is one of the most important crops in the world. several rice insertional mutant libraries are publicly available for systematic analysis of gene functions. however, the tagging efficiency of these mutant resources-the relationship between genotype and phenotype-is very low. we used whole-genome sequencing to analyze a t-dna-tagged transformant from the taiwan rice insertional mutants (trim) resource. the phenomics records for m0028590, one of the trim lines, revealed three p ...201627186981
assessment of genetic diversity of saltol qtl among the rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes.eight saltol quantitative trait locus (qtl) linked simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers of rice (oryza sativa l.) were used to study the polymorphism of this qtl in 142 diverse rice genotypes that comprised salt tolerant as well as sensitive genotypes. the ssr profiles of the eight markers generated 99 alleles including 20rare alleles and 16 null alleles. rm8094 showed the highest number (13) of alleles followed by rm3412 (12), rm562 (11), rm493 (9) and rm1287 (8) while as, rm10764 and rm10745 s ...201627186024
experimental and theoretical approaches for cd(ii) biosorption from aqueous solution using oryza sativa biomass.biomass of oryza sativa (os) was tested for the removal of cd(ii) ions from synthetic and real wastewater samples. batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of operating parameters on cd(ii) biosorption. fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were used to examine the surface characteristics of the cd(ii)-loaded biomass. the maximum removal efficiency of cd(ii) was 89.4% at optimum ph 6.0, biosorbent dose 1 ...201627185086
hybrid sterility in rice (oryza sativa l.) involves the tetratricopeptide repeat domain containing protein.intersubspecific hybrid sterility is a common form of reproductive isolation in rice (oryza sativa l.), which significantly hampers the utilization of heterosis between indica and japonica varieties. here, we elucidated the mechanism of s7, which specially causes aus-japonica/indica hybrid female sterility, through cytological and genetic analysis, map-based cloning, and transformation experiments. abnormal positioning of polar nuclei and smaller embryo sac were observed in f1 compared with male ...201627182946
talen-mediated homologous recombination produces site-directed dna base change and herbicide-resistant rice.over the last decades, much endeavor has been made to advance genome editing technology due to its promising role in both basic and synthetic biology. the breakthrough has been made in recent years with the advent of sequence-specific endonucleases, especially zinc finger nucleases (zfns), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (talens) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs) guided nucleases (e.g., cas9). in higher eukaryotic organisms, site-directed mut ...201627180265
the power of inbreeding: ngs-based gwas of rice reveals convergent evolution during rice domestication.low-coverage whole-genome sequencing is an effective strategy for genome-wide association studies in humans, due to the availability of large reference panels for genotype imputation. however, it is unclear whether this strategy can be utilized in other species without reference panels. using simulations, we show that this approach is even more relevant in inbred species such as rice (oryza sativa l.), which are effectively haploid, allowing easy haplotype construction and imputation-based genot ...201627179918
variation of the light stable isotopes in the superior and inferior grains of rice (oryza sativa l.) with different geographical origins.trying to explore a new research angle to increase the resolution and accessibility of isotopic based traceability technique, light stable isotopes (δ(13)c, δ(15)n, δd and δ(18)o) in the superior (ss) and inferior (is) grains of a rice cultivar daohuaxiang were analyzed with relatively limited sample numbers and adjacent sites in fujin and wuchang, heilongjiang province, pr china. distribution of δ(13)c, δ(15)n and δ(18)o in the ss and is grains were found to be different. δ(18)o and δd can disc ...201627173539
analysis of qtls for panicle exsertion and its relationship with yield and yield-related traits in rice (oryza sativa l.).panicle exsertion (pe) is an important morphological trait that is closely associated with spikelet fertility and grain yield. to understand the genetic basis of pe and its relationships with yield and yield-related traits, a recombinant inbred population consisting of 240 lines derived from a cross between an indica cultivar 'kasalath' and a japonica germplasm 'td70', was studied over two years. pe was significantly correlated with plant height, heading date (hd), panicle length (pl), and panic ...201627173278
pollen killer gene s35 function requires interaction with an activator that maps close to s24, another pollen killer gene in rice.pollen killer genes disable noncarrier pollens, and are responsible for male sterility and segregation distortion in hybrid populations of distantly related plant species. the genetic networks and the molecular mechanisms underlying the pollen killer system remain largely unknown. two pollen killer genes, s24 and s35, have been found in an intersubspecific cross of oryza sativa ssp. indica and japonica the effect of s24 is counteracted by an unlinked locus efs additionally, s35 has been proposed ...201627172610
sdt97: a point mutation in the 5' untranslated region confers semidwarfism in rice.semidwarfism is an important agronomic trait in rice breeding programs. the semidwarf mutant gene sdt97 was previously described. however, the molecular mechanism underlying the mutant is yet to be elucidated. in this study, we identified the mutant gene by a map-based cloning method. using a residual heterozygous line (rhl) population, sdt97 was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 6 in the interval of nearly 60 kb between sts marker n6 and snp marker n16 within the pac clone p0453h04. sequenci ...201627172200
ethylene-dependent aerenchyma formation in adventitious roots is regulated differently in rice and maize.in roots of gramineous plants, lysigenous aerenchyma is created by the death and lysis of cortical cells. rice (oryza sativa) constitutively forms aerenchyma under aerobic conditions, and its formation is further induced under oxygen-deficient conditions. however, maize (zea mays) develops aerenchyma only under oxygen-deficient conditions. ethylene is involved in lysigenous aerenchyma formation. here, we investigated how ethylene-dependent aerenchyma formation is differently regulated between ri ...201627169562
variation in cooking and eating quality traits in japanese rice germplasm accessions.the eating quality of cooked rice is important and determines its market price and consumer acceptance. to comprehensively describe the variation of eating quality in 183 rice germplasm accessions, we evaluated 33 eating-quality traits including amylose and protein contents, pasting properties of rice flour, and texture of cooked rice grains. all eating-quality traits varied widely in the germplasm accessions. principal-components analysis (pca) revealed that allelic differences in the wx gene e ...201627162502
genetic diversity and population structure of 'khao kai noi', a lao rice (oryza sativa l.) landrace, revealed by microsatellite dna markers.rice (oryza sativa l.) is the main food for people in laos, where it has been grown and eaten since prehistory. diverse landraces are grown in laos. 'khao kai noi', a landrace favored for its eating quality, is held in the nationwide collection of traditional landraces in the lao national genebank. genetic diversity is crucial for sustainable use of genetic resources and conservation. to investigate the genetic diversity of 'khao kai noi' for conservation, we genotyped 70 accessions by using 23 ...201627162492
a saturated snp linkage map for the orange wheat blossom midge resistance gene sm1.snp markers were developed for the owbm resistance gene sm1 that will be useful for mas. the wheat sm1 region is collinear with an inverted syntenic interval in b. distachyon. orange wheat blossom midge (owbm, sitodiplosis mosellana géhin) is an important insect pest of wheat (triticum aestivum) in many growing regions. sm1 is the only described owbm resistance gene and is the foundation of managing owbm through host genetics. sm1 was previously mapped to wheat chromosome arm 2bs relative to sim ...201627160855
directional selection from host plants is a major force driving host specificity in magnaporthe species.one major threat to global food security that requires immediate attention, is the increasing incidence of host shift and host expansion in growing number of pathogenic fungi and emergence of new pathogens. the threat is more alarming because, yield quality and quantity improvement efforts are encouraging the cultivation of uniform plants with low genetic diversity that are increasingly susceptible to emerging pathogens. however, the influence of host genome differentiation on pathogen genome di ...201627151494
indole-3-acetic acid-induced oxidative burst and an increase in cytosolic calcium ion concentration in rice suspension culture.indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) is the major natural auxin involved in the regulation of a variety of growth and developmental processes such as division, elongation, and polarity determination in growing plant cells. it has been shown that dividing and/or elongating plant cells accompanies the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) and a number of reports have suggested that hormonal actions can be mediated by ros through ros-mediated opening of ion channels. here, we surveyed the link between ...201627149194
heat tolerance in a wild oryza species is attributed to maintenance of rubisco activation by a thermally stable rubisco activase ortholog.the mechanistic basis of tolerance to heat stress was investigated in oryza sativa and two wild rice species, oryza meridionalis and oryza australiensis. the wild relatives are endemic to the hot, arid australian savannah. leaf elongation rates and gas exchange were measured during short periods of supra-optimal heat, revealing species differences. the rubisco activase (rca) gene from each species was sequenced. using expressed recombinant rca and leaf-extracted rca, the kinetic properties of th ...201627145723
genetic variability in phosphorus responses of rice root phenotypes.low phosphorus availability is a major factor limiting rice productivity. since root traits determine phosphorus acquisition efficiency, they are logical selection targets for breeding rice with higher productivity in low phosphorus soils. before using these traits for breeding, it is necessary to identify genetic variation and to assess the plasticity of each trait in response to the environment. in this study, we measured phenotypic variation and effect of phosphorus deficiency on root archite ...201627294384
biological nitrification inhibition by rice root exudates and its relationship with nitrogen-use efficiency.microbial nitrification in soils is a major contributor to nitrogen (n) loss in agricultural systems. some plants can secrete organic substances that act as biological nitrification inhibitors (bnis), and a small number of bnis have been identified and characterized. however, virtually no research has focused on the important food crop, rice (oryza sativa). here, 19 rice varieties were explored for bni potential on the key nitrifying bacterium nitrosomonas europaea. exudates from both indica and ...201627292630
the metabolite pathway between bundle sheath and mesophyll: quantification of plasmodesmata in leaves of c3 and c4 monocots.c4 photosynthesis is characterized by a co2-concentrating mechanism between mesophyll (m) and bundle sheath (bs) cells of leaves. this generates high metabolic fluxes between these cells, through interconnecting plasmodesmata (pd). quantification of these symplastic fluxes for modeling studies requires accurate quantification of pd, which has proven difficult using transmission electron microscopy. our new quantitative technique combines scanning electron microscopy and 3d immunolocalization in ...201627288224
antidiabetic potential of purple and red rice (oryza sativa l.) bran extracts.pigmented rice contains anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins that are concentrated in the bran layer. in this study, we determined the phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin content of five rice bran (1 brown, 2 red, and 2 purple) extracts. each bran extract was evaluated for inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, two key glucosidases required for starch digestion in humans. all purple and red bran extracts inhibited α-glucosidase activity, however only the red ...201627285791
carbon nanotubes filled with different ferromagnetic alloys affect the growth and development of rice seedlings by changing the c:n ratio and plant hormones concentrations.the aim of this study was to investigate the phytotoxicity of thin-walled carbon nanotubes (cnts) to rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings. three different cnts, including hollow multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts), fe-filled carbon nanotubes (fe-cnts), and fe-co-filled carbon nanotubes (feco-cnts), were evaluated. the cnts significantly inhibited rice growth by decreasing the concentrations of endogenous plant hormones. the carbon to nitrogen ratio (c:n ratio) significantly increased in rice root ...201627284692
evaluation of microrna alignment techniques.genomic alignment of small rna (smrna) sequences such as micrornas poses considerable challenges due to their short length (∼21 nucleotides [nt]) as well as the large size and complexity of plant and animal genomes. while several tools have been developed for high-throughput mapping of longer mrna-seq reads (>30 nt), there are few that are specifically designed for mapping of smrna reads including micrornas. the accuracy of these mappers has not been systematically determined in the case of smrn ...201627284164
determination of contents and antioxidant activity of free and bound phenolics compounds and in vitro digestibility of commercial black and red rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties.black and red rices (oryza sativa l.) were analysed for total flavonoids and phenolics and the hplc profile including both free and bound phenolic fractions. moreover, antioxidant activity and in vitro digestibility was determined. content of flavonoids and polyphenols as well as antioxidant activity was higher in free phenolic fractions. bound flavonoids in black rices were not significant contributors to antioxidant activity. the main free phenolics in black rices were ferulic, protocatechuic ...201627283641
combined herbicide and saline stress differentially modulates hormonal regulation and antioxidant defense system in oryza sativa cultivars.plants are simultaneously exposed to a combination of biotic and abiotic stresses in field conditions. crops respond to the combined stress in a unique way which cannot be understood by extrapolating the results of individual stress. in the present study, effects of individual and combined stress of herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and salinity (nacl) on two oryza sativa cultivars (zj 88 and xs 134) were investigated. both herbicide and saline stress affected the plant growth different ...201627258572
a small gtpase, osrab6a, is involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis in rice.plants have evolved two distinct strategies to acquire iron (fe) from soils. however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the fe acquisition remain largely elusive. there is emerging evidence that small gtpases are involved in the responses of plants to environmental cues. here, we identified a gene encoding a small gtpase, osrab6a, in rice and characterized its role in fe acquisition by generating transgenic rice plants with overexpression and knockdown of osrab6a osrab6a shared conserved func ...201627257291
biofortification of rice with the essential amino acid lysine: molecular characterization, nutritional evaluation, and field performance.rice (oryza sativa l.), a major staple crop worldwide, has limited levels of the essential amino acid lysine. we previously produced engineered rice with increased lysine content by expressing bacterial aspartate kinase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase and inhibiting rice lysine ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase activity. however, the grain quality, field performance, and integration patterns of the transgenes in these lysine-enriched lines remain unclear. in the present study, ...201627252467
overexpression of a chimeric gene, osdst-srdx, improved salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass.the drought and salt tolerance gene (dst) encodes a c2h2 zinc finger transcription factor, which negatively regulates salt tolerance in rice (oryza sativa). phylogenetic analysis of six homologues of dst genes in different plant species revealed that dst genes were conserved evolutionarily. here, the rice dst gene was linked to an srdx domain for gene expression repression based on the chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology (cres-t) to make a chimeric gene (osdst-srdx) construct and introd ...201627251327
overcoming inter-subspecific hybrid sterility in rice by developing indica-compatible japonica lines.rice (oryza sativa l.) is an important staple crop. the exploitation of the great heterosis that exists in the inter-subspecific crosses between the indica and japonica rice has long been considered as a promising way to increase the yield potential. however, the male and female sterility frequently occurred in the inter-subspecific hybrids hampered the utilization of the heterosis. here we report that the inter-subspecific hybrid sterility in rice is mainly affected by the genes at sb, sc, sd a ...201627246799
nitrogen can improve the rapid response of photosynthesis to changing irradiance in rice (oryza sativa l.) plants.to identify the effect of nitrogen (n) nutrition on the dynamic photosynthesis of rice plants, a pot experiment was conducted under two n conditions. the leaf n and chlorophyll levels, as well as steady-state photosynthesis, were significantly increased under high n. after the transition from saturating to low light levels, decreases in the induction state (is%) of leaf photosynthesis (a) and stomatal conductance (gs) were more severe under low than under high n supply. after the transition from ...201627506927
feedback regulation of aba signaling and biosynthesis by a bzip transcription factor targets drought-resistance-related genes.the osbzip23 transcription factor has been characterized for its essential role in drought resistance in rice (oryza sativa), but the mechanism is unknown. in this study, we first investigated the transcriptional activation of osbzip23. a homolog of snrk2 protein kinase (sapk2) was found to interact with and phosphorylate osbzip23 for its transcriptional activation. sapk2 also interacted with ospp2c49, an abi1 homolog, which deactivated the sapk2 to inhibit the transcriptional activation activit ...201627325665
rice domestication revealed by reduced shattering of archaeological rice from the lower yangtze valley.plant remains dating to between 9000 and 8400 bp from a probable ditch structure at the huxi site include the oldest rice (oryza sativa) spikelet bases and associated plant remains recovered in china. the remains document an early stage of rice domestication and the ecological setting in which early cultivation was taking place. the rice spikelet bases from huxi include wild (shattering), intermediate, and domesticated (non-shattering) forms. the relative frequency of intermediate and non-shatte ...201627324699
mutation of aryl binding pocket residues results in an unexpected activity switch in an oryza sativa tyrosine aminomutase. 201627243642
expression of a codon-optimized dsda gene in tobacco plastids and rice nucleus confers d-serine tolerance.d-serine is toxic to plants. d-serine ammonia lyase, which is encoded by the dsda gene, can attenuate this toxicity with high specificity. in the present study, we explored the function of codon-optimized dsda with tobacco plastids and rice nuclear transformation system. it was shown that dsda gene was site-specifically integrated into the tobacco plastid genome and displayed a high level of expression. genetic analysis of the progenies showed that dsda gene is maternally inherited and confers s ...201627242842
the qtsn4 effect on flag leaf size, photosynthesis and panicle size, benefits to plant grain production in rice, depending on light availability.increasing rice yield potential is essential to secure world food supply. the quantitative trait locus qtsn4 was reported to achieve yield increases by enhancing both source and sink capacity. three greenhouse experiments and one field experiment in the philippines were conducted to study near-isogenic lines (nils) in two genetic backgrounds, subjected to treatments with restricted light resources through shading (greenhouse) or population density (field and greenhouse). a consistent promotion o ...201627242827
calcium supplementation improves na(+)/k(+) ratio, antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in salt-stressed rice seedlings.the present study investigates the regulatory role of exogenous calcium (ca) in developing salt stress tolerance in rice seedlings. hydroponically grown 13-day-old rice (oryza sativa l. cv. brri dhan47) seedlings were exposed to 200 mm nacl alone and combined with 2 mm cacl2 and 2 mm ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (egta, a ca scavenger) for 3 days. the salt stress caused growth inhibition, chlorosis and water shortage in the rice seedlings. the salt-induced stress disrupted ion homeostasis thr ...201627242816
n-glycan containing a core α1,3-fucose residue is required for basipetal auxin transport and gravitropic response in rice (oryza sativa).in plants, α1,3-fucosyltransferase (fuct) catalyzes the transfer of fucose from gdp-fucose to asparagine-linked glcnac of the n-glycan core in the medial golgi. to explore the physiological significance of this processing, we isolated two oryza sativa (rice) mutants (fuct-1 and fuct-2) with loss of fuct function. biochemical analyses of the n-glycan structure confirmed that α1,3-fucose is missing from the n-glycans of allelic fuct-1 and fuct-2. compared with the wild-type cv kitaake, fuct-1 disp ...201627241276
image harvest: an open-source platform for high-throughput plant image processing and analysis.high-throughput plant phenotyping is an effective approach to bridge the genotype-to-phenotype gap in crops. phenomics experiments typically result in large-scale image datasets, which are not amenable for processing on desktop computers, thus creating a bottleneck in the image-analysis pipeline. here, we present an open-source, flexible image-analysis framework, called image harvest (ih), for processing images originating from high-throughput plant phenotyping platforms. image harvest is develo ...201627141917
csn6, a subunit of the cop9 signalosome, is involved in early response to iron deficiency in oryza sativa.the cop9 signalosome (csn) plays an important role in proteasome-mediated degradation by regulating cul1 rubylation of the scf ligase and is involved in many crucial biological processes. here, we demonstrate a link between idef1 accumulation and the decline in cop9 derubylation activity in response to iron deficiency (-fe) in rice (oryza sativa). csn6 expression is rapidly down-regulated during fe depletion, contributing to reduced csn activity, as judged by csn5 and cul1 expression, indicating ...201627137867
imprinted gene osfie1 modulates rice seed development by influencing nutrient metabolism and modifying genome h3k27me3.imprinted polycomb group (pcg) genes play a critical role in seed development in arabidopsis. however, the role of the imprinted gene in cereal plants remains obscure. here, a transgenic approach was conducted to study the function of the imprinted gene oryza sativa fertilization-independent endosperm 1 (osfie1) during seed development in rice (oryza sativa ssp. japonica 'zhonghua11'). rnai of osfie1 and homozygous t-dna insertion mutant osfie1 led to smaller seeds, delayed embryo development, s ...201627133784
effects of surface ligands on the uptake and transport of gold nanoparticles in rice and tomato.nanotechnology is advancing rapidly and substantial amounts of nanomaterials are released into the environment. plants are an essential base component of the ecological environment and play a critical role in the fate and transport of nanomaterials in the environment through plant uptake and bioaccumulation. in this study, plant uptake of gold nanoparticles (gnps) functionalized with three types of short ligands [cysteamine (ca), cysteine (cys) and thioglycolic acid (tga)] and of nearly identica ...201627131459
characterization of grain quality and starch fine structure of two japonica rice (oryza sativa) cultivars with good sensory properties at different temperatures during the filling stage.temperature during the growing season is a critical factor affecting grain quality. high temperatures at grain filling affect kernel development, resulting in reduced yield, increased chalkiness, reduced amylose content, and poor milling quality. here, we investigated the grain quality and starch structure of two japonica rice cultivars with good sensory properties grown at different temperatures during the filling stage under natural field conditions. compared to those grown under normal condit ...201627128366
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