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[diagnosis and control of human food poisoning outbreaks].medical microbiology laboratories play a key role in the investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks. bacterial pathogens (salmonella, escherichia coli, campylobacter, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, etc) have historically been implicated in foodborne illness, while the role of viruses (especially norovirus) appears to have been underestimated. culture-based diagnosis has gradually been complemented, or replaced, by rapid molecular methods applied directly to bi ...201224313020
phytochemical profiles of volatile constituents from centaurea ragusina leaves and flowers and their antimicrobial effects.the volatile oils obtained from the leaves and flowers of the croatian endemic plant centaurea ragusina l. were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. the chemical compositions, determined by gc and gc-ms, were complex, with sesquiterpenes the most abundant class of compound. nonterpene hydrocarbons were also identified in high quantities, while acids and ketones were found in high quantities only in the leaf volatile oil. aldehydes, alcohols, esters and other compounds were identified in lower q ...201222978236
prevalence of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) in food samples associated with foodborne illness in alberta, canada from 2007 to 2010.consumption of foods containing staphylococcus aureus can cause severe gastro-intestinal illness. given the fact that over the past decade, canada has seen increasing rates of methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) carriage and infection, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of methicillin-susceptible s. aureus (mssa) and mrsa on foodborne illness in alberta, canada. between january 2007 and december 2010, there were 693 food samples associated with foodborne investigations ...201222850394
foodborne outbreaks surveillance in the piedmont region, italy (2002-2009).this article summarises the results of eight years (2002-2009) of investigations on food borne disease outbreaks carried out the regional agency for public health in piedmont, which is an italian region (4,432,571 citizens, 2008).201222508645
assessment of microbial quality of commercial and home-made tiger-nut beverages.we aimed to assess the microbiological quality of spanish commercial tiger-nut beverages as well as home-made samples collected from supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars and ice-cream parlours located in valencia.201222283438
enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in dogs entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.201222812470
lyophilized carnobacterium divergens as7 bacteriocin preparation improves performance of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.the present study aimed to investigate the effects of carnobacterium divergens as7 bacteriocin (divercin as7) on growth performance, digestibility, fermentation processes, selected microbial populations, and histomorphology in broiler chickens challenged with a mixture of 3 clostridium perfringens isolates. in total, 480 one-day-old male ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (12 replicate pens of 10 birds per treatment). the diets were either nonsupplemented or suppleme ...201222802184
cd44 promotes intoxication by the clostridial iota-family toxins.various pathogenic clostridia produce binary protein toxins associated with enteric diseases of humans and animals. separate binding/translocation (b) components bind to a protein receptor on the cell surface, assemble with enzymatic (a) component(s), and mediate endocytosis of the toxin complex. ultimately there is translocation of a component(s) from acidified endosomes into the cytosol, leading to destruction of the actin cytoskeleton. our results revealed that cd44, a multifunctional surface ...201223236484
nosocomial infections in leukemic and solid-tumor cancer patients: distribution, outcome and microbial spectrum of anaerobes.nosocomial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. as a result of their debilitated immune system, cancer patients are likely candidates for colonization with anaerobes. we sought to compare the distribution of nosocomial infections in neutropenic and non-neutropenic cancer patients and to calculate the associated mortality rates.201223231490
sensitivity of pathogenic and commensal bacteria from the human colon to essential oils.the microbiota of the intestinal tract plays an important role in colonic health, mediating many effects of dietary components on colonic health and during enteric infections. in the context of the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria, complementary therapies are required for the prevention and treatment of enteric infections. here we report the potential application of essential oils (eo) and pure eo compounds to improve human gut health. nerolidol, thymol, eugenol and ...201222878397
presence and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in intestinal compartments of healthy horses.clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens are commonly associated with colitis in equids, but healthy carriers exist. scarce information is available on the prevalence of clostridium spp. in gastrointestinal compartments other than faeces in healthy horses, and it is unknown whether faecal samples are representative of proximal compartments. the objectives were to investigate the prevalence of c. difficile and c. perfringens in different intestinal compartments of healthy adult horses an ...201222748233
prophage carriage and diversity within clinically relevant strains of clostridium difficile.prophages are encoded in most genomes of sequenced clostridium difficile strains. they are key components of the mobile genetic elements and, as such, are likely to influence the biology of their host strains. the majority of these phages are not amenable to propagation, and therefore the development of a molecular marker is a useful tool with which to establish the extent and diversity of c. difficile prophage carriage within clinical strains. to design markers, several candidate genes were ana ...201222706062
adherence of clostridium difficile spores to caco-2 cells in culture.clostridium difficile is the causative agent of the majority of antibiotic associated diarrhoea cases. c. difficile spores are recognized as the persistent and infectious morphotype as well as the vehicle of transmission of cdi. however, there is a lack of knowledge on how c. difficile spores interact with the host's epithelial surfaces. in this context, we have characterized the ability of c. difficile spores to adhere to human caco-2 cells. despite the similarities in spore-surface hydrophobic ...201222595914
treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units.the use of anti-ulcer medication in the neonatal intensive care unit (icu) is common due to the concern for development of catastrophic gastric ulcerdisease. in man, however, the use of acid-suppressive medication has been shown in some studies to be a substantial riskfactorfor the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis.201222594032
longitudinal study of clostridium difficile and antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli in healthy horses in a community setting.point prevalence studies have reported carriage rates of enteric pathogens in healthy horses, but longitudinal data are lacking. commensal e. coli is an indicator organism to evaluate antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria, yet there are limited data for horses. the objectives of this study were to investigate and molecularly characterize isolates of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and salmonella, collected sequentially over a one year period, and to determine the antibiotic ...201222554764
bidirectional attack on the actin cytoskeleton. bacterial protein toxins causing polymerization or depolymerization of actin.the actin cytoskeleton is one of the major targets of bacterial protein toxins. the family of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins, including clostridium difficile transferase cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, modifies arginine-177 of actin. thereby actin polymerization is blocked. by contrast, actin polymerization is facilitated by the tripartite photorhabdus luminescens toxin complex including tccc3, which modifies actin at threonine-148. the review di ...201222543189
fk506-binding protein 51 interacts with clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and fk506 inhibits membrane translocation of the toxin in mammalian cells.the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin consists of the binding/translocation component c2iia and the separate enzyme component c2i. c2iia delivers c2i into the cytosol of eukaryotic target cells where c2i adp-ribosylates actin. after receptor-mediated endocytosis of the c2iia/c2i complex, c2iia forms pores in membranes of acidified early endosomes and unfolded c2i translocates through the pores into the cytosol. membrane translocation of c2i is facilitated by the activities of host cell chape ...201222420783
comparative in vitro activities of lff571 against clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.the in vitro activities of lff571, a novel analog of ge2270a that inhibits bacterial growth by binding with high affinity for protein synthesis elongation factor tu, fidaxomicin, and 10 other antimicrobial agents were determined against 50 strains of clostridium difficile and 630 other anaerobic and aerobic organisms of intestinal origin. lff571 possesses potent activity against c. difficile and most other gram-positive anaerobes (mic(90), ≤ 0.25 μg/ml), with the exception of bifidobacteria and ...201222290948
myonecrosis by clostridium septicum in a dog, diagnosed by a new multiplex-pcr.clostridial myositis is an acute, generally fatal toxemia that is considered to be rare in pet animals. the present report describes an unusual canine clostridial myositis that was diagnosed by a new multiplex-pcr (mpcr) designed for simultaneous identification of clostridium sordellii, clostridium septicum, clostridium perfringens type a, clostridium chauvoei, and clostridium novyi type a. a ten-month-old male rottweiler dog, that had displayed lameness and swelling of the left limb for 12 h, w ...201222975141
an investigation to determine the cause of haemorrhagic enteritis in commercial pig grower units in the northern parts of south africa.necropsies were performed on 36 grower pigs that died peracutely on farms in the northern parts of south africa. all these pigs were suffering from haemorrhagic enteritis and suspected toxaemia. samples of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for histopathological examination and a section of ileum was collected for microbiological examination from each animal. histological lesions characteristic of enterotoxigenic clostridium infection were found. large, gram-positive bacilli were sometim ...201223327139
the fecal microbiome in dogs with acute diarrhea and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.recent molecular studies have revealed a highly complex bacterial assembly in the canine intestinal tract. there is mounting evidence that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic enteropathies of dogs, including idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota in dogs with various gastrointestinal disorders.201223300577
detection and characterization of clostridium perfringens in the feces of healthy and diarrheic dogs.clostridium perfringens has been implicated as a cause of diarrhea in dogs. the objectives of this study were to compare 2 culture methods and to evaluate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to detect c. perfringens toxin genes alpha (α), beta (β ), beta 2 (β2), epsilon (ɛ), iota (ι), and c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) from canine isolates. fecal samples were collected from clinically normal non-diarrheic (nd) dogs, (n = 105) and diarrheic dogs (dd, n = 54). clostridium perfringe ...201223277693
[occurrence and control of the clostridium perfringens type a associated diarrhea of the suckling pigs with special consideration of the immunoprophylaxis].clostridium (c.) perfringens type a is often associated with diarrhoea in suckling piglets. the impact of the alpha (α) and beta (β)2 toxins on the pathogenesis of the disease has not been conclusively answered. previously, autologous vaccines were used to control this disease. the aim of our investigation was the classification of c. perfringens strains and the quantitative determination of the α and β2 toxins during the production of autologous vaccines. the efficacy of a commercial vaccine ag ...201223242147
netb-producing and beta2-producing clostridium perfringens associated with subclinical necrotic enteritis in laying hens in the netherlands.since 2006 increasing numbers of laying hen flocks with decreased production have been reported in the netherlands. at necropsy, birds from affected flocks showed multifocal areas of necrosis in the duodenum. histologically the duodenum had moderate to marked villus atrophy and fusion with crypt hyperplasia and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate within the lamina propria underlying focal areas of degenerative epithelium. multifocally, free within the intestinal lumen and associated with epithelial ...201223237366
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin a gene. 201223210158
sequence of two plasmids from clostridium perfringens chicken necrotic enteritis isolates and comparison with c. perfringens conjugative plasmids.twenty-six isolates of clostridium perfringens of different mlst types from chickens with necrotic enteritis (ne) (15 netb-positive) or from healthy chickens (6 netb-positive, 5 netb-negative) were found to contain 1-4 large plasmids, with most netb-positive isolates containing 3 large and variably sized plasmids which were more numerous and larger than plasmids in netb-negative isolates. netb and cpb2 were found on different plasmids consistent with previous studies. the pathogenicity locus nel ...201223189158
the effect of poultry manure application rate and alcl(3) treatment on bacterial fecal indicators in runoff.increasing costs associated with inorganic fertilizer have led to widespread use of broiler litter. proper land application, typically limiting nutrient loss, is essential to protect surface water. this study was designed to evaluate litter-borne microbial runoff (heterotrophic plate count bacteria, staphylococci, escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens) while applying typical nutrient-control methods. field studies were conducted in which plots with high and low litter rates, ...201223165718
inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by lemon juice and vinegar product in reduced nacl roast beef.inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in reduced sodium roast beef by a blend of buffered lemon juice concentrate and vinegar (mostatin lv1) during abusive exponential cooling was evaluated. roast beef containing salt (nacl; 1%, 1.5%, or 2%, w/w), blend of sodium pyro- and poly-phosphates (0.3%), and mostatin lv1 (0%, 2%, or 2.5%) was inoculated with a 3-strain c. perfringens spore cocktail to achieve final spore population of 2.5 to 3.0 log cfu/g. the inoculated ...201223163907
simultaneous detection of clostridium perfringens and clostridium colinum by duplex-polymerase chain reaction.in this study, we provide a protocol for detection of clostridium colinum and clostridium perfringens by the single-tube duplex-pcr (dpcr) test for simultaneous and specific detection of both bacteria from pure cultures and fecal samples spiked with these pathogens. specific primers for each pathogen were selected that amplified products of predicted sizes from bacteria in the dpcr as well as in the single-tube pcr (spcr) assays. the sensitivity and specificity of dpcr assay were compared with t ...201223155016
production and characterization of clostridium perfringens recombinant β toxoid.in this work, we produced and evaluated a vaccine based on a β toxoid of clostridium perfringens type c produced in escherichia coli (rbt). the non-toxic rbt was innocuous for mice and induced 14 iu ml(-1) of β antitoxin in rabbits, complying with the european pharmacopeia and cfr9 - usda guidelines.201222306065
study of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine of the rat under varied environmental hyperbaric pressures.we conducted an in vivo experiment to investigate the effect of hyperbarometric air pressure on the quantity and composition of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine.201222305555
the effect of clostridium perfringens type c strain cn3685 and its isogenic beta toxin null mutant in goats.clostridium perfringens type c is an important cause of enteritis and/or enterocolitis in several animal species, including pigs, sheep, goats, horses and humans. the disease is a classic enterotoxemia and the enteric lesions and associated systemic effects are thought to be caused primarily by beta toxin (cpb), one of two typing toxins produced by c. perfringens type c. this has been demonstrated recently by fulfilling molecular koch's postulates in rabbits and mice. we present here an experime ...201222296994
identification and in vitro analysis of the gatd/murt enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid ii amidation in staphylococcus aureus.the peptidoglycan of staphylococcus aureus is characterized by a high degree of crosslinking and almost completely lacks free carboxyl groups, due to amidation of the d-glutamic acid in the stem peptide. amidation of peptidoglycan has been proposed to play a decisive role in polymerization of cell wall building blocks, correlating with the crosslinking of neighboring peptidoglycan stem peptides. mutants with a reduced degree of amidation are less viable and show increased susceptibility to methi ...201222291598
claudin-4 as therapeutic target in cancer.intercellular junctional complexes such as adherens junctions and tight junctions are critical regulators of cellular polarity, paracellular permeability and metabolic and structural integrity of cellular networks. abundant expression analysis data have yielded insights into the complex pattern of differentially expressed cell-adhesion proteins in epithelial cancers and provide a useful platform for functional, preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel targets.201222286027
effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river.in germany, protozoal parasites are detected frequently in surface waters. this study aims to assess the parasitological pollution in a river course and two of its tributaries under regular weather conditions. cryptosporidium was detected in 67% of all samples. the median concentration was 4 oocysts/100l. giardia lamblia were detected in 90% of the samples. the median concentration of g. lamblia was 22 cysts/100l and increased significantly following the river course. a statistically significant ...201222285254
the peptidoglycan hydrolase tcpg is required for efficient conjugative transfer of pcw3 in clostridium perfringens.peptidoglycan hydrolases that are specifically associated with bacterial conjugation systems are postulated to facilitate the assembly of the transfer apparatus by creating a temporally and spatially controlled local opening in the peptidoglycan layer. to date little is known about the role of such enzymes in conjugation systems from gram-positive bacteria. conjugative plasmids from the gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens all encode two putative peptidoglycan hydrolases, tcpg and tcpi ...201222244927
complete genome sequence of the podoviral bacteriophage φcp24r, which is virulent for clostridium perfringens.bacteriophage φcp24r was isolated from raw sewage from a waste treatment plant, and lytic activity was observed against a type a clostridium perfringens isolate. electron microscopy revealed a small virion (44-nm-diameter icosahedral capsid) with a short, non-contractile tail, indicative of a member of the family podoviridae. the phage had a linear, double-stranded dna genome of 18,919 base pairs (bp) with 41 bp inverted terminal repeats and a type b dna polymerase, which are characteristics of ...201222218967
clostridium perfringens sepsis and liver abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.clostridium perfringens sepsis with intravascular haemolysis is a catastrophic process with a reported mortality of between 90 to 100%. we successfully treated a case of severe clostridial infection with a liver abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the first to our knowledge. a 59-year-old man presented one week after an uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy with jaundice, peritonism, sepsis and acute renal failure. he was found to have a haemolytic anaemia, unconjugated hyperbiliru ...201224960720
claudin-6: a novel receptor for cpe-mediated cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer.claudins are integral tight junction proteins that are responsible for maintaining the integrity of epithelial cell architecture and cell polarity. claudin-3 and -4 are overexpressed in several cancers and have been shown to act as receptors for the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), a toxin that causes rapid cell lysis. cpe has demonstrated effectiveness in treating several different cancers in mouse models, provided that these cancers express claudin-3 or claudin-4. here, we show that ...201223552466
[picture in clinical hematology; clostridium perfringens septicemia with intravascular hemolysis]. 201222970457
cysteine-scanning mutagenesis supports the importance of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin amino acids 80 to 106 for membrane insertion and pore formation.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) causes the gastrointestinal symptoms of the second most common bacterial food-borne illness. previous studies suggested that a region named tm1, which has amphipathic characteristics and spans from amino acids 81 to 106 of the native cpe protein, forms a β-hairpin involved in β-barrel pore formation. to further explore the potential role of tm1 in pore formation, the single cys naturally present in cpe at residue 186 was first altered to alanine by mutag ...201222966051
the epidemiology of clostridium perfringens type a on ontario swine farms, with special reference to cpb2-positive isolates.there is poor understanding of most aspects of clostridium perfringens type a as a possible cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets, and the prevalence and types of c. perfringens present on ontario swine farms is unknown. to study the prevalence of fecal c. perfringens and selected toxin genes, 48 ontario swine farms were visited between august 2010 and may 2011, and 354 fecal samples were collected from suckling pigs, lactating sows, weanling pigs, grower-finisher pigs, and gestating sows, as we ...201222947389
influence of beet sugar, calcium lactate, and staphylococcus xylosus (with nitrate reductase activity) on the chemical, microbiological, and sensorial properties of persian uncured frankfurters.this study investigated the effects of beet sugar (bs), calcium lactate (cl), and staphylococcus xylosus (sx) on the general characteristics of uncured frankfurters. minimum residual nitrite was observed in samples with a high level of bs and s. xylosus (8log(10) l0 viable cfu/g) after 2 mo. there was an increase in total aerobic counts in frankfurters after 4 wk. samples containing higher bs and cl had no clostridium perfringens at storage time. histamine content was similar for all treatments ...201222946602
determining potential indicators of cryptosporidium oocysts throughout the wastewater treatment process.most research on wastewater treatment efficiency compliance focuses on physicochemical and microbial indicators; however, very little emphasis has been placed so far on determining suitable indicator organisms to predict the discharge level of pathogens from treatment plants. in this study, raw wastewater, activated sludge, and the resulting final effluents and biosolids in four municipal wastewater treatment plants (wwtps a, b, c and d) were seasonally investigated for human-virulent water-born ...201222339022
threonine requirement of broiler chickens during subclinical intestinal clostridium infection.the aim of this study was to determine the threonine requirement of broilers during a subclinical clostridium infection. three experiments were performed: experiments 1 and 2 to investigate the dose-response of threonine supplementation during infection and experiment 3 to validate the threonine requirement during infection. in each experiment, 1-d-old ross 308 male broilers were used. an infection model was used with inoculation of eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens at d 9 and 14 of age ...201222334739
immunological responses to clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin in two genetically divergent lines of chickens as influenced by major histocompatibility complex genotype.chickens genetically selected for low (la) or high (ha) antibody response to srbc displayed a correlated change in mhc, so that la chickens were 96% b13 and ha chickens were 96% b21. the la line appears to be less susceptible to invasion by extracellular pathogens, whereas ha chickens are more resistant to infection by intracellular organisms. resistance to clostridium perfringens is one instance in which the lines do not follow their established trend of pathogen susceptibility, where during a ...201222334734
clostridium perfringens detected by peripheral blood smear. 201222333387
creation and biochemical analysis of a broad-specific claudin binder.claudins (cl) are a family of tetra-transmembrane proteins that are the structural and functional components of tight junctions (tj). cls are promising targets for drug development because of their role in mucosal drug absorption and cancer. however, cl-targeted drug development has been delayed because cls have low antigenicity and preparing cl proteins is difficult. we developed a cl binder by using the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) and a baculoviral displa ...201222317861
treatment of severe hemolytic anemia caused by clostridium perfringens sepsis in a liver transplant recipient.clostridium perfringens bacteremia accompanied by extensive intravascular hemolysis is an almost inescapably fatal infection.201222316146
genome sequencing and analysis of a type a clostridium perfringens isolate from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis.clostridium perfringens is a common inhabitant of the avian and mammalian gastrointestinal tracts and can behave commensally or pathogenically. some enteric diseases caused by type a c. perfringens, including bovine clostridial abomasitis, remain poorly understood. to investigate the potential basis of virulence in strains causing this disease, we sequenced the genome of a type a c. perfringens isolate (strain f262) from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis. the ∼3.34 mbp chromosome of c. per ...201222412860
terminal sialic acids are an important determinant of pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity.the surface of vascular endothelium bears a glycocalyx comprised, in part, of a complex mixture of oligosaccharide chains attached to cell-surface proteins and membrane lipids. importantly, understanding of the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx is poorly understood. preliminary studies have demonstrated structural differences in the glycocalyx of pulmonary artery endothelial cells compared with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. herein we begin to probe in more detail ...201222387293
novel transmembrane receptor involved in phagosome transport of lysozymes and β-hexosaminidase in the enteric protozoan entamoeba histolytica.lysozymes and hexosaminidases are ubiquitous hydrolases in bacteria and eukaryotes. in phagocytic lower eukaryotes and professional phagocytes from higher eukaryotes, they are involved in the degradation of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. in entamoeba histolytica, which is the intestinal protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, phagocytosis plays a pivotal role in the nutrient acquisition and the evasion from the host defense systems. while the content of phagosomes and biochemical and physio ...201222383874
development and application of a polymicrobial, in vitro, wound biofilm model.the goal of this investigation was to develop an in vitro, polymicrobial, wound biofilm capable of supporting the growth of bacteria with variable oxygen requirements.201222353049
fast kinetics of nucleotide binding to clostridium perfringens family ii pyrophosphatase containing cbs and drtgg domains.we earlier described cbs-pyrophosphatase of moorella thermoacetica (mtcbs-ppase) as a novel phosphohydrolase that acquired a pair of nucleotide-binding cbs domains during evolution, thus endowing the protein with the capacity to be allosterically regulated by adenine nucleotides (jämsen, j., tuominen, h., salminen, a., belogurov, g. a., magretova, n. n., baykov, a. a., and lahti, r. (2007) biochem. j., 408, 327-333). we herein describe a more evolved type of cbs-pyrophosphatase from clostridium ...201222348476
development of real-time pcr for the detection of clostridium perfringens in meats and vegetables.a real-time pcr assay was developed and validated inhouse specifically for the detection of clostridium perfringens (cl. perfringens) in meats and vegetables by comparing with the culture method. the detection limit of the real-time pcr assay in phosphate-buffered saline was 10² cfu/ml. when the two methods were compared in food samples inoculated with cl. perfringens, the culture method detected 52 positives, whereas real-time pcr detected 51 positives out of 160 samples. the difference was wit ...201222534301
nitrergic response to clostridium perfringens infection in the rat brain regions: effect of red light irradiation.a single intraperitoneal injection of a gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens (cp) causes a remarkable down-regulation the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cnos) with a simultaneous increase in the activity of inducible nos (inos) and the level of reactive nitrogen species in the rat brain major regions (cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus) at 48 h post-administration of cp. treatment by both a semiconductor laser (scl) and/or a light-emitting diode (led) with same wavelen ...201222533509
freezing or adding trypsin inhibitor to equine intestinal contents extends the lifespan of clostridium perfringens beta toxin for diagnostic purposes.clostridium perfringens type c causes necrotizing enteritis mostly in neonatal animals of several species, including horses. the virulence of c. perfringens type c is mostly mediated by beta toxin (cpb). this toxin is highly sensitive to the action of trypsin and other proteases, which explains the increased susceptibility of neonatal animals to type c infections. final confirmation of type c disease diagnosis should be based on detection of cpb in the intestinal content of affected animals. how ...201222516562
survival trends of staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clostridium perfringens in a sandy south florida beach.the search for alternative indicators of disease-risk from non-enteric pathogens at the beach revealed high densities of targeted bacteria. to explain the high numbers of potential non-enteric pathogens, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, in beach sand, we investigated factors affecting their survival and distribution, as well as those of a potential fecal indicator, clostridium perfringens. results indicated greater s. aureus and p. aeruginosa survival and proliferation in steril ...201222516512
genetic relatedness and netb prevalence among environmental clostridium perfringens strains associated with a broiler flock affected by mild necrotic enteritis.in a previous study we investigated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) genotype diversity and prevalence of the netb toxin gene in clostridium perfringens (cp) isolates recovered from a broiler flock (flock 1) affected by necrotic enteritis (ne). in this follow-up work, we examined samples collected before placement of flock 1, to see if ne during rearing could be traced back to the cleaned and empty building or the day-old chicks. litter from the next flock in the same building (flock 2) w ...201222516191
non-soluble fibres and narasin reduce spontaneous gizzard erosion and ulceration in broiler chickens.the prevalence and severity of gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (geu) in broilers is affected by a number of predisposing and preventive factors. two broiler experiments with almost identical basal diets were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary oat hulls, access to litter and the antimicrobial compound narasin on geu. the effects on particle size of duodenal digesta, ileal starch concentration, caecal clostridium perfringens counts, necrotic enteritis and production performance ...201222515541
enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens: detection and identification.recent advances in understanding the genetics of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens, including whole genome sequencing of a chromosomal cpe strain and sequencing of several cpe-carrying large plasmids, have led to the development of molecular approaches to more precisely investigate isolates involved in human gastrointestinal diseases and isolates present in the environment. sequence-based pcr genotyping of the cpe locus (cpe genotyping pcr assays) has provided new information about cpe-pos ...201222504431
innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by clostridium perfringens is a reemerging disease of economic importance in areas of the world where antibiotic growth promoters have been banned. the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (mos) supplementation in organic diets of broilers challenged with c. perfringens on performance, gut morphology, and innate immunity was investigated. three hundred ross-308 broilers were fed antibiotic-free certified organic starter and grower diets. on d 14, birds were orally chal ...201222499867
differential gene expression profiles of β-defensins in the crop, intestine, and spleen using a necrotic enteritis model in 2 commercial broiler chicken lines.changes in the expression levels of avian β-defensin (avbd) mrna were evaluated in necrotic enteritis (ne) disease model in 2 genetically disparate commercial broiler chicken lines: ross and cobb. the ne was initiated in the gut by a previously established co-infection model using oral eimeria maxima infection followed by a clostridium perfringens challenge. among the 14 avbd types examined, there was a tissue-specific expression of avbd transcripts: avbd1, avbd7, and avbd9 in the crop; avbd8, a ...201222499864
survival and germination of clostridium perfringens spores during heating and cooling of ground pork.the effect of heating rate on the heat resistance, germination, and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores during cooking of cured ground pork was investigated. inoculated cured ground pork portions were heated from 20 to 75°c at a rate of 4, 8, or 12°c/h and then held at 75°c for 48 h. no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the heat resistance of c. perfringens spores were observed in cured ground pork heated at 4, 8, or 12°c/h. at heating rates of 8 and 12°c/h, no significant difference ...201222488055
changes in the caecal microflora of chickens following clostridium perfringens challenge to induce necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is a disease of considerable economic importance to the global poultry industry. clostridium perfringens has long been recognised as the etiological agent of the disease. however, disease initiation and progression is complex and appears to be precipitated by a range of predisposing factors. the present study investigated microbial interactions in the caecum of birds challenged with c. perfringens that developed necrotic enteritis. bacterial populations of healthy and diseased ...201222487456
co-infection with toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens in a postpartum woman with uterine gas gangrene: a case report.toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection caused by toxoplasma gondii. we report a case of toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens co-infection complicating uterine gas gangrene following a term pregnancy. the histological examination of the necrotic uterine tissues and uterine swab cultures obtained at laparotomy revealed t. gondii and c. perfringens, respectively. treatment was administered with bactericidal activity against both pathogens and the patient had an uneventful post-operative re ...201222487420
modifications in perfringolysin o domain 4 alter the cholesterol concentration threshold required for binding.changes in the cholesterol content of cell membranes affect many physiological and pathological events, including the formation of arterial plaques, the entry of virus into cells, and receptor organization. measuring the trafficking and distribution of cholesterol is essential to understanding how cells regulate sterol levels in membranes. perfringolysin o (pfo) is a cytolysin secreted by clostridium perfringens that requires cholesterol in the target membrane for binding. the specificity of pfo ...201222482748
carbohydrate recognition by an architecturally complex α-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens.cpgh89 is a large multimodular enzyme produced by the human and animal pathogen clostridium perfringens. the catalytic activity of this exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase is directed towards a rare carbohydrate motif, n-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine-α-1,4-d-galactose, which is displayed on the class iii mucins deep within the gastric mucosa. in addition to the family 89 glycoside hydrolase catalytic module this enzyme has six modules that share sequence similarity to the family 32 carbohydrate-binding mod ...201222479408
oxygen measurements in platelet fluids - a new non-invasive method to detect bacterial contaminations in platelets.the residual risk for bacterial contamination in blood components especially in platelets is one to two orders of magnitude higher than for transfusion relevant viral infections. the majority of all bacterial transmitted fatalities occurred at the end of platelet shelf life. therefore, the maximum shelf life of platelet concentrates (pc) was reduced to 4 days after blood donation in germany in 2008.201222462725
effects of dietary additives and early feeding on performance, gut development and immune status of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.the effects of dietary additives and holding time on resistance and resilience of broiler chickens to clostridium perfringens challenge were investigated by offering four dietary treatments. these were a negative control (basal), a positive control (zn-bacitracin) and two dietary additives, mannanoligosaccharides (mos), and acidifier. two holding times included (a) immediate access to feed and water post hatch (fed) and (b) access to both feed and water 48 h post hatch (held). chicks fed zn-baci ...201225049595
clostridium perfringens type a fatal acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in a dog.the morning after participating in a dog show, a 2-year-old pomeranian dog was found dead in a pool of bloody feces. necropsy revealed hemorrhagic gastroenteritis of the entire gastrointestinal tract, with many gram-positive bacilli on the surface and in the lumen and crypts of the intestine. enterotoxin-positive type a clostridium perfringens were isolated in large numbers. this dramatic case of fatal c. perfringens gastroenteritis highlights the need to better understand the role of this bacte ...201223115371
clostridium perfringens bacteremia caused by choledocholithiasis in the absence of gallbladder stones.a 67-years-old male presented with periumbilical abdominal pain, fever and jaundice. his anaerobic blood culture was positive for clostridium perfringens. computed tomogram scan of the abdomen and abdominal ultrasound showed normal gallbladder and common bile duct (cbd). subsequently magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticogram showed choledocholithiasis. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticogramwith sphincterotomy and cbd stone extraction was performed. the patient progressively improved wi ...201223112558
the successful experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in chickens by clostridium perfringens: a critical review.necrotic enteritis (ne) is one of the most important enteric diseases in poultry and is a high cost to the industry worldwide. it is caused by avian-specific, necrotic enteritis beta toxin (netb)-producing, strains of clostridium perfringens that also possess in common other virulence-associated genes. in europe the disease incidence has increased since the ban on in-feed "growth promoting" antibiotics. because of this, many recent studies of ne have focused on finding different ways to control ...201223101966
detection of clostridium perfringens type c in pig herds following disease outbreak and subsequent vaccination.immunisation of sows using clostridium perfringens type c toxoid vaccines is recommended to prevent necrotising enteritis (ne) on pig breeding farms. absence of disease, however, oftentimes leads to the false assumption of pathogens being eradicated. the prevalence of c perfringens type c was determined by pcr in faecal samples of piglets and sows in three swiss pig breeding farms two to four years after implementation of a vaccination programme following disease outbreaks. c perfringens type c ...201223100304
diversity of salmonella spp. serovars isolated from the intestines of water buffalo calves with gastroenteritis.salmonellosis in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) calves is a widespread disease characterized by severe gastrointestinal lesions, profuse diarrhea and severe dehydration, occasionally exhibiting a systemic course. several salmonella serovars seem to be able to infect water buffalo, but salmonella isolates collected from this animal species have been poorly characterized. in the present study, the prevalence of salmonella spp. in water buffalo calves affected by lethal gastroenteritis was assesse ...201223098237
comparative genomic hybridization analysis shows different epidemiology of chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying clostridium perfringens type a.clostridium perfringens, one of the most common causes of food poisonings, can carry the enterotoxin gene, cpe, in its chromosome or on a plasmid. c. perfringens food poisonings are more frequently caused by the chromosomal cpe-carrying strains, while the plasmid-borne cpe-positive genotypes are more commonly found in the human feces and environmental samples. different tolerance to food processing conditions by the plasmid-borne and chromosomal cpe-carrying strains has been reported, but the re ...201223094024
multiplex detection of protein toxins using maldi-tof-tof tandem mass spectrometry: application in unambiguous toxin detection from bioaerosol.protein toxins, such as botulinum neurotoxins (bonts), clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), shiga toxin (stx), and plant toxin ricin, are involved in a number of diseases and are considered as potential agents for bioterrorism and warfare. from a bioterrorism and warfare perspective, these agents are likely to cause maximum damage to a civilian or military population through an inhalational route of exposure and aerosol is considered the envisaged mode ...201223083074
clostridium perfringens and sulphite reducing clostridia densities in selected tropical malaysian rivers.clostridium perfringens (cp) and sulphite reducing clostridia (src) densities in the selangor river, bernam river and tengi river canal were examined between april 2007 and january 2008. water samples were taken from two or three locations along each river, using either depth-integration or grab sampling methods. the downstream sampling site of the selangor river, rantau panjang, reported the highest arithmetic mean of cp and src densities (583.45 and 8,120.08 cfu/100 ml, respectively). both cp ...201223082563
suspected neurotoxicity due to clostridium perfringens type b in a tiger (panthera tigris).a 4-yr-old tiger (panthera tigris) was referred with acute onset of severe abnormal consciousness. neurological evaluation showed normal palpebral and corneal reflexes, normal pupil diameter with normal direct and consensual papillary light reflex, and absent menace response bilaterally. diffuse forebrain lesion or focal lesion affecting the ascending reticular activating system was suspected. complete blood examination and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were normal. magnetic resonance imaging of ...201223082539
[septic shock and septic arthritis due to clostridium perfringens]. 201223079562
necrotizing duodenitis caused by clostridium perfringens type a in a japanese young man.a 21-year-old japanese man with a history of marked body weight loss over a short period of time died of necrotizing duodenitis caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) type a. c. perfringens type a is considered to usually cause self-limiting gastroenteritis. necrotizing enteritis sometimes occurs due to c. perfringens in developing countries; however, it is primarily caused by the type c strain and its site of onset is typically the jejunum or ileum. this is a rare case of necrotizin ...201223064579
recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration.dead-end ultrafiltration (deuf) has been reported to be a simple, field-deployable technique for recovering bacteria, viruses, and parasites from large-volume water samples for water quality testing and waterborne disease investigations. while deuf has been reported for application to water samples having relatively low turbidity, little information is available regarding recovery efficiencies for this technique when applied to sampling turbid water samples such as those commonly found in lakes ...201223064261
oligomerization of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is dependent upon caveolins 1 and 2.evidence from multiple studies suggests that clostridium perfringens ε-toxin is a pore-forming toxin, assembling into oligomeric complexes in the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. in a previous study, we used gene-trap mutagenesis to identify mammalian factors contributing to toxin activity, including caveolin-2 (cav2). in this study, we demonstrate the importance of caveolin-2 and its interaction partner, caveolin-1 (cav1), in ε-toxin-induced cytotoxicity. using cav2-specific shrna in a toxin ...201223056496
inducible clostridium perfringens bacteriophages φs9 and φs63: different genome structures and a fully functional sigk intervening element.two inducible temperate bacteriophages φs9 and φs63 from clostridium perfringens were sequenced and analyzed. isometric heads and long non-contractile tails classify φs9 and φs63 in the siphoviridae family, and their genomes consist of 39,457 bp (φs9) and 33,609 bp (φs63) linear dsdna, respectively. φs63 has 3'-overlapping cohesive genome ends, whereas φs9 is the first clostridium phage featuring an experimentally proven terminally redundant and circularly permuted genome. a total of 50 and 43 c ...201223050219
growth of clostridium perfringens during cooling of refried beans.outbreaks of clostridium perfringens have been associated with dishes containing refried beans from food service establishments. however, growth of c. perfringens in refried beans has not been investigated, and predictive models have not been validated in this food matrix. we investigated the growth of c. perfringens during the cooling of refried beans. refried beans (pinto and black, with and without salt added) were inoculated with 3 log cfu/g c. perfringens spores and incubated isothermally a ...201223043826
cryptosporidium spp. in drinking water. samples from rural sites in switzerland.in most rural areas and small communities in switzerland the drinking water is supplied to the consumers after a minimum or even no treatment at all. however, it is just in these areas where drinking water from sources of agricultural activities can be contaminated by liquid manure and faeces of pasturing animals. the swiss drinking water regulations are limited to the monitoring of e. coli, enterococcus spp. and total plate counts only. hence, resistant pathogens, as for example cryptosporidium ...201223037557
genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens isolates from darmbrand cases in post-world war ii germany.clostridium perfringens type c strains are the only non-type-a isolates that cause human disease. they are responsible for enteritis necroticans, which was termed darmbrand when occurring in post-world war ii germany. darmbrand strains were initially classified as type f because of their exceptional heat resistance but later identified as type c strains. since only limited information exists regarding darmbrand strains, this study genetically and phenotypically characterized seven 1940s era darm ...201223027533
reduced lesions in chickens with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis by lactobacillus fermentum 1.20291.previous studies have demonstrated that lactobacillus has anti-inflammatory properties, but the protective functions of lactobacillus and mechanisms of inhibition of necrotic enteritis (ne) in the intestines of chickens have not been fully clarified. in the present study, we selected a probiotic strain, lactobacillus fermentum 1.2029, which has good adhesive ability and a high survival rate in low ph and bile salts. the objective of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of l ...201223155014
using a theoretical predictive tool for the analysis of recent health department inspections at outbreak restaurants and relation of this information to foodborne illness likelihood.because u.s. restaurants are inspected at least annually against criteria in the u.s. food and drug administration model food code, large amounts of data are generated and should be systematically reviewed. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among the data obtained through health department inspections, the contributing factors to foodborne illness identified by the centers for disease control and prevention, and the risks of outbreaks of norovirus, salmonella, and clos ...201223127711
health department inspection criteria more likely to be associated with outbreak restaurants in minnesota.millions of routine restaurant inspections are performed each year in the united states, and the centers for disease control and prevention has reported that a majority of foodborne illness outbreaks occur in restaurant settings. in an attempt to relate the data collected during inspections in minnesota to illness likelihood, data from routine inspections conducted at outbreak restaurants were compared with data from routine inspections conducted at nonoutbreak restaurants. the goal was to ident ...201223127710
structure requirements for anaerobe processing of azo compounds: implications for prodrug design.this letter generalizes the metabolism of the azo class of compounds by clostridium perfringens, an anaerobe found in the human colon. a recently reported 5-aminosalicylic acid-based prednisolone prodrug was shown to release the drug when incubated with the bacteria, while the para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) based analogue did not. instead, it showed a new hplc peak with a relatively close retention time to the parent which was identified by lcms as the partially reduced hydrazine product. this le ...201223122822
a middle-aged lady with a pyogenic liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens.the pyogenic liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is a rare, but rapidly fatal infection. it is usually associated with malignancy and immunosuppression. we report the case of 50-year-old lady with the secondary liver metastases from rectal cancer presented with fever and epigastric pain. the identification of gram-positive bacilli septicaemia, the presence of gas-forming liver abscess and massive intravascular hemolysis should lead to the suspicion of c. perfringens ...201222993668
novel system for efficient isolation of clostridium double-crossover allelic exchange mutants enabling markerless chromosomal gene deletions and dna integration.isolation of clostridium mutants based on gene replacement via allelic exchange remains a major limitation for this important genus. use of a heterologous counterselection marker can facilitate the identification of the generally rare allelic exchange events. we report on the development of an inducible counterselection marker and describe its utility and broad potential in quickly and efficiently generating markerless dna deletions and integrations at any genomic locus without the need for auxo ...201222983967
identification of a lambda toxin-negative clostridium perfringens strain that processes and activates epsilon prototoxin intracellularly.clostridium perfringens type b and d strains produce epsilon toxin (etx), which is one of the most potent clostridial toxins and is involved in enteritis and enterotoxemias of domestic animals. etx is produced initially as an inactive prototoxin that is typically then secreted and processed by intestinal proteases or possibly, for some strains, lambda toxin. during the current work a unique c. perfringens strain was identified that intracellularly processes epsilon prototoxin to an active form c ...201222982043
ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the united states using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation.understanding the relative public health impact of major microbiological hazards across the food supply is critical for a risk-based national food safety system. this study was conducted to estimate the u.s. health burden of 14 major pathogens in 12 broad categories of food and to then rank the resulting 168 pathogen-food combinations. these pathogens examined were campylobacter, clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, salmonella enterica, toxoplasma ...201222980012
identification of amino acids important for binding of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin to host cells and to havcr1.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin belongs to the aerolysin-like family of pore-forming toxins and is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known. the epsilon toxin causes fatal enterotoxemia in sheep, goats, and possibly humans. evidence indicates that the toxin binds to protein receptors including hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 1 (havcr1), but the region of the toxin responsible for cell binding has not been identified. in the present study, we identify amino acids within the epsilon ...201222938730
computational analysis of human oga structure in complex with pugnac and nag-thiazoline derivatives.the substitution of serine and threonine residues in nucleocytoplasmic proteins with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose (o-glcnac) residues is an essential post-translational modification found in many multicellular eukaryotes. o-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase (o-glcnacase) hydrolyzes o-glcnac residues from post-translationally modified serine/threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic protein. o-glcnac has been implicated in several disease states such as cancer, alzheim ...201222937904
comparative studies on enterococcus, clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus as quality indicators in tropical seawater at a pacific mexican beach resort.three microorganisms were assayed to evaluate the microbiological quality in the seawater at a resort on the mexican pacific coast, and to test for possible associations among the titers of the various bacteria, their possible correlations with environmental conditions, and with the location of potential wastewater outflows. significant microorganism levels were found (at caletilla beach, hornos beach, and papagayo beach, respectively: for enterococcus 157, 153, and 149, for c. perfringens 35, 8 ...201222910334
reactive oxygen species and the mek/erk pathway are involved in the toxicity of clostridium perfringens α-toxin, a prototype bacterial phospholipase c.clostridium perfringens, the most broadly distributed pathogen in nature, produces a prototype phospholipase c, also called α-toxin, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. α-toxin causes plasma membrane disruption at high concentrations, but the role of intracellular mediators in its toxicity at low concentrations is unknown. this work demonstrates that α-toxin causes oxidative stress and activates the mek/erk pathway in cultured cells and furthermore provides compelling evi ...201222904339
fatal foodborne clostridium perfringens illness at a state psychiatric hospital--louisiana, 2010.clostridium perfringens, the third most common cause of foodborne illness in the united states (1), most often causes a self-limited, diarrheal disease lasting 12-24 hours. fatalities are very rare, occurring in <0.03% of cases (1). death usually is caused by dehydration and occurs among the very young, the very old, and persons debilitated by illness (2). on may 7, 2010, 42 residents and 12 staff members at a louisiana state psychiatric hospital experienced vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarr ...201222895383
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