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immunological responses to clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin in two genetically divergent lines of chickens as influenced by major histocompatibility complex genotype.chickens genetically selected for low (la) or high (ha) antibody response to srbc displayed a correlated change in mhc, so that la chickens were 96% b13 and ha chickens were 96% b21. the la line appears to be less susceptible to invasion by extracellular pathogens, whereas ha chickens are more resistant to infection by intracellular organisms. resistance to clostridium perfringens is one instance in which the lines do not follow their established trend of pathogen susceptibility, where during a ...201222334734
clostridium perfringens detected by peripheral blood smear. 201222333387
creation and biochemical analysis of a broad-specific claudin binder.claudins (cl) are a family of tetra-transmembrane proteins that are the structural and functional components of tight junctions (tj). cls are promising targets for drug development because of their role in mucosal drug absorption and cancer. however, cl-targeted drug development has been delayed because cls have low antigenicity and preparing cl proteins is difficult. we developed a cl binder by using the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) and a baculoviral displa ...201222317861
treatment of severe hemolytic anemia caused by clostridium perfringens sepsis in a liver transplant recipient.clostridium perfringens bacteremia accompanied by extensive intravascular hemolysis is an almost inescapably fatal infection.201222316146
production and characterization of clostridium perfringens recombinant β toxoid.in this work, we produced and evaluated a vaccine based on a β toxoid of clostridium perfringens type c produced in escherichia coli (rbt). the non-toxic rbt was innocuous for mice and induced 14 iu ml(-1) of β antitoxin in rabbits, complying with the european pharmacopeia and cfr9 - usda guidelines.201222306065
study of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine of the rat under varied environmental hyperbaric pressures.we conducted an in vivo experiment to investigate the effect of hyperbarometric air pressure on the quantity and composition of the cultivable microflora of the large intestine.201222305555
the effect of clostridium perfringens type c strain cn3685 and its isogenic beta toxin null mutant in goats.clostridium perfringens type c is an important cause of enteritis and/or enterocolitis in several animal species, including pigs, sheep, goats, horses and humans. the disease is a classic enterotoxemia and the enteric lesions and associated systemic effects are thought to be caused primarily by beta toxin (cpb), one of two typing toxins produced by c. perfringens type c. this has been demonstrated recently by fulfilling molecular koch's postulates in rabbits and mice. we present here an experime ...201222296994
identification and in vitro analysis of the gatd/murt enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid ii amidation in staphylococcus aureus.the peptidoglycan of staphylococcus aureus is characterized by a high degree of crosslinking and almost completely lacks free carboxyl groups, due to amidation of the d-glutamic acid in the stem peptide. amidation of peptidoglycan has been proposed to play a decisive role in polymerization of cell wall building blocks, correlating with the crosslinking of neighboring peptidoglycan stem peptides. mutants with a reduced degree of amidation are less viable and show increased susceptibility to methi ...201222291598
claudin-4 as therapeutic target in cancer.intercellular junctional complexes such as adherens junctions and tight junctions are critical regulators of cellular polarity, paracellular permeability and metabolic and structural integrity of cellular networks. abundant expression analysis data have yielded insights into the complex pattern of differentially expressed cell-adhesion proteins in epithelial cancers and provide a useful platform for functional, preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel targets.201222286027
effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river.in germany, protozoal parasites are detected frequently in surface waters. this study aims to assess the parasitological pollution in a river course and two of its tributaries under regular weather conditions. cryptosporidium was detected in 67% of all samples. the median concentration was 4 oocysts/100l. giardia lamblia were detected in 90% of the samples. the median concentration of g. lamblia was 22 cysts/100l and increased significantly following the river course. a statistically significant ...201222285254
the peptidoglycan hydrolase tcpg is required for efficient conjugative transfer of pcw3 in clostridium perfringens.peptidoglycan hydrolases that are specifically associated with bacterial conjugation systems are postulated to facilitate the assembly of the transfer apparatus by creating a temporally and spatially controlled local opening in the peptidoglycan layer. to date little is known about the role of such enzymes in conjugation systems from gram-positive bacteria. conjugative plasmids from the gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens all encode two putative peptidoglycan hydrolases, tcpg and tcpi ...201222244927
complete genome sequence of the podoviral bacteriophage φcp24r, which is virulent for clostridium perfringens.bacteriophage φcp24r was isolated from raw sewage from a waste treatment plant, and lytic activity was observed against a type a clostridium perfringens isolate. electron microscopy revealed a small virion (44-nm-diameter icosahedral capsid) with a short, non-contractile tail, indicative of a member of the family podoviridae. the phage had a linear, double-stranded dna genome of 18,919 base pairs (bp) with 41 bp inverted terminal repeats and a type b dna polymerase, which are characteristics of ...201222218967
clostridium perfringens sepsis and liver abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.clostridium perfringens sepsis with intravascular haemolysis is a catastrophic process with a reported mortality of between 90 to 100%. we successfully treated a case of severe clostridial infection with a liver abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the first to our knowledge. a 59-year-old man presented one week after an uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy with jaundice, peritonism, sepsis and acute renal failure. he was found to have a haemolytic anaemia, unconjugated hyperbiliru ...201224960720
claudin-6: a novel receptor for cpe-mediated cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer.claudins are integral tight junction proteins that are responsible for maintaining the integrity of epithelial cell architecture and cell polarity. claudin-3 and -4 are overexpressed in several cancers and have been shown to act as receptors for the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), a toxin that causes rapid cell lysis. cpe has demonstrated effectiveness in treating several different cancers in mouse models, provided that these cancers express claudin-3 or claudin-4. here, we show that ...201223552466
an investigation to determine the cause of haemorrhagic enteritis in commercial pig grower units in the northern parts of south africa.necropsies were performed on 36 grower pigs that died peracutely on farms in the northern parts of south africa. all these pigs were suffering from haemorrhagic enteritis and suspected toxaemia. samples of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for histopathological examination and a section of ileum was collected for microbiological examination from each animal. histological lesions characteristic of enterotoxigenic clostridium infection were found. large, gram-positive bacilli were sometim ...201223327139
the fecal microbiome in dogs with acute diarrhea and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.recent molecular studies have revealed a highly complex bacterial assembly in the canine intestinal tract. there is mounting evidence that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic enteropathies of dogs, including idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota in dogs with various gastrointestinal disorders.201223300577
detection and characterization of clostridium perfringens in the feces of healthy and diarrheic dogs.clostridium perfringens has been implicated as a cause of diarrhea in dogs. the objectives of this study were to compare 2 culture methods and to evaluate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to detect c. perfringens toxin genes alpha (α), beta (β ), beta 2 (β2), epsilon (ɛ), iota (ι), and c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) from canine isolates. fecal samples were collected from clinically normal non-diarrheic (nd) dogs, (n = 105) and diarrheic dogs (dd, n = 54). clostridium perfringe ...201223277693
[occurrence and control of the clostridium perfringens type a associated diarrhea of the suckling pigs with special consideration of the immunoprophylaxis].clostridium (c.) perfringens type a is often associated with diarrhoea in suckling piglets. the impact of the alpha (α) and beta (β)2 toxins on the pathogenesis of the disease has not been conclusively answered. previously, autologous vaccines were used to control this disease. the aim of our investigation was the classification of c. perfringens strains and the quantitative determination of the α and β2 toxins during the production of autologous vaccines. the efficacy of a commercial vaccine ag ...201223242147
the effect of poultry manure application rate and alcl(3) treatment on bacterial fecal indicators in runoff.increasing costs associated with inorganic fertilizer have led to widespread use of broiler litter. proper land application, typically limiting nutrient loss, is essential to protect surface water. this study was designed to evaluate litter-borne microbial runoff (heterotrophic plate count bacteria, staphylococci, escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens) while applying typical nutrient-control methods. field studies were conducted in which plots with high and low litter rates, ...201223165718
inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by lemon juice and vinegar product in reduced nacl roast beef.inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in reduced sodium roast beef by a blend of buffered lemon juice concentrate and vinegar (mostatin lv1) during abusive exponential cooling was evaluated. roast beef containing salt (nacl; 1%, 1.5%, or 2%, w/w), blend of sodium pyro- and poly-phosphates (0.3%), and mostatin lv1 (0%, 2%, or 2.5%) was inoculated with a 3-strain c. perfringens spore cocktail to achieve final spore population of 2.5 to 3.0 log cfu/g. the inoculated ...201223163907
simultaneous detection of clostridium perfringens and clostridium colinum by duplex-polymerase chain reaction.in this study, we provide a protocol for detection of clostridium colinum and clostridium perfringens by the single-tube duplex-pcr (dpcr) test for simultaneous and specific detection of both bacteria from pure cultures and fecal samples spiked with these pathogens. specific primers for each pathogen were selected that amplified products of predicted sizes from bacteria in the dpcr as well as in the single-tube pcr (spcr) assays. the sensitivity and specificity of dpcr assay were compared with t ...201223155016
reduced lesions in chickens with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis by lactobacillus fermentum 1.20291.previous studies have demonstrated that lactobacillus has anti-inflammatory properties, but the protective functions of lactobacillus and mechanisms of inhibition of necrotic enteritis (ne) in the intestines of chickens have not been fully clarified. in the present study, we selected a probiotic strain, lactobacillus fermentum 1.2029, which has good adhesive ability and a high survival rate in low ph and bile salts. the objective of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of l ...201223155014
using a theoretical predictive tool for the analysis of recent health department inspections at outbreak restaurants and relation of this information to foodborne illness likelihood.because u.s. restaurants are inspected at least annually against criteria in the u.s. food and drug administration model food code, large amounts of data are generated and should be systematically reviewed. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among the data obtained through health department inspections, the contributing factors to foodborne illness identified by the centers for disease control and prevention, and the risks of outbreaks of norovirus, salmonella, and clos ...201223127711
health department inspection criteria more likely to be associated with outbreak restaurants in minnesota.millions of routine restaurant inspections are performed each year in the united states, and the centers for disease control and prevention has reported that a majority of foodborne illness outbreaks occur in restaurant settings. in an attempt to relate the data collected during inspections in minnesota to illness likelihood, data from routine inspections conducted at outbreak restaurants were compared with data from routine inspections conducted at nonoutbreak restaurants. the goal was to ident ...201223127710
structure requirements for anaerobe processing of azo compounds: implications for prodrug design.this letter generalizes the metabolism of the azo class of compounds by clostridium perfringens, an anaerobe found in the human colon. a recently reported 5-aminosalicylic acid-based prednisolone prodrug was shown to release the drug when incubated with the bacteria, while the para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) based analogue did not. instead, it showed a new hplc peak with a relatively close retention time to the parent which was identified by lcms as the partially reduced hydrazine product. this le ...201223122822
clostridium perfringens type a fatal acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in a dog.the morning after participating in a dog show, a 2-year-old pomeranian dog was found dead in a pool of bloody feces. necropsy revealed hemorrhagic gastroenteritis of the entire gastrointestinal tract, with many gram-positive bacilli on the surface and in the lumen and crypts of the intestine. enterotoxin-positive type a clostridium perfringens were isolated in large numbers. this dramatic case of fatal c. perfringens gastroenteritis highlights the need to better understand the role of this bacte ...201223115371
clostridium perfringens bacteremia caused by choledocholithiasis in the absence of gallbladder stones.a 67-years-old male presented with periumbilical abdominal pain, fever and jaundice. his anaerobic blood culture was positive for clostridium perfringens. computed tomogram scan of the abdomen and abdominal ultrasound showed normal gallbladder and common bile duct (cbd). subsequently magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticogram showed choledocholithiasis. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticogramwith sphincterotomy and cbd stone extraction was performed. the patient progressively improved wi ...201223112558
the successful experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in chickens by clostridium perfringens: a critical review.necrotic enteritis (ne) is one of the most important enteric diseases in poultry and is a high cost to the industry worldwide. it is caused by avian-specific, necrotic enteritis beta toxin (netb)-producing, strains of clostridium perfringens that also possess in common other virulence-associated genes. in europe the disease incidence has increased since the ban on in-feed "growth promoting" antibiotics. because of this, many recent studies of ne have focused on finding different ways to control ...201223101966
detection of clostridium perfringens type c in pig herds following disease outbreak and subsequent vaccination.immunisation of sows using clostridium perfringens type c toxoid vaccines is recommended to prevent necrotising enteritis (ne) on pig breeding farms. absence of disease, however, oftentimes leads to the false assumption of pathogens being eradicated. the prevalence of c perfringens type c was determined by pcr in faecal samples of piglets and sows in three swiss pig breeding farms two to four years after implementation of a vaccination programme following disease outbreaks. c perfringens type c ...201223100304
diversity of salmonella spp. serovars isolated from the intestines of water buffalo calves with gastroenteritis.salmonellosis in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) calves is a widespread disease characterized by severe gastrointestinal lesions, profuse diarrhea and severe dehydration, occasionally exhibiting a systemic course. several salmonella serovars seem to be able to infect water buffalo, but salmonella isolates collected from this animal species have been poorly characterized. in the present study, the prevalence of salmonella spp. in water buffalo calves affected by lethal gastroenteritis was assesse ...201223098237
comparative genomic hybridization analysis shows different epidemiology of chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying clostridium perfringens type a.clostridium perfringens, one of the most common causes of food poisonings, can carry the enterotoxin gene, cpe, in its chromosome or on a plasmid. c. perfringens food poisonings are more frequently caused by the chromosomal cpe-carrying strains, while the plasmid-borne cpe-positive genotypes are more commonly found in the human feces and environmental samples. different tolerance to food processing conditions by the plasmid-borne and chromosomal cpe-carrying strains has been reported, but the re ...201223094024
multiplex detection of protein toxins using maldi-tof-tof tandem mass spectrometry: application in unambiguous toxin detection from bioaerosol.protein toxins, such as botulinum neurotoxins (bonts), clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), shiga toxin (stx), and plant toxin ricin, are involved in a number of diseases and are considered as potential agents for bioterrorism and warfare. from a bioterrorism and warfare perspective, these agents are likely to cause maximum damage to a civilian or military population through an inhalational route of exposure and aerosol is considered the envisaged mode ...201223083074
clostridium perfringens and sulphite reducing clostridia densities in selected tropical malaysian rivers.clostridium perfringens (cp) and sulphite reducing clostridia (src) densities in the selangor river, bernam river and tengi river canal were examined between april 2007 and january 2008. water samples were taken from two or three locations along each river, using either depth-integration or grab sampling methods. the downstream sampling site of the selangor river, rantau panjang, reported the highest arithmetic mean of cp and src densities (583.45 and 8,120.08 cfu/100 ml, respectively). both cp ...201223082563
suspected neurotoxicity due to clostridium perfringens type b in a tiger (panthera tigris).a 4-yr-old tiger (panthera tigris) was referred with acute onset of severe abnormal consciousness. neurological evaluation showed normal palpebral and corneal reflexes, normal pupil diameter with normal direct and consensual papillary light reflex, and absent menace response bilaterally. diffuse forebrain lesion or focal lesion affecting the ascending reticular activating system was suspected. complete blood examination and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were normal. magnetic resonance imaging of ...201223082539
[septic shock and septic arthritis due to clostridium perfringens]. 201223079562
necrotizing duodenitis caused by clostridium perfringens type a in a japanese young man.a 21-year-old japanese man with a history of marked body weight loss over a short period of time died of necrotizing duodenitis caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) type a. c. perfringens type a is considered to usually cause self-limiting gastroenteritis. necrotizing enteritis sometimes occurs due to c. perfringens in developing countries; however, it is primarily caused by the type c strain and its site of onset is typically the jejunum or ileum. this is a rare case of necrotizin ...201223064579
recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration.dead-end ultrafiltration (deuf) has been reported to be a simple, field-deployable technique for recovering bacteria, viruses, and parasites from large-volume water samples for water quality testing and waterborne disease investigations. while deuf has been reported for application to water samples having relatively low turbidity, little information is available regarding recovery efficiencies for this technique when applied to sampling turbid water samples such as those commonly found in lakes ...201223064261
oligomerization of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is dependent upon caveolins 1 and 2.evidence from multiple studies suggests that clostridium perfringens ε-toxin is a pore-forming toxin, assembling into oligomeric complexes in the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. in a previous study, we used gene-trap mutagenesis to identify mammalian factors contributing to toxin activity, including caveolin-2 (cav2). in this study, we demonstrate the importance of caveolin-2 and its interaction partner, caveolin-1 (cav1), in ε-toxin-induced cytotoxicity. using cav2-specific shrna in a toxin ...201223056496
inducible clostridium perfringens bacteriophages φs9 and φs63: different genome structures and a fully functional sigk intervening element.two inducible temperate bacteriophages φs9 and φs63 from clostridium perfringens were sequenced and analyzed. isometric heads and long non-contractile tails classify φs9 and φs63 in the siphoviridae family, and their genomes consist of 39,457 bp (φs9) and 33,609 bp (φs63) linear dsdna, respectively. φs63 has 3'-overlapping cohesive genome ends, whereas φs9 is the first clostridium phage featuring an experimentally proven terminally redundant and circularly permuted genome. a total of 50 and 43 c ...201223050219
growth of clostridium perfringens during cooling of refried beans.outbreaks of clostridium perfringens have been associated with dishes containing refried beans from food service establishments. however, growth of c. perfringens in refried beans has not been investigated, and predictive models have not been validated in this food matrix. we investigated the growth of c. perfringens during the cooling of refried beans. refried beans (pinto and black, with and without salt added) were inoculated with 3 log cfu/g c. perfringens spores and incubated isothermally a ...201223043826
cryptosporidium spp. in drinking water. samples from rural sites in switzerland.in most rural areas and small communities in switzerland the drinking water is supplied to the consumers after a minimum or even no treatment at all. however, it is just in these areas where drinking water from sources of agricultural activities can be contaminated by liquid manure and faeces of pasturing animals. the swiss drinking water regulations are limited to the monitoring of e. coli, enterococcus spp. and total plate counts only. hence, resistant pathogens, as for example cryptosporidium ...201223037557
genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens isolates from darmbrand cases in post-world war ii germany.clostridium perfringens type c strains are the only non-type-a isolates that cause human disease. they are responsible for enteritis necroticans, which was termed darmbrand when occurring in post-world war ii germany. darmbrand strains were initially classified as type f because of their exceptional heat resistance but later identified as type c strains. since only limited information exists regarding darmbrand strains, this study genetically and phenotypically characterized seven 1940s era darm ...201223027533
netb-producing and beta2-producing clostridium perfringens associated with subclinical necrotic enteritis in laying hens in the netherlands.since 2006 increasing numbers of laying hen flocks with decreased production have been reported in the netherlands. at necropsy, birds from affected flocks showed multifocal areas of necrosis in the duodenum. histologically the duodenum had moderate to marked villus atrophy and fusion with crypt hyperplasia and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate within the lamina propria underlying focal areas of degenerative epithelium. multifocally, free within the intestinal lumen and associated with epithelial ...201223237366
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin a gene. 201223210158
a middle-aged lady with a pyogenic liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens.the pyogenic liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is a rare, but rapidly fatal infection. it is usually associated with malignancy and immunosuppression. we report the case of 50-year-old lady with the secondary liver metastases from rectal cancer presented with fever and epigastric pain. the identification of gram-positive bacilli septicaemia, the presence of gas-forming liver abscess and massive intravascular hemolysis should lead to the suspicion of c. perfringens ...201222993668
novel system for efficient isolation of clostridium double-crossover allelic exchange mutants enabling markerless chromosomal gene deletions and dna integration.isolation of clostridium mutants based on gene replacement via allelic exchange remains a major limitation for this important genus. use of a heterologous counterselection marker can facilitate the identification of the generally rare allelic exchange events. we report on the development of an inducible counterselection marker and describe its utility and broad potential in quickly and efficiently generating markerless dna deletions and integrations at any genomic locus without the need for auxo ...201222983967
identification of a lambda toxin-negative clostridium perfringens strain that processes and activates epsilon prototoxin intracellularly.clostridium perfringens type b and d strains produce epsilon toxin (etx), which is one of the most potent clostridial toxins and is involved in enteritis and enterotoxemias of domestic animals. etx is produced initially as an inactive prototoxin that is typically then secreted and processed by intestinal proteases or possibly, for some strains, lambda toxin. during the current work a unique c. perfringens strain was identified that intracellularly processes epsilon prototoxin to an active form c ...201222982043
ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the united states using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation.understanding the relative public health impact of major microbiological hazards across the food supply is critical for a risk-based national food safety system. this study was conducted to estimate the u.s. health burden of 14 major pathogens in 12 broad categories of food and to then rank the resulting 168 pathogen-food combinations. these pathogens examined were campylobacter, clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, salmonella enterica, toxoplasma ...201222980012
identification of amino acids important for binding of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin to host cells and to havcr1.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin belongs to the aerolysin-like family of pore-forming toxins and is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known. the epsilon toxin causes fatal enterotoxemia in sheep, goats, and possibly humans. evidence indicates that the toxin binds to protein receptors including hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 1 (havcr1), but the region of the toxin responsible for cell binding has not been identified. in the present study, we identify amino acids within the epsilon ...201222938730
computational analysis of human oga structure in complex with pugnac and nag-thiazoline derivatives.the substitution of serine and threonine residues in nucleocytoplasmic proteins with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranose (o-glcnac) residues is an essential post-translational modification found in many multicellular eukaryotes. o-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosidase (o-glcnacase) hydrolyzes o-glcnac residues from post-translationally modified serine/threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic protein. o-glcnac has been implicated in several disease states such as cancer, alzheim ...201222937904
comparative studies on enterococcus, clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus as quality indicators in tropical seawater at a pacific mexican beach resort.three microorganisms were assayed to evaluate the microbiological quality in the seawater at a resort on the mexican pacific coast, and to test for possible associations among the titers of the various bacteria, their possible correlations with environmental conditions, and with the location of potential wastewater outflows. significant microorganism levels were found (at caletilla beach, hornos beach, and papagayo beach, respectively: for enterococcus 157, 153, and 149, for c. perfringens 35, 8 ...201222910334
reactive oxygen species and the mek/erk pathway are involved in the toxicity of clostridium perfringens α-toxin, a prototype bacterial phospholipase c.clostridium perfringens, the most broadly distributed pathogen in nature, produces a prototype phospholipase c, also called α-toxin, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. α-toxin causes plasma membrane disruption at high concentrations, but the role of intracellular mediators in its toxicity at low concentrations is unknown. this work demonstrates that α-toxin causes oxidative stress and activates the mek/erk pathway in cultured cells and furthermore provides compelling evi ...201222904339
fatal foodborne clostridium perfringens illness at a state psychiatric hospital--louisiana, 2010.clostridium perfringens, the third most common cause of foodborne illness in the united states (1), most often causes a self-limited, diarrheal disease lasting 12-24 hours. fatalities are very rare, occurring in <0.03% of cases (1). death usually is caused by dehydration and occurs among the very young, the very old, and persons debilitated by illness (2). on may 7, 2010, 42 residents and 12 staff members at a louisiana state psychiatric hospital experienced vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarr ...201222895383
meningoencephalitis with subdural empyema caused by toxigenic clostridium perfringens type a.we report a clinical case of meningoencephalitis with subdural empyema in an immunocompromised farmer caused by toxigenic clostridium perfringens type a, which was identified by 16s rna gene analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and subdural empyema. in immunocompromised patients, c. perfringens should be considered a potential pathogen of sepsis.201222895036
[clostridium perfringens].in japan, clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is the top 5th or 6th pathogen of foodborne illnesses. annually between 2006 and 2010, there were between 20 and 40 reported outbreaks of foodborne illnesses caused by c. perfringens. c. perfringens is found in soil and dust, in the intestinal tract humans and animals, on the surface of vegetable products. c. perfringens produces an enterotoxin that causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. inappropriate food handing practice (inadequate heating, cool ...201222894072
[new insight from basic research of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin].clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene with inflammatory myopathies and infrequently septicemia associated with massive intravascular hemolysis. the microorganism is known to produce a variety of toxins and enzymes that are responsible for severe myonecrotic lesions. notably, alpha-toxin, which possesses hemolytic, necrotic and lethal activities, and phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities, is an important agent for the diseases. the cytokine storm induced by alpha-toxin, mainly the ...201222894064
spontaneous abscess of the anterior abdominal wall caused by clostridium perfringens resistant to clindamycin. 201222870863
a wide variety of clostridium perfringens type a food-borne isolates that carry a chromosomal cpe gene belong to one multilocus sequence typing cluster.of 98 suspected food-borne clostridium perfringens isolates obtained from a nationwide survey by the food and consumer product safety authority in the netherlands, 59 strains were identified as c. perfringens type a. using pcr-based techniques, the cpe gene encoding enterotoxin was detected in eight isolates, showing a chromosomal location for seven isolates and a plasmid location for one isolate. further characterization of these strains by using (gtg)(5) fingerprint repetitive sequence-based p ...201222865060
survey of naturally and conventionally cured commercial frankfurters, ham, and bacon for physio-chemical characteristics that affect bacterial growth.natural and organic food regulations preclude the use of sodium nitrite/nitrate and other antimicrobials for processed meat products. consequently, processors have begun to use natural nitrate/nitrite sources, such as celery juice/powder, sea salt, and turbinado sugar, to manufacture natural and organic products with cured meat characteristics but without sodium nitrite. the objective of this study was to compare physio-chemical characteristics that affect clostridium perfringens and listeria mo ...201222857852
development of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin in porcine feces and the neonatal piglet intestine.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection and quantitation of beta2-toxin in neonatal piglet intestinal contents. polystyrene plates were coated with polyclonal capture antibodies prepared against consensus recombinant beta2-toxin. the elisa was developed using consensus recombinant beta2-toxin, atypical recombinant beta2-toxin, purified consensus native beta2-toxin, and field samples of neonatal porcine intestinal contents. captured antigen was detected using a ho ...201222855377
enteritis associated with clostridium perfringens type a in 9-month-old calves.four 9-month-old simmental male calves were presented with a history of sudden death. the necropsy and microscopic findings allowed a diagnosis of enteritis and severe intraluminal hemorrhage with blood clots in the jejunum, suggestive of jejunal hemorrhage syndrome.201222851779
clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin recognizes the gm1a-trka complex.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is the major virulence factor in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. alpha-toxin is a 43-kda protein with two structural domains; the n-domain contains the catalytic site and coordinates the divalent metal ions, and the c-domain is a membrane-binding site. the role of the exposed loop region (72-93 residues) in the n-domain, however, has been unclear. here we show that this loop contains a ganglioside binding motif (h … sxwy … g) that is the same motif seen in b ...201222847002
the effect of artemisia annua on broiler performance, on intestinal microbiota and on the course of a clostridium perfringens infection applying a necrotic enteritis disease model.the aerial parts of the plant artemisia annua contain essential oils having antimicrobial properties against clostridium perfringens type a, the causal agent for necrotic enteritis in broilers. in two experiments, the influence of increasing dietary concentrations of dried a. annua leaves (0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) and n-hexane extract from fresh a. annua leaves (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) on broiler performance was investigated. dried plant material decreased feed intake and body weight in a dose-d ...201222834551
intracellular trafficking of clostridium perfringens iota-toxin b.clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is composed of an enzymatic component (ia) and a binding component (ib). ib binds to a cell surface receptor, undergoes oligomerization in lipid rafts, and binds ia. the resulting complex is then endocytosed. here, we show the intracellular trafficking of iota-toxin. after the binding of the ib monomer with cells at 4°c, oligomers of ib formed at 37°c and later disappeared. immunofluorescence staining of ib revealed that the internalized ib was transported to e ...201222825447
temporal flux and spatial dynamics of nutrients, fecal indicators, and zoonotic pathogens in anaerobic swine manure lagoon water.confined animal feeding operations (cafos) often use anaerobic lagoons for manure treatment. in the usa, swine cafo lagoon water is used for crop irrigation that is regulated by farm-specific nutrient management plans (nmps). implementation of stricter us environmental regulations in 2013 will set soil p limits; impacting land applications of manure and requiring revision of nmps. precise knowledge of lagoon water quality is needed for formulating nmps, for understanding losses of n and c in amm ...201222819873
enteropathogens identified in cats entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in cats entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.201222812469
aquaporin 4-specific t cells in neuromyelitis optica exhibit a th17 bias and recognize clostridium abc transporter.aquaporin 4 (aqp4)-specific autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica (nmo) are immunoglobulin (ig)g1, a t cell-dependent ig subclass, indicating that aqp4-specific t cells participate in nmo pathogenesis. our goal was to identify and characterize aqp4-specific t cells in nmo patients and healthy controls (hc).201222807325
targeting claudin-4 in human pancreatic cancer.pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant human diseases and there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. claudin-4, overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions, is a receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the cytotoxic effects of cpe and monoclonal antibodies against claudin-4 are useful as novel therapeutic tools for pancreatic cancer.201222800288
clostridium perfringens gangrenous cystitis with septic shock and bone marrow necrosis. 201222797355
hemorrhagic enterocolitis and death in two felines (panthera tigris altaica and panthera leo) associated with clostridium perfringens type a.severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis was observed in a siberian tiger (panthera tigris altaica) and a lion (panthera leo). both animals developed acute depression, anorexia, and bloody diarrhea several days before death. small and large intestines were diffusely congested, edematous, necrotic, and filled with hemorrhagic fluid, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged and congested. pure and abundant growth of gram-positive bacilli was obtained in culture under anaerobic conditions from the livers o ...201222779248
effects of wet heat treatment on the germination of individual spores of clostridium perfringens.to analyse the effect of wet heat treatment on nutrient and non-nutrient germination of individual spores of clostridium perfringens.201222776375
antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens isolated from piglets with or without diarrhea in brazil.the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) was determined for 13 antibiotics against clostridium perfringens isolated from brazilian piglets. the collection of isolates was performed in june to october 2010. all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin and ceftiofur, whereas most were resistant to tetracycline and lincomycin. avilamycin and narasin were more effective against isolates from non-diarrheic than from diarrheic piglets. the other antimicrobials were less active in need of high concen ...201224031924
reversible monensin adaptation in enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis and clostridium perfringens of cattle origin: potential impact on human food safety.to determine the stability/reversibility and mechanism of monensin adaptation in monensin-treated cattle isolates compared with reference bacterial isolates, exposed in vitro to high monensin concentrations.201222740589
proof of concept for claudin-targeted drug development.claudins (cls) are a family of tetra-integral membrane proteins that are a key structural and functional component of tight junctions. cls are overexpressed in some malignant tumors. claudin-4 is highly expressed in the epithelial cells covering mucosal immune tissues. cls may therefore be a potential target for improving drug absorption, treating cancer, and developing mucosal vaccine. research using clostridium perfringens enterotoxin has resulted in proofs of concept for cl-targeted drug deve ...201222731717
green tea increases the survival yield of bifidobacteria in simulated gastrointestinal environment and during refrigerated conditions.the well-known prebiotics are carbohydrates but their effects may not always be beneficial, as they can also encourage the growth of non-probiotic bacteria such as eubacterium biforme and clostridium perfringens. therefore, new alternatives such as non-carbohydrate sources to stimulate the growth of probiotics are needed. the aim of this work was to evaluate (i) the green tea polyphenols by hplc-lc/ms and (ii) the protective effect of green tea extract on viability and stability of b. infantis a ...201222727242
clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces the release of il-8 through a dual pathway via trka in a549 cells.a characteristic feature of gas gangrene with clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is the absence of neutrophils within the infected area and the massive accumulation of neutrophils at the vascular endothelium around the margins of the necrotic region. intravenous injection of c. perfringens alpha-toxin into mice resulted in the accumulation of neutrophils at the vascular endothelium in lung and liver, and release of gro/kc, a member of the cxc chemokine family with homology to human interle ...201222721959
sanitary inspection of wells using risk-of-contamination scoring indicates a high predictive ability for bacterial faecal pollution in the peri-urban tropical lowlands of dar es salaam, tanzania.sanitary inspection of wells was performed according to world health organization (who) procedures using risk-of-contamination (roc) scoring in the peri-urban tropical lowlands of dar es salaam, tanzania. the roc was assessed for its capacity to predict bacterial faecal pollution in the investigated well water. the analysis was based on a selection of wells representing environments with low to high presumptive faecal pollution risk and a multi-parametric data set of bacterial indicators, genera ...201222717748
vaccination prepartum enhances the beneficial effects of melatonin on the immune response and reduces platelet responsiveness in sheep.melatonin regulates several physiological processes and its powerful action as antioxidant has been widely reported. melatonin acts modulating the immune system, showing a protective effect on the cardiovascular system and improving vaccine administration as an adjuvant-like agent. here, we have investigated the role of melatonin as an adjuvant of the clostridium perfringens vaccine in prepartum sheep and whether melatonin modulates platelet physiology during peripartum.201222716226
animal models to study the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens infections.rabbits, mice, rats, non-human primates, sheep and cattle have been used to study the effect of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe produces mostly necrosis of the small intestinal epithelium along with fluid accumulation in rabbits and mice. in the latter, cpe can bind to internal organs such as the liver, which induces lethal potassium levels in blood.201222713745
vaccination with clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins in combination with montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant increases protection against experimental necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler chickens.this study was performed to compare four clostridium perfringens recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates using the montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant in an experimental model of necrotic enteritis. broiler chickens were immunized subcutaneously with purified clostridial recombinant netb toxin, pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfo), α-toxin, or elongation factor-tu (ef-tu), or with vehicle control, in conjunction with isa 71 vg, and intestinal lesion scores, body weight gains, netb toxin and pf ...201222713719
xylanase supplementation to a wheat-based diet alleviated the intestinal mucosal barrier impairment of broiler chickens challenged by clostridium perfringens.the present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of xylanase on the intestinal mucosal barrier in broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens in a 21-day experiment. a total of 336 1-day-old male broiler chicks (ross 308) were assigned to four treatment groups. a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block design to study the effects of enzyme addition (with or without xylanase 5500 u/kg wheat-based diet), pathogen challenge (w ...201222702457
role of the agr-like quorum-sensing system in regulating toxin production by clostridium perfringens type b strains cn1793 and cn1795.clostridium perfringens type b causes enteritis and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. by definition, these bacteria must produce alpha toxin (cpa), beta toxin (cpb) and epsilon toxin (etx) although most type b strains also produce perfringolysin o (pfo) and beta2 toxin (cpb2). a recently identified agr-like quorum-sensing (qs) system in c. perfringens controls all toxin production by surveyed type a, c, and d strains, but whether this qs is involved in regulating toxin production by type b stra ...201222689820
observing the confinement potential of bacterial pore-forming toxin receptors inside rafts with nonblinking eu(3+)-doped oxide nanoparticles.we track single toxin receptors on the apical cell membrane of mdck cells with eu-doped oxide nanoparticles coupled to two toxins of the pore-forming toxin family: α-toxin of clostridium septicum and ε-toxin of clostridium perfringens. these nonblinking and photostable labels do not perturb the motion of the toxin receptors and yield long uninterrupted trajectories with mean localization precision of 30 nm for acquisition times of 51.3 ms. we were thus able to study the toxin-cell interaction at ...201222677383
identification and proteome analysis of the two-component virr/virs system in epidemic streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects pigs and sporadically causes serious infections in humans. two recent large-scale outbreaks of human streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome with high mortality occurred in china, posing new challenges for global public health. however, the global regulation of the virulence of epidemic ss2 isolates lacks a systematic understanding. in this study, we performed a mutational and functional analysis of an ss2 two-com ...201222670712
salvage liver transplantation for hepatic gas gangrene.hepatic gas gangrene is an uncommon situation mainly due to bacterial infection by clostridium perfringens. it remains a life-threatening condition associated with a high mortality rate. quick diagnosis and aggressive therapy including liver transplantation should be proposed to improve the outcome. this report describes a rare case of hepatic gas gangrene on native liver, secondary to iatrogenic hepatic artery thrombosis and instrumental biliary tree infection, which was successfully treated by ...201222669442
molecular characteristics of clostridium perfringens tpel toxin and consequences of mono-o-glcnacylation of ras in living cells.tpel is a member of the family of clostridial glucosylating toxins produced by clostridium perfringens type a, b, and c strains. in contrast to other members of this toxin family, it lacks a c-terminal polypeptide repeat domain, which is suggested to be involved in target cell binding. it was shown that the glucosyltransferase domain of tpel modifies ras in vitro by mono-o-glucosylation or mono-o-glcnacylation (nagahama, m., ohkubo, a., oda, m., kobayashi, k., amimoto, k., miyamoto, k., and saku ...201222665487
comparison of mucosal absorption-enhancing activity between a claudin-3/-4 binder and a broadly specific claudin binder.intercellular spaces between adjacent mucosal epithelial cells are sealed by tight junctions (tjs) that prevent the free movement of solutes across the epithelium. claudins (cls), a family of 27 integral membrane proteins, are essential components for tj seals. we previously used a cl-3/-4 binder, the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe), to show that cl modulation is a promising method to enhance mucosal absorption. recently, by using a c-cpe mutant library, we dev ...201222659740
antimicrobial susceptibility of canine clostridium perfringens strains from switzerland.fifty clostridium perfringens strains were isolated from individual dogs with acute diarrhoea that were not given antibiotics. toxin types and minimal inhibitory concentrations of 15 antibiotics were determined for each of them. all strains harboured the alpha-toxin gene, 12 of them had both the alpha- and entero-toxin gene and 5 had both the alpha- and beta2-toxin gene. eighteen percent of the isolates showed resistance to tetracycline and 54 % showed decreased susceptibility to metronidazole w ...201222653699
the effect of genetically modified lactobacillus plantarum 590 on the gut health of sprague-dawley rats.lp was a generally recognized as safe microorganism. lactobacillus plantarum 590 was obtained by inserting nisi gene into lp genome to help it tolerate higher concentration nisin. as the unintended effects of the genetically modified microorganism (gmm) are the most important barriers to the progress of gmm, we have performed a useful exploration to establish a new in vivo evaluation model for gmm from the point of view of intestinal health. in this study, sprague-dawley rats were orally adminis ...201222648689
fulminant clostridium perfringens sepsis during induction chemotherapy in childhood leukemia. 201222631574
fluorescent probe for detection of bacteria: conformational trigger upon bacterial reduction of an azo bridge.using biomimetic chemical reduction or clostridium perfringens cell extract containing azoreductase, the dimer-fluorescent probe 2,4-o-bisdansyl-6,7-diazabicyclooct-6-ene, which possesses a conformationally constrained cis-azo bridge, is reduced to the tetra-equatorial 2,4-o-bisdansyl-cyclohexyl-3,5-bisammonium salt which exhibits fluorescence indicative of a dansyl monomer.201222618019
quantitative analyses of genes associated with mucin synthesis of broiler chickens with induced necrotic enteritis.clostridial infection of the intestine can result in necrotic enteritis (ne), compromising production and health of poultry. mucins play a major role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from infection. the relative roles of different mucins in gut pathology following bacterial challenge are unclear. this study was designed to quantify the expression of mucin and mucin-related genes, using intestinal samples from an ne challenge trial where birds were fed diets with or without in-feed antimic ...201222582290
comparison of methods for the enumeration of clostridium perfringens spores in water.four methods for enumerating clostridium perfringens spores in water were evaluated: (1) the imm (iron milk medium) method (mpn); (2) the ls (lactose sulfite broth) method (mpn); (3) the m-cp (membrane filtration clostridium perfringens agar) method (membrane filtration); and (4) the tsc (tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar) method (membrane filtration). the performance of these methods was compared with that of the drcm (differential reinforced clostridium medium) method (mpn) as adopted by cetes ...201222233899
characterization of the high affinity binding of epsilon toxin from clostridium perfringens to the renal system.epsilon toxin (ɛ-toxin), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, causes fatal enterotoxaemia in livestock. in the renal system, the toxin binds to target cells before oligomerization, pore formation and cell death. still, there is little information about the cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the initial steps of the cytotoxic action of ɛ-toxin, including the specific binding to the target sensitive cells. in the present report, the binding step of ɛ-toxin to the mdck cell ...201222264388
molecular characterization of podoviral bacteriophages virulent for clostridium perfringens and their comparison with members of the picovirinae.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium responsible for human food-borne disease as well as non-food-borne human, animal and poultry diseases. because bacteriophages or their gene products could be applied to control bacterial diseases in a species-specific manner, they are potential important alternatives to antibiotics. consequently, poultry intestinal material, soil, sewage and poultry processing drainage water were screened for virulent bacteriophages th ...201222666499
clostridium difficile mazf toxin exhibits selective, not global, mrna cleavage.clostridium difficile is an important, emerging nosocomial pathogen. the transition from harmless colonization to disease is typically preceded by antimicrobial therapy, which alters the balance of the intestinal flora, enabling c. difficile to proliferate in the colon. one of the most perplexing aspects of the c. difficile infectious cycle is its ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and transition from inert colonization to active infection. toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have been implicated ...201222544268
characterization of genes encoding for acquired bacitracin resistance in clostridium perfringens.phenotypic bacitracin resistance has been reported in clostridium perfringens. however, the genes responsible for the resistance have not yet been characterized. ninety-nine c. perfringens isolates recovered from broilers and turkeys were tested for phenotypic bacitracin resistance. bacitracin mic(90) (>256 µg/ml) was identical for both turkey and chicken isolates; whereas mic(50) was higher in turkey isolates (6 µg/ml) than in chicken isolates (3 µg/ml). twenty-four of the 99 isolates showed hi ...201222970221
alanyl-phosphatidylglycerol and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol are translocated by the same mprf flippases and have similar capacities to protect against the antibiotic daptomycin in staphylococcus aureus.the lysinylation of negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol by mprf proteins reduces the affinity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) for bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and reduces the susceptibility of several gram-positive bacterial pathogens to camps. mprf of staphylococcus aureus encompasses a lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (lys-pg) synthase and a lys-pg flippase domain. in contrast, clostridium perfringens encodes two mprf homologs which specifically synthesize alanyl-phosphatidylglycer ...201222491694
rapid, simultaneous detection of clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens in archived tissues by a novel pcr-based microsphere assay: diagnostic implications for pregnancy-associated toxic shock syndrome cases.clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens are infrequent human pathogens; however, the case-fatality rates for the infections are very high, particularly in obstetric c. sordellii infections (>90%). deaths from clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens toxic shock (cts) are sudden, and diagnosis is often challenging. formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissues usually are the only specimens available for sudden fatal cases, and immunohistochemistry (ihc) for clostridia is ge ...201222536012
the 2.5 å structure of the enterococcus conjugation protein tram resembles virb8 type iv secretion proteins.conjugative plasmid transfer is the most important means of spreading antibiotic resistance and virulence genes among bacteria and therefore presents a serious threat to human health. the process requires direct cell-cell contact made possible by a multiprotein complex that spans cellular membranes and serves as a channel for macromolecular secretion. thus far, well studied conjugative type iv secretion systems (t4ss) are of gram-negative (g-) origin. although many medically relevant pathogens ( ...201223188825
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