Publications

understanding the ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions across scales.	predicting the emergence, spread and evolution of parasites within and among host populations requires insight to both the spatial and temporal scales of adaptation, including an understanding of within-host up through community-level dynamics. although there are very few pathosystems for which such extensive data exist, there has been a recent push to integrate studies performed over multiple scales or to simultaneously test for dynamics occurring across scales. drawing on examples from the lit ...	2015	27087838
the dynamics of apoplast phenolics in tobacco leaves following inoculation with bacteria.	this study demonstrates that the accumulation of apoplastic phenolics is stimulated in planta in response to bacterial inoculation. past studies have shown that levels of extracellular phenolics are elicited in plant cell suspensions in response to bacteria, and that tomato plants infected with viroids showed changes in apoplastic phenolics. the method described here monitored changes in apoplastic phenolics in tobacco leaves following bacterial inoculation of the same tissue. inoculation with a ...	2015	26347765
antimicrobial resistance of pseudomonas spp. isolated from wastewater and wastewater-impacted marine coastal zone.	in this study, species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of cultivated pseudomonas spp. were studied in influent (inf), effluent (eff), and marine outfall (mout) of wastewater treatment plant (wwtp). the susceptibility was tested against 8 antimicrobial classes, active against pseudomonas spp.: aminoglycosides, carbapenems, broad-spectrum cephalosporins from the 3rd and 4th generation, extended-spectrum penicillins, as well as their combination with the β-lactamase inhibitors, monoba ...	2015	26286796
evolutionary patchwork of an insecticidal toxin shared between plant-associated pseudomonads and the insect pathogens photorhabdus and xenorhabdus.	root-colonizing fluorescent pseudomonads are known for their excellent abilities to protect plants against soil-borne fungal pathogens. some of these bacteria produce an insecticidal toxin (fit) suggesting that they may exploit insect hosts as a secondary niche. however, the ecological relevance of insect toxicity and the mechanisms driving the evolution of toxin production remain puzzling.	2015	26275815
bacterial rotary export atpases are allosterically regulated by the nucleotide second messenger cyclic-di-gmp.	the widespread second messenger molecule cyclic di-gmp (cdg) regulates the transition from motile and virulent lifestyles to sessile, biofilm-forming ones in a wide range of bacteria. many pathogenic and commensal bacterial-host interactions are known to be controlled by cdg signaling. although the biochemistry of cyclic dinucleotide metabolism is well understood, much remains to be discovered about the downstream signaling pathways that induce bacterial responses upon cdg binding. as part of ou ...	2015	26265469
independent co-option of a tailed bacteriophage into a killing complex in pseudomonas.	competition between microbes is widespread in nature, especially among those that are closely related. to combat competitors, bacteria have evolved numerous protein-based systems (bacteriocins) that kill strains closely related to the producer. in characterizing the bacteriocin complement and killing spectra for the model strain pseudomonas syringae b728a, we discovered that its activity was not linked to any predicted bacteriocin but is derived from a prophage. instead of encoding an active pro ...	2015	26265717
cross kingdom activators of five classes of bacterial effectors.		2015	26203905
unearthing the genomes of plant-beneficial pseudomonas model strains wcs358, wcs374 and wcs417.	plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) can protect plants against pathogenic microbes through a diversity of mechanisms including competition for nutrients, production of antibiotics, and stimulation of the host immune system, a phenomenon called induced systemic resistance (isr). in the past 30 years, the pseudomonas spp. pgpr strains wcs358, wcs374 and wcs417 of the willie commelin scholten (wcs) collection have been studied in detail in pioneering papers on the molecular basis of pgpr-me ...	2015	26198432
phosphorylation of the plant immune regulator rpm1-interacting protein4 enhances plant plasma membrane h⁺-atpase activity and inhibits flagellin-triggered immune responses in arabidopsis.	the pseudomonas syringae effector avrb targets multiple host proteins during infection, including the plant immune regulator rpm1-interacting protein4 (rin4) and rpm1-induced protein kinase (ripk). in the presence of avrb, ripk phosphorylates rin4 at thr-21, ser-160, and thr-166, leading to activation of the immune receptor rpm1. here, we investigated the role of rin4 phosphorylation in susceptible arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we show that rin4 is a diso ...	2015	26198070
microbial communities related to biodegradation of dispersed macondo oil at low seawater temperature with norwegian coastal seawater.	the deepwater horizon (dwh) accident in 2010 created a deepwater plume of small oil droplets from a deepwater well in the mississippi canyon lease block 252 ('macondo oil'). a novel laboratory system was used in the current study to investigate biodegradation of macondo oil dispersions (10 μm or 30 μm median droplet sizes) at low oil concentrations (2 mg l(-1)) in coastal norwegian seawater at a temperature of 4-5°c. whole metagenome analyses showed that oil biodegradation was associated with th ...	2015	26485443
mining for nonribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase genes revealed a high level of diversity in the sphagnum bog metagenome.	sphagnum bog ecosystems are among the oldest vegetation forms harboring a specific microbial community and are known to produce an exceptionally wide variety of bioactive substances. although the sphagnum metagenome shows a rich secondary metabolism, the genes have not yet been explored. to analyze nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) and polyketide synthases (pkss), the diversity of nrps and pks genes in sphagnum-associated metagenomes was investigated by in silico data mining and sequence- ...	2015	26002894
genome mining and metabolic profiling of the rhizosphere bacterium pseudomonas sp. sh-c52 for antimicrobial compounds.	the plant microbiome represents an enormous untapped resource for discovering novel genes and bioactive compounds. previously, we isolated pseudomonas sp. sh-c52 from the rhizosphere of sugar beet plants grown in a soil suppressive to the fungal pathogen rhizoctonia solani and showed that its antifungal activity is, in part, attributed to the production of the chlorinated 9-amino-acid lipopeptide thanamycin (mendes et al., 2011). to get more insight into its biosynthetic repertoire, the genome o ...	2015	26217324
bacillus oryzicola sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from the roots of rice with antimicrobial, plant growth promoting, and systemic resistance inducing activities in rice.	biological control of major rice diseases has been attempted in several rice-growing countries in asia during the last few decades and its application using antagonistic bacteria has proved to be somewhat successful for controlling various fungal diseases in field trials. two novel endophytic bacillus species, designated strains yc7007 and yc7010(t), with anti-microbial, plant growth-promoting, and systemic resistance-inducing activities were isolated from the roots of rice in paddy fields at ji ...	2015	26060434
genetic variation for induced and basal resistance against leaf pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 among arabidopsis thaliana accessions.	in arabidopsis thaliana, significant efforts to determine the effect of naturally occurring variation between phenotypically divergent accessions on different biotic or abiotic stresses are underway. although it is usually assumed that induced systemic resistance (isr) against pathogen will covary with plant genetic variation, this assumption has not been tested rigorously in previous experiments. here, we investigated heritable variation in resistance as well as penicillium simplicissimum gp17- ...	2015	26140260
impact of plant domestication on rhizosphere microbiome assembly and functions.	the rhizosphere microbiome is pivotal for plant health and growth, providing defence against pests and diseases, facilitating nutrient acquisition and helping plants to withstand abiotic stresses. plants can actively recruit members of the soil microbial community for positive feedbacks, but the underlying mechanisms and plant traits that drive microbiome assembly and functions are largely unknown. domestication of plant species has substantially contributed to human civilization, but also cause ...	2015	26085172
impact of plant domestication on rhizosphere microbiome assembly and functions.	the rhizosphere microbiome is pivotal for plant health and growth, providing defence against pests and diseases, facilitating nutrient acquisition and helping plants to withstand abiotic stresses. plants can actively recruit members of the soil microbial community for positive feedbacks, but the underlying mechanisms and plant traits that drive microbiome assembly and functions are largely unknown. domestication of plant species has substantially contributed to human civilization, but also cause ...	2015	26085172
the olive knot disease as a model to study the role of interspecies bacterial communities in plant disease.	there is an increasing interest in studying interspecies bacterial interactions in diseases of animals and plants as it is believed that the great majority of bacteria found in nature live in complex communities. plant pathologists have thus far mainly focused on studies involving single species or on their interactions with antagonistic competitors. a bacterial disease used as model to study multispecies interactions is the olive knot disease, caused by pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (ps ...	2015	26113855
bactericidal compounds controlling growth of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, which forms biofilms composed of a novel exopolysaccharide.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is the major cause of bacterial canker and is a severe threat to kiwifruit production worldwide. many aspects of the disease caused by p. syringae pv. actinidiae, such as the pathogenicity-relevant formation of a biofilm composed of extracellular polymeric substances (epss), are still unknown. here, a highly virulent strain of p. syringae pv. actinidiae, nz v-13, was studied with respect to biofilm formation and architecture using a flow cell system combined w ...	2015	25841017
protist predation can select for bacteria with lowered susceptibility to infection by lytic phages.	consumer-resource interactions constitute one of the most common types of interspecific antagonistic interaction. in natural communities, complex species interactions are likely to affect the outcomes of reciprocal co-evolution between consumers and their resource species. individuals face multiple enemies simultaneously, and consequently they need to adapt to several different types of enemy pressures. in this study, we assessed how protist predation affects the susceptibility of bacterial popu ...	2015	25947228
challenges and opportunities of airborne metagenomics.	recent metagenomic studies of environments, such as marine and soil, have significantly enhanced our understanding of the diverse microbial communities living in these habitats and their essential roles in sustaining vast ecosystems. the increase in the number of publications related to soil and marine metagenomics is in sharp contrast to those of air, yet airborne microbes are thought to have significant impacts on many aspects of our lives from their potential roles in atmospheric events such ...	2015	25953766
comparative genomics of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains b301d and hs191 and insights into intrapathovar traits associated with plant pathogenesis.	pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is a common plant-associated bacterium that causes diseases of both monocot and dicot plants worldwide. to help delineate traits critical to adaptation and survival in the plant environment, we generated complete genome sequences of p. syringae pv. syringae strains b301d and hs191, which represent dicot and monocot strains with distinct host specificities. intrapathovar comparisons of the b301d (6.09 mb) and hs191 (5.95 mb plus a 52 kb pcg131 plasmid) genomes to ...	2015	25940918
inhibition of cell differentiation in bacillus subtilis by pseudomonas protegens.	interspecies interactions have been described for numerous bacterial systems, leading to the identification of chemical compounds that impact bacterial physiology and differentiation for processes such as biofilm formation. here, we identified soil microbes that inhibit biofilm formation and sporulation in the common soil bacterium bacillus subtilis. we did so by creating a reporter strain that fluoresces when the transcription of a biofilm-specific gene is repressed. using this reporter in a co ...	2015	25825426
dimeric c-di-gmp is required for post-translational regulation of alginate production in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that secretes the exopolysaccharide alginate during infection of the respiratory tract of individuals afflicted with cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. among the proteins required for alginate production, alg44 has been identified as an inner membrane protein whose bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) binding activity post-translationally regulates alginate secretion. in this study, we repo ...	2015	25817996
pebl1, a novel protein elicitor from brevibacillus laterosporus strain a60, activates defense responses and systemic resistance in nicotiana benthamiana.	we report the identification, characterization, and gene cloning of a novel protein elicitor (pebl1) secreted from brevibacillus laterosporus strain a60. through a purification process consisting of ion-exchange chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), we isolated a protein that was identified by electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (esi-q-tof-ms-ms). the 351-bp pebl1 gene produces a 12,833-da protein with 116 amino acids that contai ...	2015	25662975
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas abietaniphila kf717 (nbrc 110669), isolated from biphenyl-contaminated soil in japan.	pseudomonas abietaniphila kf717 utilizes biphenyl as a sole source of carbon and energy and degrades polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). we report here the 6,930,016-bp genome sequence of this strain, which contains 6,323 predicted coding sequences (cdss), including the biphenyl-utilizing bph gene cluster.	2015	25792041
bacteria in combination with fertilizers promote root and shoot growth of maize in saline-sodic soil.	salinity is the leading abiotic stress hampering maize ( zea mays l.) growth throughout the world, especially in pakistan. during salinity stress, the endogenous ethylene level in plants increases, which retards proper root growth and consequent shoot growth of the plants. however, certain bacteria contain the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase, which converts 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (an immediate precursor of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants) into ammon ...	2015	26221093
hydroxycinnamic acid degradation, a broadly conserved trait, protects ralstonia solanacearum from chemical plant defenses and contributes to root colonization and virulence.	plants produce hydroxycinnamic acid (hca) defense compounds to combat pathogens, such as the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum. we showed that an hca degradation pathway is genetically and functionally conserved across diverse r. solanacearum strains. further, a feruloyl-coa synthetase (δfcs) mutant that cannot degrade hca was less virulent on tomato plants. to understand the role of hca degradation in bacterial wilt disease, we tested the following hypotheses: hca degradation helps the pathogen ...	2015	25423265
lipopeptide biosynthesis in pseudomonas fluorescens is regulated by the protease complex clpap.	lipopeptides (lp) are structurally diverse compounds with potent surfactant and broad-spectrum antibiotic activities. in pseudomonas and other bacterial genera, lp biosynthesis is governed by large multimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrps). to date, relatively little is known about the regulatory genetic network of lp biosynthesis.	2015	25885431
recognition and activation domains contribute to allele-specific responses of an arabidopsis nlr receptor to an oomycete effector protein.	in plants, specific recognition of pathogen effector proteins by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (nlr) receptors leads to activation of immune responses. rpp1, an nlr from arabidopsis thaliana, recognizes the effector atr1, from the oomycete pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, by direct association via c-terminal leucine-rich repeats (lrrs). two rpp1 alleles, rpp1-nda and rpp1-wsb, have narrow and broad recognition spectra, respectively, with rpp1-nda recognizing a subset of the atr1 ...	2015	25671309
a vector system for abc transporter-mediated secretion and purification of recombinant proteins in pseudomonas species.	pseudomonas fluorescens is an efficient platform for recombinant protein production. p. fluorescens has an abc transporter secreting endogenous thermostable lipase (tlia) and protease, which can be exploited to transport recombinant proteins across the cell membrane. in this study, the expression vector pdart was constructed by inserting tlidef, genes encoding the abc transporter, along with the construct of the lipase abc transporter recognition domain (lard), into pdsk519, a widely used shuttl ...	2015	25548043
the bacterial alarmone (p)ppgpp activates the type iii secretion system in erwinia amylovora.	the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a key pathogenicity factor in erwinia amylovora. previous studies have demonstrated that the t3ss in e. amylovora is transcriptionally regulated by a sigma factor cascade. in this study, the role of the bacterial alarmone ppgpp in activating the t3ss and virulence of e. amylovora was investigated using ppgpp mutants generated by red recombinase cloning. the virulence of a ppgpp-deficient mutant (ppgpp(0)) as ...	2015	25666138
antagonism between phytohormone signalling underlies the variation in disease susceptibility of tomato plants under elevated co2.	increasing co2 concentrations ([co2]) have the potential to disrupt plant-pathogen interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems, but the research in this area has often produced conflicting results. variations in phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) signalling could be associated with variations in the responses of pathogens to plants grown under elevated [co2]. in this study, interactions between tomato plants and three pathogens with different infection strategies wer ...	2015	25657213
comparative genomic analysis and phenazine production of pseudomonas chlororaphis, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium.	pseudomonas chlororaphis ht66, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that produces phenazine-1-carboxamide with high yield, was compared with three genomic sequenced p. chlororaphis strains, gp72, 30-84 and o6. the genome sizes of four strains vary from 6.66 to 7.30 mb. comparisons of predicted coding sequences indicated 4833 conserved genes in 5869-6455 protein-encoding genes. phylogenetic analysis showed that the four strains are closely related to each other. its competitive colonization in ...	2015	26484173
lipopeptides as the antifungal and antibacterial agents: applications in food safety and therapeutics.	a lot of crops are destroyed by the phytopathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast leading to economic losses to the farmers. members of the bacillus genus are considered as the factories for the production of biologically active molecules that are potential inhibitors of growth of phytopathogens. plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. many of the currently available antimicrobial agents for agriculture are highly toxic and nonbiodegradable and thus cause extend ...	2015	25632392
molecular mechanism and evolution of guanylate kinase regulation by (p)ppgpp.	the nucleotide (p)ppgpp mediates bacterial stress responses, but its targets and underlying mechanisms of action vary among bacterial species and remain incompletely understood. here, we characterize the molecular interaction between (p)ppgpp and guanylate kinase (gmk), revealing the importance of this interaction in adaptation to starvation. combining structural and kinetic analyses, we show that (p)ppgpp binds the gmk active site and competitively inhibits the enzyme. the (p)ppgpp-gmk interact ...	2015	25661490
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.	initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...	2015	25653643
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.	initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...	2015	25653643
lessons in fundamental mechanisms and diverse adaptations from the 2015 bacterial locomotion and signal transduction meeting.	in response to rapid changes in their environment, bacteria control a number of processes, including motility, cell division, biofilm formation, and virulence. research presented in january 2015 at the biennial bacterial locomotion and signal transduction (blast) meeting in tucson, az, illustrates the elegant complexity of the nanoarrays, nanomachines, and networks of interacting proteins that mediate such processes. studies employing an array of biophysical, genetic, cell biology, and mathemati ...	2015	26195592
beyond iron: non-classical biological functions of bacterial siderophores.	bacteria secrete small molecules known as siderophores to acquire iron from their surroundings. for over 60 years, investigations into the bioinorganic chemistry of these molecules, including fundamental coordination chemistry studies, have provided insight into the crucial role that siderophores play in bacterial iron homeostasis. the importance of understanding the fundamental chemistry underlying bacterial life has been highlighted evermore in recent years because of the emergence of antibiot ...	2015	25764171
regulation of bacterial virulence by csr (rsm) systems.	most bacterial pathogens have the remarkable ability to flourish in the external environment and in specialized host niches. this ability requires their metabolism, physiology, and virulence factors to be responsive to changes in their surroundings. it is no surprise that the underlying genetic circuitry that supports this adaptability is multilayered and exceedingly complex. studies over the past 2 decades have established that the csra/rsma proteins, global regulators of posttranscriptional ge ...	2015	25833324
proteomic profiling of the outer membrane fraction of the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen ehrlichia ruminantium.	the outer membrane proteins (omps) of gram-negative bacteria play a crucial role in virulence and pathogenesis. identification of these proteins represents an important goal for bacterial proteomics, because it aids in vaccine development. here, we have developed such an approach for ehrlichia ruminantium, the obligate intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater. a preliminary whole proteome analysis of elementary bodies, the extracellular infectious form of the bacterium, had been performed ...	2015	25710494
a novel pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent 2-keto-d-glucose dehydrogenase from pseudomonas aureofaciens.	a gene encoding an enzyme similar to a pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq)-dependent sugar dehydrogenase from filamentous fungi, which belongs to new auxiliary activities (aa) family 12 in the cazy database, was cloned from pseudomonas aureofaciens. the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned enzyme showed only low homology to previously characterized pqq-dependent enzymes, and multiple-sequence alignment analysis showed that the enzyme lacks one of the three conserved arginine residues that functi ...	2015	25645559
characterization of para-nitrophenol-degrading bacterial communities in river water by using functional markers and stable isotope probing.	microbial degradation is a major determinant of the fate of pollutants in the environment. para-nitrophenol (pnp) is an epa-listed priority pollutant with a wide environmental distribution, but little is known about the microorganisms that degrade it in the environment. we studied the diversity of active pnp-degrading bacterial populations in river water using a novel functional marker approach coupled with [(13)c6]pnp stable isotope probing (sip). culturing together with culture-independent ter ...	2015	26209677
bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions.	recent studies of bacterial cellulose biosynthesis, including structural characterization of a functional cellulose synthase complex, provided the first mechanistic insight into this fascinating process. in most studied bacteria, just two subunits, bcsa and bcsb, are necessary and sufficient for the formation of the polysaccharide chain in vitro. other subunits - which differ among various taxa - affect the enzymatic activity and product yield in vivo by modulating (i) the expression of the bios ...	2015	26077867
carnitine in bacterial physiology and metabolism.	carnitine is a quaternary amine compound found at high concentration in animal tissues, particularly muscle, and is most well studied for its contribution to fatty acid transport into mitochondria. in bacteria, carnitine is an important osmoprotectant, and can also enhance thermotolerance, cryotolerance and barotolerance. carnitine can be transported into the cell or acquired from metabolic precursors, where it can serve directly as a compatible solute for stress protection or be metabolized thr ...	2015	25787873
discovery of novel plant interaction determinants from the genomes of 163 root nodule bacteria.	root nodule bacteria (rnb) or "rhizobia" are a type of plant growth promoting bacteria, typified by their ability to fix nitrogen for their plant host, fixing nearly 65% of the nitrogen currently utilized in sustainable agricultural production of legume crops and pastures. in this study, we sequenced the genomes of 110 rnb from diverse hosts and biogeographical regions, and undertook a global exploration of all available rnb genera with the aim of identifying novel genetic determinants of symbio ...	2015	26584898
establishing a role for bacterial cellulose in environmental interactions: lessons learned from diverse biofilm-producing proteobacteria.	bacterial cellulose (bc) serves as a molecular glue to facilitate intra- and inter-domain interactions in nature. biosynthesis of bc-containing biofilms occurs in a variety of proteobacteria that inhabit diverse ecological niches. the enzymatic and regulatory systems responsible for the polymerization, exportation, and regulation of bc are equally as diverse. though the magnitude and environmental consequences of bc production are species-specific, the common role of bc-containing biofilms is to ...	2015	26635751
rhizosphere ecology of lumichrome and riboflavin, two bacterial signal molecules eliciting developmental changes in plants.	lumichrome and riboflavin are novel molecules from rhizobial exudates that stimulate plant growth. reported studies have revealed major developmental changes elicited by lumichrome at very low nanomolar concentrations (5 nm) in plants, which include early initiation of trifoliate leaves, expansion of unifoliate and trifoliate leaves, increased stem elongation and leaf area, and consequently greater biomass accumulation in monocots and dicots. but higher lumichrome concentration (50 nm) depressed ...	2015	26442016
the hidden world within plants: ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of microbial endophytes.	all plants are inhabited internally by diverse microbial communities comprising bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protistic taxa. these microorganisms showing endophytic lifestyles play crucial roles in plant development, growth, fitness, and diversification. the increasing awareness of and information on endophytes provide insight into the complexity of the plant microbiome. the nature of plant-endophyte interactions ranges from mutualism to pathogenicity. this depends on a set of abiotic and bi ...	2015	26136581
genome wide transcriptional profiling of herbaspirillum seropedicae smr1 grown in the presence of naringenin.	herbaspirillum seropedicae is a diazotrophic bacterium which associates endophytically with economically important gramineae. flavonoids such as naringenin have been shown to have an effect on the interaction between h. seropedicae and its host plants. we used a high-throughput sequencing based method (rna-seq) to access the influence of naringenin on the whole transcriptome profile of h. seropedicae. three hundred and four genes were downregulated and seventy seven were upregulated by naringeni ...	2015	26052319
bacterial modulation of plant ethylene levels.	a focus on the mechanisms by which acc deaminase-containing bacteria facilitate plant growth.bacteria that produce the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase, when present either on the surface of plant roots (rhizospheric) or within plant tissues (endophytic), play an active role in modulating ethylene levels in plants. this enzyme activity facilitates plant growth especially in the presence of various environmental stresses. thus, plant growth-promoting bacteria that express ...	2015	25897004
streptophyte phytochromes exhibit an n-terminus of cyanobacterial origin and a c-terminus of proteobacterial origin.	phytochromes are red light-sensitive photoreceptors that control a variety of developmental processes in plants, algae, bacteria and fungi. prototypical phytochromes exhibit an n-terminal tridomain (pgp) consisting of pas, gaf and phy domains and a c-terminal histidine kinase (hk).	2015	25886068
the dual nature of trehalose in citrus canker disease: a virulence factor for xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and a trigger for plant defence responses.	xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is a bacterial pathogen that causes citrus canker in susceptible citrus spp. the xcc genome contains genes encoding enzymes from three separate pathways of trehalose biosynthesis. expression of genes encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (otsa) and trehalose phosphatase (otsb) was highly induced during canker development, suggesting that the two-step pathway of trehalose biosynthesis via trehalose-6-phosphate has a function in pathogenesis. this pathway was ...	2015	25770587
biotechnological and agronomic potential of endophytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic methylobacterium spp.	the genus methylobacterium is composed of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic (ppfm) bacteria, which are able to synthesize carotenoids and grow on reduced organic compounds containing one carbon (c1), such as methanol and methylamine. due to their high phenotypic plasticity, these bacteria are able to colonize different habitats, such as soil, water, and sediment, and different host plants as both endophytes and epiphytes. in plant colonization, the frequency and distribution may be influ ...	2015	25861650
bacterial flagella: twist and stick, or dodge across the kingdoms.	the flagellum organelle is an intricate multiprotein assembly best known for its rotational propulsion of bacteria. however, recent studies have expanded our knowledge of other functions in pathogenic contexts, particularly adherence and immune modulation, e.g., for salmonella enterica, campylobacter jejuni, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and escherichia coli. flagella-mediated adherence is important in host colonisation for several plant and animal pathogens, but the specific interactions that promote ...	2015	25590430
heat shock proteins: a review of the molecular chaperones for plant immunity.	as sessile organisms, plants are exposed to persistently changing stresses and have to be able to interpret and respond to them. the stresses, drought, salinity, chemicals, cold and hot temperatures, and various pathogen attacks have interconnected effects on plants, resulting in the disruption of protein homeostasis. maintenance of proteins in their functional native conformations and preventing aggregation of non-native proteins are important for cell survival under stress. heat shock proteins ...	2015	26676169
comparing gene expression profiles between bt and non-bt rice in response to brown planthopper infestation.	bt proteins are the most widely used insecticidal proteins in transgenic crops for improving insect resistance. we previously observed longer nymphal developmental duration and lower fecundity in brown planthopper (bph) fed on bt rice line kmd2, although bt insecticidal protein cry1ab could rarely concentrate in this non-target rice pest. in the present study, we performed microarray analysis in an effort to detect bt-independent variation, which might render bt rice more defensive and/or less n ...	2015	26734057
oleanolic acid induces the type iii secretion system of ralstonia solanacearum.	ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, can naturally infect a wide range of host plants. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a major virulence determinant in this bacterium. studies have shown that plant-derived compounds are able to inhibit or induce the t3ss in some plant pathogenic bacteria, though no specific t3ss inhibitor or inducer has yet been identified in r. solanacearum. in this study, a total of 50 different compounds were screened and almost half of them (22 ...	2015	26732647
gene expression profiling in viable but nonculturable (vbnc) cells of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	pseudomonas syringae infects diverse crop plants and comprises at least 50 different pathovar strains with different host ranges. more information on the physiological and molecular effects of the host inhibitory environment on the pathogen is needed to develop resistant cultivars. recently, we reported an in vitro model system that mimics the redox pulse associated with the oxidative burst in plant cells inoculated with pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. using this system, we demonstrated that ...	2015	26733964
cmwrky15 facilitates alternaria tenuissima infection of chrysanthemum.	abscisic acid (aba) has an important role in the responses of plants to pathogens due to its ability to induce stomatal closure and interact with salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja). wrky transcription factors serve as antagonistic or synergistic regulators in the response of plants to a variety of pathogens. here, we demonstrated that cmwrky15, a group iia wrky family member, was not transcriptionally activated in yeast cells. subcellular localization experiments in which onion epidermal ...	2015	26600125
genomics and transcriptomics of xanthomonas campestris species challenge the concept of core type iii effectome.	the bacterial species xanthomonas campestris infects a wide range of brassicaceae. specific pathovars of this species cause black rot (pv. campestris), bacterial blight of stock (pv. incanae) or bacterial leaf spot (pv. raphani).	2015	26581393
acetylation of an nb-lrr plant immune-effector complex suppresses immunity.	modifications of plant immune complexes by secreted pathogen effectors can trigger strong immune responses mediated by the action of nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat immune receptors. although some strains of the pathogen pseudomonas syringae harbor effectors that individually can trigger immunity, the plant's response may be suppressed by other virulence factors. this work reveals a robust strategy for immune suppression mediated by hopz3, an effector in the yopj family of acetyltransfera ...	2015	26586425
surveying the potential of secreted antimicrobial peptides to enhance plant disease resistance.	antimicrobial peptides (amps) are natural products found across diverse taxa as part of the innate immune system against pathogen attacks. some amps are synthesized through the canonical gene expression machinery and are called ribosomal amps. other amps are assembled by modular enzymes generating nonribosomal amps and harbor unusual structural diversity. plants synthesize an array of amps, yet are still subject to many pathogen invasions. crop breeding programs struggle to release new cultivars ...	2015	26579150
repeat-containing protein effectors of plant-associated organisms.	many plant-associated organisms, including microbes, nematodes, and insects, deliver effector proteins into the apoplast, vascular tissue, or cell cytoplasm of their prospective hosts. these effectors function to promote colonization, typically by altering host physiology or by modulating host immune responses. the same effectors however, can also trigger host immunity in the presence of cognate host immune receptor proteins, and thus prevent colonization. to circumvent effector-triggered immuni ...	2015	26557126
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.	phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...	2015	26476449
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.	phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...	2015	26476449
genome-wide systematic characterization of the bzip transcriptional factor family in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.).	transcription factors of the basic leucine zipper (bzip) family represent exclusively in eukaryotes and have been shown to regulate diverse biological processes in plant growth and development as well as in abiotic and biotic stress responses. however, little is known about the bzip family in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.).	2015	26459863
ibr5 modulates temperature-dependent, r protein chs3-mediated defense responses in arabidopsis.	plant responses to low temperature are tightly associated with defense responses. we previously characterized the chilling-sensitive mutant chs3-1 resulting from the activation of the toll and interleukin 1 receptor-nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (tir-nb-lrr)-type resistance (r) protein harboring a c-terminal lim (lin-11, isl-1 and mec-3 domains) domain. here we report the identification of a suppressor of chs3, ibr5-7 (indole-3-butyric acid response 5), which largely suppresses chilling ...	2015	26451844
water extract from spent mushroom substrate of hericium erinaceus suppresses bacterial wilt disease of tomato.	culture filtrates of six different edible mushroom species were screened for antimicrobial activity against tomato wilt bacteria ralstonia solanacearum b3. hericium erinaceus, lentinula edodes (sanjo 701), grifola frondosa, and hypsizygus marmoreus showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria. water, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of spent mushroom substrate (sms) of h. erinaceus exhibited high antibacterial activity against different phytopathogenic bacteria: pectobacterium carotov ...	2015	26539048
regulatory proteolysis in arabidopsis-pathogen interactions.	approximately two and a half percent of protein coding genes in arabidopsis encode enzymes with known or putative proteolytic activity. proteases possess not only common housekeeping functions by recycling nonfunctional proteins. by irreversibly cleaving other proteins, they regulate crucial developmental processes and control responses to environmental changes. regulatory proteolysis is also indispensable in interactions between plants and their microbial pathogens. proteolytic cleavage is simu ...	2015	26404238
plant and pathogen nutrient acquisition strategies.	nutrients are indispensable elements required for the growth of all living organisms including plants and pathogens. phyllosphere, rhizosphere, apoplast, phloem, xylem, and cell organelles are the nutrient niches in plants that are the target of bacterial pathogens. depending upon nutrients availability, the pathogen adapts various acquisition strategies and inhabits the specific niche. in this review, we discuss the nutrient composition of different niches in plants, the mechanisms involved in ...	2015	26442063
origin of the outbreak in france of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3, the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, revealed by a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis.	the first outbreaks of bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 were detected in france in 2010. p. syringae pv. actinidiae causes leaf spots, dieback, and canker that sometimes lead to the death of the vine. p. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum, which is pathogenic on kiwi as well, causes only leaf spots. in order to conduct an epidemiological study to track the spread of the epidemics of these two pathogens in france, we developed a multilocus variable-n ...	2015	26209667
ethylene responsive factors in the orchestration of stress responses in monocotyledonous plants.	the apetala2/ethylene-responsive factor (ap2/erf) superfamily of transcription factors (tfs) regulates physiological, developmental and stress responses. most of the ap2/erf tfs belong to the erf family in both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. erfs are implicated in the responses to both biotic and abiotic stress and occasionally impart multiple stress tolerance. studies have revealed that erf gene function is conserved in dicots and monocots. moreover, successful stress tolerance phe ...	2015	26379679
disease resistance gene analogs (rgas) in plants.	plants have developed effective mechanisms to recognize and respond to infections caused by pathogens. plant resistance gene analogs (rgas), as resistance (r) gene candidates, have conserved domains and motifs that play specific roles in pathogens' resistance. well-known rgas are nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeats, receptor like kinases, and receptor like proteins. others include pentatricopeptide repeats and apoplastic peroxidases. rgas can be detected using bioinformatics tools based ...	2015	26287177
rapid and efficient genome-wide characterization of xanthomonas tal effector genes.	xanthomonas tale transcriptional activators act as virulence or avirulence factors by activating host disease susceptibility or resistance genes. their specificity is determined by a tandem repeat domain. some xanthomonas pathogens contain 10-30 tales per strain. although tales play critical roles in pathogenesis, their studies have so far been limited to a few examples, due to their highly repetitive gene structure and extreme similarity among different members, which constrict sequencing and a ...	2015	26271455
development of a multiple loci variable number of tandem repeats analysis (mlva) to unravel the intra-pathovar structure of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae populations worldwide.	the bacterial canker of kiwifruit by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is an emblematic example of a catastrophic disease of fruit crops. in 2008 a new, extremely virulent form of the pathogen emerged and rapidly devastated many actinidia spp. orchards all over the world. in order to understand differences in populations within this pathovar and to elucidate their diffusion and movements on world scale, it is necessary to be able to quickly and on a routine basis compare new isolates with prev ...	2015	26262683
current and prospective methods for plant disease detection.	food losses due to crop infections from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi are persistent issues in agriculture for centuries across the globe. in order to minimize the disease induced damage in crops during growth, harvest and postharvest processing, as well as to maximize productivity and ensure agricultural sustainability, advanced disease detection and prevention in crops are imperative. this paper reviews the direct and indirect disease identification methods currently used in ag ...	2015	26287253
bacteria murmur: application of an acoustic biosensor for plant pathogen detection.	a multi-targeting protocol for the detection of three of the most important bacterial phytopathogens, based on their scientific and economic importance, was developed using an acoustic biosensor (the quartz crystal microbalance) for dna detection. acoustic detection was based on a novel approach where dna amplicons were monitored and discriminated based on their length rather than mass. experiments were performed during real time monitoring of analyte binding and in a direct manner, i.e. without ...	2015	26177507
mortal kombat: the story of defense against tal effectors through loss-of-susceptibility.	many plant-pathogenic xanthomonads rely on transcription activator-like (tal) effectors to colonize their host. this particular family of type iii effectors functions as specific plant transcription factors via a programmable dna-binding domain. upon binding to the promoters of plant disease susceptibility genes in a sequence-specific manner, the expression of these host genes is induced. however, plants have evolved specific strategies to counter the action of tal effectors and confer resistanc ...	2015	26236326
plant myb transcription factors: their role in drought response mechanisms.	water scarcity is one of the major causes of poor plant performance and limited crop yields worldwide and it is the single most common cause of severe food shortage in developing countries. several molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction and stress responses in plants have been elucidated so far. transcription factors are major players in water stress signaling. in recent years, different myb transcription factors, mainly in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. but also ...	2015	26184177
plant immune receptor decoy: pathogens in their own trap.		2015	26164080
secretion systems and signal exchange between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and legumes.	the formation of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots and/or stem of leguminous plants involves a complex signal exchange between both partners. since many microorganisms are present in the soil, legumes and rhizobia must recognize and initiate communication with each other to establish symbioses. this results in the formation of nodules. rhizobia within nodules exchange fixed nitrogen for carbon from the legume. symbiotic relationships can become non-beneficial if one partner ceases t ...	2015	26191069
bean 2.0: an integrated web resource for the identification and functional analysis of type iii secreted effectors.	gram-negative pathogenic bacteria inject type iii secreted effectors (t3ses) into host cells to sabotage their immune signaling networks. because t3ses constitute a meeting-point of pathogen virulence and host defense, they are of keen interest to host-pathogen interaction research community. to accelerate the identification and functional understanding of t3ses, we present bean 2.0 as an integrated web resource to predict, analyse and store t3ses. bean 2.0 includes three major components. first ...	2015	26120140
aggressive emerging pathovars of xanthomonas arboricola represent widespread epidemic clones distinct from poorly pathogenic strains, as revealed by multilocus sequence typing.	deep and comprehensive knowledge of the genetic structure of pathogenic species is the cornerstone on which the design of precise molecular diagnostic tools is built. xanthomonas arboricola is divided into pathovars, some of which are classified as quarantine organisms in many countries and are responsible for diseases on nut and stone fruit trees that have emerged worldwide. recent taxonomic studies of the genus xanthomonas showed that strains isolated from other hosts should be classified in x ...	2015	25934623
plant immune receptors mimic pathogen virulence targets.		2015	26219337
the role of transition metal transporters for iron, zinc, manganese, and copper in the pathogenesis of yersinia pestis.	yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic plague, encodes a multitude of fe transport systems. some of these are defective due to frameshift or is element insertions, while others are functional in vitro but have no established role in causing infections. indeed only 3 fe transporters (ybt, yfe and feo) have been shown to be important in at least one form of plague. the yersiniabactin (ybt) system is essential in the early dermal/lymphatic stages of bubonic plague ...	2015	25891079
cyclic lipopeptide biosynthetic genes and products, and inhibitory activity of plant-associated bacillus against phytopathogenic bacteria.	the antibacterial activity against bacterial plant pathogens and its relationships with the presence of the cyclic lipopeptide (clp) biosynthetic genes ituc (iturin), bmyb (bacillomycin), fend (fengycin) and srfaa (surfactin), and their corresponding antimicrobial peptide products have been studied in a collection of 64 strains of bacillus spp. isolated from plant environments. the most frequent antimicrobial peptide (amp) genes were bmyb, srfaa and fend (34-50% of isolates). most isolates (98.4 ...	2015	26024374
microbial effectors target multiple steps in the salicylic acid production and signaling pathway.	microbes attempting to colonize plants are recognized through the plant immune surveillance system. this leads to a complex array of global as well as specific defense responses, which are often associated with plant cell death and subsequent arrest of the invader. the responses also entail complex changes in phytohormone signaling pathways. among these, salicylic acid (sa) signaling is an important pathway because of its ability to trigger plant cell death. as biotrophic and hemibiotrophic path ...	2015	26042138
group vii ethylene response factors coordinate oxygen and nitric oxide signal transduction and stress responses in plants.	the group vii ethylene response factors (erfviis) are plant-specific transcription factors that have emerged as important regulators of abiotic and biotic stress responses, in particular, low-oxygen stress. a defining feature of erfviis is their conserved n-terminal domain, which renders them oxygen- and nitric oxide (no)-dependent substrates of the n-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis. in the presence of these gases, erfviis are destabilized, whereas an absence of either permits their acc ...	2015	25944828
secondary structural entropy in rna switch (riboswitch) identification.	rna regulatory elements play a significant role in gene regulation. riboswitches, a widespread group of regulatory rnas, are vital components of many bacterial genomes. these regulatory elements generally function by forming a ligand-induced alternative fold that controls access to ribosome binding sites or other regulatory sites in rna. riboswitch-mediated mechanisms are ubiquitous across bacterial genomes. a typical class of riboswitch has its own unique structural and biological complexity, m ...	2015	25928324
comparative genomic analysis of ralstonia solanacearum reveals candidate genes for host specificity.	ralstonia solanacearum is a vascular soil-borne plant pathogen with an unusually broad host range. this economically destructive and globally distributed bacterium has thousands of distinct lineages within a heterogeneous and taxonomically disputed species complex. some lineages include highly host-adapted strains (ecotypes), such as the banana moko disease-causing strains, the cold-tolerant potato brown rot strains (also known as r3bv2) and the recently emerged not pathogenic to banana (npb) st ...	2015	25888333
nuclear processes associated with plant immunity and pathogen susceptibility.	plants are sessile organisms that have evolved exquisite and sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to their biotic and abiotic environment. plants deploy receptors and vast signalling networks to detect, transmit and respond to a given biotic threat by inducing properly dosed defence responses. genetic analyses and, more recently, next-generation -omics approaches have allowed unprecedented insights into the mechanisms that drive immunity. similarly, functional genomics and the emergence of pathogen ...	2015	25846755
development of pcr and taqman pcr assays to detect pseudomonas coronafaciens, a causal agent of halo blight of oats.	pseudomonas coronafaciens causes halo blight on oats and is a plant quarantine bacterium in many countries, including the republic of korea. using of the certificated seed is important for control of the disease. since effective detection method of p. coronafaciens is not available yet, pcr and taqman pcr assays for specific detection of p. coronafaciens were developed in this study. pcr primers were designed from the draft genome sequence of p. coronafaciens lmg 5060 which was obtained by the n ...	2015	25774107
transgenic expression of the dicotyledonous pattern recognition receptor efr in rice leads to ligand-dependent activation of defense responses.	plant plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors (prrs) detect extracellular pathogen-associated molecules. prrs such as arabidopsis efr and rice xa21 are taxonomically restricted and are absent from most plant genomes. here we show that rice plants expressing efr or the chimeric receptor efr::xa21, containing the efr ectodomain and the xa21 intracellular domain, sense both escherichia coli- and xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo)-derived elf18 peptides at sub-nanomolar concentratio ...	2015	25821973
rpon1, but not rpon2, is required for twitching motility, natural competence, growth on nitrate, and virulence of ralstonia solanacearum.	the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum has two genes encoding for the sigma factor σ(54): rpon1, located in the chromosome and rpon2, located in a distinct "megaplasmid" replicon. in this study, individual mutants as well as a double mutant of rpon were created in r. solanacearum strain gmi1000 in order to determine the extent of functional overlap between these two genes. by virulence assay we observed that rpon1 is required for virulence whereas rpon2 is not. in addition rpon1 controls othe ...	2015	25852679
the barley powdery mildew candidate secreted effector protein csep0105 inhibits the chaperone activity of a small heat shock protein.	pathogens secrete effector proteins to establish a successful interaction with their host. here, we describe two barley (hordeum vulgare) powdery mildew candidate secreted effector proteins, csep0105 and csep0162, which contribute to pathogen success and appear to be required during or after haustorial formation. silencing of either csep using host-induced gene silencing significantly reduced the fungal haustorial formation rate. interestingly, both cseps interact with the barley small heat shoc ...	2015	25770154
autoimmunity conferred by chs3-2d relies on csa1, its adjacent tnl-encoding neighbour.	plant innate immunity depends on the function of a large number of intracellular immune receptor proteins, the majority of which are structurally similar to mammalian nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptor (nlr) proteins. chilling sensitive 3 (chs3) encodes an atypical toll/interleukin 1 receptor (tir)-type nlr protein with an additional lin-11, isl-1 and mec-3 (lim) domain at its c-terminus. the gain-of-function mutant allele chs3-2d exhibits severe dwarfism and constitut ...	2015	25740259
discovery of core biotic stress responsive genes in arabidopsis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis.	intricate signal networks and transcriptional regulators translate the recognition of pathogens into defense responses. in this study, we carried out a gene co-expression analysis of all currently publicly available microarray data, which were generated in experiments that studied the interaction of the model plant arabidopsis thaliana with microbial pathogens. this work was conducted to identify (i) modules of functionally related co-expressed genes that are differentially expressed in response ...	2015	25730421
molecular and functional analyses of a maize autoactive nb-lrr protein identify precise structural requirements for activity.	plant disease resistance is often mediated by nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (nlr) proteins which remain auto-inhibited until recognition of specific pathogen-derived molecules causes their activation, triggering a rapid, localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (hr). three domains are recognized in one of the major classes of nlr proteins: a coiled-coil (cc), a nucleotide binding (nb-arc) and a leucine rich repeat (lrr) domains. the maize nlr gene rp1-d21 derives from an in ...	2015	25719542
phospholipase d and phosphatidic acid in plant defence response: from protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions to hormone signalling.	phospholipase ds (plds) and pld-derived phosphatidic acids (pas) play vital roles in plant hormonal and environmental responses and various cellular dynamics. recent studies have further expanded the functions of plds and pas into plant-microbe interaction. the molecular diversities and redundant functions make pld-pa an important signalling complex regulating lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicle trafficking, and hormonal signalling in plant defence through protein-protein and protei ...	2015	25680793