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Enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control.This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats, with an emphasis on Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis in Boxers. Veterinarians are challenged when attempting to diagnose animals with suspected bacterial-associated diarrhea because well-scrutinized practice guidelines that provide obje ...201122092607
evaluation in broilers of the probiotic properties of pichia pastoris and a recombinant p. pastoris containing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene.the probiotic properties of pichia pastoris and of a recombinant p. pastoris containing the clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene were evaluated in broilers. one-day-old chicks randomly divided in four groups were fed with commercial feed devoid of antibacterials. the control group (1) received plain food, while the other groups were supplemented with either p. pastoris (2), the recombinant p. pastoris (3) or bacillus cereus var. toyoi (4). at day 49, live weights, feed efficiency and serocon ...201122176763
Microbial community analysis and identification of alternative host-specific fecal indicators in fecal and river water samples using pyrosequencing.It is important to know the comprehensive microbial communities of fecal pollution sources and receiving water bodies for microbial source tracking. Pyrosequencing targeting the V1-V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene was used to investigate the characteristics of bacterial and Bacteroidales communities in major fecal sources and river waters. Diversity analysis indicated that cow feces had the highest diversities in the bacterial and Bacteroidales group followed by the pig sample, with ...201121887641
modulation of bacterial translocation in mice mediated through lactose and human milk oligosaccharides.massive resection of the small intestine in infants is imposed to the regulation of several intestinal pathological situations, as intestinal adaptation cannot be relied upon. many nutritional disturbances are occurring following surgery procedure. in this vein, long-term parenteral feeding is adopt to improve prognosis not always successfully. clostridia and more specifically clostridium perfringens, are suspected to participate in the physiopathology of the rising situation. in order to invest ...201121939778
Potent inhibition of bacterial neuraminidase activity by pterocarpans isolated from the roots of Lespedeza bicolor.Bacterial neuraminidase has been highlighted as a key enzyme for pathogenic infection and sepsis. Six pterocarpans displaying significant levels of neuraminidase inhibitory activity were isolated from the root bark of Lespedeza bicolor. The isolated compounds were identified as three new pterocarpans (1-3) together with known compounds erythrabyssin II (4), lespebuergine G4 (5), and 1-methoxyerythrabyssin II (6). The new compounds were characterized as bicolosin A (1), bicolosin B (2), and bicol ...201121911291
Antibacterial activity of different degree of hydrolysis of palm kernel expeller peptides against spore-forming and non-spore-forming bacteria.The goal of this study was to determine inhibitory effect of palm kernel expeller (PKE) peptides of different degree of hydrolysis (DH %) against spore-forming bacteria Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophillus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Clostridium perfringens; and non-spore-forming bacteria Escherichia coli, Lisinibacillus sphaericus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas a ...201121848644
gynecologic clostridial toxic shock in women of reproductive age.clostridial toxic shock, caused by clostridium sordellii or clostridium perfringens, is a rare and largely fatal syndrome among reproductive-aged women with genital tract infection, and may occur following various pregnancy outcomes or without pregnancy. clinicians should be aware of common clinical features of this very rapidly-progressing syndrome including abdominal pain, tachycardia, hypotension, third-space fluid accumulations, hemoconcentration, and marked leukemoid response, often with la ...201121882086
Development and characterization of a xylose-inducible gene expression system for Clostridium perfringens.A xylose-inducible gene expression vector for Clostridium perfringens was developed. Plasmid pXCH contains a chromosomal region from Clostridium difficile (xylR-P(xy)(lB)): xylR, encoding the xylose repressor, xylO, the xyl operator sequence, and P(xylB), the divergent promoter upstream of xylBA encoding xylulo kinase and xylose isomerase. pXCH allows tightly regulated expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter and the a-toxin genes in response to the inducer concentration. Thu ...201121965407
microbiological analysis of stuffed mussels sold in the streets.stuffed mussel is a traditional food that sold by street venders in various countries. in the present study, samples of stuffed mussels were collected from various places in ankara. the mussels were analyzed to show the microbiological risks for human health. thirty samples (600 stuffed mussels in total) were collected periodically and microbiological analyses were performed by standard procedures for bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, salmonella sp., clostridium sp. in te ...201122754015
expression and characterization of an endo-1,4-β-galactanase from emericella nidulans in pichia pastoris for enzymatic design of potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides from potato galactans.potato pulp is a high-volume side-stream from industrial potato starch manufacturing. enzymatically solubilized β-1,4-galactan-rich potato pulp polysaccharides of molecular weights >100 kda (sppp) are highly bifidogenic in human fecal sample fermentations in vitro. the objective of the present study was to use potato β-1,4-galactan and the sppp as substrates for enzymatic production of potentially prebiotic compounds of lower and narrower molecular weight. a novel endo-1,4-β-galactanase from eme ...201122226198
use of essential oils and extracts from spices in meat protection.the hydro distillation method was used in this study to get essential oils (eos) from cumin (cuminum cyminum l.), clove (eugenia caryohyllata) and elecampane (inula helenium l.) and the co-hydro distillation method (addition of fatty acid ethyl esters as extraction cosolvents) to get functional extracts (efs). the mic (minimum inhibitory concentration) and the mbc (minimum bactericidal concentration) were determined on five pathogenic strains (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, listeria monoc ...201124803704
Necrotic enteritis in collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries.An outbreak of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C was diagnosed in captive collared (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) peccaries housed in the Laboratory of Applied Ethology of Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz located in Ilhéus, State of Bahia, Brazil. Four collared peccaries and three white-lipped peccaries, all juveniles (25-105 days old), were affected. For all affected animals, lethargy and inappetance were followed by sudden death within 24 hours. ...201122204072
necrotic enteritis-derived clostridium perfringens strain with three closely related independently conjugative toxin and antibiotic resistance plasmids.the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis involves netb, a pore-forming toxin produced by virulent avian isolates of clostridium perfringens type a. to determine the location and mobility of the netb structural gene, we examined a derivative of the tetracycline-resistant necrotic enteritis strain ehe-ne18, in which netb was insertionally inactivated by the chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol resistance gene catp. both tetracycline and thiamphenicol resistance could be transferred either togethe ...201121954306
detection of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in meat samples by using molecular methods.to prevent food-borne bacterial diseases and to trace bacterial contamination events to foods, microbial source tracking (mst) methods provide important epidemiological information. to apply molecular methods to mst, it is necessary not only to amplify bacterial cells to detection limit levels but also to prepare dna with reduced inhibitory compounds and contamination. isolates carrying the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene (cpe) on the chromosome or a plasmid rank among the most importan ...201121890671
pervasive pneumatosis in a patient on immunosuppressive agents. 201121890774
[analysis of regulatory system of toxin production by cell-cell signaling in clostridium perfringens]. 201121952351
multidisciplinary treatment. a therapeutic option to treat calciphylaxis. 201121959736
Gas discharge plasmas are effective in inactivating Bacillus and Clostridium spores.Bacterial spores are the most resistant form of life and have been a major threat to public health and food safety. Nonthermal atmospheric gas discharge plasma is a novel sterilization method that leaves no chemical residue. In our study, a helium radio-frequency cold plasma jet was used to examine its sporicidal effect on selected strains of Bacillus and Clostridium. The species tested included Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Clos ...201122075631
Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is the host receptor for the binary toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT).Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Hypervirulent strains of the pathogen, which are responsible for increased morbidity and mortality of CDI, produce the binary actin-ADP ribosylating toxin Clostridium difficile transferase (CDT) in addition to the Rho-glucosylating toxins A and B. CDT depolymerizes the actin cytoskeleton, increases adherence and colonization of Clostridia by induction of microtubule-based cell protrusions an ...201121930894
fulminant septic shock due to clostridium perfringens skin and soft tissue infection eight years after liver transplantation.bacterial and fungal infections are the main cause of death within the first year after liver transplantation. clostridium perfringens is the most common germ causing gas gangrene. infections with clostridium perfringens may present in a variety of clinical manifestations, reaching from asymptomatic infections to massive intravascular haemolysis and multiple organ failure due to septic shock.201121959524
are microbial indicators and pathogens correlated? a statistical analysis of 40 years of research.indicator organisms are used to assess public health risk in recreational waters, to highlight periods of challenge to drinking water treatment plants, and to determine the effectiveness of treatment and the quality of distributed water. however, many have questioned their efficacy for indicating pathogen risk. five hundred and forty cases representing independent indicator-pathogen correlations were obtained from the literature for the period 1970-2009. the data were analyzed to assess factors ...201121942192
novel clostridium perfringens enterotoxin suicide gene therapy for selective treatment of claudin-3- and -4-overexpressing tumors.bacterial toxins are known to be effective for cancer therapy. clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is produced by the bacterial clostridium type a strain. the transmembrane proteins claudin-3 and -4, often overexpressed in numerous human epithelial tumors (for example, colon, breast, pancreas, prostate and ovarian), are the targeted receptors for cpe. cpe binding to them triggers formation of membrane pore complexes leading to rapid cell death. in this study, we aimed at selective tumor ce ...201121975465
prevalence of selected bacterial and parasitic agents in feces from diarrheic and healthy control cats from northern california.background: bacterial and parasitic agents are commonly implicated as causes of diarrhea in cats, but there is a paucity of information evaluating epidemiological and prevalence factors associated with most of these organisms in cats. objectives: determine the prevalence of selected enteropathogens in diarrheic and nondiarrheic cats. animals: a total of 219 diarrheic and 54 nondiarrheic cats. methods: prospective study. fresh fecal specimens were submitted for centrifugation flotation, culture, ...201122182203
protein kinase cα inhibitor enhances the sensitivity of human pancreatic cancer hpac cells to clostridium perfringens enterotoxin via claudin-4.protein kinase c (pkc) is overexpressed in cancer, including pancreatic cancer, compared with normal tissue. moreover, pkcα is considered one of the biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancers. in several human cancers, the claudin tight junction molecules are abnormally regulated and are thus promising molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy with clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). in order to investigate the changes of tight junction functions of claudins via pkcα activation in pancreat ...201122160590
tpel-producing strains of clostridium perfringens type a are highly virulent for broiler chicks.clostridium perfringens type a and type c are causative agents of necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry. tpel, a recently-described novel member of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, was found in c. perfringens type c. others have since reported tpel in type a isolates from ne outbreaks, suggesting that it may contribute to the pathogenesis of ne. the virulence of tpel-positive and -negative c. perfringens strains from cases of ne was examined by challenge of broiler chicks. gross lesions ...201122019986
recognition of greater diversity of bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.in a study looking at culturable aerobic actinobacteria associated with the human gastrointestinal tract, the vast majority of isolates obtained from dried human faeces belonged to the genus bacillus and related bacteria. a total of 124 isolates were recovered from the faeces of 10 healthy adult donors. 16s rrna gene sequence analyses showed the majority belonged to the families bacillaceae (n=81) and paenibacillaceae (n=3), with bacillus species isolated from all donors. isolates tentatively id ...201122041546
(1)h, (15)n and (13)c backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module from the clostridium perfringens nagh.the gram-positive anaerobe clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that secretes a battery of enzymes involved in glycan degradation. these glycoside hydrolases are thought to be involved in turnover of mucosal layer glycans, and in the spread of major toxins commonly associated with the development of gastrointestinal diseases and gas gangrene in humans. these enzymes employ multi-modularity and carbohydrate-binding function to degrade extracellular eukaryotic host sugars ...201121912839
sialidases affect the host cell adherence and epsilon toxin-induced cytotoxicity of clostridium perfringens type d strain cn3718.clostridium perfringens type b or d isolates, which cause enterotoxemias or enteritis in livestock, produce epsilon toxin (etx). etx is exceptionally potent, earning it a listing as a cdc class b select toxin. most c. perfringens strains also express up to three different sialidases, although the possible contributions of those enzymes to type b or d pathogenesis remain unclear. type d isolate cn3718 was found to carry two genes (nani and nanj) encoding secreted sialidases and one gene (nanh) en ...201122174687
Necrotic enteritis due to simultaneous infection with Isospora suis and clostridia in newborn piglets and its prevention by early treatment with toltrazuril.In this study, 51 piglets originating from five different sows were included in the investigations. The animal source of all sows had a history of Clostridium perfringens type A (ß2) infection. The piglets of three sows (n?=?31) were experimentally infected with Isospora suis within the first 4 h after birth and were randomly assigned to the treatment group or the sham-dosing group. The piglets of the two remaining sows (n?=?20) served as I. suis-uninfected controls. Twelve hours post-infection, ...201121968954
Interactions between Clostridium perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages.Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of a variety of histotoxic infections in humans and animals. Studies on the early events of C. perfringens infections have been largely focused on the interactions between their vegetative cells and macrophages. Consequently, in the current study we have examined the interactions between C. perfringens spores and Raw 264.7 macrophages. Raw 264.7 cells were able to interact and phagocytose Clostridium perfringens spores of a food poisoning isolate, s ...201122209938
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 35-2011: a 33-year-old woman with postpartum leukocytosis and gram-positive bacteremia. 201122087683
Analysis of the germination of individual Clostridium perfringens spores and its heterogeneity.To analyse the germination and its heterogeneity of individual spores of Clostridium perfringens.201121883730
severe hemolytic crisis and multiorgan failure secondary to clostridium perfringens infection. 201121903298
the conjugation protein tcpc from clostridium perfringens is structurally related to the type iv secretion system protein virb8 from gram-negative bacteria.bacterial conjugation is important for the acquisition of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. we investigated the mechanism of conjugation in gram-positive pathogens using a model plasmid pcw3 from clostridium perfringens. pcw3 encodes tetracycline resistance and contains the tcp locus, which is essential for conjugation. we showed that the unique tcpc protein (359 amino acids, 41 kda) was required for efficient conjugative transfer, localized to the cell membrane independently of other c ...201122150951
tailored ß-cyclodextrin blocks the translocation pores of binary exotoxins from c. botulinum and c. perfringens and protects cells from intoxication.clostridium botulinum c2 toxin and clostridium perfringens iota toxin are binary exotoxins, which adp-ribosylate actin in the cytosol of mammalian cells and thereby destroy the cytoskeleton. c2 and iota toxin consists of two individual proteins, an enzymatic active (a-) component and a separate receptor binding and translocation (b-) component. the latter forms a complex with the a-component on the surface of target cells and after receptor-mediated endocytosis, it mediates the translocation of ...201121887348
effects of feeding polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbiota and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs.polydextrose is a potential prebiotic, but has not been well tested in dogs. thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of polydextrose on faecal characteristics, microbial populations and fermentative end products in healthy adult dogs. a total of eight adult hound dogs (3·5 (sem 0·5) years; 20 (sem 0·5) kg) were randomly allotted to one of four test diets containing the following concentrations of polydextrose: (1) 0 % (control); (2) 0·5 %; (3) 1·0 %; or (4) 1·5 %. a ...201122085650
antimicrobial activity of butyrate glycerides toward salmonella typhimurium and clostridium perfringens.the antimicrobial activities of n-butyric acid and its derivatives against salmonella typhimurium and clostridium perfringens were studied. n-butyric acid and its derivatives (monobutyrin and a mixture of mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides of butyric acid) were added at different concentrations (ranging from 250 to 7,000 mg/kg to a media inoculated with either salmonella typhimurium or c. perfringens. the antimicrobial activity of butyric acid against c. perfringens was measured at 2 bacterium conce ...201121934003
clostridium perfringens type c and clostridium difficile co-infection in foals.clostridium perfringens type c is one of the most important agents of enteric disease in newborn foals. clostridium difficile is now recognized as an important cause of enterocolitis in horses of all ages. while infections by c. perfringens type c or c. difficile are frequently seen, we are not aware of any report describing combined infection by these two microorganisms in foals. we present here five cases of foal enterocolitis associated with c. difficile and c. perfringens type c infection. f ...201122177970
modeling of clostridium perfringens vegetative cell inactivation in beef-in-sauce products: a meta-analysis using mixed linear models.the aim of the present study was to predict clostridium perfringens vegetative cell inactivation during the final reheating step of two beef-in-sauce products prepared and distributed in a french hospital for exposure in risk assessment. in order to account for variability according to experts and international organization recommendations, published data were used to estimate the thermal inactivation parameters of a probabilistic model. mixed effects models were proposed to describe variability ...201122236760
induction of strong anti-hiv cellular immunity by a combination of clostridium perfringens expressing hiv gag and virus like particles.the lower gastrointestinal tract is a major mucosal site of hiv entry and initial infection. thus, the induction of strong cellular immune responses at this mucosal site will be an important feature of an effective hiv vaccine. we have used a novel prime-boost vaccination approach to induce immune responses at mucosal sites. orally delivered recombinant clostridium perfringens expressing hiv-1 gag (cp-gag) was evaluated for induction of hiv-1 gag specific t cell responses in a prime-boost model ...201122211658
validation of a numerical indicator of microbial contamination for karst springs.rapid changes in spring water quality in karst areas due to rapid recharge of bacterially contaminated water are a major concern for drinking water suppliers and users. the main objective of this study was to use field experiments with fecal indicators to verify the vulnerability of a karst spring to pathogens, as determined by using a numerical modeling approach. the groundwater modeling was based on linear storage models that can be used to simulate karst water flow. the vulnerability of the k ...201120180864
degradation of the extracellular matrix components by bacterial-derived metalloproteases: implications for inflammatory bowel diseases.proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix, a feature of mucosal homeostasis and tissue renewal, also contributes to the complications of intestinal inflammation. whether this proteolytic activity is entirely host-derived, or, in part, produced by the gut microbiota, is unknown.201120853433
galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide supplementation affects nutrient digestibility, fermentation end-product production, and large bowel microbiota of the dog.a galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide (ggmo) obtained from fiberboard production was evaluated as a dietary supplement for dogs. the ggmo substrate contained increased concentrations of oligosaccharides containing mannose, xylose, and glucose, with the mannose component accounting for 35% of dm. adult dogs assigned to a 6 × 6 latin square design were fed 6 diets, each containing a different concentration of supplemental ggmo (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) that replaced dietary cellulose. total tract d ...201120852078
pathogen removal in farm-scale psychrophilic anaerobic digesters processing swine manure.this study assessed the efficiency of commercial-scale psychrophilic anaerobic digestion in sequencing batch reactors (padsbrs) for pathogen removal from pig manure. the impact of treatment cycle length and of hydraulic flow regimes on pathogen removal efficiency was investigated. two conventionally operated sbrs (br1 and br2) and two sbrs simultaneously fed during the draw step (br3 and br4) were monitored over a two-year period. padsbrs significantly decreased the concentration of coliforms, s ...201120801022
effects of bilayer composition and physical properties on the phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities of clostridium perfringens α-toxin.α-toxin, a major determinant of clostridium perfringens toxicity, exhibits both phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities. our studies with large unilamellar vesicles containing a variety of lipid mixtures reveal that both lipase activities are enhanced by cholesterol and by lipids with an intrinsic negative curvature, e.g. phosphatidylethanolamine. conversely lysophospholipids, that possess a positive intrinsic curvature, inhibit the α-toxin lipase activities. phospholipids with a net neg ...201120727345
nitrite pickling salt as an alternative to formaldehyde for embalming in veterinary anatomy--a study based on histo- and microbiological analyses.formaldehyde, the traditional embalming agent has negative health effects. nitrite pickling salt has been reported to be a good and inexpensive alternative when supplemented with antioxidants, but the antioxidants caused yellowish colouration of cadavers, and damaged corrosion-resistant steel tables and stone floors. here, nitrite pickling salt was supplemented with ethanol and pluriol(®) and tested for effectiveness as an embalming agent of twenty dog cadavers: 10 with open, and 10 with closed ...201120829010
endocytosis and toxicity of clostridial binary toxins depend on a clathrin-independent pathway regulated by rho-gdi.clostridial binary toxins, such as clostridium perfringens iota and clostridium botulinum c2, are composed of a binding protein (ib and c2ii respectively) that recognizes distinct membrane receptors and mediates internalization of a catalytic protein (ia and c2-i respectively) with adp-ribosyltransferase activity that disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. we show here that the endocytic pathway followed by these toxins is independent of clathrin but requires the activity of dynamin and is regulated b ...201120846184
oral administration of clostridium butyricum for modulating gastrointestinal microflora in mice.this study aimed to evaluate the safety of clostridium butyricum and to investigate the effect of c. butyricum on mice ecosystem in the intestinal tract by way of examining the population of different microorganisms isolated from caecal contents. we firstly evaluated the safety of c. butyricum using acute toxicity test and ames test. then forty male balb/c mice were divided into the following four treatment groups, each consisting of ten mice: normal group, low-dose group, medium-dose group and ...201120711781
foodborne illness acquired in the united states--major pathogens.estimates of foodborne illness can be used to direct food safety policy and interventions. we used data from active and passive surveillance and other sources to estimate that each year 31 major pathogens acquired in the united states caused 9.4 million episodes of foodborne illness (90% credible interval [cri] 6.6-12.7 million), 55,961 hospitalizations (90% cri 39,534-75,741), and 1,351 deaths (90% cri 712-2,268). most (58%) illnesses were caused by norovirus, followed by nontyphoidal salmonell ...201121192848
preterm birth and necrotizing enterocolitis alter gut colonization in pigs.necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) in preterm neonates is dependent on bacterial colonization, but it remains unclear whether a particular microbiota or specific pathogens are involved. we hypothesized that gut colonization differs between preterm and term neonates and that overgrowth of clostridium perfringens predisposes to nec. by using terminal-rflp and fish, we characterized the gut microbiota of preterm, caesarean-delivered, formula-fed pigs (n = 44) with or without nec and of formula- or col ...201120924317
effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers.this study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the prebiotics fructo-oligosaccharide (fos) and mannan-oligosaccharide (mos) on the performance, small intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. two hundred forty 1-d-old ross broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatment groups: control, avilamycin (6 mg/kg), 0.25% fos, 0.5% fos, 0.025% mos, and 0.05% mos. each treatment was fed to 4 replicates of 10 birds per diet for 4 wk. except for the 0.5% fo ...201121177446
effects of age and region on fecal microflora in elderly subjects living in bama, guangxi, china.intestinal microflora analysis was performed on 52 healthy elderly subjects of different ages and in different regions in bama county, guangxi, china. the participants were assigned to three groups depending on their age and location: longevous (group m; mean age = 98 years; n = 21); rural younger elderly (group s; mean age = 70 years; n = 18); and urban elderly (group c; mean age = 82 years; n = 13). ten groups of bacteria were quantified using real-time pcr. age-related differences were observ ...201120509028
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is cytotoxic for human renal tubular epithelial cells.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx) is responsible for a fatal enterotoxemia in different animal species, producing extensive renal damage, neurological disturbance and edema of lungs, heart and kidneys. however, there is no information about the susceptibility of humans to etx. here, we report that primary cultures of human renal tubular epithelial cells (hrtec) exposed to etx showed a marked swelling with subsequent large blebs surrounding most cells. the incubation of hrtec with etx p ...201120488848
on-farm multi-contamination of pigs by food-borne bacterial zoonotic hazards: an exploratory study.application of risk analysis to control pork-borne zoonoses on farms is a major aim of the current european food safety legislation. the prevalence, levels of contamination and variations in pig contaminations according to herds and batches must therefore be studied to define relevant methods for control of zoonoses. the aims of this exploratory study were to provide information on the prevalence and levels of infection of finisher/fattening pigs by campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, l ...201120655671
a 17-year review of foodborne outbreaks: describing the continuing decline in england and wales (1992-2008).systematic national surveillance of foodborne disease outbreaks effectively serves the development of public health policy on food safety. the health protection agency has maintained a collaborative surveillance system for foodborne outbreaks in england and wales since 1992. up to 2008, 2429 foodborne outbreaks were identified, described and analysed for changes over time. salmonella spp. accounted for half of the outbreaks, although the proportion of these decreased over the surveillance period ...201120696086
impact of fresh or used litter on the posthatch immune system of commercial broilers.this study was carried out to investigate the effects of exposure of growing broiler chickens of commercial origin to used poultry litter on intestinal and systemic immune responses. the litter types evaluated were fresh wood shavings or used litter obtained from commercial poultry farms with or without a history of gangrenous dermatitis (gd). immune parameters measured were serum nitric oxide (no) levels, serum antibody titers against eimeria or clostridium perfringens, mitogen-induced spleen c ...201122312971
clostridium perfringens sepsis and fetal demise after genetic amniocentesis.clostridium perfringens is a rare cause of intrauterine infection. there have been five case reports concerning infection associated with invasive procedures. we report a woman who underwent a genetic amniocentesis due to her history of chronic granulomatous disease. she presented to the hospital ∼38 hours after the amniocentesis complaining of fever and chills. due to acute decompensation, she underwent an emergent dilatation and evacuation. during her stay, blood cultures came back positive fo ...201123705080
fulminating septic shock from clostridium perfringens in an early breast cancer patient with severe myalgia after docetaxel treatment.anaerobic bacteraemia could be a life-threatening condition in neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy. taxane therapy is associated with necrotising inflammation of the caecum (named also typhlitis) that could be a potential source for bacteraemia. we report the case of a sudden onset of septic shock by clostridium perfringens in a young patient treated with docetaxel as adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. a mini-review of the literature has been performed.201124765295
quality of water sources used as drinking water in a brazilian peri-urban area.the objective of this paper was to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water in a peri-urban area located in the metropolitan region of são paulo, brazil. a total of 89 water samples were collected from community plastic tanks and 177 water samples from wells were collected bimonthly, from september 2007 to november 2008, for evaluating bacteriological parameters including: escherichia coli, enterococcus and heterotrophic plate count (hpc). clostridium perfringens was investigated in a su ...201124031668
gas gangrene as a result of femoral traction pin placement.treatment of adult femoral shaft fractures typically involves operative stabilization with intramedullary implants, external fixation, or a plate and screw construct. however, when stabilization is delayed for any reason, use of a traction pin is recommended to stabilize the fracture, prevent significant shortening, as well as to help with pain control. in this paper, we present the rare complication of a severe gas gangrene infection caused by clostridium perfringens that led to several amputat ...201123198212
severe clostridial pyomyoma following an abortion does not always require surgical intervention.background. clostridial infection following pregnancy may be fatal, and surgery is considered as the treatment of choice. we suggest a conservative management in selected cases when preservation of fertility is of major importance. case. a 41-year-old primigravida presented with abdominal pain and fever, one day following dilatation and curettage at 20 weeks of gestation. her abdomen was diffusely tender, with a uterus enlarged to 20 weeks' gestation. laboratory studies were consistent with seps ...201122567505
responses of feeding prebiotics on nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in dogs: a meta-analysis.the effects of prebiotics on digestibility, short-chain fatty acid (scfa) concentrations and bacterial populations in the faeces and immunity in dogs were evaluated by meta-analyses. overall, data from 15 published studies containing 65 different treatment means of 418 observations from different breeds of dogs were included in the data set. feeding of prebiotics to dogs did not affect the nutrient intake (p > 0.10), nor did prebiotics change (p > 0.10) the digestibility of dry matter (dm) and f ...201122440414
effect of temperature on microbial growth rate-mathematical analysis: the arrhenius and eyring-polanyi connections.the objective of this work is to develop a mathematical model for evaluating the effect of temperature on the rate of microbial growth. the new mathematical model is derived by combination and modification of the arrhenius equation and the eyring-polanyi transition theory. the new model, suitable for both suboptimal and the entire growth temperature ranges, was validated using a collection of 23 selected temperature-growth rate curves belonging to 5 groups of microorganisms, including pseudomona ...201122417589
genome sequencing and analysis of a type a clostridium perfringens isolate from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis.clostridium perfringens is a common inhabitant of the avian and mammalian gastrointestinal tracts and can behave commensally or pathogenically. some enteric diseases caused by type a c. perfringens, including bovine clostridial abomasitis, remain poorly understood. to investigate the potential basis of virulence in strains causing this disease, we sequenced the genome of a type a c. perfringens isolate (strain f262) from a case of bovine clostridial abomasitis. the ∼3.34 mbp chromosome of c. per ...201222412860
terminal sialic acids are an important determinant of pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity.the surface of vascular endothelium bears a glycocalyx comprised, in part, of a complex mixture of oligosaccharide chains attached to cell-surface proteins and membrane lipids. importantly, understanding of the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx is poorly understood. preliminary studies have demonstrated structural differences in the glycocalyx of pulmonary artery endothelial cells compared with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. herein we begin to probe in more detail ...201222387293
novel transmembrane receptor involved in phagosome transport of lysozymes and β-hexosaminidase in the enteric protozoan entamoeba histolytica.lysozymes and hexosaminidases are ubiquitous hydrolases in bacteria and eukaryotes. in phagocytic lower eukaryotes and professional phagocytes from higher eukaryotes, they are involved in the degradation of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. in entamoeba histolytica, which is the intestinal protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, phagocytosis plays a pivotal role in the nutrient acquisition and the evasion from the host defense systems. while the content of phagosomes and biochemical and physio ...201222383874
development and application of a polymicrobial, in vitro, wound biofilm model.the goal of this investigation was to develop an in vitro, polymicrobial, wound biofilm capable of supporting the growth of bacteria with variable oxygen requirements.201222353049
fast kinetics of nucleotide binding to clostridium perfringens family ii pyrophosphatase containing cbs and drtgg domains.we earlier described cbs-pyrophosphatase of moorella thermoacetica (mtcbs-ppase) as a novel phosphohydrolase that acquired a pair of nucleotide-binding cbs domains during evolution, thus endowing the protein with the capacity to be allosterically regulated by adenine nucleotides (jämsen, j., tuominen, h., salminen, a., belogurov, g. a., magretova, n. n., baykov, a. a., and lahti, r. (2007) biochem. j., 408, 327-333). we herein describe a more evolved type of cbs-pyrophosphatase from clostridium ...201222348476
[picture in clinical hematology; clostridium perfringens septicemia with intravascular hemolysis]. 201222970457
cysteine-scanning mutagenesis supports the importance of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin amino acids 80 to 106 for membrane insertion and pore formation.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) causes the gastrointestinal symptoms of the second most common bacterial food-borne illness. previous studies suggested that a region named tm1, which has amphipathic characteristics and spans from amino acids 81 to 106 of the native cpe protein, forms a β-hairpin involved in β-barrel pore formation. to further explore the potential role of tm1 in pore formation, the single cys naturally present in cpe at residue 186 was first altered to alanine by mutag ...201222966051
the epidemiology of clostridium perfringens type a on ontario swine farms, with special reference to cpb2-positive isolates.there is poor understanding of most aspects of clostridium perfringens type a as a possible cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets, and the prevalence and types of c. perfringens present on ontario swine farms is unknown. to study the prevalence of fecal c. perfringens and selected toxin genes, 48 ontario swine farms were visited between august 2010 and may 2011, and 354 fecal samples were collected from suckling pigs, lactating sows, weanling pigs, grower-finisher pigs, and gestating sows, as we ...201222947389
influence of beet sugar, calcium lactate, and staphylococcus xylosus (with nitrate reductase activity) on the chemical, microbiological, and sensorial properties of persian uncured frankfurters.this study investigated the effects of beet sugar (bs), calcium lactate (cl), and staphylococcus xylosus (sx) on the general characteristics of uncured frankfurters. minimum residual nitrite was observed in samples with a high level of bs and s. xylosus (8log(10) l0 viable cfu/g) after 2 mo. there was an increase in total aerobic counts in frankfurters after 4 wk. samples containing higher bs and cl had no clostridium perfringens at storage time. histamine content was similar for all treatments ...201222946602
sequence of two plasmids from clostridium perfringens chicken necrotic enteritis isolates and comparison with c. perfringens conjugative plasmids.twenty-six isolates of clostridium perfringens of different mlst types from chickens with necrotic enteritis (ne) (15 netb-positive) or from healthy chickens (6 netb-positive, 5 netb-negative) were found to contain 1-4 large plasmids, with most netb-positive isolates containing 3 large and variably sized plasmids which were more numerous and larger than plasmids in netb-negative isolates. netb and cpb2 were found on different plasmids consistent with previous studies. the pathogenicity locus nel ...201223189158
carbohydrate recognition by an architecturally complex α-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens.cpgh89 is a large multimodular enzyme produced by the human and animal pathogen clostridium perfringens. the catalytic activity of this exo-α-d-n-acetylglucosaminidase is directed towards a rare carbohydrate motif, n-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine-α-1,4-d-galactose, which is displayed on the class iii mucins deep within the gastric mucosa. in addition to the family 89 glycoside hydrolase catalytic module this enzyme has six modules that share sequence similarity to the family 32 carbohydrate-binding mod ...201222479408
oxygen measurements in platelet fluids - a new non-invasive method to detect bacterial contaminations in platelets.the residual risk for bacterial contamination in blood components especially in platelets is one to two orders of magnitude higher than for transfusion relevant viral infections. the majority of all bacterial transmitted fatalities occurred at the end of platelet shelf life. therefore, the maximum shelf life of platelet concentrates (pc) was reduced to 4 days after blood donation in germany in 2008.201222462725
effects of dietary additives and early feeding on performance, gut development and immune status of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.the effects of dietary additives and holding time on resistance and resilience of broiler chickens to clostridium perfringens challenge were investigated by offering four dietary treatments. these were a negative control (basal), a positive control (zn-bacitracin) and two dietary additives, mannanoligosaccharides (mos), and acidifier. two holding times included (a) immediate access to feed and water post hatch (fed) and (b) access to both feed and water 48 h post hatch (held). chicks fed zn-baci ...201225049595
generation and characterization of an inter-generic bivalent alpha domain fusion protein αcs from clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus for concurrent diagnosis and therapeutic applications.to evaluate an inter-generic recombinant alpha domain fusion protein for simultaneous detection and neutralization of clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus alpha toxins.201222563989
characterization of polymorphisms and isoforms of the clostridium perfringens phospholipase c gene (plc) reveals high genetic diversity.clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cp-plc), also called alpha-toxin, is encoded by the plc gene and has been implicated in several diseases; however, only a few studies have described polymorphisms in this gene. the aim of this study was to analyze polymorphisms in the cp-plc nucleotide and amino acid sequences obtained from isolates from different regions and to compare them to clostridium phospholipase c sequences deposited in the ncbi database. environmental samples (sediment, poultry f ...201222560738
feeding jerusalem artichoke reduced skatole level and changed intestinal microbiota in the gut of entire male pigs.different levels of dried jerusalem artichoke were fed to entire male pigs 1 week before slaughter. the objective was to investigate the effect on skatole level in the hindgut and in adipose tissue, as well as the effect on microflora and short-chain fatty acids (scfa) in the hindgut. five experimental groups (n = 11) were given different dietary treatments 7 days before slaughtering: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 9% chicory-inulin), basal diet + 4.1% jerusalem ar ...201222558928
clostridium perfringens infections initially attributed to norovirus, north carolina, 2010.we investigated an outbreak initially attributed to norovirus; however, clostridium perfringens toxicoinfection was subsequently confirmed. c. perfringens is an underrecognized but frequently observed cause of food-borne disease outbreaks. this investigation illustrates the importance of considering epidemiologic and laboratory data together when evaluating potential etiologic agents that might require unique control measures.201222550114
clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and netb toxin antibodies and their possible role in protection against necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis (ne) and gangrenous dermatitis (gd) are important infectious diseases of poultry. although ne and gd share a common pathogen, clostridium perfringens, they differ in other important aspects such as clinical signs, pathologic symptoms, and age of onset. the primary virulence factors of c perfringens are its four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, iota) and the newly described ne b-like (netb) toxin. while neutralizing antibodies against some c perfingens toxins are associated ...201222545552
epidermal growth factor modulates claudins and tight junctional functions in ovarian cancer cell lines.ovarian adenocarcinomas, like human ovarian surface epithelial cells, form functional tight junctions. tight junction molecules claudin-3 and claudin-4, which are the receptors of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), are abnormally upregulated in epithelial ovarian cancers of all subtypes including, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and serous cystadenocarcinoma. clostridium perfringens enterotoxin may be a novel tumor-targeted therapy for ovarian cancers. in epithelial ovarian cancers, overexpr ...201222544349
the majority of atypical cpb2 genes in clostridium perfringens isolates of different domestic animal origin are expressed.this study examined the prevalence and expression of the "consensus" and the "atypical"cpb2 genes in clostridium perfringens isolates from cattle, chickens, dogs, goats, horses, pigs and sheep using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by western blotting. almost all porcine isolates (12/14) carried and expressed the consensus form of cpb2 but, when present in 108 non-porcine isolates, the gene was usually the atypical form (40 atypi ...201222542269
bacterial contamination of tile drainage water and shallow groundwater under different application methods of liquid swine manure.a 2 year field experiment evaluated liquid manure application methods on the movement of manure-borne pathogens (salmonella sp.) and indicator bacteria (escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens) to subsurface water. a combination of application methods including surface application, pre-application tillage, and post-application incorporation were applied in a randomized complete block design on an instrumented field site in spring 2007 and 2008. tile and shallow groundwater were sampled imme ...201222540289
reduction of bilirubin ditaurate by the intestinal bacterium clostridium perfringens.bilirubin is degraded in the human gut by microflora into urobilinoids. in our study we investigated whether the bilirubin-reducing strain of clostridium perfringens can reduce bilirubin ditaurate (bdt), a bile pigment of some lower vertebrates, without hydrolysis of the taurine moiety. c. perfringes was incubated under anaerobic conditions with bdt; reduction products were quantified by spectrophotometry and separated by tlc. based on rf values of bdt reduction products and synthetic urobilinog ...201222540115
development of real-time pcr for the detection of clostridium perfringens in meats and vegetables.a real-time pcr assay was developed and validated inhouse specifically for the detection of clostridium perfringens (cl. perfringens) in meats and vegetables by comparing with the culture method. the detection limit of the real-time pcr assay in phosphate-buffered saline was 10² cfu/ml. when the two methods were compared in food samples inoculated with cl. perfringens, the culture method detected 52 positives, whereas real-time pcr detected 51 positives out of 160 samples. the difference was wit ...201222534301
nitrergic response to clostridium perfringens infection in the rat brain regions: effect of red light irradiation.a single intraperitoneal injection of a gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens (cp) causes a remarkable down-regulation the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cnos) with a simultaneous increase in the activity of inducible nos (inos) and the level of reactive nitrogen species in the rat brain major regions (cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus) at 48 h post-administration of cp. treatment by both a semiconductor laser (scl) and/or a light-emitting diode (led) with same wavelen ...201222533509
freezing or adding trypsin inhibitor to equine intestinal contents extends the lifespan of clostridium perfringens beta toxin for diagnostic purposes.clostridium perfringens type c causes necrotizing enteritis mostly in neonatal animals of several species, including horses. the virulence of c. perfringens type c is mostly mediated by beta toxin (cpb). this toxin is highly sensitive to the action of trypsin and other proteases, which explains the increased susceptibility of neonatal animals to type c infections. final confirmation of type c disease diagnosis should be based on detection of cpb in the intestinal content of affected animals. how ...201222516562
survival trends of staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clostridium perfringens in a sandy south florida beach.the search for alternative indicators of disease-risk from non-enteric pathogens at the beach revealed high densities of targeted bacteria. to explain the high numbers of potential non-enteric pathogens, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, in beach sand, we investigated factors affecting their survival and distribution, as well as those of a potential fecal indicator, clostridium perfringens. results indicated greater s. aureus and p. aeruginosa survival and proliferation in steril ...201222516512
genetic relatedness and netb prevalence among environmental clostridium perfringens strains associated with a broiler flock affected by mild necrotic enteritis.in a previous study we investigated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) genotype diversity and prevalence of the netb toxin gene in clostridium perfringens (cp) isolates recovered from a broiler flock (flock 1) affected by necrotic enteritis (ne). in this follow-up work, we examined samples collected before placement of flock 1, to see if ne during rearing could be traced back to the cleaned and empty building or the day-old chicks. litter from the next flock in the same building (flock 2) w ...201222516191
non-soluble fibres and narasin reduce spontaneous gizzard erosion and ulceration in broiler chickens.the prevalence and severity of gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (geu) in broilers is affected by a number of predisposing and preventive factors. two broiler experiments with almost identical basal diets were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary oat hulls, access to litter and the antimicrobial compound narasin on geu. the effects on particle size of duodenal digesta, ileal starch concentration, caecal clostridium perfringens counts, necrotic enteritis and production performance ...201222515541
enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens: detection and identification.recent advances in understanding the genetics of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens, including whole genome sequencing of a chromosomal cpe strain and sequencing of several cpe-carrying large plasmids, have led to the development of molecular approaches to more precisely investigate isolates involved in human gastrointestinal diseases and isolates present in the environment. sequence-based pcr genotyping of the cpe locus (cpe genotyping pcr assays) has provided new information about cpe-pos ...201222504431
innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by clostridium perfringens is a reemerging disease of economic importance in areas of the world where antibiotic growth promoters have been banned. the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (mos) supplementation in organic diets of broilers challenged with c. perfringens on performance, gut morphology, and innate immunity was investigated. three hundred ross-308 broilers were fed antibiotic-free certified organic starter and grower diets. on d 14, birds were orally chal ...201222499867
differential gene expression profiles of β-defensins in the crop, intestine, and spleen using a necrotic enteritis model in 2 commercial broiler chicken lines.changes in the expression levels of avian β-defensin (avbd) mrna were evaluated in necrotic enteritis (ne) disease model in 2 genetically disparate commercial broiler chicken lines: ross and cobb. the ne was initiated in the gut by a previously established co-infection model using oral eimeria maxima infection followed by a clostridium perfringens challenge. among the 14 avbd types examined, there was a tissue-specific expression of avbd transcripts: avbd1, avbd7, and avbd9 in the crop; avbd8, a ...201222499864
survival and germination of clostridium perfringens spores during heating and cooling of ground pork.the effect of heating rate on the heat resistance, germination, and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores during cooking of cured ground pork was investigated. inoculated cured ground pork portions were heated from 20 to 75°c at a rate of 4, 8, or 12°c/h and then held at 75°c for 48 h. no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the heat resistance of c. perfringens spores were observed in cured ground pork heated at 4, 8, or 12°c/h. at heating rates of 8 and 12°c/h, no significant difference ...201222488055
changes in the caecal microflora of chickens following clostridium perfringens challenge to induce necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis is a disease of considerable economic importance to the global poultry industry. clostridium perfringens has long been recognised as the etiological agent of the disease. however, disease initiation and progression is complex and appears to be precipitated by a range of predisposing factors. the present study investigated microbial interactions in the caecum of birds challenged with c. perfringens that developed necrotic enteritis. bacterial populations of healthy and diseased ...201222487456
co-infection with toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens in a postpartum woman with uterine gas gangrene: a case report.toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection caused by toxoplasma gondii. we report a case of toxoplasma gondii and clostridium perfringens co-infection complicating uterine gas gangrene following a term pregnancy. the histological examination of the necrotic uterine tissues and uterine swab cultures obtained at laparotomy revealed t. gondii and c. perfringens, respectively. treatment was administered with bactericidal activity against both pathogens and the patient had an uneventful post-operative re ...201222487420
modifications in perfringolysin o domain 4 alter the cholesterol concentration threshold required for binding.changes in the cholesterol content of cell membranes affect many physiological and pathological events, including the formation of arterial plaques, the entry of virus into cells, and receptor organization. measuring the trafficking and distribution of cholesterol is essential to understanding how cells regulate sterol levels in membranes. perfringolysin o (pfo) is a cytolysin secreted by clostridium perfringens that requires cholesterol in the target membrane for binding. the specificity of pfo ...201222482748
determining potential indicators of cryptosporidium oocysts throughout the wastewater treatment process.most research on wastewater treatment efficiency compliance focuses on physicochemical and microbial indicators; however, very little emphasis has been placed so far on determining suitable indicator organisms to predict the discharge level of pathogens from treatment plants. in this study, raw wastewater, activated sludge, and the resulting final effluents and biosolids in four municipal wastewater treatment plants (wwtps a, b, c and d) were seasonally investigated for human-virulent water-born ...201222339022
threonine requirement of broiler chickens during subclinical intestinal clostridium infection.the aim of this study was to determine the threonine requirement of broilers during a subclinical clostridium infection. three experiments were performed: experiments 1 and 2 to investigate the dose-response of threonine supplementation during infection and experiment 3 to validate the threonine requirement during infection. in each experiment, 1-d-old ross 308 male broilers were used. an infection model was used with inoculation of eimeria maxima and clostridium perfringens at d 9 and 14 of age ...201222334739
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