Publications

Genetic analysis of the pnp-deaD genetic region reveals membrane lipoprotein NlpI as an independent participant in cold acclimatization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.	The cold acclimatization response in many bacterial species is a tightly regulated process, which ensures the correct folding of macromolecules. In enterobacteria, this response is in part dependent on polynucleotide phosphorylase, which is encoded by the gene pnp. Based on transcriptional analysis of the pnp locus of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we show that pnp and the adjacent membrane lipoprotein nlpI gene form an operon with both genes contributing independently to the cold accl ...	2011	22092862
prevalence of salmonella in fecal samples of western grey kangaroos (macropus fuliginosus).	this is the first extensive study of the prevalence of naturally acquired salmonella infection in wild-caught kangaroos in australia. given the close association between kangaroos, livestock, and humans and the growing popularity of kangaroo meat, it is important to identify epidemiologic factors associated with infection in these marsupials in order to minimize the risk of salmonella transmission. the overall prevalence of fecal salmonella in 645 western grey kangaroos (macropus fuliginosus) sa ...	2011	22102658
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Recovered from Poultry Meat in Tunisia and Identification of New Genetic Traits.	Abstract Thirty-seven Salmonella enterica isolates obtained from poultry meat in Tunisia were included in this study for characterization of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. High percentages of resistance were detected to ampicillin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and streptomycin (32.4%-89.2%), and lower percentages to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, kanamycin, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol, and chloramphenicol (2.7%-18.9%). All strains showed susceptibility to ceftazidime ...	2011	21919733
antibiotic control of tumor-colonizing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	systemic administration of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) into tumor-bearing mice results in preferential colonization of tumors and causes shrinkage and sometimes complete tumor clearance. however, in spite of these beneficial antitumor effects, the systemic administration of a bacterial pathogen raises serious safety concerns as well. addressing those concerns, here, we demonstrate that tumor-colonizing salmonella can be readily controlled by systemic administration o ...	2011	21987828
Complete sequencing of the bla(NDM-1)-positive IncA/C plasmid from Escherichia coli ST38 isolate suggests a possible origin from plant pathogens.	The complete sequence of the plasmid pNDM-1_Dok01 carrying New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM-1) was determined by whole genome shotgun sequencing using Escherichia coli strain NDM-1_Dok01 (multilocus sequence typing type: ST38) and the transconjugant E. coli DH10B. The plasmid is an IncA/C incompatibility type composed of 225 predicted coding sequences in 195.5 kb and partially shares a sequence with bla(CMY-2)-positive IncA/C plasmids such as E. coli AR060302 pAR060302 (166.5 kb) and Salmonell ...	2011	21966500
bacteremia and antimicrobial drug resistance over time, ghana.	bacterial distribution and antimicrobial drug resistance were monitored in patients with bacterial bloodstream infections in rural hospitals in ghana. in 2001-2002 and in 2009, salmonella enterica serovar typhi was the most prevalent pathogen. although most s. enterica serovar typhi isolates were chloramphenicol resistant, all isolates tested were susceptible to ciprofloxacin.	2011	22000360
The ERM protein, ezrin, regulates neutrophil transmigration by modulating the apical localization of MRP2 in response to the SipA effector protein during Salmonella Typhimurium infection.	In human disease induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), transepithelial migration of neutrophils rapidly follows attachment of the bacteria to the epithelial apical membrane. We have previously shown that during S. Typhimurium infection the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) is highly expressed at the apical surface of the intestinal epithelia, and that it functions as an efflux pump for the potent neutrophil chemoattractant hepoxilin A(3) . However, t ...	2011	21899702
reveal salmonella enteritidis test for detection of salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs and environmental samples.	reveal salmonella enteritidis (se) is a lateral flow-based immunodiagnostic assay used for rapid detection of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis from pooled shell eggs and environmental samples. this assay uses highly specific antibodies to accurately detect s. enteritidis. studies were conducted to compare the performance of this test against reference procedures for detection of s. enteritidis from both pooled shell eggs and environmental samples. pooled shell eggs were inoculated with lo ...	2011	21919347
both the unique and repeat regions of the porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutin a are involved in adhesion and invasion of host cells.	porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major etiologic agents of adult periodontitis and has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. it expresses multiple hemagglutinins that are significant virulence factors and play an important role in bacterial attachment and invasion of host cells. the objective of this study was to determine the impact of p. gingivalis hemagglutinin a (haga) on the attachment to and invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells (hcaec) and gingival epithelial c ...	2011	22100486
Host response transcriptional profiling reveals extracellular components and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters gene enrichment in typhoid fever-infected Nigerian children.	Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a human-specific pathogen that causes typhoid fever, and remains a global health problem especially in developing countries. Its pathogenesis is complex and host response is poorly understood. In Africa, typhoid fever can be a major cause of morbidity in young infected children. The onset of the illness is insidious and clinical diagnosis is often unreliable. Gold standard blood culture diagnostic services are limited, thus rapid, sensitive, and af ...	2011	21914192
biophysical investigations into the interactions of endotoxins with bile acids.	the interaction of selected endotoxin preparations (lipid a from erwinia carotovora and lps re and ra from salmonella enterica sv. minnesota strains r595 and r60, respectively) with selected bile acids was investigated biophysically. endotoxin aggregates were analyzed for their gel-to-liquid crystalline phase behavior, the type of their aggregates, the conformation of particular functional groups, and their zeta potential in the absence and presence of the bile acids by applying fourier-transfor ...	2011	21954318
complex c-di-gmp signaling networks mediate transition between virulence properties and biofilm formation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	upon salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection of the gut, an early line of defense is the gastrointestinal epithelium which senses the pathogen and intrusion along the epithelial barrier is one of the first events towards disease. recently, we showed that high intracellular amounts of the secondary messenger c-di-gmp in s. typhimurium inhibited invasion and abolished induction of a pro-inflammatory immune response in the colonic epithelial cell line ht-29 suggesting regulation of transi ...	2011	22164276
genetic relationships of phage types and single nucleotide polymorphism typing of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis in humans. phage typing has been used for epidemiological surveillance of typhimurium for over four decades. however, knowledge of the evolutionary relationships between phage types is very limited. in this study, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) as molecular markers to determine the relationships between common typhimurium phage types. forty-four snps including 24 identified in a previous study ...	2011	22205813
investigation of salmonella enterica in sardinian slaughter pigs: prevalence, serotype and genotype characterization.	in order to improve the knowledge about the presence of salmonella in pork meat in sardinia (italy), the prevalence and the sources of salmonella at 5 pig slaughterhouses (slaughtered pigs and environment) were investigated and the isolates were characterised. a total of 462 samples were collected, 425 from pigs at slaughter and 41 from the slaughterhouse environment. salmonella was isolated from 26/85 (30.5%) mesenteric lymph nodes, 14/85 (16.4%) colon contents, and from 12/85 (14.1%) carcasses ...	2011	21940060
Role of antigens and virulence factors of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in its pathogenesis.	Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the aetiologic agent of typhoid fever, is a human restricted pathogen. The molecular mechanism of Salmonella pathogenicity is complex. The investigations of the molecular mechanisms of Salmonella virulence factors have shown that pathogenic Salmonella spp. are distinguished from their non-pathogenic relatives by the presence of specific pathogenicity genes, often organized in so-called pathogenicity islands (PIs). The type III secretion system (T3SS) ...	2011	21945101
Bacterial rejuvenation: lag phase is a distinct growth phase that prepares bacteria for exponential growth and involves transient metal accumulation.	Lag phase represents the earliest and most poorly understood stage of the bacterial growth cycle. We developed a reproducible experimental system and conducted functional genomic and physiological analyses of a 2 hour lag phase in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Adaptation began within four minutes of inoculation into fresh LB media, with the transient expression of genes involved in phosphate uptake. The main lag phase transcriptional programme initiated at twenty minutes with the up-r ...	2011	22139505
meta-analytic approach to the accurate prediction of secreted virulence effectors in gram-negative bacteria.	many pathogens use a type iii secretion system to translocate virulence proteins (called effectors) in order to adapt to the host environment. to date, many prediction tools for effector identification have been developed. however, these tools are insufficiently accurate for producing a list of putative effectors that can be applied directly for labor-intensive experimental verification. this also suggests that important features of effectors have yet to be fully characterized.	2011	22078363
characterization of class i integrons among salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolated from humans and poultry.	a total of 84 salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) isolates, 42 of human and 42 of poultry origin, were characterized for antimicrobial resistance patterns and class i integrons. among them, 58 (69%) s. enteritidis were multidrug-resistant (mdr) and showed resistance to two or more antibiotic classes. by pcr assays and dna sequencing, 50 (59.5%) s. enteritidis isolates were found to carry class i integrons. amplification of internal variable regions of class i integrons revea ...	2011	22066813
Deletion of yncD gene in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi leads to attenuation in mouse model.	TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) are bacterial outer membrane proteins that usually involve in uptake of certain key nutrients, for example, iron. In the genome of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, yncD gene encodes a putative TBDT and was identified as an in vivo induced antigen recently. In the present study, a yncD-deleted mutant was constructed to evaluate the role of the yncD gene in virulence. Our results showed that the mutant is attenuated to a mouse model by intraper ...	2011	22150228
Differential gene expression of antimicrobial peptides ß defensins in the gastrointestinal tract of Salmonella serovar Pullorum infected broiler chickens.	Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum causes substantial mortality in chicks as well as results in persistent infection and vertical transmission in layer birds. An effective innate immune response in the early stages of infection could reduce bacterial colonization and mortality in chicks and persistency of infection in later stages. ß Defensins (AvBDs) are now considered as one of the key components of innate immunity in avian species. In the present study, we quantified the mRNA expression lev ...	2011	22170093
Use of bioinformatic SNP predictions in differentially expressed genes to find SNPs associated with Salmonella colonization in swine.	Asymptomatic Salmonella-carrier pigs present a major problem in preharvest food safety, with a recent survey indicating >50% of swine herds in the United States have Salmonella-positive animals. Salmonella-carrier pigs serve as a reservoir for contamination of neighbouring pigs, abattoir pens and pork products. In addition, fresh produce as well as water can be contaminated with Salmonella from manure used as fertilizer. Control of Salmonella at the farm level could be through genetic improvemen ...	2011	21906181
change in antimicrobial resistance pattern in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates detected in a beef cattle farm.	multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) isolates with four different antimicrobial resistance patterns obtained from a beef cattle farm were characterized to determine their clonality. macrorestriction analysis of genomic dna revealed that these four isolates are closely related to each other and can be classified as a newly emerged pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type among cattle: cluster vii. three of the four isolates showed resistance to extended-spectr ...	2011	21869573
hydrogen-stimulated carbon acquisition and conservation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can utilize molecular hydrogen for growth and amino acid transport during anaerobic growth. via microarray we identified h(2) gas-affected gene expression changes in salmonella. the addition of h(2) caused altered expression of 597 genes, of which 176 genes were upregulated and 421 were downregulated. the significantly h(2)-upregulated genes include those that encode proteins involved in the transport of iron, manganese, amino acids, nucleosides, and sugar ...	2011	21856852
[surveillance of nalidixic acid-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing salmonella spp. isolated from human feces].	nalidixic acid (na)-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing salmonella sp. isolates from human specimens are associated with clinical failure or delayed response in subjects treated with fluoroquinolone or third-generation cephalosporins. we studied drug susceptibility in 604 salmonella enterica isolates from human feces in 2007. of these, 39 (6.5%) were resistat to na. of these, 46% were resistant to two or more drugs and 2% susceptible to na were resistant to multiple d ...	2011	21861438
increased persistence of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in the presence of acanthamoeba castellanii.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is the etiological agent of the systemic disease typhoid fever. transmission occurs via ingestion of contaminated food or water. s. typhi is specific to humans, and no animal or environmental reservoirs are known. as the free-living amoeba acanthamoeba castellanii is an environmental host for many pathogenic bacteria, this study investigates interactions between s. typhi and a. castellanii by using cocultures. growth of both organisms was estimated by ...	2011	21926221
salmonella persistence and transmission strategies.	host-adapted strains of salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time and pose significant public-health problems. multidrug-resistant salmonella enteric serovar typhi (s. typhi) and non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) are on the increase, and are often associated with hiv infection. chronically infected hosts are often asymptomatic and transmit disease to naïve hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria, thereby serving as a critical re ...	2011	22137596
multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat profiling of salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates from blood cultures and gallbladder specimens from makassar, south-sulawesi, indonesia.	multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis differentiated 297 salmonella enterica serovar typhi blood culture isolates from makassar in 76 genotypes and a single unique s. typhi genotype was isolated from the cholecystectomy specimens of four patients with cholelithiasis. the high diversity in s. typhi genotypes circulating in makassar indicates that the number of carriers could be very large, which may complicate disease prevention and control.	2011	21949819
interaction of concanavalin a with bacterial lipopolysaccharides in agarose gel.	binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled concanavalin a to a series of molecular species of lipopolysaccharide (lps), purified from pathogenic bacteria, was studied via agarose gel precipitation experiments and the results were compared with available structural data.the lps species could be divided into cona-reactive and non-reactive ones. reactivity resided in the o-specific chain of lps, and binding to the lipid a or core moieties of lps could not be demonstrated by the present methods. ...	2011	21983321
cell-associated flagella enhance the protection conferred by mucosally-administered attenuated salmonella paratyphi a vaccines.	antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a, the agent of paratyphoid a fever, poses an emerging public health dilemma in endemic areas of asia and among travelers, as there is no licensed vaccine. integral to our efforts to develop a s. paratyphi a vaccine, we addressed the role of flagella as a potential protective antigen by comparing cell-associated flagella with exported flagellin subunits expressed by attenuated strains.	2011	22069504
evidence of significant synergism between antibiotics and the antipsychotic, antimicrobial drug flupenthixol.	previously, the antipsychotic, non-antibiotic compound flupenthixol dihydrochloride (fp) was shown to exhibit distinct in vitro antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and to significantly protect swiss albino mice challenged with a known mouse virulent salmonella. the present study was designed to ascertain whether this drug could efficiently augment the action of an antibiotic or a non-antibiotic when tested in combination. a total of 12 bacterial strains belong ...	2011	21997771
Isolation and Characterization of small qnrS1-carrying plasmids from imported seafood isolates of Salmonella enterica that are highly similar to plasmids of clinical isolates.	Dissemination of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance among pathogenic bacteria is a concern for public health due to decreased sensitivity to fluoroquinolones and increased potentials to develop high fluoroquinolone resistance. Two qnrS1-positive isolates of Salmonella enterica, Corvallis (468) and Typhimurium (484) from imported seafood (Thailand and Vietnam) were tested for quinolone sensitivity using disk agar diffusion and the Sensititre(®) system. The presence of qnr genes, qnr-carrying ...	2011	22151215
evasion of host immunity by virulent salmonella: implications for vaccine design.	dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen presenting cells (apcs) capable of linking innate and adaptive immunity during infection. after recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), dcs can engulf, process and present bacteria-derived antigens on mhc molecules to t cells. because of the key role that dcs play on the initiation of innate and adaptive immunity, alterations in their function could render the host susceptible to bacterial dissemination. consistent with this n ...	2011	22172071
antimicrobial activity of apple, hibiscus, olive, and hydrogen peroxide formulations against salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens.	salmonella enterica is one of the most common bacterial pathogens implicated in foodborne outbreaks involving fresh produce in the last decade. in an effort to discover natural antimicrobials for use on fresh produce, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different antimicrobial plant extract-concentrate formulations on four types of organic leafy greens inoculated with s. enterica serovar newport. the leafy greens tested included organic romaine and iceberg le ...	2011	22004815
application of a mouse ligated peyer’s patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by m cells.	the inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (galt) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes(1, 2). to initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as peyer's ...	2011	22215009
palmitoylation state impacts induction of innate and acquired immunity by the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium msbb mutant.	lipopolysaccharide (lps), composed of lipid a, core, and o-antigen, is a major virulence factor of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, with lipid a being a major stimulator to induce the proinflammatory response via the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4)-md2-cd14 pathway. while salmonella msbb mutants lacking the myristate chain in lipid a were investigated widely as an anticancer vaccine, inclusion of the msbb mutation in a salmonella vaccine to deliver heterologous antigens has not yet been inve ...	2011	21930761
purification and characterization of the acetyl-coa synthetase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	acetyl-coa (accoa) synthetase (acs) catalyzes the conversion of acetate into accoa, which is involved in many catabolic and anabolic pathways. although this enzyme has been studied for many years in many organisms, the properties of mycobacterium tuberculosis acs and the regulation of its activity remain unknown. here, the putative acs gene of m. tuberculosis h37rv (mt-acs) was expressed as a fusion protein with 6×his-tag on the c-terminus in escherichia coli. the recombinant mt-acs protein was ...	2011	21896569
effect of the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type iii secretion system on salmonella survival in activated chicken macrophage-like hd11 cells.	in order to better identify the role of the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2) type iii secretion system (t3ss) in chickens, we used the well-known gentamicin protection assay with activated hd11 cells. hd11 cells are a macrophage-like chicken cell line that can be stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) to exhibit more macrophage-like morphology and greater production of reactive oxygen species (ros). activated hd11 cells were infected with a wild-type salmonella enterica s ...	2011	22216355
development of a novel in-water vaccination protocol for dna adenine methylase deficient salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine in adult sheep.	intensive livestock production is associated with an increased incidence of salmonellosis. the risk of infection and the subsequent public health concern is attributed to increased pathogen exposure and disease susceptibility due to multiple stressors experienced by livestock from farm to feedlot. traditional parenteral vaccine methods can further stress susceptible populations and cause carcass damage, adverse reactions, and resultant increased production costs. as a potential means to address ...	2011	22214887
development of recombinant vaccines in lactobacilli for elimination of salmonella.	many lactobacillus and lactococcus strains are generally regarded as safe for consumption because they are utilized for food fermentation or inhabit the intestinal mucosa as commensals. recently, vaccine delivery systems using lactic acid bacteria (lab) have been under development. our research group has been investigating the development of oral mucosal vaccines against salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) using lactobacillus casei igm393 as an antigen delivery vehicle. recombinant lact ...	2011	25045314
salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a: an emerging cause of febrile illness in nepal.	with an aim to evaluate the isolation rate and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in salmonella enterica serovar typhi and s. paratyphi a, 656 blood samples collected from clinically diagnosed enteric fever patients at national public health laboratory, nepal during january through december 2008 were processed. isolates were identified by standard microbiological procedures including serotyping. antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concen ...	2011	22364084
[serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of salmonella strains isolated from food in cuba].	the serotypes of 178 isolates of salmonella enterica taken from food in different regions of cuba between january 2008 and december 2009 were identified, and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 100 selected isolates was determined by strata sampling. a total of 20 salmonella serotypes were identified, with a predominance of s. enteritidis (23%), s. agona (13.5%), and s. london (11.2%). of all the strains, 75% were resistant or presented intermediate resistance to at least one of the drug ...	2011	22358403
characterization of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica isolates from foodstuff and related sources.	in recent years, an increase in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among salmonella enterica has been observed in several countries, which is worrisome because s. enterica is one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide. the aim of this study was to characterize class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance genotypes in salmonella enterica isolates recovered from foodstuff and related sources. nineteen multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica isolates were recovere ...	2011	24031680
genomic fingerprinting and serotyping of salmonella from galápagos iguanas demonstrates island differences in strain diversity.	salmonella carriage patterns in wild and captive reptiles suggest that both geographical proximity and host ecological differences may determine bacterial diversity among reptile populations. in this study, we explore the relative importance of these factors on salmonella diversity in free-living galápagos iguanas. we isolated salmonella enterica from marine iguanas (amblyrhynchus cristatus) and land iguanas (conolophus subcristatus and c. pallidus) living on two islands (plaza sur and santa fe) ...	2011	23761248
salmonella enterica serotype typhi from a case of empyema.		2011	23785888
an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis traced to cream cakes.	this paper describes the epidemiological, microbiological and environmental investigations conducted during an outbreak of salmonella gastroenteritis in singapore.	2011	23908880
salmonella meningitis in a paediatric patient caused by salmonella enterica serotype houtenae.	the authors report a case of a 6-week-old baby girl who was admitted to the paediatric ward due to a high fever for 2 days. the patient experienced three fits which took place while in the ward. a brain sonogram showed subdural heterogeneous collection consistent with focal empyema; however, no hydrocephalus or infarction was detected. an urgent burr hole procedure was performed to remove the collected pus. both blood and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) culture grew salmonella species which remain sen ...	2011	22689601
[characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg lacking salmonella pathogenicity island 1].	to study the characteristics of the strains of salmonella enterica (s. enterica) serovar senftenberg lacking salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1).	2011	22321589
genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b in malaysia.	abstract. salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b is known to cause either paratyphoid fever or gastroenteritis. differentiation of salmonella ser. paratyphi b into biotype java (d-tartrate fermenting, dt+) and biotype paratyphi b (d-tartrate non-fermenting, dt) is important for salmonella epidemiology. this study applied a pcr approach to differentiate the two biotypes to augment the conventional biochemical method and to determine the antibiograms and genomic diversity of malaysian s. paratyph ...	2011	22299444
widespread presence of dfra12 and its association with dfra12-aada2 cassette in salmonella enterica isolates from swine.	one hundred and eighty-nine salmonella isolates from swine were tested for susceptibility to nine antimicrobial agents, presence of dfra12 and class 1 integrons containing dfra12-orff-aada2 cassette. all isolates were multidrug resistant and exhibited highest resistance prevalence to trimethoprim (93%). most isolates (89%) were intll-positive and 107 isolates (57%) carried dfra12, all of which were resistant to trimethoprim. forty-eight dfra12-harboring strains (45%) were intl1-positive together ...	2011	22299418
survival of salmonella typhi and shigella dysenteriae in dehydrated infant formula.	powdered infant formula has previously been linked to the transmission of various bacterial pathogens in infants resulting in life-threatening disease and death. survival studies of 2 common foodborne pathogens, salmonella enterica serovar typhi and shigella dysenteriae, in powdered infant formula have not been previously studied despite the potentially devastating consequences from ingestion of these organisms, particularly by newborns, in case of a natural or deliberate contamination event. th ...	2011	22417504
distribution and genetic diversity of salmonella enterica in the upper suwannee river.	the suwannee river spans the florida/georgia border to the gulf of mexico, and contributes to regional irrigation and recreational activities. association of salmonella enterica with these resources may result in the contamination of produce and disease outbreaks. therefore, surface water was examined for the distribution of s. enterica at multiple time points from 4 sites on the upper suwannee river. isolates were confirmed by detection of the inva gene, and 96% of all samples were positive for ...	2011	22347228
bilateral breast abscesses due to salmonella enterica serotype typhi.	focal infection is an uncommon complication of salmonella septicemia, particularly in immunocompetent patients. the localization of salmonella infection to breast tissue is regarded as a rare event. we report a case of bilateral breast abscesses due to salmonellaenterica serotype typhi in a nonlactating female and highlight the fact that salmonella spp. should be included in differential diagnosis of abscesses in individuals coming from endemic areas with the history of recent typhoid fever and ...	2011	22224009
antimicrobial resistance profile and presence of class i integrongs among salmonella enterica serovars isolated from human clinical specimens in tehran, iran.	salmonella is one of the leading causes of food-borne diseases. increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance, especially multidrug-resistance, in salmonella serovars is a major public health problem worldwide. this study was carried out to detect class i integrons and antibiotic resistance profiles in clinical isolates of salmonella serovars collected from seven hospitals in tehran during november 2009 to june 2010.	2011	22347592
requirement for cobalamin by salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium, pullorum, gallinarum and enteritidis during infection in chickens.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium synthesizes cobalamin (vitamin b12) only during anaerobiosis. two percent of the s. typhimurium genome is devoted to the synthesis and uptake of vitamin b12 and to b12-dependent reactions. to understand the requirement for cobalamin synthesis better, we constructed mutants of salmonella serovars enteritidis and pullorum that are double-defective in cobalamin biosynthesis (δcobsδcbia). we compared the virulence of these mutants to that of their respective w ...	2011	24031771
oral and intranasal administration of somatostatin dna vaccine mediated by attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to promote growth of piglets.	an attenuated strain of salmonella typhimurium has been used as a carrier for oral and intranasal genetic immunization. here, we evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine strain of s. typhimurium. cso22 (pgm-csf/ss, plasmid granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/somatostatin) expressing two copies of ss genes. a total of 115 piglets, aged 2 months old, were either orally or intranasally immunized against the vaccine strain cso22 (pgm-csf/ss) with three dosages (5 × 10(10) colony forming units ...	2011	22440175
cellulose mediates attachment of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to tomatoes.	fresh fruit and vegetables are important components of a healthy and balanced diet. however, they are increasingly being recognized as important vehicles for transmission of human pathogens that were traditionally classified as zoonotic. there is a significant gap in our knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms by which human pathogens colonize and survive on or in fruits and vegetables. in this study we investigated the binding of salmonella enterica to tomato fruits (solanum lycopersicum) ...	2011	23761337
intestinal and chronic infections: salmonella lifestyles in hostile environments.	the main disease syndromes caused by salmonella serovars in immunocompetent individuals are gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. these syndromes differ with regard to the host niches in which salmonella serovars grow and survive to ensure their transmission. during gastroenteritis, non-typhoidal salmonella serovars such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) use their virulence factors to elicit acute intestinal inflammation, thereby creating a novel luminal niche. reactive ox ...	2011	23761329
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of vibrio, salmonella, and aeromonas isolates from various uncooked seafoods in thailand.	uncooked seafood samples were collected from open markets and supermarkets in bangkok, thailand, and were examined for the presence of vibrio, salmonella, and aeromonas species from january to february 2008. from 120 samples, 272 bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical testing. of all sea bass, shrimp, oyster, and blood cockle samples (30 of each) that were processed for culture, 114 (95%) samples had at least one detectable isolate of vibrio, salmonella, or aeromonas, leaving on ...	2012	22221354
erratum to: deletion of glucose-inhibited division (gida) gene alters the morphological and replication characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.		2012	22234847
high resolution clustering of salmonella enterica serovar montevideo strains using a next-generation sequencing approach.	abstract: background: next-generation sequencing (ngs) is increasingly being used as a molecular epidemiologic tool for discerning ancestry and traceback of the most complicated, difficult to resolve bacterial pathogens. making a linkage between possible food sources and clinical isolates requires distinguishing the suspected pathogen from an environmental background and placing the variation observed into the wider context of variation occurring within a serovar and among other closely related ...	2012	22260654
differences in the early response of hatchlings of different chicken breeding lines to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection.	poultry products are the major source of food-borne salmonella infection in humans. broiler lines selected to be more resistant to salmonella could reduce the transfer of salmonella to humans. to investigate differences in the susceptibility of newly hatched chicks to oral infection with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, 3 commercial broiler lines (a, b, and c) were infected immediately after hatch and compared to healthy controls at 0.33, 1, and 2 d postinfection. weight, bacteriological ...	2012	22252347
persistent salmonella enteritidis environmental contamination on layer farms in the context of an implemented national control program with obligatory vaccination.	the aim of this study was to closely examine the salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis environmental contamination on persistently positive layer farms in belgium during successive laying cycles. all of the farms were required to vaccinate their layers under the national control program for salmonella. seven farms with previous or current salmonella enteritidis contamination were monitored during different stages of the laying period and after cleaning and disinfection (cd). environmental samp ...	2012	22252339
treatment of raw poultry with nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma to reduce campylobacter jejuni and salmonella enterica.	nonthermal plasma has been shown to be effective in reducing pathogens on the surface of a range of fresh produce products. the research presented here investigated the effectiveness of nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma on salmonella enterica and campylobacter jejuni inoculated onto the surface of boneless skinless chicken breast and chicken thigh with skin. chicken samples were inoculated with antibiotic-resistant strains of s. enterica and c. jejuni at levels of 10(1) to 10(4) cf ...	2012	22221351
evaluation of salmonella enterica type iii secretion system effector proteins as carriers for heterologous vaccine antigens.	live attenuated strains of salmonella enterica have a high potential as carriers of recombinant vaccines. the type iii secretion system (t3ss)-dependent translocation of s. enterica can be deployed for delivery of heterologous antigens to antigen-presenting cells. here we investigated the efficacy of various effector proteins of the salmonella pathogenicity island (spi2)-encoded t3ss for the translocation of model antigens and elicitation of immune responses. the spi2-t3ss effector proteins sifa ...	2012	22252866
nlrc4 inflammasomes in dendritic cells regulate noncognate effector function by memory cd8(+) t cells.	memory t cells exert antigen-independent effector functions, but how these responses are regulated is unclear. we discovered an in vivo link between flagellin-induced nlrc4 inflammasome activation in splenic dendritic cells (dcs) and host protective interferon-γ (ifn-γ) secretion by noncognate memory cd8(+) t cells, which could be activated by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, yersinia pseudotuberculosis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. we show that cd8α(+) dcs were particularly efficient at s ...	2012	22231517
the architecture and ppgpp-dependent expression of the primary transcriptome of salmonella typhimurium during invasion gene expression.	abstract: background: invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) requires expression of the extracellular virulence gene expression programme (stex), activation of which is dependent on the signalling molecule guanosine tetraphosphate (ppgpp). recently, next-generation transcriptomics (rna-seq) has revealed the unexpected complexity of bacterial transcriptomes and in this report we use differential rna sequencing (drna-seq) to define the ...	2012	22251276
antimicrobial activity of different copper alloy surfaces against copper resistant and sensitive salmonella enterica.	copper has shown antibacterial effects against foodborne pathogens. the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of copper surfaces on copper resistant and sensitive strains of salmonella enterica. six different copper alloy coupons (60-99.9% copper) were tested along with stainless steel as the control. the coupons were surface inoculated with either s. enteritidis or one of the 3 copper resistant strains, s. typhimurium s9, s19 and s20; stored under various incubation ...	2012	22265316
transcriptome sequencing of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis under desiccation and starvation stress in peanut oil.	it is well recognized that salmonella can survive long-term starvation and desiccation stresses and contaminate foods that have intermediate to low water activities; however, little is known about the specific molecular mechanisms underlying its survival and persistence in low water activity foods. in this study, we used the rna-seq approach to compare the transcriptomes (27-33 million 36-bp reads per sample) of a salmonella enterica subsp. enteric serovar enteritidis strain atcc baa-1045 after ...	2012	22265317
inhibition of bacterial carbonic anhydrases and zinc proteases: from orphantargets to innovative new antibiotic drugs.	zinc-containing enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrases (cas) and metalloproteases (mps) play critical functions in bacteria, being involved in various steps of their life cycle, which are important for survival, colonization, acquisition of nutrients for growth and proliferation, facilitation of dissemination, invasion and pathogenicity. the development of resistance to many classes of clinically used antibiotics emphasizes the need of new antibacterial drug targets to be explored. there is a weal ...	2012	22214451
the antibiotic resistance characteristics of non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, retail meat and humans in south east asia.	antimicrobial resistance is a global problem. it is most prevalent in developing countries where infectious diseases remain common, the use of antibiotics in humans and animals is widespread, and the replacement of older antibiotics with new generation antibiotics is not easy due to the high cost. information on antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes of salmonella spp. in food animals and humans in different countries and geographic regions is necessary to combat the spread of resistance ...	2012	22265849
recombinant antibodies encoded by ighv1-69 react with pul32, a phosphoprotein of cytomegalovirus and b-cell superantigen.	leukemia cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) express a highly restricted immunoglobulin heavy variable chain (ighv) repertoire, which suggests that a limited set of antigens reacts with leukemic cells. here, we evaluated the reactivity of a panel of different cll recombinant antibodies (rabs) encoded by the most commonly expressed ighv genes with a panel of selected viral and bacterial pathogens. six different cll rabs encoded by ighv1-69 or ighv3-21, but not a cll rab en ...	2012	22234695
general stress sigma factor rpos influences time required to enter the viable but non-culturable state in salmonella enterica.	in stressful conditions, bacteria enter into the viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state; in this state, they are alive but fail to grow on conventional media on which they normally grow and develop into colonies. the molecular basis underlying this state is unknown. we investigated the role of the alternative sigma factor rpos (σ(38) ) in the vbnc induction using salmonella dublin, salmonella oranienburg and salmonella typhimurium lt2. vbnc was induced by osmotic stress in lt2 and oranienburg. d ...	2012	22256797
bio-capture of s. typhimurium from surface water by aptamer for culture-free quantification.	in this study, a dna aptamer was used to bio-capture salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from surface water collected from highly endemic zone prior to culture-free detection through molecular-beacon based real-time pcr assay targeting inva gene. the assay could detect s. typhimurium cells (1cfu/pcr or 100cfu/ml) selectively captured by serovar specific dna aptamer. the observations indicate that all the water samples (n=40) collected from the river gomti were contaminated by s. typhimurium ...	2012	22226327
electrospun poly(l-lactic acid)-co-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanofibres containing silver nanoparticles for skin-tissue engineering.	silver nanoparticles (agnps) and silver ions (ag(+)) show growth-inhibitory activity against microorganisms and have been used for decades as antibacterial agents in various fields. to fabricate a nanofibrous scaffold which is antibacterial against bacteria and non-toxic to cells, we electrospun composite poly(l-lactic acid)-co-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanofibres containing silver nanoparticles (pllcl-agnps) with different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 wt%) of silver nitrate (agno(3)) in pllcl ...	2012	22244047
characterization and comparative genomic analysis of a novel bacteriophage, sfp10, simultaneously inhibiting both salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7.	salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7 are major food-borne pathogens causing serious illness. phage sfp10, which revealed effective infection of both s. enterica and e. coli o157:h7, was isolated and characterized. sfp10 contains a 158-kb double-stranded dna genome belonging to the vi01 phage-like family myoviridae. in vitro adsorption assays showed that the adsorption constant rates to both salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and e. coli o157:h7 were 2.50 × 10(-8) ml/min and 1.91 ...	2012	22020516
enterobacterial common antigen mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium establish a persistent infection and provide protection against subsequent lethal challenge.	infection with salmonella spp. is a significant source of disease globally. a substantial proportion of these infections are caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. here, we characterize the role of the enterobacterial common antigen (eca), a surface glycolipid ubiquitous among enteric bacteria, in s. typhimurium pathogenesis. construction of a defined mutation in the udp-n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene, weca, in two clinically relevant strains of s. typhimurium, tml ...	2012	22025511
expansion of paneth cell population in response to enteric salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection.	paneth cells residing at the base of the small intestinal crypts contribute to the mucosal intestinal first line defense by secreting granules filled with antimicrobial polypeptides including lysozyme. these cells derive from the columnar intestinal stem cell located at position 0 and the transit amplifying cell located at position +4 in the crypts. we have previously shown that salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st), a leading cause of gastrointestinal infections in humans, effects an ove ...	2012	22006567
salmonella enterica as a vaccine carrier.	salmonella enterica is an invasive, facultative intracellular gastrointestinal pathogen causing human diseases such as gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. virulence-attenuated strains of this pathogen have interesting capacities for the generation of live vaccines. attenuated live typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella strains can be used for vaccination against salmonella infections and to target tumor tissue. such strains may also serve as live carriers for the development of vaccination strateg ...	2012	22191450
Thiosulfate Reduction in Salmonella enterica Is Driven by the Proton Motive Force.	Thiosulfate respiration in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is catalyzed by the membrane-bound enzyme thiosulfate reductase. Experiments with quinone biosynthesis mutants show that menaquinol is the sole electron donor to thiosulfate reductase. However, the reduction of thiosulfate by menaquinol is highly endergonic under standard conditions (?E°' = -328 mV). Thiosulfate reductase activity was found to depend on the proton motive force (PMF) across the cytoplasmic membrane. A structural m ...	2012	22081391
l-asparaginase ii produced by salmonella typhimurium inhibits t cell responses and mediates virulence.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium avoids clearance by the host immune system by suppressing t cell responses; however, the mechanisms that mediate this immunosuppression remain unknown. we show that s. typhimurium inhibit t cell responses by producing l-asparaginase ii, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. l-asparaginase ii is necessary and sufficient to suppress t cell blastogenesis, cytokine production, and proliferation and to downmodulate express ...	2012	23245323
description of a putative oligosaccharyl:s-layer protein transferase from the tyrosine o-glycosylation system of paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051(t).	surface (s)-layer proteins are model systems for studying protein glycosylation in bacteria and simultaneously hold promises for the design of novel, glyco-functionalized modules for nanobiotechnology due to their 2d self-assembly capability. understanding the mechanism governing s-layer glycan biosynthesis in the gram-positive bacterium paenibacillus alvei ccm 2051(t) is necessary for the tailored glyco-functionalization of its s-layer. here, the putative oligosaccharyl:s-layer protein transfer ...	2012	25893145
the campylobacter jejuni dps homologue is important for in vitro biofilm formation and cecal colonization of poultry and may serve as a protective antigen for vaccination.	in this work, we investigated the campylobacter jejuni dps (dna binding protein from starved cells) gene for a role in biofilm formation and cecal colonization in poultry. in vitro biofilm formation assays were conducted with stationary-phase cells in cell culture plates under microaerophilic conditions. these studies demonstrated a significant (>50%) reduction in biofilm formation by the c. jejuni dps mutant compared to that by the wild-type strain. studies in poultry also demonstrated the impo ...	2012	22787197
salmonella "sops" up a preferred electron receptor in the inflamed intestine.	the microbiota of the mammalian intestinal tract represents a formidable barrier to colonization by pathogens. to overcome this resistance to colonization, bacterial pathogens use virulence factors to induce intestinal inflammation, which liberates nutrients for selective use by the infecting microbe. studies of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) infection in a streptomycin-treated mouse colitis model show how virulence factor-induced inflammation can produce nutrients used ...	2012	22893385
multilocus sequence typing as a replacement for serotyping in salmonella enterica.	salmonella enterica subspecies enterica is traditionally subdivided into serovars by serological and nutritional characteristics. we used multilocus sequence typing (mlst) to assign 4,257 isolates from 554 serovars to 1092 sequence types (sts). the majority of the isolates and many sts were grouped into 138 genetically closely related clusters called eburstgroups (ebgs). many ebgs correspond to a serovar, for example most typhimurium are in ebg1 and most enteritidis are in ebg4, but many ebgs co ...	2012	22737074
phage-mediated acquisition of a type iii secreted effector protein boosts growth of salmonella by nitrate respiration.	information on how emerging pathogens can invade and persist and spread within host populations remains sparse. in the 1980s, a multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium clone lysogenized by a bacteriophage carrying the sope virulence gene caused an epidemic among cattle and humans in europe. here we show that phage-mediated horizontal transfer of the sope gene enhances the production of host-derived nitrate, an energetically highly valuable electron acceptor, in a mouse colit ...	2012	22691391
signature tagged mutagenesis in the functional genetic analysis of gastrointestinal pathogens.	signature tagged mutagenesis is a genetic approach that was developed to identify novel bacterial virulence factors. it is a negative selection method in which unique identification tags allow analysis of pools of mutants in mixed populations. the approach is particularly well suited to functional genetic analysis of the gastrointestinal phase of infection in foodborne pathogens and has the capacity to guide the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. in this review we outline the techni ...	2012	22555467
storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria.	microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. the antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including vibrio ...	2012	22524115
surface-immobilization of chromatographically purified bacteriophages for the optimized capture of bacteria.	bacteriophages offer interesting alternatives to antibodies for the specific capture and detection of pathogenic bacteria onto biosensing surfaces. procedures for the optimal chemical immobilization of lytic bacteriophages onto surfaces are presented. more specifically, the removal of lysate contaminants from bacteriophage suspensions by size exclusion chromatography significantly increases the resultant planar surface density of immobilized bacteriophages. e. coli t4 and salmonella enterica ser ...	2012	22666653
variable carbon catabolism among salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is strictly a human intracellular pathogen. it causes acute systemic (typhoid fever) and chronic infections that result in long-term asymptomatic human carriage. s. typhi displays diverse disease manifestations in human infection and exhibits high clonality. the principal factors underlying the unique lifestyle of s. typhi in its human host during acute and chronic infections remain largely unknown and are therefore the main objective of this study.	2012	22662115
characterization of modular bacteriophage endolysins from myoviridae phages obp, 201φ2-1 and pvp-se1.	peptidoglycan lytic enzymes (endolysins) induce bacterial host cell lysis in the late phase of the lytic bacteriophage replication cycle. endolysins obpgp279 (from pseudomonas fluorescens phage obp), pvp-se1gp146 (salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage pvp-se1) and 201φ2-1gp229 (pseudomonas chlororaphis phage 201φ2-1) all possess a modular structure with an n-terminal cell wall binding domain and a c-terminal catalytic domain, a unique property for endolysins with a gram-negative backgrou ...	2012	22615864
isolation and preliminary characterization of amino acid substitution mutations that increase the activity of the osmoregulated prop protein of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	in enterobacteriaceae, the prop protein, which takes up proline and glycine betaine, is subject to a post-translational control mechanism that increases its activity at high osmolarity. in order to investigate the osmoregulatory mechanism of the salmonella enterica prop, we devised a positive selection for mutations that conferred increased activity on this protein at low osmolarity. the selection involved the isolation of mutations in a proline auxotroph that resulted in increased accumulation ...	2012	22360681
isolation of a paenibacillus sp. strain and structural elucidation of its broad-spectrum lipopeptide antibiotic.	this research was initiated to search for novel antimicrobial compounds produced by food or environmental microorganisms. a new bacterial strain, designated osy-se, which produces a unique and potent antimicrobial agent was isolated from soil. the isolate was identified as a paenibacillus sp. through cultural, biochemical, and genetic analyses. an antimicrobial compound was extracted from paenibacillus osy-se with acetonitrile and purified using liquid chromatography. after analyses by mass spec ...	2012	22367082
enhanced inactivation of salmonella and pseudomonas biofilms on stainless steel by use of t-128, a fresh-produce washing aid, in chlorinated wash solutions.	the effect of the washing aid t-128 (generally recognized as safe [gras] formulation, composed mainly of phosphoric acid and propylene glycol) on inactivation of salmonella and pseudomonas populations in biofilms on stainless steel was evaluated under conditions of increasing organic matter loads in chlorinated wash solutions dominated by hypochlorous acid. biofilms were formed statically on stainless steel coupons suspended in 2% lettuce extract after inoculation with salmonella enterica serova ...	2012	22752180
phosphorothioate dna as an antioxidant in bacteria.	diverse bacteria contain dna with sulfur incorporated stereo-specifically into their dna backbone at specific sequences (phosphorothioation). we found that in vitro oxidation of phosphorothioate (pt) dna by hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) or peracetic acid has two possible outcomes: dna backbone cleavage or sulfur removal resulting in restoration of normal dna backbone. the physiological relevance of this redox reaction was investigated by challenging pt dna hosting salmonella enterica cells using ...	2012	22772986
requirement of siderophore biosynthesis for plant colonization by salmonella enterica.	contaminated fresh produce has become the number one vector of nontyphoidal salmonellosis to humans. however, salmonella enterica genes essential for the life cycle of the organism outside the mammalian host are for the most part unknown. screening deletion mutants led to the discovery that an aroa mutant had a significant root colonization defect due to a failure to replicate. aroa is part of the chorismic acid biosynthesis pathway, a central metabolic node involved in aromatic amino acid and s ...	2012	22522683
salmonella promotes asc oligomerization-dependent caspase-1 activation.	innate immune cells sense and respond to the cytoplasmic infection of bacterial pathogens through nlrp3, nlrc4 or aim2 inflammasome depending on the unique molecular pattern of invading pathogens. the infection of flagellin- or type iii secretion system (t3ss)-containing gram-negative bacteria such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) or pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa) triggers nlrc4-dependent caspase-1 activation leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokine ...	2012	23396959
interplay between the qsec and qsee bacterial adrenergic sensor kinases in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pathogenesis.	the bacterial adrenergic sensor kinases qsec and qsee respond to epinephrine and/or norepinephrine to initiate a complex phosphorelay regulatory cascade that modulates virulence gene expression in several pathogens. we have previously shown that qsec activates virulence gene expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. here we report the role of qsee in s. typhimurium pathogenesis as well as the interplay between these two histidine sensor kinases in gene regulation. an s. typhimurium ...	2012	23027532
assessment of whole-genome mapping in a well-defined outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype saintpaul.	we investigated the use of whole-genome mapping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) with isolates from an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype saintpaul. pfge and whole-genome mapping were concordant with 22 of 23 isolates. whole-genome mapping is a viable alternative tool for the epidemiological analysis of salmonella food-borne disease investigations.	2012	22718933
foxp3(+) regulatory t cells, immune stimulation and host defence against infection.	the immune system is intricately regulated allowing potent effectors to expand and become rapidly mobilized after infection, while simultaneously silencing potentially detrimental responses that averts immune-mediated damage to host tissues. this relies in large part on the delicate interplay between immune suppressive regulatory cd4(+) t (treg) cells and immune effectors that without active suppression by treg cells cause systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. although these beneficial roles ...	2012	22211994
polyamines are required for virulence in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	sensing and responding to environmental cues is a fundamental characteristic of bacterial physiology and virulence. here we identify polyamines as novel environmental signals essential for virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, a major intracellular pathogen and a model organism for studying typhoid fever. central to its virulence are two major virulence loci salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and 2 (spi1 and spi2). spi1 promotes invasion of epithelial cells, whereas spi2 enables s ...	2012	22558361