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modulation of lethal hpaiv h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b infection in aiv pre-exposed mallards.in 2016/2017, a severe epidemic of hpaiv h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 group b (h5n8b) affected europe. to analyse the role of mallards in the spatiotemporal dynamics of global hpaiv h5n8b dispersal, mallards (anas platyrhynchos), naturally exposed to various aiv and therefore seropositive, were challenged with h5n8b. all experiments were controlled by infection and co-housing of seronegative juvenile pekin ducklings. all ducks that survived the first infection were re-challenged 21 dpi with the homologous ...202031969057
dynamic accumulation of fatty acids in duck (anas platyrhynchos) breast muscle and its correlations with gene expression.fatty acid composition contributes greatly to the quality and nutritional value of meat. however, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying fatty acid accumulation in poultry have not yet been cleared. the aims of this study were to characterize the dynamics of fatty acid accumulation in duck breast muscle and investigate its correlations with gene expression.202031952469
natural and experimental persistence of highly pathogenic h5 influenza viruses in slurry of domestic ducks, with or without lime treatment.infections by a/h5 and a/h7 avian influenza viruses (aivs) can cause acute disease and are therefore notifiable in poultry and wild birds. during winter 2015-2016, several cases of infection caused by highly pathogenic (hp) aivs belonging to the a/h5n1, a/h5n2 and a/h5n9 subtypes, were detected in south-western france. throughout winter 2016-2017, several cases of infections mainly caused by a/h5n8 hp aiv (a/gooses/gd/1/96 clade 2.3.4.4) were detected across europe. on both occasions, the viruse ...202033008818
genetic signature of hybridization between chinese spot-billed ducks and domesticated ducks.in this study, we analyzed 93 whole genomes from chinese spot-billed ducks (csb), meat-type ducks (met), and egg and dual purpose-type ducks (edt) to characterize the genetic material flowing between the csb and modern ducks. using a frequency of shared identical-by-descent method, approximately 10.9 mb introgression segments containing 140 genes were identified showing the signatures of introgression between csb and edt. meanwhile, nearly 10.6 m introgression regions containing 149 genes were i ...202033020910
quantifying within-host diversity of h5n1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in cambodia.avian influenza viruses (aivs) periodically cross species barriers and infect humans. the likelihood that an aiv will evolve mammalian transmissibility depends on acquiring and selecting mutations during spillover, but data from natural infection is limited. we analyze deep sequencing data from infected humans and domestic ducks in cambodia to examine how h5n1 viruses evolve during spillover. overall, viral populations in both species are predominated by low-frequency (<10%) variation shaped by ...202031951644
evaluation of threaded external skeletal fixation pin insertion with and without predrilling in avian bone.the aim of this study was to document the effects of positive-profile threaded external skeletal fixation (esf) pin insertion without predrilling on heat generation, structural damage and pullout strength in avian bone than that with predrilling.202031618774
domestic ducks play a major role in the maintenance and spread of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in south korea.the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 spread from eastern china to korea in 2014 and caused outbreaks in domestic poultry until 2016. to understand how h5n8 hpaivs spread at host species level in korea during 2014-2016, a bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used for ancestral state reconstruction and estimation of the host transition dynamics between wild waterfowl, domestic ducks and chickens. our data support that h5n8 hpaiv most likely transmitt ...202031675474
inter genotype differences in expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism in the establishment of hepatic steatosis in muscovy, pekin and mule ducks.in waterfowls, overfeeding leads to a hepatic steatosis, also called "foie gras". our main objectives were to determine what is the share of genes involvement of glucose metabolism in the establishment of fatty liver in three genotypes of waterfowls: muscovy (cairina moschata), pekin ducks (anas platyrhynchos) and their crossbreed, the mule duck. 288 male ducks of pekin, muscovy and mule genotypes were reared until weeks 12 and overfed between weeks 12 and 14. we analysed gene expression at the ...202031741265
cellular elements organization in the trachea of mallard (anas platyrhynchos) with a special reference to its local immunological role.many studies have been carried out to investigate the histological structure of the trachea in many species of birds. however, the cellular organization of the trachea in the mallard duck is still unclear. this study was performed on 12 sexually mature male mallard duck to demonstrate the cellular organization of the trachea using light and electron microscopy. the tracheal epithelium is considered the first line of defense against airborne pathogens. the mallard trachea was lined by a pseudostr ...202031724070
susceptibility of laughing gulls (leucophaeus atricilla) and mallards (anas platyrhynchos) to ruddy turnstone (arenaria interpres morinella) origin type a influenza viruses.delaware bay, us is the only documented location where influenza a virus (iav) is consistently detected in a shorebird species, the ruddy turnstone (rutu; arenaria interpres morinella). although iav in shorebirds has been well studied at this site for decades, the importance of other species in the avian community as potential sources for the iavs that infect rutus each spring remains unclear. we determined the susceptibility of mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and laughing gulls (leucophaeus atric ...202031532732
limited detection of antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4 a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus in north american waterfowl.during 2014, highly pathogenic (hp) influenza a viruses (iavs) of the a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 lineage (gsgd-hp-h5), originating from asia, were detected in domestic poultry and wild birds in canada and the us. these clade 2.3.4.4 gsgd-hp-h5 viruses included reassortants possessing north american lineage gene segments; were detected in wild birds in the pacific, central, and mississippi flyways; and caused the largest hp iav outbreak in poultry in us history. to determine if an antibody response ...202031556839
genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 viruses in bangladesh.asian lineage a/h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in bangladesh since 2007. although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in bangladesh. in this study, we identified a/h9n2 (n = 15), a/h5n1 (n = 19), and a/h5n1-a/h9n2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (corvus splende ...202034127940
a preliminary survey on gastrointestinal parasites of domestic ducks in ahvaz, southwest iran.despite ducks being birds resistant to infection, the favorable habitat of ducks such as subtropical climate or stagnant water is also a perfect place for survival of the parasites.202029963096
pattern-recognition receptors in duck (anas platyrhynchos): identification, expression and function analysis of toll-like receptor 3.1. innate immunity provides the first line of defence against pathogenic organisms through a myriad of germline encoded receptors called pattern-recognition receptors (prrs). toll-like receptor (tlr) 3, as an important member of prrs, is indispensable for host defence against viral infection by recognising virus-derived rnas. however, little is known about the structure and function of tlr3 in ducks (anas platyrhynchos), a natural host for the avian influenza virus.2. this study cloned the full- ...202033215508
prevalence and distribution of avian influenza viruses in domestic ducks at the waterfowl-chicken interface in wetlands.ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza a viruses (iavs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. wetlands, such as hakaluki and tanguar haor in bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. a cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. during the three consecutive winters of 2015-2017, specifically in d ...202033207803
truncation or deglycosylation of the neuraminidase stalk enhances the pathogenicity of the h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus in mallard ducks.h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) with a deletion of 20 amino acids at residues 49-68 in the stalk region of neuraminidase (na) became a major epidemic virus. to determine the effect of truncation or deglycosylation of the na stalk on virulence, we used site-directed mutagenesis to insert 20 amino acids in the short-stalk virus a/mallard/huadong/s/2005 (sy) to recover the long-stalk virus (rsna+). a series of short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses were also constructed basing on the ...202033193225
development and validation of a universal one-step rt-pcr assay for broad detection of duck tembusu virus.duck tembusu virus (dtmuv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has been identified as a causative agent of an emerging disease in ducks. since its first report in 2010, several clusters of dtmuv have increasingly been identified and caused outbreaks in many asian countries. this highlights the need for improved and novel broad detection assays in order to detect all circulating clusters of dtmuv. in this study, a universal one-step reverse-transcription pcr (rt-pcr) assay targeting a highly conserved ...202033205167
the evolutionary dynamics of influenza a viruses circulating in mallards in duck hunting preserves in maryland, usa.duck hunting preserves (dhp) have resident populations of farm-raised mallard ducks, which create potential foci for the evolution of novel influenza a viruses (iavs). through an eleven-year (2003-2013) iav surveillance project in seven dhps in maryland, usa, we frequently identified iavs in the resident, free-flying mallard ducks (5.8% of cloacal samples were iav-positive). the iav population had high genetic diversity, including 12 ha subtypes and 9 na subtypes. by sequencing the complete geno ...202033375548
a comparative study of the innate humoral immune response to avian influenza virus in wild and domestic mallards.domestic mallards (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are traditionally used as a model to investigate infection dynamics and immune responses to low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) in free-living mallards. however, it is unclear whether the immune response of domestic birds reflects the response of their free-living counterparts naturally exposed to these viruses. we investigated the extent to which the innate humoral immune response was similar among (i) wild-type domestic mallards in ...202033329501
host range of influenza a virus h1 to h16 in eurasian ducks based on tissue and receptor binding studies.dabbling and diving ducks partly occupy shared habitats but have been reported to play different roles in wildlife infectious disease dynamics. influenza a virus (iav) epidemiology in wild birds has been based primarily on surveillance programs focused on dabbling duck species, particularly mallard (anas platyrhynchos). surveillance in eurasia has shown that in mallards, some subtypes are commonly (h1 to h7 and h10), intermediately (h8, h9, h11, and h12), or rarely (h13 to h16) detected, contrib ...202133361418
molecular characterization and functional analysis of duck ccch-type zinc finger antiviral protein (zap).this is the first study to clone duck ccch-type zinc finger antiviral protein (duzap) from jingjiang duck (anas platyrhynchos). full-length duzap cdna was 2154 bp and encoded a 717-amino acid polypeptide containing four highly conserved ccch-type finger motifs, a wwe domain and a poly (adp-ribose) polymerase (parp) domain. duzap was expressed in multiple duck tissues, with the highest mrna expression in the spleen. overexpression of duzap in duck embryo fibroblast cells (defs) led to activation ...202134020141
evaluation of insulated isothermal pcr devices for the detection of avian influenza virus.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) represent important threats to the poultry industry and global human health. due to the high rates of avian influenza virus (aiv) transmission, controlling aiv outbreaks is challenging. hpaiv is known to be transmitted from wild birds to domestic ducks, from which it can be transmitted to layer and broiler chickens. therefore, surveillance of aiv in domestic ducks and chickens in advance of out ...202133711374
detection of newly introduced y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea.we report the first detection of y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea during july 2020. the viruses were isolated from domestic ducks and chickens traded in three markets in two different provinces, indicating dispersal of the newly introduced viruses. complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments of the viruses showed high nucleotide homology to a y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated in a chicken farm i ...202133523603
highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus spread by short- and long-range transmission, france, 2016-17.we detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus in france during winter 2016-17. genotype a viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern france. our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype a viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern france. in some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. the intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the den ...202133496244
biological properties and genetic characterization of novel low pathogenic h7n3 avian influenza viruses isolated from mallard ducks in the caspian region, dagestan, russia.avian influenza viruses (aivs) are maintained in wild bird reservoirs, particularly in mallard ducks and other waterfowl. novel evolutionary lineages of aiv that arise through genetic drift or reassortment can spread with wild bird migrations to new regions, infect a wide variety of resident bird species, and spillover to domestic poultry. the vast continental reservoir of aivs in eurasia harbors a wide diversity of influenza subtypes, including both highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp ...202133920551
ddx1 from cherry valley duck mediates signaling pathways and anti-ndrv activity.novel duck reovirus (ndrv) causes severe economic losses to the duck industry, which is characterized by hemorrhagic spots and necrotic foci of the livers and spleens. dead-box helicase 1 (ddx1) plays a critical role in the innate immune system against viral infection. however, the role of duck ddx1 (duddx1) in anti-rna virus infection, especially in the anti-ndrv infection, has yet to be elucidated. in the present study, the full-length cdna of duddx1 (2223 bp encode 740 amino acids) was firstl ...202133472667
multiple reassortants of h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses detected in south korea during the winter of 2020-2021.during october 2020-january 2021, we isolated a total of 67 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 viruses from wild birds and outbreaks in poultry in south korea. we sequenced the isolates and performed phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences to determine the origin, evolution, and spread patterns of these viruses. phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene showed that all the isolates belong to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup b (2.3.4.4b) and form two distinct genetic clu ...202133809549
virus adaptation following experimental infection of chickens with a domestic duck low pathogenic avian influenza isolate from the 2017 usa h7n9 outbreak identifies polymorphic mutations in multiple gene segments.in march 2017, highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp) avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h7n9 were detected from poultry farms and backyard birds in several states in the southeast united states. because interspecies transmission is a known mechanism for evolution of aivs, we sought to characterize infection and transmission of a domestic duck-origin h7n9 lpaiv in chickens and genetically compare the viruses replicating in the chickens to the original h7n9 clinical field samples used as ...202134207098
elucidating the local transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 in the republic of korea by integrating phylogenetic information.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus is one of the most virulent and infectious pathogens of poultry. as a response to hpai epidemics, veterinary authorities implement preemptive depopulation as a controlling strategy. however, mass culling within a uniform radius of the infection site can result in unnecessary depopulation. therefore, it is useful to quantify the transmission distance from infected premises (ips) before determining the optimal area for preemptive depopulation. accordi ...202134199439
health monitoring in birds using bio-loggers and whole blood transcriptomics.monitoring and early detection of emerging infectious diseases in wild animals is of crucial global importance, yet reliable ways to measure immune status and responses are lacking for animals in the wild. here we assess the usefulness of bio-loggers for detecting disease outbreaks in free-living birds and confirm detailed responses using leukocyte composition and large-scale transcriptomics. we simulated natural infections by viral and bacterial pathogens in captive mallards (anas platyrhynchos ...202134031452
do contrasting patterns of migration movements and disease outbreaks between congeneric waterfowl species reflect differing immunity?long-distance migrations influence the dynamics of hostpathogen interactions and understanding the role of migratory waterfowl in the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) is important. while wild geese have been associated with outbreak events, disease ecology of closely related species has not been studied to the same extent. the swan goose (anser cygnoides) and the bar-headed goose (anser indicus) are congeneric species with distinctly different hpaiv infection recor ...202134000793
pathogenesis and genetic characteristics of a novel reassortant low pathogenic avian influenza a(h7n6) virus isolated in cambodia in 2019.the first human case of zoonotic a(h7n4) avian influenza virus (aiv) infection was reported in early 2018 in china. two months after this case, novel a(h7n4) viruses phylogenetically related to the jiangsu isolate emerged in ducks from live bird markets in cambodia. during active surveillance in cambodia, a novel a(h7n6) reassortant of the zoonotic low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv) a(h7n4) was detected in domestic ducks at a slaughterhouse. complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed th ...202134347386
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n2 (clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak.the 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 outbreak in upper midwestern u.s. poultry operations was not detected in wild birds to any great degree during the outbreak, despite wild waterfowl being implicated in the introduction, reassortment, and movement of the virus into north america from asia. this outbreak led to the demise of over 50 million domestic birds and occurred mainly during the northward spring migration of adult avian populations.202134323380
diversity and reassortment rate of influenza a viruses in wild ducks and gulls.influenza a viruses (iavs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. the patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. we investigated the genetic diversity of iavs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. the complete genomes of 38 iavs of h1n1, h1n2, h3n1, h3n2, h3n6, h3n8, h4n6, h5n3, h6n2, h11n6, and h11n9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in moscow, russia were sequenced. the ...202134072256
serological evidence of backyard pig exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus during 2016-2017 epizootic in france.in autumn/winter 2016-2017, hpai-h5n8 viruses belonging to the a/goose/guandong/1/1996 (gs/gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred in hpai-h5nx confirmed mixed herds. in this context, ten pig herds were visited in southwestern france from december 2016 to may 2017 and serological analyses for influenza a virus (iav) infections were carried out by elisa and hemagglutination i ...202134070190
glucose homeostasis is dysregulated in ducks infected with duck hepatitis b virus.the association between hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and the development of diabetes remains controversial. this study examined the effect of hbv infection on glucose homeostasis using a duck hbv (dhbv) model.202134167117
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