Publications

acute myocardial infarction after blunt chest trauma in young people: need for prompt intervention.	we describe four cases of acute myocardial infarction in young patients, secondary to blunt chest trauma. one case was treated with intracoronary thrombolysis and angioplasty, two cases received systemic thrombolysis, and the last one did not have any reperfusion therapy. the coronary angiograms of the left anterior descending artery showed thrombosis in two cases, coronary dissection in one case, and no morphological lesions in the other. we encourage the early performance of angiographic studi ...	2006	1764738
[a case of idiopathic aseptic osteonecrosis of the patellae: repeat study of tc-99m hmdp bone scintigraphy in a reparative phase].	a 37-year-old woman entered our hospital because of bilateral knee pain. tc-99m hmdp bone scintigram demonstrated increased activity in the bilateral patellae and cold lesion in the center and left lateral segments of the left patellae, so-called doughnut pattern. trephine biopsy was performed to prove bilateral idiopathic asepct osteonecrosis of the patellae. the knee pain subsided and a bone scan 5 months later demonstrated increased activity in the bilateral patellae more widely than initial ...	2006	1800777
[a case of idiopathic aseptic osteonecrosis of the patellae: repeat study of tc-99m hmdp bone scintigraphy in a reparative phase].	a 37-year-old woman entered our hospital because of bilateral knee pain. tc-99m hmdp bone scintigram demonstrated increased activity in the bilateral patellae and cold lesion in the center and left lateral segments of the left patellae, so-called doughnut pattern. trephine biopsy was performed to prove bilateral idiopathic asepct osteonecrosis of the patellae. the knee pain subsided and a bone scan 5 months later demonstrated increased activity in the bilateral patellae more widely than initial ...	2006	1800777
on the regulation of collagen-fibril shape and form.		2006	1794563
transcatheter management of pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatitis.	hemorrhage from rupture of an arterial pseudoaneurysm is a potentially fatal complication of pancreatitis. seventeen patients underwent transcatheter embolization of 23 arteries for the treatment of 20 arterial pseudoaneurysms secondary to pancreatitis. their records were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the clinical benefit of transcatheter therapy. at presentation, 15 of the 17 patients had gastrointestinal, intrasplenic, retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal, or postoperative wound bleeding. t ...	2006	1797219
transcatheter management of pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatitis.	hemorrhage from rupture of an arterial pseudoaneurysm is a potentially fatal complication of pancreatitis. seventeen patients underwent transcatheter embolization of 23 arteries for the treatment of 20 arterial pseudoaneurysms secondary to pancreatitis. their records were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the clinical benefit of transcatheter therapy. at presentation, 15 of the 17 patients had gastrointestinal, intrasplenic, retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal, or postoperative wound bleeding. t ...	2006	1797219
[calculation of visit fees and travel expense by free-practicing anesthetists. decision of the münster ovg on l2/l8/1990].		2006	1544356
"raynaud's disease" in migraineurs: one entity or two?	two cases are reported of patients who were diagnosed as having both migraine and raynaud's disease. because they were able to achieve effective control of both headaches and extremity temperature after undergoing a comprehensive approach--utilizing medication, biofeedback, and psychotherapy--it is suggested that both conditions are manifestations of the same disorder. it is recommended that a first step in approaching concurrent diagnoses of this type involve combined treatment as is often used ...	2006	1446993
analysis of drug action at single-channel level.	many drugs interact directly with ion channel proteins to alter gating and permeation functions. single-channel recording affords resolution of drug-induced functional changes in channel behavior at the molecular level. drug and toxin molecules that block ion channels are useful probes of channel mechanisms because blocking sites are often coupled to other pharmacologically relevant binding sites. simple kinetic schemes describing fast block, slow block, and binding competition between two block ...	2006	1382213
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (mimosaceae).	ethyl acetate (ea) extract of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (cg) was analysed phytochemically and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against 17 pathogenic species isolated from patient: escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, proteus mirabilis, salmonella typhi, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter agglomerans, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus feacalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa ...	2006	20162076
production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for escherichia coli o157:h7.	seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for escherichia coli o157:h7, one of the major causes of haemorrhagic colitis in humans, were produced by immunising balb/c mice with the strain e. coli o157:h7. these monoclonal antibodies do not cross-react with other bacteria such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, e. coli o14, e. coli jm109, s. enterica serovar enteritidis, s. panama, s. saintpaul, s. derby, s. muenchen, s. bredeney, s. hadar, yersinia enterocolitica, proteus vulgaris, shi ...	2006	20429059
in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from plants bryophyllum pinnatum and kalanchoe crenata.	extracts from the leaves of bryophyllum pinnatum and kalanchoe crenata were screened for their antimicrobial activities. solvents used included water, methanol, and local solvents such as palmwine, local gin (seaman's schnapps 40% alcoholic drink,) and "omi ekan-ogi" (sour water from 3 days fermented milled maize). leaves were dried and powdered before being soaked in solvents for 3 days. another traditional method of extraction by squeezing raw juice from the leaves was also employed. all extra ...	2007	20161897
disturbed metabolism of glucose and related hormones in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy: hypersensitivities of the autonomic nervous system and therapeutic prevention.	regulation of glucose metabolism was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test (ogtt) in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (fap). upon oral administration of a loading dose of glucose, plasma levels of glucose, insulin and glucagon changed abnormally in all fap patients tested. although plasma levels of glucose and insulin in the fasted patients were within normal ranges, 33% of fap patients showed hypoglycemia after transient hyperinsulinemia during the examination. furthermore, ...	2007	1940028
regulation of alcohol consumption by the renin-angiotensin system: a review of recent findings and a possible mechanism of action.	the renin-angiotensin system has traditionally been associated with the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. in this review we summarize the data which ascribes a completely new function to this system, i.e., the regulation of alcohol consumption. in addition, we suggest a possible mechanism for this effect based on the concept of a satiety or stop process. the approach taken was to examine the effect on alcohol intake of a wide variety of drug, genetic, dietary, surgical and neurosurgic ...	2007	1852316
comparative sequence analysis of acid sensitive/resistance proteins in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri.	the molecular basis for the survival of bacteria under extreme conditions in which growth is inhibited is a question of great current interest. a preliminary study was carried out to determine residue pattern conservation among the antiporters of enteric bacteria, responsible for extreme acid sensitivity especially in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. here we found the molecular evidence that proved the relationship between e. coli and s. flexneri. multiple sequence alignment of the gadc c ...	2007	21670792
[brain stem auditory evoked potentials in the early period after a brain concussion].	acoustic truncal evoked potentials (atep) were studied in 24 patients in the first 48 hours after concussion of the brain. the absolute peak latency of components 1, 3, and 5, the interpeak intervals 1-3, 3-5, and 1-5, and the interaural difference were determined. the results were compared with those of examination of a control group of 24 healthy individuals. individual and group appraisal failed to reveal any significant differences from normal values in none of the studied parameters in pati ...	2007	2168645
[urinary symptoms in elderly women in nursing homes. frequency and social consequences of urinary incontinence in elderly women living in nursing homes].	all 278 female residents of nursing homes in the county of roskilde were assessed as regards the extent and severity of urinary incontinence and possible urinary infections. a total of 168 (58.5%) were incontinent. culture of the urine was performed in 210 women and significant bacteriuria was demonstrated in 50%. thirty-four out of the total of 287 women (12%) had indwelling catheters. in incontinent women without catheters, great quantities of urine were often voided involuntarily. despite thi ...	2007	2238207
[urinary symptoms in elderly women in nursing homes. frequency and social consequences of urinary incontinence in elderly women living in nursing homes].	all 278 female residents of nursing homes in the county of roskilde were assessed as regards the extent and severity of urinary incontinence and possible urinary infections. a total of 168 (58.5%) were incontinent. culture of the urine was performed in 210 women and significant bacteriuria was demonstrated in 50%. thirty-four out of the total of 287 women (12%) had indwelling catheters. in incontinent women without catheters, great quantities of urine were often voided involuntarily. despite thi ...	2007	2238207
propofol for sedation of a spontaneously breathing infant.		2007	1952021
[internal tooth resorption].		2007	2206646
fluorosis, osteopetrosis, and ectopic calcification.		2007	2223455
fluorosis, osteopetrosis, and ectopic calcification.		2007	2223455
myopic excimer laser keratectomy. a preliminary report.		2007	1936430
inhibition by anti-cd2 monoclonal antibodies of anti-cd3-induced t cell-dependent b cell activation.	anti-cd3 mab can activate t cells to help in b cell activation as detected by late events, such as maturation of b cells into ig-secreting cells (igsc), or by early events, such as b cell surface expression of the activation marker cd23. two different anti-cd2 mab each inhibited anti-cd3-induced t cell-dependent b cell activation in a dose-dependent fashion. neither irradiation of the t cells prior to culture nor depletion of cd8+ cells abrogated the inhibitory effects of anti-cd2 mab. despite t ...	2007	1976440
regression of diffuse osteosclerosis in hairy cell leukaemia after treatment with interferon.		2007	2223637
regression of diffuse osteosclerosis in hairy cell leukaemia after treatment with interferon.		2007	2223637
observation and theory in psychoanalysis: the self psychology of heinz kohut.	the development of self psychology by heinz kohut illustrates the influence of observational method on theory formation in psychoanalysis. in 1959 kohut began to emphasize empathy and introspection over the traditional combination of free association and evenly suspended attention. this became an important part of a process of revision in psychoanalytic theory which culminated in self psychology. this paper demonstrates how and why that particular change in observational method influenced that p ...	2007	1924603
antinuclear antibody-negative systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) and severe renal involvement: close correlation between disease activity and appearance of circulating anticoagulant.	a 16-year-old girl meeting the criteria for sle is described. salient features of the clinical course included active glomerulonephritis with dense subepithelial deposits on electron microscopy, pulmonary embolism, axillary vein thrombosis, arthritis, serositis and fever. disease activity correlated with the presence of lupus anticoagulant as measured by vdrl and partial thromboplastin time (ptt). her serum was consistently negative to ana, anti-ds-dna, anti-ss-dna, ena, anti-ro, anti-la, and le ...	2007	3128493
the passerine bird song system as a model in neuroendocrine research.	in the neural system controlling song in passerine birds, gonadal steroid hormones have potent effects on neural growth and differentiation. during ontogeny, sex differences in the secretion of steroid hormones lead to dramatic sex differences in neuron number and structure. in adulthood, sex steroid hormones also cause a significant reorganization of neural circuits. these studies of hormone action have been influential in the development of the field of neuroendocrinology.	2007	1974800
changing patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella serotypes isolated from children with acute diarrhea in manipal, south india, a 5 year study.	this study was carried out to determine the current pattern of shigella serogroups and their antimicrobial resistance in children with acute gastroenteritis in manipal, south india. a total of 1,200 stool samples were collected from april 2001 to may 2006 in children suffering from acute gastroenteritis attending the out-patient department of pediatrics at kasturba hospital, manipal, south india. these samples were cultured for enteric pathogens. the isolates were confirmed to be shigella by bio ...	2007	18041303
antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella flexneri and s. dysenteriae isolated from stool specimens of patients with bloody diarrhoea in mwanza, tanzania.	this study was conducted to determine frequency and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella species isolated from stool specimens collected from patients presenting with bloody diarrhoea in mwanza city, tanzania. the study was carried out from october 2004 to october 2005 and involved patients attending sekou toure regional hospital and butimba health centre. bacteriological cultures were done at the national institute for medical research laboratory. a total of 489 patients (median ...	2007	18087897
direct detection of shigella flexneri and salmonella typhimurium in human feces by real-time pcr.	we have established a sybr green-based realtime pcr method using anydirect solution, which enhances pcr from whole blood, for direct amplification of the vira gene of shigella flexneri and the inva gene of salmonella typhimurium from human feces without prior dna purification. when we compared the efficiency of conventional or realtime pcr amplification of the vira and inva genes from the supernatant of boiled feces supplemented with s. flexneri and s. typhimurium in the presence or absence of a ...	2007	18156776
effect of hand wash agents on controlling the transmission of pathogenic bacteria from hands to food.	the goals of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of two hand wash regimens in reducing transient bacteria on the skin following a single hand wash and the subsequent transfer of the bacteria to a ready-to-eat food item, freshly cut cantaloupe melon. the number of bacteria recovered from hands and the quantity transferred to the melon were significantly less following the use of an antibacterial soap compared with plain soap. the antimicrobial soap achieved > 3-log reductions versus esc ...	2007	18095447
identification of novel genomic islands associated with small rnas.	genome evolution in prokaryotes is assisted by integration of gene pools from phages and plasmids. regions downstream of trnas and tmrnas are considered as hot spots for the integration of these gene pools or genomic islands. till date, genomic islands have been identified only at trna/tmrna genes in the enterobacterial genomes. present work reports 10 distinct small rnas as potent integration sites for genomic islands. a known tool trnacc 1.0 has been used to identify genomic islands associated ...	2007	18467773
shigella isolates of nepal: changes in the incidence of shigella subgroups and trends of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.	shigellosis is an important cause of bloody diarrhoea in all age groups, especially in children. a retrospective study was done to analyse the pattern of shigella isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility trend of these shigella isolated at different hospitals of nepal from jan, 2003- dec, 2005.	2007	18603983
epidemiology and clinical presentation of shigellosis in children less than five years of age in rural mozambique.	rectal swabs were collected from 1354 children <5 years of age with diarrhea attending manhiça district hospital and from 227 healthy community controls. shigellosis incidence was high among children aged 12-47 months (488.4/10(5) child-years at risk). fever and dysentery were prominent clinical findings. shigella was more frequently isolated from cases than controls (6.7% versus 0.4%, p = 0.004), and from dysentery than nondysenteric diarrhea (24.1% versus 3.5%, p < 0.001). shigella flexneri 2a ...	2007	17984817
type iii secretion effectors of the ipah family are e3 ubiquitin ligases.	many bacteria pathogenic for plants or animals, including shigella spp., which is responsible for shigellosis in humans, use a type iii secretion apparatus to inject effector proteins into host cells. effectors alter cell signaling and host responses induced upon infection; however, their precise biochemical activities have been elucidated in very few cases. utilizing saccharomyces cerevisiae as a surrogate host, we show that the shigella effector ipah9.8 interrupts pheromone response signaling ...	2007	18005683
microbial pathogen-induced necrotic cell death mediated by the inflammasome components cias1/cryopyrin/nlrp3 and asc.	cryopyrin (cias1, nlrp3) and asc are components of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex required for caspase-1 activation and cytokine il-1beta production. cias1 mutations underlie autoinflammation characterized by excessive il-1beta secretion. disease-associated cryopyrin also causes a program of necrosis-like cell death in macrophages, the mechanistic details of which are unknown. we find that patient monocytes carrying disease-associated cias1 mutations exhibit excessive necrosis-like dea ...	2007	18005730
crystal structure of an apo form of shigella flexneri arsh protein with an nadph-dependent fmn reductase activity.	the arsh gene or its homologs are a frequent part of the arsenic resistance system in bacteria and eukaryotes. although a specific biological function of the gene product is unknown, the arsh protein was annotated as a member of the nadph-dependent fmn reductase family based on a conserved (t/s)xrxxsx(t/s) fingerprint motif common for fmn binding proteins. presented here are the first crystal structure of an arsh protein from shigella flexneri refined at 1.7 a resolution and results of enzymatic ...	2007	17962405
multilocus sequence typing analysis of shigella flexneri isolates collected in asian countries.	the multilocus sequence typing scheme used previously for phylogenetic analysis of escherichia coli was applied to 107 clinical isolates of shigella flexneri. dna sequencing of 3423 bp throughout seven housekeeping genes identified eight new allele types and ten new sequence types among the isolates. s. flexneri serotypes 1-5, x and y were clustered together in a group containing many allelic variants while serotype 6 formed a distinct group, as previously established.	2007	17965345
[rapid detection of three foodborne pathogenic bacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detector].	a method for monitoring foodborne pathogenic bacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr)--capillary electrophoresis (ce) with a laser induced fluorescence detector was developed. three sets of primers were designed to amplify the gene segments of uida gene in e. coli. o157:h7, inva gene in salmonella and ipah gene in shigella, individually. the multiple pcr system and the separation conditions of ce were optimized. using a capillary coated with linear polyacrylamide and sieving buffer ...	2007	17970100
secretory iga mediates bacterial translocation to dendritic cells in mouse peyer's patches with restriction to mucosal compartment.	in addition to fulfilling its function of immune exclusion at mucosal surfaces, secretory iga (siga) ab exhibits the striking feature to adhere selectively to m cells in the mouse and human intestinal peyer's patches (pps). subsequent uptake drives the siga ab to dendritic cells (dcs), which become partially activated. using freshly isolated mouse dcs, we found that the interaction with siga was tissue and dc subtype dependent. only dcs isolated from pps and mesenteric lymph nodes interacted wit ...	2007	18025221
the distribution of insertion sequences in the genome of shigella flexneri strain 2457t.	shigella flexneri, which causes shigellosis in humans, evolved from escherichia coli. the sequencing of shigella genomes has revealed that a large number of insertion sequence (is) elements (over 200 elements) reside in the genome. although the presence of these elements has been noted previously and summarized, more detailed analyses are required to understand their evolutionary significance. here, the genome of s. flexneri strain 2457t is used to investigate the spatial distribution of is copi ...	2007	18031340
cloning, expression, purification, characterization, crystallization and x-ray diffraction of bifunctional pyrimidine deaminase/reductase from shigella flexneri 2a.	bifunctional pyrimidine deaminase/reductase (ribd) plays an important role during riboflavin biosynthesis in many microorganisms. the 40.4 kda ribd from shigella flexneri 2a has been cloned, expressed, purified and characterized. three crystals of ribd have been obtained by the hanging-drop technique at 291 k using peg 20k or nacl as precipitant. the ribd crystal using peg 20k as precipitant diffracted to 2.5a.	2007	18045236
comparing invasive and non-invasive of isolated shigella flexneri by electron microscopy of cell culture, sds-page and congo red method.	the aim of this study was to compare invasive and non-invasive strains of shigella flexneri isolated from tehran by a 120 kda protein band by sds-page, electron microscopy of cell culture and congo red dye methods.	2007	18051704
structural insights into the enzymatic mechanism of the pathogenic mapk phosphothreonine lyase.	the ospf family of phosphothreonine lyase, including spvc from salmonella, irreversibly inactivates the dual-phosphorylated host mapks (pt-x-py) through beta elimination. we determined crystal structures of spvc and its complex with a phosphopeptide substrate. spvc adopts a unique fold of alpha/beta type. the disordered n terminus harbors a canonical d motif for mapk substrate docking. the enzyme-substrate complex structure indicates that recognition of the phosphotyrosine followed by insertion ...	2007	18060821
[expression profile analysis of host hela cells invasived by shigella flexneri 2a].	the changes of genes expression in hela cell during the invasion with shigella species for 1h and 3h were analyzed by cdna microarrays. the data showed that the expression levels of 752 genes were altered twice or greater as compared with the control 509 of them were up-regulated, and 306 were down-regulated. it was supposed that some signal pathways in hela cell were activated, then many genes were induced, and at last comprehensive cell responses were produced, so that hela cell could prevent ...	2007	18062254
[study of antibiotic sensitivity of diarrheal microorganisms].	as it was shown previously, detailed bacteriological analyses of 159 strains, among them museum and newly isolated strains of diarrheal patients from various clinics and bacteriology laboratories of tbilisi was carried out. study of antibiotic susceptibility of 52 strains of salmonella groups a, b, c, d, e and 42 shigella strains, among them 30 shigella flexneri and 12 shigella sonnei strains to 20 antibiotics and 1 chemical preparation was performed. 63% of salmonella strains were susceptible t ...	2007	17595461
analysis of the aerobactin and ferric hydroxamate uptake systems of yersinia pestis.	yersinia pestis genomes contain genes homologous to the aerobactin receptor (iuta) and biosynthetic genes (iucabcd) as well as the ferric hydroxamate uptake system (fhucdb) of escherichia coli. however, iuca is disrupted by a frameshift mutation. an e. coli strain carrying the cloned y. pestis aerobactin region was unable to produce aerobactin, but could use the siderophore as an iron source. repair of the frameshift mutation in iuca did not allow aerobactin production in e. coli or y. pestis. i ...	2007	17600077
nada and nadb of shigella flexneri 5a are antivirulence loci responsible for the synthesis of quinolinate, a small molecule inhibitor of shigella pathogenicity.	the evolution of bacterial pathogens from commensal organisms involves virulence gene acquisition followed by pathoadaptation to the new host, including inactivation of antivirulence loci (avl). avl are core ancestral genes whose expression is incompatible with the pathogenic lifestyle. previous studies identified cada (encoding lysine decarboxylase) as an avl of shigella spp. in this study, avl of shigella were identified by examining a phenotypic difference from its non-pathogenic ancestor, es ...	2007	17600080
cross-species cluster co-conservation: a new method for generating protein interaction networks.	co-conservation (phylogenetic profiles) is a well-established method for predicting functional relationships between proteins. several publicly available databases use this method and additional clustering strategies to develop networks of protein interactions (cluster co-conservation (ccc)). ccc has previously been limited to interactions within a single target species. we have extended ccc to develop protein interaction networks based on co-conservation between protein pairs across multiple sp ...	2007	17803817
identification of the mxih needle protein residues responsible for anchoring invasion plasmid antigen d to the type iii secretion needle tip.	the pathogenesis of shigella flexneri requires a functional type iii secretion apparatus to serve as a conduit for injecting host-altering effector proteins into the membrane and cytoplasm of the targeted cell. the type iii secretion apparatus is composed of a basal body and an exposed needle that is an extended polymer of mxih with a 2.0-nm inner channel. invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) resides at the tip of the needle to control type iii secretion. the atomic structures of mxih and ipad have ...	2007	17827155
transcriptional profile induced by furazolidone treatment of shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for endemic shigellosis especially in developing countries. furazolidone, a nitrofuran derivative, is very effective against the infection with s. flexneri. to examine potential effects of furazolidone on this germ, a whole-genome dna microarray was constructed and transcriptional profiles of the responses to furazolidone were determined. the expressing data revealed adaptive responses of s. flexneri to oxidative stress induce ...	2007	17851659
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance conferred by qnrs1 in salmonella enterica serovar virchow isolated from turkish food of avian origin.	to study the molecular characteristics of the quinolone and associated ampicillin resistance mechanisms present in salmonella enterica serovar virchow isolated from turkish foods.	2007	17881633
dynamic proteome changes of shigella flexneri 2a during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase.	shigella flexneri is an infectious pathogen that causes dysentery to human, which remains a serious threat to public health, particularly in developing countries. in this study, the global protein expression patterns of s. flexneri during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase in vitro were analyzed by using 2-d page combined with maldi-tof ms. in a time-course experiment with five time points, the relative abundance of 49 protein spots varied significantly. interestingly, a puta ...	2007	17893076
the type iii secretion system of proteus mirabilis hi4320 does not contribute to virulence in the mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection.	the gram-negative enteric bacterium proteus mirabilis is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (utis) in individuals with long-term indwelling catheters or with complicated urinary tracts. the recent release of the p. mirabilis strain hi4320 genome sequence has facilitated identification of potential virulence factors in this organism. genes appearing to encode a type iii secretion system (ttss) were found in a low gc-content pathogenicity island in the p. mirabilis chromosome. this islan ...	2007	17893161
o-antigen modal chain length in shigella flexneri 2a is growth-regulated through rfah-mediated transcriptional control of the wzy gene.	shigella flexneri 2a 2457t produces lipopolysaccharide (lps) with two o-antigen (oag) chain lengths: a short (s-oag) controlled by wzzb and a very long (vl-oag) determined by wzz(phs-2). this study demonstrates that the synthesis and length distribution of the s. flexneri oag are under growth-phase-dependent regulation. quantitative electrophoretic analysis showed that the vl-oag increased during growth while the s-oag distribution remained constant. increased production of vl-oag correlated wit ...	2007	17906147
vinculin binding in its closed conformation by a helix addition mechanism.	vinculin links integrin receptors to the actin cytoskeleton by binding to talin. vinculin is held in an inactive, closed-clamp conformation through hydrophobic interactions between its head and tail domains, and vinculin activation has long been thought to be dependent upon severing the head-tail interaction. talin, alpha-actinin, and the invasin ipaa of shigella flexneri sever vinculin's head-tail interaction by inserting an alpha-helix into vinculin's n-terminal four-helical bundle, provoking ...	2007	17932491
safety and immunogenicity of cvd 1208s, a live, oral deltaguaba deltasen deltaset shigella flexneri 2a vaccine grown on animal-free media.	a previous phase 1 trial demonstrated that shigella flexneri 2a deleted in guaba, sen and set (strain cvd 1208) is well-tolerated and immunogenic after a single oral dose of 10(8) or 10(9) cfu. to facilitate further clinical development, the strain was reconstructed using animal-free media to conform to regulatory guidelines, and designated cvd1208s. healthy inpatient volunteers were randomized (double-blind) to receive a single oral dose of either cvd 1208s (10(8) [n = 7] or 10(9) [n = 7] cfu) ...	2007	17938573
transcription-termination-mediated immunity and its prevention in bacteriophage sfv of shigella flexneri.	the temperate phage sfv encodes the genes responsible for the serotype conversion of shigella flexneri strains from serotype y to 5a. bacteriophages often encode proteins that prevent subsequent infection by homologous phages; the mechanism by which this is accomplished is referred to as superinfection immunity. the serotype conversion mediated following lysogenization of sfv is one such mechanism. another mechanism is the putative lambda-like ci protein within sfv. this study reports the charac ...	2007	17947546
[antimicrobial effect of 4-(adamantyl-1)-1-(1-aminobutyl)benzol].	antimicrobial activity in vitro of adamantine derivative in respect of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms has been studied. in these conditions gram-positive bacteria and some representatives of gram-negative microorganisms (shigella flexneri, s. newvcastle, enterobacter aerogenes etc.) had maximal sensitivity (mic 0.6-5.0 and 0.1-5.0 mg/ml, respectively). pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to this substance (mic >1 mg/ml).	2007	18217353
altered expression of muc2 and muc5ac in response to shigella infection, an in vivo study.	infection of mucosal epithelial cells by shigella species leads to an intense and acute inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by watery diarrhea and purulent discharge. mucin production is a common defense mechanism to protect the underlying mucosa against pathogens. the molecular mechanism(s) underlying mucin induction is unknown in shigellosis. in this study, we have evaluated the relationship between shigella infection, the expression of muc2 and muc5ac and the participation of sig ...	2007	17395379
shigella chromosomal ipah proteins are secreted via the type iii secretion system and act as effectors.	shigella possess 220 kb plasmid, and the major virulence determinants, called effectors, and the type iii secretion system (ttss) are exclusively encoded by the plasmid. the genome sequences of s. flexneri strains indicate that several ipah family genes are located on both the plasmid and the chromosome, but whether their chromosomal ipah cognates can be secreted from shigella remains unknown. here we report that s. flexneri strain, ysh6000 encodes seven ipah cognate genes on the chromosome and ...	2007	17214743
an h-ns-like stealth protein aids horizontal dna transmission in bacteria.	the sfh protein is encoded by self-transmissible plasmids involved in human typhoid and is closely related to the global regulator h-ns. we have found that sfh provides a stealth function that allows the plasmids to be transmitted to new bacterial hosts with minimal effects on their fitness. introducing the plasmid without the sfh gene imposes a mild h-ns(-) phenotype and a severe loss of fitness due to titration of the cellular pool of h-ns by the a+t-rich plasmid. this stealth strategy seems t ...	2007	17218529
erosion of interaction networks in reduced and degraded genomes.	unlike eukaryotes, which often recruit duplicated genes into existing protein-protein interaction (ppi) networks, the low levels of gene duplication coupled with the high probability of lateral transfer of novel genes alters the manner in which ppi networks can evolve in bacteria. by inferring the ppis present in the ancestor to contemporary gammaproteobacteria, we were able to trace the changes in gene repertoires, and their consequences on ppi network evolution, in several bacterial lineages t ...	2007	17219366
immunogenicity and characterization of wrsf2g11: a second generation live attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strain.	recent clinical trials involving live attenuated shigella vaccine strains sc602 and wrss1 have revealed that deletion of the virg(icsa) gene dramatically reduces virulence in human volunteers. these strains can be given at low oral doses and induce a strong, and in some cases, protective immune responses. however, residual vaccine associated reactogenicity suggests that further attenuation is required. a recent clinical trial indicated that the set and sen enterotoxin genes contribute to the sym ...	2007	17229494
an injected bacterial effector targets chromatin access for transcription factor nf-kappab to alter transcription of host genes involved in immune responses.	phosphorylation of histone h3 at ser10 increases chromatin accessibility to transcription factor nf-kappab on a subset of genes involved in immune responses. here we report that a bacterial pathogen abrogated phosphorylation of histone h3 to 'shape' the transcriptional responses of infected host cells. we identify the shigella flexneri protein effector ospf as a dually specific phosphatase that dephosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases in the nucleus, thus preventing histone h3 phosphor ...	2007	17159983
shigella ipgb1 promotes bacterial entry through the elmo-dock180 machinery.	shigella use a special mechanism to invade epithelial cells called 'the trigger mechanism of entry', which allows epithelial cells to trap several bacteria simultaneously. on contact, shigella deliver effectors into epithelial cells through the type iii secretion system. here, we show that one of the effectors, ipgb1, has a pivotal role in producing membrane ruffles by exploiting the rhog-elmo-dock180 pathway to stimulate rac1 activity. using pulldown assays, we identified engulfment and cell mo ...	2007	17173036
vaccine potential for inactivated shigellae.	we used human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) and balb/c mice as models to establish the immunogenic and protective potential of formalin-inactivated shigella spp. incubation of dc with inactivated or live bacteria induced dc maturation and cytokine release. mice immunized orally or intranasally with killed s. flexneri, s. sonnei, or s. dysenteriae developed igg and fecal iga titers to the homologous lps. following respiratory challenge with the live homologous organisms, 80-100% survival ...	2007	17178431
villin severing activity enhances actin-based motility in vivo.	villin, an actin-binding protein associated with the actin bundles that support microvilli, bundles, caps, nucleates, and severs actin in a calcium-dependant manner in vitro. we hypothesized that the severing activity of villin is responsible for its reported role in enhancing cell plasticity and motility. to test this hypothesis, we chose a loss of function strategy and introduced mutations in villin based on sequence comparison with capg. by pyrene-actin assays, we demonstrate that this mutant ...	2007	17182858
use of linear, weibull, and log-logistic functions to model pressure inactivation of seven foodborne pathogens in milk.	survival curves of six foodborne pathogens suspended in ultra high-temperature (uht) whole milk and exposed to high hydrostatic pressure at 21.5 degrees c were obtained. vibrio parahaemolyticus was treated at 300 mpa and other pathogens, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus were treated at 600 mpa. all the survival curves showed a rapid initial drop in bacterial counts followe ...	2007	17188197
polar positional information in escherichia coli spherical cells.	shigella surface protein icsa and its cytoplasmic derivatives are localized to the old pole of rod-shaped cells when expressed in escherichia coli. in spherical mreb cells, icsa is targeted to ectopic sites and close to one extremity of actin-like mamk filament. to gain insight into the properties of the sites containing polar material, we studied the icsa localization in spherical cells. gfp was exported into the periplasm via the tat pathway and used as a periplasmic space marker. gfp displaye ...	2007	17188233
extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing shigella strains in israel, 2000-2004.	routine susceptibility testing of 5,616 shigella isolates at the national shigella reference centre in israel over a 5-year period (2000-2004) revealed resistance to ceftriaxone in one strain of shigella boydii 2 and in two strains each of shigella flexneri 2a, s. flexneri 6, and shigella sonnei. all seven isolates were confirmed as producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) by the combination disk method, the vitek 1 system, and a modification of the double-disk synergy test, which is ...	2007	17265070
epidemiological characterization of resistance and pcr typing of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei strains isolated from bacillary dysentery cases in southeast brazil.	shigella spp are gram-negative, anaerobic facultative, non-motile, and non-sporulated bacilli of the enterobacteriaceae family responsible for "shigellosis" or bacillary dysentery, an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. however, despite this, there are very few epidemiological studies about this bacterium in brazil. we studied the antibiotic resistance profiles and the clonal structure of 60 shigella strains (30 s. flexneri and 30 s. sonnei) isolated from shigellosis cases in d ...	2007	17273662
new animal model of shigellosis in the guinea pig: its usefulness for protective efficacy studies.	it has been difficult to evaluate the protective efficacy of vaccine candidates against shigellosis, a major form of bacillary dysentery caused by shigella spp. infection, because of the lack of suitable animal models. to develop a proper animal model representing human bacillary dysentery, guinea pigs were challenged with virulent shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strains 2457t or ysh6000) or s. flexneri 5a (strain m90t) by the intrarectal (i.r.) route. interestingly, all guinea pigs administered ...	2007	17277155
gene expression profiling of the ph response in shigella flexneri 2a.	the ph response of shigella flexneri 2a 301 was identified by gene expression profiling. gene expression profiles of cells grown in ph 4.5 or 8.6 were compared with the profiles of cells grown at ph 7.0. differential expression was observed for 307 genes: 97 were acid up-regulated, 102 were acid down-regulated, 91 were base up-regulated, and 86 were base down-regulated. twenty-seven genes were found to be both acid and base up-regulated, and 29 genes were both acid and base down-regulated. this ...	2007	17286558
o-specific [corrected] polysaccharide conjugate vaccine-induced [corrected] antibodies prevent invasion of shigella into caco-2 cells and may be curative.	the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) domain of shigella lps is both an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen for this genus. a critical level of serum igg anti-o-sp was shown to confer immunity to shigellosis, likely by complement-mediated bacteriolysis of the inoculum. conjugate shigella o-sp vaccines were shown to be safe and immunogenic in children, and, in a preliminary study, shigella sonnei vaccine was protective in young adults. characteristic of shigellosis is bacterial inv ...	2007	17287349
capping of actin filaments by vinculin activated by the shigella ipaa carboxyl-terminal domain.	shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades epithelial cells. upon bacterial-cell contact, the type iii bacterial effector ipaa binds to the cytoskeletal protein vinculin to promote actin reorganization required for efficient bacterial uptake. we show that the last 74 c-terminal residues of ipaa (a559) bind to human vinculin (hv) and promotes its association with actin filaments. polymerisation experiments demonstrated that a559 was sufficient to induce hv-dependent partial cap ...	2007	17289036
bile salts stimulate recruitment of ipab to the shigella flexneri surface, where it colocalizes with ipad at the tip of the type iii secretion needle.	shigella flexneri uses its type iii secretion apparatus (ttsa) to deliver invasins into human cells. this ttsa possesses an external needle with ipad at its tip. we now show that deoxycholate promotes the stable recruitment of ipab to the needle tip without inducing a rapid burst of type iii secretion. the maintenance of ipab at the needle tip requires a stable association of ipad with the shigella surface. this is the first demonstration of a translocator protein being stably associated with th ...	2007	17296762
the phosphothreonine lyase activity of a bacterial type iii effector family.	pathogenic bacteria use the type iii secretion system to deliver effector proteins into host cells to modulate the host signaling pathways. in this study, the shigella type iii effector ospf was shown to inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) [extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2), c-jun n-terminal kinase, and p38]. ospf irreversibly removed phosphate groups from the phosphothreonine but not from the phosphotyrosine residue in the activation loop of mapks. mass sp ...	2007	17303758
yeast functional genomic screens lead to identification of a role for a bacterial effector in innate immunity regulation.	numerous bacterial pathogens manipulate host cell processes to promote infection and ultimately cause disease through the action of proteins that they directly inject into host cells. identification of the targets and molecular mechanisms of action used by these bacterial effector proteins is critical to understanding pathogenesis. we have developed a systems biological approach using the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae that can expedite the identification of cellular processes targeted by bacter ...	2007	17305427
the role of the vacb gene in the pathogenesis of brucella abortus.	brucella species are important zoonotic pathogens affecting a wide variety of mammals. therefore, the identification of new brucella virulence factors is of great interest in understanding bacterial pathogenesis and immune evasion. in this study, we have identified brucella abortus vacb gene that presents 2343 nucleotides and 781 amino acids and it shows 39% identity with shigella flexneri vacb gene that encodes an exoribonuclease rnase r involved in bacterial virulence. further, we have inactiv ...	2007	17306588
h-ns antagonism in shigella flexneri by virb, a virulence gene transcription regulator that is closely related to plasmid partition factors.	the virb protein of shigella flexneri is a positive regulator of the major virulence operons of this enteroinvasive intracellular pathogen. virb resembles no other transcription factor but is strongly homologous to plasmid partition proteins. we found that the binding of the virb protein to the promoter region of the icsb virulence gene induced hypersensitivity to cleavage by dnase i over a region to which the h-ns repressor protein binds and completely abolished the protection of this sequence ...	2007	17307842
conformational stability and differential structural analysis of lcrv, pcrv, bipd, and sipd from type iii secretion systems.	diverse gram-negative bacteria use type iii secretion systems (t3ss) to translocate effector proteins into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. the type iii secretion apparatus (t3sa) consists of a basal body spanning both bacterial membranes and an external needle. a sensor protein lies at the needle tip to detect environmental signals that trigger type iii secretion. the shigella flexneri t3sa needle tip protein, invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad), possesses two independently folding domains in v ...	2007	17327391
expression level of heterologous tat genes is crucial for in vivo reconstitution of a functional tat translocase in escherichia coli.	the tat system has the remarkable capacity of exporting proteins in folded conformation across the cytoplasmic membrane. the functional tat translocase from gram-negative bacteria consists of tata, tatb and tatc proteins. to gain information about the species specificity of the tat translocase, we cloned tat genes from gram-negative pathogens shigella flexneri 2a str. 301, vibrio cholerae el tor n16961, pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1, thermophilic sulfolobus solfataricus p2, thermus thermophilus hb ...	2007	17336443
shigella flexneri inhibits staurosporine-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells.	shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular organism that causes bacillary dysentery. the shigella ipab protein activates caspase 1 in macrophages, which eventually leads to apoptosis. in contrast, epithelial cells infected with shigella undergo a stress response but do not die. therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if shigella has the ability to inhibit apoptosis in epithelial cells. a modified gentamicin protection assay was used to investigate if hela cells infected wit ...	2007	17339354
[shigella flexneri modulates host cell epigenetic information as a strategy to shape the transcriptional response].		2007	17349276
the type iii secretion system needle tip complex mediates host cell sensing and translocon insertion.	type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are essential virulence determinants of many gram-negative bacterial pathogens. the shigella t3ss consists of a cytoplasmic bulb, a transmembrane region and a hollow 'needle' protruding from the bacterial surface. physical contact with host cells initiates secretion and leads to assembly of a pore, formed by ipab and ipac, in the host cell membrane, through which proteins that facilitate host cell invasion are translocated. as the needle is implicated in host c ...	2007	17367391
inactivation of foodborne pathogens using a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma.	this study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (oaugdp) for inactivation of foodborne pathogens and to evaluate the influence of growth temperature, ph, and culture age on their inactivation. escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, salmonella enteritidis, vibrio parahaemolyticus, yersinia enterocolitica, and shigella flexneri were evaluated. three-strain mixtures of each bacterium were inocula ...	2007	17378708
small rnas controlling iron metabolism.	iron is one of the most important metals in the metabolism of many organisms, including bacteria, in which it serves as a cofactor in multiple enzymatic reactions. most of the earlier research on iron regulation in bacteria has focused on the transcriptional regulator fur and its effect on the many genes involved in iron uptake. more recent work demonstrates the essential role of a small regulatory rna, ryhb, in iron metabolism. ryhb downregulates a large number of transcripts encoding iron-usin ...	2007	17383226
assessment and interpretation of bacterial viability by using the live/dead baclight kit in combination with flow cytometry.	the commercially available live/dead baclight kit is enjoying increased popularity among researchers in various fields of microbiology. its use in combination with flow cytometry brought up new questions about how to interpret live/dead staining results. intermediate states, normally difficult to detect with epifluorescence microscopy, are a common phenomenon when the assay is used in flow cytometry and still lack rationale. it is shown here that the application of propidium iodide in combinatio ...	2007	17384309
dipstick for rapid diagnosis of shigella flexneri 2a in stool.	shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, an acute bloody diarrhoea, is a major public health burden in developing countries. in the absence of prompt and appropriate treatment, the infection is often fatal, particularly in young malnourished children. here, we describe a new diagnostic test for rapid detection, in stool, at the bedside of patients, of shigella flexneri 2a, the most predominant agent of the endemic form of the disease.	2007	17440606
effect of intensive handwashing in the prevention of diarrhoeal illness among patients with aids: a randomized controlled study.	patients with aids frequently develop diarrhoeal illness. in this randomized, controlled study, 260 patients were screened for those who had not had diarrhoea in the preceding 3 months and who had received a stable highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen for at least 6 weeks prior to the study enrollment. a total of 148 patients met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled: 75 patients were randomly assigned to an intensive handwashing intervention (i.e. handwashing after defecation, after ...	2007	17446290
tumor-specific colonization, tissue distribution, and gene induction by probiotic escherichia coli nissle 1917 in live mice.	systemic administration of microorganisms into tumor-bearing mice revealed preferential accumulation in tumors in comparison to clearance in organs such as spleen and liver. here we compared the efficiency of tumor-specific colonization of pathogenic salmonella typhimurium strains 14028 and sl1344 to the enteroinvasive escherichia coli 4608-58 strain and to the attenuated salmonella flexneri 2a sc602 strain, as well as to the uropathogenic e. coli cft073, the non-pathogenic e. coli top10, and th ...	2007	17448724
[pfge of shigella flexneri 4c isolates from food-poisoning outbreaks and sporadic diarrhea patients].	to know the molecular characteristic of shigella flexneri 4c isolates from patients in two food-poisoning outbreaks and one sporadic diarrhea case in hangzhou, china.	2007	17484212
[pathogens trapped in neutrophils nets].		2007	17502056
immunogenicity and protective efficacy offered by a ribosomal-based vaccine from shigella flexneri 2a.	shigellosis is a major form of bacillary dysentery caused by shigella infection. shigella ribosome-based vaccines (srv), considered among the potent vaccine candidates, are composed of o-antigen and ribosome isolated from s. flexneri 2a. to investigate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of srv, mice were vaccinated with srv via the intranasal (i.n.) route. interestingly, robust levels of shigella-derived lps-specific igg and iga abs and antibody-forming cells were elicited in systemic an ...	2007	17507120
epidemiology and evolution of genotype and antimicrobial resistance of an imported shigella sonnei clone circulating in central taiwan.	shigella sonnei replaced shigella flexneri to become the predominant species for shigellosis in 2001 to 2003 in central taiwan. a total of 425 s. sonnei isolates collected from 1996 to 2004 were available for characterization by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), inter-is1 spacer typing (ist), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. the results showed that at least 21 ist clones had emerged for the s. sonnei infections in 1996 to 2004. most ist clones lasted for a short time; some circul ...	2007	17509797
rapid engineering of bacterial reporter gene fusions by using red recombination.	reporter gene fusions are essential tools for the investigation of gene regulation. such fusions are traditionally generated by transposon mutagenesis and identified by a suitable selection procedure. alternatively, specific reporter fusions can be generated by cloning of dna fragments containing promoters or other regulatory elements in reporter plasmids. here, we describe a novel approach for the rapid generation of reporter gene fusions in single copies at defined positions in bacterial genom ...	2007	17513596
[mathematical modeling and prognosis of incidence of enteric anthroponoses with aqueous route of transmission].	using data on long-term dynamics of epidemic process of acute enteric infections enteric with aqueous route of transmission (typhoid fever, shigellosis caused by shigella flexneri, hepatitis a, rotavirus gastroenteritis, etc.)the equation of regression was developed with the help of chebyshev's polynoms. predicted incidences of these infections for 2005 were on 61.2-99.5% in agree with the real ones on two territories of north region of west siberia. predicted incidence for 2006 is reflecting te ...	2007	17523473