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immunosuppression and atypical infections in cml patients treated with dasatinib at 140 mg daily.the multikinase inhibitor dasatinib exerts growth-inhibitory effects in patients with imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia (cml). in first clinical trials, side effects of dasatinib, 140 mg daily, were reported to be mild and tolerable.200919744184
development and validation of a normal-phase high-performance thin layer chromatographic method for the analysis of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in co-trimoxazole tablets.pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is often the ultimate mortal cause for immunocompromised individuals, such as hiv/aids patients. currently, the most effective medicine for treatment and prophylaxis is co-trimoxazole, a synergistic combination of sulfamethoxazole (smx) and trimethoprim (tmp). in order to ensure a continued availability of high quality co-trimoxazole tablets within resource-limited countries, medicines regulatory authorities must perform quality control of these products. how ...200919762032
pulmonary involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of 90 necropsies.pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) have been reported to be of variable prevalence, depending on the diagnostic methods used. the objective of this study was to determine the anatomopathological prevalence and the nature of lung involvement associated with sle and to define if there were differences in the grade and type of pulmonary involvement in patients who had died at different time periods, before or after 1996. complete autopsy studies of 90 patients with ...200919762378
restriction fragment length polymorphism typing demonstrates substantial diversity among pneumocystis jirovecii isolates.better understanding of the epidemiology and transmission patterns of human pneumocystis should lead to improved strategies for preventing pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp). we have developed a typing method for pneumocystis jirovecii that is based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis after polymerase chain reaction amplification of an approximately 1300 base-pair region of the msg gene family, which comprises an estimated 50-100 genes/genome. the rflp pattern was reproducible ...200919795979
imidazoquines as antimalarial and antipneumocystis agents.peptidomimetic imidazolidin-4-one derivatives of primaquine (imidazoquines) recently displayed in vitro activity against blood schizonts of a chloroquine-resistant strain of plasmodium falciparum. preliminary studies with a subset of such imidazoquines showed them to both block transmission of p. berghei malaria from mouse to mosquito and be highly stable toward hydrolysis at physiological conditions. this prompted us to have deeper insight into the activity of imidazoquines against both plasmod ...200919799426
polyamine transport as a target for treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia.polyamine levels are greatly increased in alveolar macrophages (ams) during pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp), leading to increased production of h(2)o(2), which causes ams to undergo apoptosis. one of the mechanisms by which polyamine levels in ams are elevated is enhanced uptake of exogenous polyamines. in this study, the possibility of targeting polyamine uptake as a treatment for pcp was examined. four anthracene- and one benzene-polyamine conjugates that are potential polyamine transport inhibit ...200919805570
newly formed cystic lesions for the development of pneumomediastinum in pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly named pneumocystis carinii, is one of the most common opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients.200919835635
[influence of baicalin on tnf-alpha and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in rats infected with pneumocystis carinii].to explore the effect of baicalin on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sicam-1) of immunosuppressed rats infected with pneumocystis carinii.200919856505
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced acute interstitial nephritis in renal allografts; clinical course and outcome.acute interstitial nephritis (ain) secondary to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) is well documented as a cause of acute renal failure in native kidneys. tmp-smx is the standard prophylactic agent against pneumocystis carinii (pcp) used in the early post-transplant period, however, it has to date only been indirectly associated with ain in renal allografts. design, setting, participants and measurements: we describe eleven renal transplant patients with acute allograft dysfunction in whom ...200919863874
review of zoonotic parasites in medical and veterinary fields in the republic of korea.zoonotic parasites are animal parasites that can infect humans. the major zoonotic protozoa in the republic of korea are babesia bovis, chilomastix mesnili, cryptosporidium parvum, endolimax nana, entamoeba coli, entamoeba hitolytica, giardia lamblia, iodamoeba bütschlii, pneumocystis carinii, sarcocystis cruzi, and toxoplasma gondii. the major zoonotic helminths in korea include trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes. trematodes are clonorchis sinensis, echinostoma hortense, echinostoma spp., fasc ...200919885329
prevalence of helicobacter hepaticus, murine norovirus, and pneumocystis carinii and eradication efficacy of cross-fostering in genetically engineered mice.we investigated the prevalence of helicobacter hepaticus, murine norovirus (mnv), and pneumocystis carinii and the efficacy of cross-fostering for their eradication in 49 genetically engineered mouse (gem) strains at our institute. prevalences of h. hepaticus, mnv, and p. carinii were 33.9, 36.5, and 8.6%, respectively, and immunodeficient strains showed relatively higher prevalence of the 3 pathogens than immunocompetent strains. additionally, the same immune phenotype strains showed similar pr ...200919897933
a survival case of abo-incompatible liver transplantation complicated with severe preoperative infection and subsequent overwhelming postsplenectomy infection.a 47-year-old japanese man was transferred to our hospital because of acute-on-chronic hepatitis b virus infection. on admission, he was suffering from sepsis due to a catheter infection and respiratory failure caused by pulmonary edema and pneumonia, but, as a result of preoperative intensive care, we avoided septic shock. abo-incompatible liver transplantation (abo-i-lt) was performed. in accordance with our abo-i-lt protocol, we administered, rituximab and performed plasma exchange, splenecto ...200919917418
[aids and injecting drug use: survival determinants in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era].to estimate survival, after aids diagnosis, in people who got infected with hiv through injecting drug use (idus), to identify among variables collected at aids diagnosis those which were associated to prognosis and to assess the frequency of morbid conditions at death.200920124634
mortality among hiv-infected patients in resource limited settings: a case controlled analysis of inpatients at a community care center.problem statement: despite massive national efforts to scale up antiretroviral therapy (art) access in india since 2004, the aids death rate was 17.2 per 100,000 persons during 2003-2005. in the era of haart in resource poor settings, it is imperative to understand and address the causes of aids related mortality. this collaborative study aimed at defining the predictors of mortality among people living with hiv/aids (plha) admitted during 2003-2005 to the freedom foundation (ff) care and suppor ...200920204076
[immunogenicity of p55 gene fragment from pneumocystis carinii].to evaluate immunogenicity of the recombinant protein gst-p55/570 of pneumocystis carinii.200920232632
[a case of interstitial pneumonitis induced by folfiri+bevacizumab combination therapy for liver and lung metastasis of colon cancer].a 64 -year-old female received oral s-1 chemotherapy followed by mfolfox6 chemotherapy for postoperative liver and lung metastasis of sigmoid colon cancer. the tumor progression was observed after twelve courses of mfolfox6 chemotherapy, and then folfiri+bevacizumab chemotherapy was performed. after two courses of folfiri+bevacizumab chemotherapy, leucopenia was observed. the chemotherapy was then discontinued and g-csf was administered. two days later she complained of high fever and dry cough, ...200920009477
[pneumocystosis distribution among accident liquidators in the chernobyl nuclear power plant in remote period].the goal of the present study was to discover etiological role of pneumocystis carini/jiroveci and to determine frequency of pneumocystic infection in the structure of bronchopulmonary pathology among armenians-liquidators of accident consequences in the chernobyl nuclear power plant. for the study, 65 patients-liquidators with diagnosed pneumonia, 44 liquidators with chronic bronchitis and 34 with bronchial asthma were examined. the control group was included 65 patients with pneumonia, 44 with ...200919644205
generation of the pathogenic r5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus shivad8 by serial passaging in rhesus macaques.a new pathogenic r5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) was generated following serial passaging in rhesus macaques. all 13 animals inoculated with shiv(ad8) passaged lineages experienced marked depletions of cd4(+) t cells. ten of these infected monkeys became normal progressors (nps) and had gradual losses of both memory and naïve cd4(+) t lymphocytes, generated antiviral cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cell responses, and sustained chronic immune activation while maintaining variable levels ...201020147396
measles mimicking hiv seroconversion syndrome: a case report.abstract:201020181109
the use of sirolimus as a rescue therapy in pediatric intestinal transplant recipients.to review our experience with srl as a second-line therapy in our series of 45 sbtx recipients (1997-2009). retrospective review of five children converted to srl: 3 m/2 f; median of three yr old (range 20 months-18 yr); rescue indications, adverse events with srl, resolution of tacrolimus-related side effects, incidence of rejection, ptld, or gvhd were summarized. tacrolimus was discontinued (average 13 months after transplant) because of refractory hemolytic anemia in four patients with decrea ...201020946188
severe pneumonia caused by combined infection with pneumocystis jiroveci, parainfluenza virus type 3, cytomegalovirus, and aspergillus fumigatus in a patient with stevens-johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis.stevens-johnson syndrome (sjs) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (ten) are severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. we report here the first case of severe pneumonia caused by an unusual combined infection with pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci), parainfluenza virus type 3, cytomegalovirus and aspergillus fumigatus in a 63-year-old female patient with allopurinol-induced sjs/ten overlap syndrome. following treatment with high-dose systemic corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin for sjs/ten ...201021057748
[immunoadsorption in highly sensitized renal transplant recipients].to investigate the efficacy and safety of protein a immunoadsorption (ia) therapy in the prevention of highly sensitized renal transplant recipients with acute rejection.201021092457
[multiple serum antigenic assays for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in non-neutropenic adult patients].to evaluate the value of plasma 1, 3-β-d-glucan (g), serum mannan, galactomannan (gm) and cryptococcus capsular antigen assays for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (ifi) in non-neutropenic adult patients.201021092632
pneumocystis: from a doubtful unique entity to a group of highly diversified fungal species.at the end of the 20th century the unique taxonomically enigmatic entity called pneumocystis carinii was identified as a heterogeneous group of microscopic fungi, constituted of multiple stenoxenic biological entities largely spread across ecosystems, closely adapted to, and coevolving in parallel with, mammal species. the discoveries and reasoning that led to the current conceptions about the taxonomy of pneumocystis at the species level are examined here. the present review also focuses on the ...201021114625
[establishment of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for detecting pneumocystis carinii].animal model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was established for acquiring lung tissue infected with p. carinii. after dna from rat lungs was extracted, nuclear ribosome small subumit 18s rdna of p. carinii was amplified by loop-mediated isothermal amplification method at 63 degrees c for 60 min. the product was digested by restriction enzyme apal i. the results showed that 18s ribosome dna (rdna) of p. carinii was cloned into vector pgex6p2, and the positive clones screened. therefore, ...201021137320
structural analysis of pneumocystis carinii and human dhfr complexes with nadph and a series of five potent 6-[5'-(ω-carboxyalkoxy)benzyl]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.structural data are reported for five antifolates, namely 2,4-diamino-6-[5'-(5-carboxypentyloxy)-2'-methoxybenzyl]-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, (1), and the 5'-[3-(ethoxycarbonyl)propoxy]-, (2), 5'-[3-(ethoxycarbonyl)butoxy]-, (3), 5'-[3-(ethoxycarbonyl)pentyloxy]-, (4), and 5'-benzyloxy-, (5), derivatives, which are potent and selective for pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcdhfr). crystal structures are reported for their ternary complexes with nadph and pcdhfr refined to betw ...201021206056
dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) gene mutation study in hiv-infected indian patients with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) gene mutations' (55th and 57th codon) association with prior sulfa prophylaxis failure has been reported from both developed and developing countries. we conducted a prospective study to determine the prevalence of p. jirovecii dhps mutations from 2006 to 2009 on p. jirovecii isolates obtained from hiv-infected patients with a clinical diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) admitted to our tertiary care reference health center in ...201021252456
biochemical research elucidating metabolic pathways in pneumocystis.advances in sequencing the pneumocystis carinii genome have helped identify potential metabolic pathways operative in the organism. also, data from characterizing the biochemical and physiological nature of these organisms now allow elucidation of metabolic pathways as well as pose new challenges and questions that require additional experiments. these experiments are being performed despite the difficulty in doing experiments directly on this pathogen that has yet to be subcultured indefinitely ...201021275234
sequence and structure of the linear mitochondrial genome of pneumocystis carinii.with the exception of a few genes, most of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of pneumocystis carinii has not previously been sequenced. shotgun sequences generated as a result of the pneumocystis genome project (pgp) were assembled with the gap4 assembly program into a 23-kb contig. annotation of the mt genome identified 4 open reading frames and 20 trnas in addition to 17 other genes: atp synthase, subunits 6, 8, and 9; cytochrome c oxidase, subunits 1, 2, and 3; nadh dehydrogenase, subunits 1, 2, ...201019921262
unusual onset of venous thromboembolism and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a patient with essential thrombocythemia.essential thrombocythemia is a hematological disorder characterized by clonal hemopoiesis in the bone marrow and increased number of circulating platelets. it is usually discovered accidentally at the time of routine blood examinations or can become clinically evident with either thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications. in the present article, we describe the case of a 66-year-old woman with pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii, who experienced deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during ...201019923984
anti-cd3 antibody decreases inflammation and improves outcome in a murine model of pneumocystis pneumonia.the t cell-mediated immune response elicited by pneumocystis plays a key role in pulmonary damage and dysfunction during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). mice depleted of cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells prior to infection are markedly protected from pcp-related respiratory deficit and death, despite progressive lung infection. however, the therapeutic effectiveness of ab-mediated disruption of t cell function in mice already displaying clinical symptoms of disease has not been determined. therefo ...201019949093
2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-substituted arylthio-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as novel classical and nonclassical antifolates as potential dual thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.a novel classical antifolate n-{4-[(2,4-diamino-5-methyl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)thio]-benzoyl}-l-glutamic acid 5 and 11 nonclassical antifolates 6-16 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and thymidylate synthase (ts). the nonclassical compounds 6-16 were synthesized from 20 via oxidative addition of substituted thiophenols using iodine. peptide coupling of the intermediate acid 21 followed by saponification gave the classical analog 5. comp ...201020056546
pathology quiz case 2. pneumocystis carinii (also known as pneumocystis jiroveci) infection of the right temporal bone. 201020083790
pneumocystis carinii and pneumocystis wakefieldiae in wild rattus norvegicus trapped in thailand.this work reports for the first time the presence of two pneumocystis species in wild rattus norvegicus specimens from thailand. pneumocystis dna was detected in 57.7% (15/26) wild rats without apparent association with typical pneumocystosis. pneumocystis carinii was found alone in five rats (19.2%), pneumocystis wakefieldiae was detected alone in six rats (23.1%), and two rats were infected by both species (7.7%). in addition, a new p. wakefieldiae variant sequence has been identified in three ...201020113380
characterization of the pccdc42 small g protein from pneumocystis carinii, which interacts with the pcste20 life cycle regulatory kinase.pneumocystis carinii (pc) causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. the binding of pc trophic forms to alveolar epithelial cells is a central feature of infection, inducing the expression and activation of pcste20, a gene participating in mating, proliferation, and pseudohyphal growth. in related fungi, ste20 proteins are generally activated by immediate upstream small g proteins of the cdc42-like family. pccdc42 has not been previously described in pneumocystis. to address the potenti ...201019915161
functional characterization and localization of pneumocystis carinii lanosterol synthase.organisms in the genus pneumocystis are ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogenic fungi capable of causing a lethal pneumonia in immunocompromised mammalian hosts. pneumocystis spp. are unique members of the fungal kingdom due to the absence of ergosterol in their cellular membranes. although these organisms were thought to obtain cholesterol by scavenging, transcriptional analyses indicate that pneumocystis carinii encodes gene homologs involved in sterol biosynthesis. to better understand the stero ...201019897737
design, synthesis, biological evaluation and computational investigation of novel inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase of opportunistic pathogens.the present work deals with design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel, diverse compounds as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from opportunistic microorganisms; pneumocystis carinii (pc), toxoplasma gondii (tg) and mycobacterium avium (ma). a set of 14 structurally diverse compounds were designed with varying key pharmacophoric features of dhfr inhibitors, bulky distal substitutions and different bridges joining the distal part and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine nucleus. t ...201020363634
microarray studies on effects of pneumocystis carinii infection on global gene expression in alveolar macrophages.pneumocystis pneumonia is a common opportunistic disease in aids patients. the alveolar macrophage is an important effector cell in the clearance of pneumocystis organisms by phagocytosis. however, both the number and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages are decreased in pneumocystis infected hosts. to understand how pneumocystis inactivates alveolar macrophages, affymetrix genechip rg-u34a dna microarrays were used to study the difference in global gene expression in alveolar macrophages ...201020377877
the vermont model for rural hiv care delivery: eleven years of outcome data comparing urban and rural clinics.provision of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) care in rural areas has encountered unique barriers.201020446997
a diagnostic method for pneumocystis carinii a causative agent of pneumonia in immunodeficient rats.immunodeficient animals are in demand in current biomedical research, and they contribute to medical progress. in pneumocystis infections, a specific histological diagnostic tool may be immunochemistry (ic). however, it was recently reported that the antibody (3f6) was not suitable for detecting pneumocystis in rats. we purchased another antibody [pnc007] from a commercial source for ic. we could detect positive signals at identical locations with ic and toluidine blue o in lungs of infected rat ...201020484862
role of cytology and polymerase chain reaction based detection of pneumocystis jirovecii infection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.to study the role of cytology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf).201020518414
sterol biosynthesis and sterol uptake in the fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii.members of the fungal genus pneumocystis colonize healthy mammalian hosts without causing apparent disease, but colonization in immunocompromised hosts may result in a potentially fatal pneumonia known as pneumocystis pneumonia. although pneumocystis are fungi, this genus has characteristics that make it atypical among other fungi. pneumocystis do not appear to synthesize the major fungal sterol, ergosterol, and biochemical analyses have shown that they utilize cholesterol rather than ergosterol ...201020528942
antifungal and cytotoxic activity of withanolides from acnistus arborescens.three compounds were isolated from acnistus arborescens, a tree commonly used in south and central america in traditional medicine against several infectious diseases, some of which are caused by fungi. bioassay-guided fractionation of a meoh extract of leaves, based on its anti-pneumocystis carinii activity, led to the isolation of compounds 1-3. mono- and bidimensional nmr analyses enabled identification of two new withanolides, (20r,22r)-5beta,6beta-epoxy-4beta,12beta,20-trihydroxy-1-oxowith- ...201020590148
pneumocystis cell wall beta-glucan stimulates calcium-dependent signaling of il-8 secretion by human airway epithelial cells.respiratory failure secondary to alveolar inflammation during pneumocystis pneumonia is a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. neutrophil infiltration in the lung of patients with pneumocystis infection predicts severity of the infection and death. several previous studies indicate that airway epithelial cells release the neutrophil chemoattractant proteins, mip-2 (rodents) and il-8 (humans), in response to pneumocystis and purified pneumocystis cell wall beta-glucans (pcbg) throu ...201020626862
pneumocystis carinii expresses an active rtt109 histone acetyltransferase.pneumocystis (pc) remains a severe cause of pneumonia in immune compromised hosts. identification of specific targets present in pc, but lacking in humans, is paramount to developing new means to treat this infection. one such potential protein is rtt109, a unique histone acetyltransferase (hat) that acetylates h3 lysine 56 (h3-k56) in yeast and is required for dna replication. sequence homologues of rtt109 are present in other fungi, but are absent in mammals, making it a potential pan-specific ...201020656950
bisbenzamidines as antifungal agents. are both amidine functions required to observe an anti-pneumocystis carinii activity?a library of 19 novel 4-(4-phenylpiperazine-1-yl)benzamidines has been synthesized and evaluated in vitro against pneumocystis carinii. among these compounds, n-ethyl- and n-hexyl-4-(4-phenylpiperazine-1-yl)benzamidines emerged as the most promising compounds, with inhibition percentages at 10.0 microg/ml of 87% and 96%, respectively. those compounds remained active at 0.1 microg/ml.201020657441
simian immunodeficiency virus infection alters chemokine networks in lung tissues of cynomolgus macaques: association with pneumocystis carinii infection.infection by hiv-1 frequently leads to pulmonary complications, including alterations to local immune environments. to better understand these alterations, we have examined in detail the patterns and levels of expression of chemokine, cytokine, and chemokine receptor mrnas in lung tissues from 16 uninfected or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)/deltab670 infected cynomolgus macaques at different stages of infection. among the most up-regulated immune genes were interferon (ifn)-gamma, ifn-gamma ...201020671263
synthesis and biological evaluation of biguanide and dihydrotriazine derivatives as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase of opportunistic microorganisms.twenty-one biguanide and dihydrotriazine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from opportunistic microorganisms: pneumocystis carinii (pc), toxoplasma gondii (tg), mycobacterium avium (ma), and rat liver (rl). the most potent compound in the series was b2-07 with 12 nm activity against tgdhfr. the most striking observation was that b2-07 showed similar potency to trimetrexate, approximately 233-fold improved potency over trimethoprim and appr ...201019874136
development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with immunobullous and connective tissue disease receiving immunosuppressive medications.pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) causes morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. data describing use of pcp prophylaxis in immunosuppressed dermatologic patients are lacking.201019828210
characterization of pceng2, a {beta}-1,3-endoglucanase homolog in pneumocystis carinii with activity in cell wall regulation.pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an opportunistic fungal infection that causes severe respiratory impairment in immunocompromised patients. the viability of pneumocystis organisms is dependent on the cyst cell wall, a structural feature that is regulated by essential cell wall-associated enzymes. the formation of the glucan-rich cystic wall has been previously characterized, but glucan degradation in the organism-specifically, degradation during trophic excystment-is not yet fully understood. ...201019783787
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a hiv-positive patient. 201020726370
evidence for dna synthesis in pneumocystis carinii trophozoites treated with the beta-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitor pneumocandin l-693,989.pneumocandins inhibit beta-1,3-glucan synthesis preventing the development of pneumocystis cysts that are absent from the lungs of treated rats. to determine whether treated trophozoites are capable of dna replication, cytochemical analyses were performed on 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi)- and db181-stained pneumocystis carinii isolated from pneumocandin l-693-989-treated rats. fluorescence intensities of trophozoite nuclei from drug-treated rats were greater than those of untreated contro ...201020738464
conserved natural igm antibodies mediate innate and adaptive immunity against the opportunistic fungus pneumocystis murina.host defense against opportunistic fungi requires coordination between innate and adaptive immunity for resolution of infection. antibodies generated in mice vaccinated with the fungus pneumocystis prevent growth of pneumocystis organisms within the lungs, but the mechanisms whereby antibodies enhance antifungal host defense are poorly defined. nearly all species of fungi contain the conserved carbohydrates β-glucan and chitin within their cell walls, which may be targets of innate and adaptive ...201021149550
[pneumocystis jirovecii: what does this mean?].pneumocystis was discovered nearly a century ago. it causes fatal pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals, especially in aids patients. knowledge of the different species remained rudimentary until the mid-eighties when dna analysis revealed its extensive diversity. in fact, it is no longer considered as a zoonosis. pneumocystis organisms derived from different hosts have very different dna sequences, indicating multiple species. due to the genetic and functional disparities, the organism tha ...201021167441
high prevalence of pneumocystis jiroveci colonization among young hiv-infected patients.pneumocystis colonization in young hiv-infected patients has been poorly studied. the aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of p jiroveci colonization in a cohort of young hiv-infected patients.201021185532
comparative genomics suggests that the fungal pathogen pneumocystis is an obligate parasite scavenging amino acids from its host's lungs.pneumocystis jirovecii is a fungus causing severe pneumonia in immuno-compromised patients. progress in understanding its pathogenicity and epidemiology has been hampered by the lack of a long-term in vitro culture method. obligate parasitism of this pathogen has been suggested on the basis of various features but remains controversial. we analysed the 7.0 mb draft genome sequence of the closely related species pneumocystis carinii infecting rats, which is a well established experimental model o ...201021188143
physicochemical characterization of npc 1161c, a novel antimalarial 8-aminoquinoline, in solution and solid state.npc 1161c is a novel antimalarial drug of interest because of its superior curative and prophylactic activity, and favorable toxicity profile against in vivo and in vitro models of malaria, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and leishmaniasis. the preformulation studies performed included determination of pk(a)s, aqueous and ph solubility, cosolvent solubility, log p, ph stability, thermal analysis, and preliminary hygroscopicity studies. the mean pk(a1), pk(a2), and pk(a3) were determined to be 10 ...201021191676
[human reservoirs of pneumocystis].pneumocystis jirovecii, the fungal agent that causes pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp), is known to exclusively infect humans. molecular studies have enabled detection of this fungus in individuals who have been colonized by p. jirovecii. such colonization, found in several populations, seems to act as a human reservoir for the fungus. various studies have reported mutations associated with sulfa resistance in p. jirovecii strains isolated from colonized patients, who can transmit the mutant genotype ...201019403207
fungal recognition enhances mannose receptor shedding through dectin-1 engagement.the mannose receptor (mr) is an endocytic type i membrane molecule with a broad ligand specificity that is involved in both hemostasis and pathogen recognition. membrane-anchored mr is cleaved by a metalloproteinase into functional soluble mr (smr) composed of the extracellular domains of intact mr. although smr production was initially considered a constitutive process, enhanced mr shedding has been observed in response to the fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii. in this work, we have investig ...201121205820
[cardiac arrest during serve pneumocystis jiroveci infection in an immune-compromised patient after splenectomy].pneumocystis jiroveci (old name pneumocystis carini) can cause severe pneumonia in immune-compromised patients, most commonly those who are hiv infected.201122184788
analogs of pentamidine as potential anti-pneumocystis chemotherapeutics.a series of 20 pentamidine analogs were prepared using 2 general schemes that evaluated heteroatoms, sulfobenzene and alkanediamide groups in the aliphatic linker and methoxy substituents attached to the benzene rings for efficacy against the fungal pathogen, pneumocystis carinii in an atp bioassay. all but one of the 20 bisamidines reduced the atp content of the p. carinii over the 72 h of the assay period. the highest activities were associated with the lack of methoxy groups and the presence ...201122200403
[a case of neuromyelitis optica with varicella zoster virus meningitis during mitoxantrone treatment].a 36-year-old woman with neuromyelitis optica had been treated with steroids for the prevention of relapse. however, her treatment was not effective and she showed adverse effects such as diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, compression fractures, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. therefore, we started her on mitoxantrone treatment. after five courses of mitoxantrone injection, she developed a herpes zoster infection in her thigh followed by aseptic meningitis. pcr for varicella zoster virus (vzv) ...201121946429
pilot trial of yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan consolidation following rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone chemotherapy in patients with limited-stage, bulky diffuse large b-cell lymphoma.the clinical efficacy and safety of yttrium-90 ((90)y)-ibritumomab tiuxetan consolidation treatment following rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone (r-chop) chemotherapy was investigated in patients with limited-stage and bulky diffuse large b-cell lymphoma (dlbcl). this prospective, multi-center, pilot trial included 21 patients who were newly diagnosed with stage i/ii, bulky dlbcl and achieved a complete or partial response after six cycles of r-chop. the media ...201122035417
Temozolomide-related infections: review of the literature.Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating, antineoplastic agent which is being used to treat cases of refractory anaplastic astrocytoma, newly-diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme and metastatic melanoma. TMZ causes lymphopenia and T-cell dysfunction in most of the patients. Related to this toxicity several opportunistic infections have been reported in the literature, but were not well characterized. To further investigate this topic, relevant English language studies were identified through Medline. Th ...201122006764
Pneumocystis pneumonia.PNEUMOCYSTIS ( CARINII) JIROVECI pneumonia can occur in immunocompromised individuals, especially hematopoietic stem and solid organ transplant recipients and those receiving immunosuppressive agents, and is the most common opportunistic infection in persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The PNEUMOCYSTIS genus was initially mistaken as a trypanosome and later as a protozoan. Genetic analysis identified the organism as a unicellular fungus. PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI i ...201122167405
cytogenetic evaluation of fansidar on human lymphocyte chromosomes in vitro.fansidar is a fixed combination of two antimalarial agents a diaminopyrimidine (pyrimethamine) and a sulphonamide (sulphadoxine) in the ratio 1:20- that have been used extensively worldwide for the treatment of chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria, toxoplasmosis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. this study examined the effect of fansidar on chromosomes in human lymphocyte culture. fansidar was added to peripheral blood lymp ...201121888239
structural analysis of human dihydrofolate reductase as a binary complex with the potent and selective inhibitor 2,4-diamino-6-{2'-o-(3-carboxypropyl)oxydibenz[b,f]-azepin-5-yl}methylpteridine reveals an unusual binding mode.in order to understand the structure-activity profile observed for a series of substituted dibenz[b,f]azepine antifolates, the crystal structure of the binary complex of human dihydrofolate reductase (hdhfr) with the potent and selective inhibitor 2,4-diamino-6-{2'-o-(3-carboxypropyl)oxydibenz[b,f]-azepin-5-yl}methylpteridine (pt684) was determined to 1.8 å resolution. these data revealed that the carboxylate side chain of pt684 occupies two alternate positions, neither of which interacts with t ...201121931219
gastrectomy and chemotherapy with s-1 for gastric cancer in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.total gastrectomy and chemotherapy with s-1 after surgery were performed in a 50-year-old woman with gastric cancer associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). she was given a diagnosis of gastric cancer at the lesser curvature of the body of the stomach, and distal gastrectomy was performed in december 2004. the postoperative course was eventful, with persistent high fever of unknown origin after surgery and infiltrative shadows in the bilateral lung fields showing on ct scan. po ...201120811920
[Compare three methods to detect the Pneumocystis carinii in the bronchoalveolar wash sample of AIDS patients]. 201122088377
microbial antigenic variation mediated by homologous dna recombination.pathogenic microorganisms employ numerous molecular strategies in order to delay or circumvent recognition by the immune system of their host. one of the most widely used strategies of immune evasion is antigenic variation, in which immunogenic molecules expressed on the surface of a microorganism are continuously modified. as a consequence, the host is forced to constantly adapt its humoral immune response against this pathogen. an antigenic change thus provides the microorganism with an opport ...201122212019
genotypic variation of pneumocystis jirovecii isolates in india based on sequence diversity at mitochondrial large subunit rrna.pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp), a common and serious opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients, is caused by pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis). the aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence and distribution of genotypes of p. jirovecii based on sequence polymorphisms at mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna (mt lsu rrna) region in both hiv and non-hiv immunocompromised individuals with a positive pcr result for pcp in a ter ...201120705505
[epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hiv/aids patients followed-up in cappadocia region: 18 years experience].hiv/aids is still an important health problem worldwide and the number of people living with hiv worldwide continued to grow in the last years. the first hiv/aids cases had been reported in 1985 from turkey and with an increasing trend during the following years, the number of cases reached to 3898 with 528 new cases in 2009. the aim of this retrospective study was to share the 18 years experience with the patients who were followed-up in erciyes university hospital infectious diseases clinics i ...201121341167
epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary pneumocystosis and concurrent infections in pigs in jeju island, korea.epidemiological characteristics of swine pulmonary pneumocystis (p.) carinii and concurrent infections were surveyed on jeju island, korea, within a designated period in 172 pigs submitted from 54 farms to the department of veterinary medicine, jeju national university. the submitted cases were evaluated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, pcr/rt-pcr, and bacteriology. p. carinii infection was confirmed in 39 (22.7%) of the 172 pigs. histopathologically, the lungs had moderate to severe lym ...201121368558
dynamics of pneumocystis carinii air shedding during experimental pneumocystosis.to better understand the diffusion of pneumocystis in the environment, airborne shedding of pneumocystis carinii in the surrounding air of experimentally infected rats was quantified by means of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, in parallel with the kinetics of p. carinii loads in their lungs. p. carinii dna was detected in the air 1 week after infection and increased until 4-5 weeks after infection before stabilizing. a significant correlation was shown between lung burdens and the c ...201121372312
serologic responses to pneumocystis proteins in hiv patients with and without pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.background:: immune responses to pneumocystis jirovecii are not well understood in hiv infection, but antibody responses to proteins may be useful as a marker of pneumocystis risk or presence of pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp). design:: retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort. methods:: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of antibodies to recombinant pneumocystis proteins of major surface glycoprotein fragments (msgc1, c3, c8, and c9) and of antibody titers to recombinant kexin protein (kex1) ...201121372726
evaluation of the current management protocols for prophylaxis against pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other opportunistic infections in patients living with hiv/aids.opportunistic infections (ois) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients living with hiv/aids. data on the proper administration of prophylactic regimes for the prevention of ois in such patients are scarce. a total of 205 confirmed hiv-infected patients were enrolled in the study from the inpatient wards and outpatient services. the treatment given to them for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia was compared with the established guidelines and the propor ...201121390885
a review of molecular modelling studies of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors against opportunistic microorganisms and comprehensive evaluation of new models.dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) has been used as a target for antimicrobial drug discovery against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including opportunistic microorganisms; pneumocystis carinii (pc), toxoplasma gondii (tg) and mycobacterium avium complex (ma). in this regard, several dhfr inhibitors are reported against pc and tg and ma. however, selectivity issue of these inhibitors over human dhfr often preclude their development and clinical use. in the first part of this work, various c ...201121395543
[a multicentre retrospective study of pulmonary mycosis clinically proven from 1998 to 2007].to investigate the pathogens, clinical manifestations, prognosis of and the risk factors for pulmonary mycosis in china.201121426723
fungalrv: adhesin prediction and immunoinformatics portal for human fungal pathogens.abstract:201121496229
active immunization against pneumocystis carinii with p55-v3 dna vaccine in rats.pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) occurs predominately in patients with impaired immunity. because standard pcp chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapies have limitations, immunotherapy, particularly vaccination, offers an attractive alternative approach for pcp prevention and treatment. the goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of dna vaccines targeting two closely related antigens, p55-v0 and p55-v3, in an immunosuppressed rat pcp model. we found that immunization with p55-v0 and p55-v3 dna va ...201121529125
pneumocystis carinii sterol 14α-demethylase activity in saccharomyces cerevisiae erg11 knockout mutant: sterol biochemistry.abstract.  pneumocystis carinii is an unusual fungus that can cause pneumonitis in immunosuppressed laboratory rats. reactions in sterol biosynthesis are attractive targets for development of antimycotic drugs. a key enzyme in sterol biosynthesis is sterol 14α-demethylase (14dm), which is coded by the erg11 gene. here we describe detailed sterol analysis of wild-type saccharomyces cerevisiae and in an erg11 knockout mutant expressing either p. carinii or s. cerevisiae 14dm from a plasmid-borne c ...201121569162
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis: current therapies and reccommendations.pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) can be life threatening for children receiving chemotherapy and immunosuppressive medication,including high-dose steroids.although there are no current guidelines for prophylaxis in pediatric oncology patients,ongoing studies are evaluating the efficacy, side effects, ease of administration,and compliance of drugs used for pcp prophylaxis. drugs currently being prescribed in practice include bactrim, pentamidine, dapsone, and atovaquone. bactrim remains superior for ...201121636828
hiv surveillance --- united states, 1981--2008.within 1 year of the initial report in 1981 of a deadly new disease that occurred predominantly in previously healthy persons and was manifested by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and kaposi's sarcoma, the disease had a name: acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). within 2 years, the causative agent had been identified: human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). on the 30th anniversary of the epidemic, to characterize trends in hiv infection and aids in the united states during 1981--2008, cdc anal ...201121637182
pneumocystis s-adenosylmethionine transport: a potential drug target.pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) is a life threatening condition in immunosuppressed patients, current treatments are inadequate, and new drug leads are needed. this fungus depends on its host for s-adenosylmethionine (adomet), a critical metabolic intermediate ordinarily synthesized by individual cells as needed. pneumocystis has a gene coding for the adomet synthesizing enzyme methionine atp transferase (mat) and protein is expressed, but the fungus lacks mat activity and infection causes host pla ...201121642588
long-term outcomes of liver transplant patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and end-stage-liver-disease: single center experience.objective: orthotopic-liver-transplantation (olt) in patients with human-immunodeficiency-virus infection (hiv) and end-stage-liver-disease (esdl) is rarely reported. the purpose of this study is to describe our institutional experience on olt for hiv positive patients. - material and methods: this is a retrospective study of all hiv-infected patients who underwent olt at the university hospital of essen, from january 1996 to december 2009. age, sex, hiv transmission-way, cdc-stage, etiology of ...201121813377
susceptibility of pneumocystis to echinocandins in suspension and biofilm cultures.the targeted inhibition of cyst but not trophic development by anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin on pneumocystis murina and p. carinii in rodent models of pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) was recently reported by us. to better understand the effects of echinocandins on p. carinii, the same 3 compounds were evaluated in standard suspension and biofilm cultures supplemented with varying concentrations of sera using measurement of atp as the readout. in suspension cultures, anidulafungin was t ...201121788469
protective effect of dna vaccine with the gene encoding 55kda antigen fragment against pneumocystis carinii in mice.to evaluate the protective effect of dna vaccine with the gene encoding 55kda antigen fragment of pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) against p. carinii in mice.201121771675
pneumocystis carinii interactions with lung epithelial cells and matrix proteins induce expression and activity of the pcste20 kinase with subsequent phosphorylation of the downstream cell wall biosynthesis kinase pccbk1.eukaryotic cell proliferation and phenotype are highly regulated by contact dependent mechanisms. we have previously shown that the binding and interaction of the opportunistic fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii (pc) to lung epithelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins induces mrna expression of both the map kinase pcste20 and the cell wall remodeling enzyme pccbk1 (16). herein, we report that in addition to up-regulation of pcste20 mrna expression, pneumocystis pcste20 kinase activity i ...201121768277
pneumocystis carinii infection causes lung lesions historically attributed to rat respiratory virus.idiopathic lung lesions characterized by dense perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and a lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia have been noted in research rats since the 1990s. although the etiology of this disease has remained elusive, a putative viral etiology was suspected and the term 'rat respiratory virus' (rrv) has been used in reference to this disease agent. the purpose of this study was to determine whether pneumocystis carinii infection in immunocompetent rats can cause idiopathic lu ...201121819681
crystallographic analysis reveals a novel second binding site for trimethoprim in active site double mutants of human dihydrofolate reductase.in order to produce a more potent replacement for trimethoprim (tmp) used as a therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia and targets dihydrofolate reductase from pneumocystis jirovecii (pjdhfr), it is necessary to understand the determinants of potency and selectivity against dhfr from the mammalian host and fungal pathogen cells. to this end, active site residues in human (h) dhfr were replaced with those from pjdhfr. structural data are reported for two complexes of tmp with the double mutants gln35s ...201121684339
[contemporary clinical diagnostics of respiratory tract infections].the patient population at risk pulmonary infections has increased during the last decade. the spectrum of organisms causing infections has also grown, most of them are viruses baseline diagnostic assessment include history, clinical examination, radiography and measurements of procalcitonin (pct), highly sensitive c-reactive protein (hscrp) and leukocyte count. pct represents a good biological marker for difficult diagnoses in critically ill patients and is superior to crp. chest x-rays seldom g ...201121675131
dectin-1 and dectin-2 in innate immunity against fungi.dectin-1 and dectin-2 are type ii transmembrane proteins of the c-type lectin family with single carbohydrate recognition domains (crds) in their extracellular region. they are expressed mainly in dendritic cells and macrophages. dectin-1 recognizes +¦-glucans with its crd and transduces signals through its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (itam)-like motif in the cytoplasmic domain, whereas dectin-2 recognizes +¦-mannans and transduces its signal through association with the itam- ...201121677049
ploidy of cell-sorted trophic and cystic forms of pneumocystis carinii.once regarded as an aids-defining illness, pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) is nowadays prevailing in immunocompromised hiv-negative individuals such as patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies or affected by primary immunodeficiency. moreover, pneumocystis clinical spectrum is broadening to non-severely-immunocompromised subjects who could be colonized by the fungus while remaining asymptomatic for pcp, thus being able to transmit the infection by airborne route to susceptible hosts. although ...201121695077
beware the lymphopenia: a case of severe combined immunodeficiency.we present a case of a 2-month-old boy with partially treated meningitis and suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. a full blood count revealed profound lymphopenia. the child was diagnosed with adenosine deaminase deficiency, a rare cause of severe combined immunodeficiency (scid). scid is an immunological emergency and must be considered in any lymphopaenic infant with opportunistic infection. we discuss adenosine deaminase-deficient scid, which can involve multiple systems and in which oth ...201121843190
substrate analysis of the pneumocystis carinii protein kinases pccbk1 and pcste20 using yeast proteome microarrays provides a novel method for pneumocystis signalling biology.pneumocystis carinii (pc) undergoes morphological transitions between cysts and trophic forms. we have previously described two pc serine/threonine kinases, termed pccbk1 and pcste20, with pcste20 belonging to a family of kinases involved in yeast mating, while pccbk1 is a member of a group of protein kinases involved in regulation of cell cycle, shape, and proliferation. as pc remains genetically intractable, knowledge on specific substrates phosphorylated by these kinases remains limited. util ...201121905091
renal transplant with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) attributable to tacrolimus and herpes simplex virus (hsv) pneumonia.background: solid organ transplants (sots) may be complicated by a wide variety of infectious and noninfectious pulmonary disorders. transplant patients receive immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, but these drugs also predispose them to infection. because immunosuppressive therapy impairs t-lymphocyte function, ie, cell-mediated immunity, such therapy, not surprisingly, predisposes patients to intracellular pulmonary pathogens. community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in patients with sot us ...201121996615
[changes of superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxide in rats with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].sprague-dawley (sd) rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was established by groin subcutaneous injection with dexamethasone sodium phosphate 35 mg each twice a week for eight weeks. there were two groups: infected group (eighteen rats) and normal control group (six rats) . pathological changes in lung tissues were observed in the lung imprint after staining with gomori methenamine silver (gms) and in tissue sections after staining with hematoxylin-eosin (he). the activity of superox ...201124830202
respiratory complications in iranian hospitalized patients with hiv/aids.the respiratory tract has been the most commonly affected site of illness in hiv-infected patients. the current study was done to identify the frequency of respiratory complications in a consecutive case series of hiv-positive patients in iran.201125191376
[rituximab therapy for severe pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus].to analyze the safety and efficacy of anti-cd20 monoclonal antibody in treatment of severe pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (psle).201223158822
molecular detection of pneumocystis jirovecii in patients with respiratory tract infections.pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as p. carinii, is an opportunistic fungus causing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia especially in immunocompromised patients.201223112970
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