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rice stomatal closure requires guard cell plasma membrane atp-binding cassette transporter rcn1/osabcg5.water stress is one of the major environmental stresses that affect agricultural production worldwide. water loss from plants occurs primarily through stomatal pores. here, we report that an oryza sativa half-size atp-binding cassette (abc) subfamily g protein, rcn1/osabcg5, is involved in stomatal closure mediated by phytohormone abscisic acid (aba) accumulation in guard cells. we found that the gfp-rcn1/osabcg5-fusion protein was localized at the plasma membrane in guard cells. the percentage ...201626708605
polarized defense against fungal pathogens is mediated by the jacalin-related lectin domain of modular poaceae-specific proteins.modular proteins are an evolutionary answer to optimize performance of proteins that physically interact with each other for functionality. using a combination of genetic and biochemical experiments, we characterized the rice protein osjac1, which consists of a jacalin-related lectin (jrl) domain predicted to bind mannose-containing oligosaccharides, and a dirigent domain which might function in stereoselective coupling of monolignols. transgenic overexpression of osjac1 in rice resulted in quan ...201626708413
genome-wide screen of genes imprinted in sorghum endosperm, and the roles of allelic differential cytosine methylation.imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon referring to allele-biased expression of certain genes depending on their parent of origin. accumulated evidence suggests that, while imprinting is a conserved mechanism across kingdoms, the identities of the imprinted genes are largely species-specific. using deep rna sequencing of endosperm 14 days after pollination in sorghum, 5683 genes (29.27% of the total 19 418 expressed genes) were found to harbor diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms between t ...201626718755
assessment of genetic purity in rice (oryza sativa l.) hybrids using microsatellite markers.the objective of the present study is to detect genetic impurity in the seed lots of cms lines, restorers and hybrids and to identify signature markers to differentiate parents and hybrids through dna-based assays. furthermore, attempts have been made to find out an alternative to grow-out-test, which is very tedious, time consuming and used conventionally for seed genetic purity testing since beginning of quality seed multiplication chain. fifty-one rice-specific sequence tagged microsatellite ...201628330120
optimization of regeneration using differential growth regulators in indica rice cultivars.paddy is a staple crop and being grown in major parts of india, but similarly it is facing some major challenges like abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, etc.) by which its productivity is greatly affected. de-husked seeds of 21 cultivars of indica rice were cultured onto ms medium for screening of their micropropagation capabilities. all the selected cultivars are being cultivated by farmers of andhra pradesh and rajasthan states of india, these cultivars bear good quality of grain and high yi ...201628330091
impact of biochar on nitrous oxide emissions from upland rice.the objective of this research was to assess the emission of nitrous oxide (n2o) from soil amended with biochar in the culture of upland rice. the experiment was conducted in the field in a cerrado haplic plinthosol under randomized block experimental design. the treatments consisted of fertilization with 100 kg n ha(-1) split into two applications, 60% at sowing and 40% at 45 days after crop emergence, combined with four doses of biochar (0, 8, 16 and 32 mg ha(-1)), with four replications. the ...201626716573
silicon decreases both uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of manganese in rice.silicon (si) is known to alleviate manganese (mn) toxicity in a number of plant species; however, the mechanisms responsible for this effect are poorly understood. here, we investigated the interaction between si and mn in rice (oryza sativa) by using a mutant defective in si uptake. silicon alleviated mn toxicity in the wild-type (wt) rice, but not in the mutant exposed to high mn. the mn concentration in the shoots was decreased, but that in the roots was increased by si in the wt. in contrast ...201626733690
effects of conservation tillage on topsoil microbial metabolic characteristics and organic carbon within aggregates under a rice (oryza sativa l.)-wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cropping system in central china.investigating microbial metabolic characteristics and soil organic carbon (soc) within aggregates and their relationships under conservation tillage may be useful in revealing the mechanism of soc sequestration in conservation tillage systems. however, limited studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between soc and microbial metabolic characteristics within aggregate fractions under conservation tillage. we hypothesized that close relationships can exist between soc and micro ...201626731654
comparative metalloproteomic approaches for the investigation proteins involved in the toxicity of inorganic and organic forms of mercury in rice (oryza sativa l.) roots.the toxicity mechanisms of rice roots under inorganic mercury (ihg) or methylmercury (mehg) stress were investigated using metalloproteomic approaches. rice seedlings were cultivated in nutrient solutions with ihg or mehg for three weeks. proteins were extracted from the roots and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de). differentially expressed proteins were analyzed using esi-ms/ms and identified by pmf. 26 and 29 protein spots were differentially expressed in the ihg- and mehg-exp ...201626731542
microrna-targeted transcription factor gene rdd1 promotes nutrient ion uptake and accumulation in rice.fertilizers are often potential environmental pollutants, therefore increasing productivity and the efficiency of nutrient uptake to boost crop yields without the risk of environmental pollution is a desirable goal. here, we show that the transcription factor encoding gene rdd1 plays a role in improving the uptake and accumulation of various nutrient ions in rice. rdd1 was found to be targeted by the microrna mir166. an rdd1 transgene driven by a strong constitutive promoter exhibited a diurnall ...201626729506
analysis of population structure and genetic diversity of egyptian and exotic rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes.understanding the population structure and genetic diversity is a very important goal to improve the economic value of crops. in rice, a loss of genetic diversity in the last few centuries is observed. to address this challenge, a set of 22 lines from three different regions - india (two), and philippines (six), and egypt (14) - were used to assess the genetic diversity and the features of population structure. these genotypes were analyzed using 106 ssr alleles that showed a clear polymorphism ...201626727453
targeted knockdown of gdch in rice leads to a photorespiratory-deficient phenotype useful as a building block for c4 rice.the glycine decarboxylase complex (gdc) plays a critical role in the photorespiratory c2 cycle of c3 species by recovering carbon following the oxygenation reaction of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. loss of gdc from mesophyll cells (mcs) is considered a key early step in the evolution of c4 photosynthesis. to assess the impact of preferentially reducing gdc in rice mcs, we decreased the abundance of osgdch (os10g37180) using an artificial microrna (amirna) driven by a promoter ...201626903527
knock-down of a ring finger gene confers cold tolerance.the plant-specific ring-domain finger proteins play important roles in plant development and stress responses. we recently identified and functionally characterized a stress-induced gene ossrfp1 (oryza sativa stress-related ring finger protein 1) from rice. we showed evidences of the biotechnological potential of the suppression of ossrfp1 expression in conferring cold tolerance. the increased cold tolerance of ossrfp1 knock-down plants was associated with higher amounts of free proline and acti ...201626901100
complete chloroplast genome sequence and annotation of the tropical japonica group of asian cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.).we announce here the first complete chloroplast genome sequence of the tropical japonica rice, along with its genome structure and functional annotation. the plant was collected from indonesia and deposited as a germplasm accession of the international rice genbank collection (irgc 66630) at the international rice research institute (irri). this genome provides valuable data for the future utilization of the germplasm of rice.201626893422
amyloplast membrane protein substandard starch grain6 controls starch grain size in rice endosperm.starch is a biologically and commercially important polymer of glucose. starch is organized into starch grains (sgs) inside amyloplasts. the sg size differs depending on the plant species and is one of the most important factors for industrial applications of starch. there is limited information on genetic factors regulating sg sizes. in this study, we report the rice (oryza sativa) mutant substandard starch grain6 (ssg6), which develops enlarged sgs in endosperm. enlarged sgs are observed start ...201626792122
toward integration of genomic selection with crop modelling: the development of an integrated approach to predicting rice heading dates.it is suggested that accuracy in predicting plant phenotypes can be improved by integrating genomic prediction with crop modelling in a single hierarchical model. accurate prediction of phenotypes is important for plant breeding and management. although genomic prediction/selection aims to predict phenotypes on the basis of whole-genome marker information, it is often difficult to predict phenotypes of complex traits in diverse environments, because plant phenotypes are often influenced by genot ...201626791836
molecular characterization of oryza sativa arsenic-induced ring e3 ligase 1 (osair1): expression patterns, localization, functional interaction, and heterogeneous overexpression.high levels of arsenic (as) in plants are a serious threat to human health, and arsenic accumulation affects plant metabolism and ultimately photosynthesis, growth, and development. we attempted to isolate as-responsive really interesting new gene (ring) e3 ubiquitin ligase genes from rice, and we have designated one such gene oryza sativa arsenic-induced ring e3 ligase 1 (osair1). osair1 expression was induced under abiotic stress conditions, including drought, salt, heat, and as exposure. resu ...201626788958
landscape and evolutionary dynamics of terminal repeat retrotransposons in miniature in plant genomes.terminal repeat retrotransposons in miniature (trims) are a unique group of small long terminal repeat retrotransposons that are difficult to identify. thus far, only a few trims have been characterized in the euphyllophytes, and their evolutionary and biological significance as well as their transposition mechanisms are poorly understood.201626781660
involvement of rice histone deacetylase hda705 in seed germination and in response to aba and abiotic stresses.histone acetylation and deacetylation play crucial roles in the modification of chromatin structure and regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. histone acetyltransferases (hats) and histone deacetylases (hdacs) assist to maintain the balance of chromatin acetylation status. previous studies showed that plant hdacs are key regulators involved in response to development and stresses. in this study, we examined the expression pattern and function of hda705, a member of the rpd3/hda1-type hdac ...201626772883
aflp-based analysis of genetic diversity, population structure, and relationships with agronomic traits in rice germplasm from north region of iran and world core germplasm set.analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure of crops is very important for use in breeding programs and for genetic resources conservation. we analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 47 rice genotypes from diverse origins using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) markers and morphological characters. the 47 genotypes, which were composed of four populations: iranian native varieties, iranian improved varieties, international rice research institute (ir ...201626762294
ectopic expression of r3 myb transcription factor gene ostcl1 in arabidopsis, but not rice, affects trichome and root hair formation.in arabidopsis, a myb-bhlh-wd40 (mbw) transcriptional activator complex activates the homeodomain protein gene glabra2 (gl2), leading to the promotion of trichome formation and inhibition of root hair formation. the same mbw complex also activates single-repeat r3 myb genes. r3 mybs in turn, play a negative feedback role by competing with r2r3 myb proteins for binding bhlh proteins, thus blocking the formation of the mbw complex. by blasting the rice (oryza sativa) protein database using the ent ...201626758286
analysis of the rice adp-glucose transporter (osbt1) indicates the presence of regulatory processes in the amyloplast stroma that control adp-glucose flux into starch.previous studies showed that efforts to further elevate starch synthesis in rice (oryza sativa) seeds overproducing adp-glucose (adpglc) were prevented by processes downstream of adpglc synthesis. here, we identified the major adpglc transporter by studying the shrunken3 locus of the em1093 rice line, which harbors a mutation in the brittle1 (bt1) adenylate transporter (osbt1) gene. despite containing elevated adpglc levels (approximately 10-fold) compared with the wild-type, em1093 grains are s ...201626754668
molecular dynamics simulation and bioinformatics study on chloroplast stromal ridge complex from rice (oryza sativa l.).rice (oryza sativa l.) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world and its yield is closely related to the photosynthesis efficiency. the chloroplast stromal ridge complex consisting of psac-psad-psae plays an important role in plant photosynthesis, which has been a subject of many studies. till now, the recognition mechanism between psac and psad in rice is still not fully understood.201626753869
deficiency of starch synthase iiia and ivb alters starch granule morphology from polyhedral to spherical in rice endosperm.starch granule morphology differs markedly among plant species. however, the mechanisms controlling starch granule morphology have not been elucidated. rice (oryza sativa) endosperm produces characteristic compound-type granules containing dozens of polyhedral starch granules within an amyloplast. some other cereal species produce simple-type granules, in which only one starch granule is present per amyloplast. a double mutant rice deficient in the starch synthase (ss) genes ssiiia and ssivb (ss ...201626747287
rice improvement through genome-based functional analysis and molecular breeding in india.rice is one of the main pillars of food security in india. its improvement for higher yield in sustainable agriculture system is also vital to provide energy and nutritional needs of growing world population, expected to reach more than 9 billion by 2050. the high quality genome sequence of rice has provided a rich resource to mine information about diversity of genes and alleles which can contribute to improvement of useful agronomic traits. defining the function of each gene and regulatory ele ...201626743769
reduced arsenic accumulation in rice (oryza sativa l.) shoot involves sulfur mediated improved thiol metabolism, antioxidant system and altered arsenic transporters.arsenic (as) contamination in rice is at alarming level as majority of rice growing regions are as contaminated such as south east asia. restricting the as in aerial parts of rice plant may be an effective strategy to reduce as contamination in food chain. sulfur (s), an essential element for plant growth and development, plays a crucial role in diminishing heavy metal toxicity. current study is designed to investigate the role of s to mitigate as toxicity in rice under different s regimes. high ...201626741538
somaclonal variation does not preclude the use of rice transformants for genetic screening.rice (oryza sativa) is one of the world's most important crops. rice researchers make extensive use of insertional mutants for the study of gene function. approximately half a million flanking sequence tags from rice insertional mutant libraries are publicly available. however, the relationship between genotype and phenotype is very weak. transgenic plant assays have been used frequently for complementation, overexpression or antisense analysis, but sequence changes caused by callus growth, agro ...201626833589
a physiological role of cyclic electron transport around photosystem i in sustaining photosynthesis under fluctuating light in rice.plants experience a highly variable light environment over the course of the day. to reveal the molecular mechanisms of their photosynthetic response to fluctuating light, we examined the role of two cyclic electron flows around photosystem i (cef-psi)--one depending on proton gradient regulation 5 (pgr5) and one on nadh dehydrogenase-like complex (ndh)--in photosynthetic regulation under fluctuating light in rice (oryza sativa l.). the impairment of pgr5-dependent cef-psi suppressed the photosy ...201626832990
characterization of ire1 ribonuclease-mediated mrna decay in plants using transient expression analyses in rice protoplasts.in some eukaryotes, endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress induces regulated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (ire1)-dependent decay (ridd) of mrnas. recently, the expression levels of the mrnas encoding some secretory proteins were reported to be downregulated by ridd in the vegetative tissues of plants. however, the characteristics of plant ridd have been insufficiently investigated due to difficulty of in planta analyses. here, the ridd susceptibilities of various mrnas that are difficult to analyze in ...201626831622
topological characteristics of target genes regulated by abiotic-stress-responsible mirnas in a rice interactome network.a great number of micrornas (mirnas) have been identified in responding and acting in gene regulatory networks associated with plant tolerance to abiotic stress conditions, such as drought, salinity, and high temperature. the topological exploration of target genes regulated by abiotic-stress-responsible mirnas (asrmirs) in a network facilitates to discover the molecular basis of plant abiotic stress response. this study was based on the staple food rice (oryza sativa) in which asrmirs were manu ...201626830287
light-mediated modulation of helix angle and rate of seminal root tip movement determines root morphology of young rice seedlings.seminal root growth is one of the factors to determine rice seedling establishment. our previous reports showed light can induce z-type wavy root and coiling root morphology in several rice (oryza sativa l.) varieties, and the regulated z-type and unregulated coil seminal roots were resulted by different circumnutational trajectories. moreover, the light-induced seminal root waving was conducted by an no-dependent signaling pathway. in order to further reveal the difference of root tip movement ...201626829414
loose plant architecture1 (lpa1) determines lamina joint bending by suppressing auxin signalling that interacts with c-22-hydroxylated and 6-deoxo brassinosteroids in rice.lamina inclination is a key agronomical character that determines plant architecture and is sensitive to auxin and brassinosteroids (brs). loose plant architecture1 (lpa1) in rice (oryza sativa) and its arabidopsis homologues (sgr5/atidd15) have been reported to control plant architecture and auxin homeostasis. this study explores the role of lpa1 in determining lamina inclination in rice. lpa1 acts as a positive regulator to suppress lamina bending. genetic and biochemical data indicate that lp ...201626826218
agronomic nitrogen-use efficiency of rice can be increased by driving osnrt2.1 expression with the osnar2.1 promoter.the importance of the nitrate (no3-) transporter for yield and nitrogen-use efficiency (nue) in rice was previously demonstrated using map-based cloning. in this study, we enhanced the expression of the osnrt2.1 gene, which encodes a high-affinity no3- transporter, using a ubiquitin (ubi) promoter and the no3--inducible promoter of the osnar2.1 gene to drive osnrt2.1 expression in transgenic rice plants. transgenic lines expressing pubi:osnrt2.1 or posnar2.1:osnrt2.1 constructs exhibited the inc ...201626826052
an improved microtiter plate assay to monitor the oxidative burst in monocot and dicot plant cell suspension cultures.a screening method for elicitor and priming agents does not only allow detecting new bioactive substances, it can also be used to understand structure-function relationships of known agents by testing different derivatives of them. this can not only provide new lead compounds for the development of novel, more environment-benign, bio-based agro-chemicals, it may eventually also lead to a better understanding of defense mechanisms in plants. reactive oxygen species (ros) are sensitive indicators ...201626819624
combined effects of simulated acid rain and lanthanum chloride on chloroplast structure and functional elements in rice.acid rain and rare earth element (ree) pollution exist simultaneously in many agricultural regions. however, how ree pollution and acid rain affect plant growth in combination remains largely unknown. in this study, the combined effects of simulated acid rain and lanthanum chloride (lacl3) on chloroplast morphology, chloroplast ultrastructure, functional element contents, chlorophyll content, and the net photosynthetic rate (p n) in rice (oryza sativa) were investigated by simulating acid rain a ...201626815371
combined chlorophyll fluorescence and transcriptomic analysis identifies the p3/p4 transition as a key stage in rice leaf photosynthetic development.leaves are derived from heterotrophic meristem tissue that, at some point, must make the transition to autotrophy via the initiation of photosynthesis. however, the timing and spatial coordination of the molecular and cellular processes underpinning this switch are poorly characterized. here, we report on the identification of a specific stage in rice (oryza sativa) leaf development (p3/p4 transition) when photosynthetic competence is first established. using a combined physiological and molecul ...201626813793
retraction: "screening of candidate genes and fine mapping of drought tolerance quantitative trait loci on chromosome 4 in rice (oryza sativa l.) under drought stress" by nie, y. y., l. zhang, y. h. wu, h. j. liu, w. w. mao, j. du, et al.the above article, published online on 15 october 2015 in wiley online library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1786/abstract), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal editor in chief, allen moore, and john wiley & sons ltd. the authors have requested the retraction of their paper because they mistakenly analyzed the wrong backcross lines. this mistake was only recently discovered and they are now in the process of repeating the experiment using the corre ...201626811799
physiological responses and expression profile of nadph oxidase in rice (oryza sativa) seedlings under different levels of submergence.flooding due to global climate change is a serious problem that frequently decreases crop yields. rice fields in flood-prone areas often experience full or partial submergence. submergence has an adverse effect on internal oxygen availability, sugar status and survival. complete submergence imposes severe pressure on plants, principally because the excess water in their surroundings deprives them of certain basic resources such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis. to better un ...201626810875
specific roles of tocopherols and tocotrienols in seed longevity and germination tolerance to abiotic stress in transgenic rice.tocopherols and tocotrienols are lipophilic antioxidants that are abundant in plant seeds. although their roles have been extensively studied, our understanding of their functions in rice seeds is still limited. in this study, on the basis of available rnai rice plants constitutively silenced for homogentisate phytyltransferase (hpt) and tocopherol cyclase (tc), we developed transgenic plants that silenced homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (hggt). all the rnai plants showed significantly ...201626810451
genome-wide association mapping revealed a diverse genetic basis of seed dormancy across subpopulations in rice (oryza sativa l.).seed dormancy is an adaptive trait employed by flowering plants to avoid harsh environmental conditions for the continuity of their next generations. in cereal crops, moderate seed dormancy could help prevent pre-harvest sprouting and improve grain yield and quality. we performed a genome wide association study (gwas) for dormancy, based on seed germination percentage (gp) in freshly harvested seeds (fhs) and after-ripened seeds (ars) in 350 worldwide accessions that were characterized with stro ...201626810156
rearrangement of nitrogen metabolism in rice (oryza sativa l.) under salt stress.salt stress is an important environmental condition limiting the agricultural production. the reprogram of protein expression is one of the strategies of plants to cope with salt stress. we have previously analyzed the photosynthesis, antioxidant and oxidative phosphorylation involved in the carbon metabolism and the redox metabolism in rice seedlings under salt stress. here, we focused on the proteins involved in nitrogen metabolic response. as it was reported that the nitrite uptake was enhanc ...201626809460
biochemical and molecular changes in rice seedlings (oryza sativa l.) to cope with chromium stress.chromium (cr) is very toxic to both humans and plants. this investigation aimed to understand the physiological and molecular responses of rice seedlings to cr stress. cr toxicity did not significantly affect morphological features and cr accumulation in roots and shoots in pokkali but not in brri 51, although there was a reduction in chlorophyll concentration in leaves of both genotypes. these results imply that pokkali has mechanisms to cope with cr supplementation. we therefore performed quan ...201626804776
mitochondrial gpx1 silencing triggers differential photosynthesis impairment in response to salinity in rice plants.the physiological role of plant mitochondrial glutathione peroxidases is scarcely known. this study attempted to elucidate the role of a rice mitochondrial isoform (gpx1) in photosynthesis under normal growth and salinity conditions. gpx1 knockdown rice lines (gpx1s) were tested in absence and presence of 100 mm nacl for 6 d. growth reduction of gpx1s line under non-stressful conditions, compared with non-transformed (nt) plants occurred in parallel to increased h2 o2 and decreased gsh contents. ...201626799169
are symbiotic methanotrophs key microbes for n acquisition in paddy rice root?the relationships between biogeochemical processes and microbial functions in rice (oryza sativa) paddies have been the focus of a large number of studies. a mechanistic understanding of methane-nitrogen (ch4-n) cycle interactions is a key unresolved issue in research on rice paddies. this minireview is an opinion paper for highlighting the mechanisms underlying the interactions between biogeochemical processes and plant-associated microbes based on recent metagenomic, metaproteomic, and isotope ...201626960961
osdmc1 is not required for homologous pairing in rice meiosis.meiotic homologous recombination is pivotal to sexual reproduction. dmc1, a conserved recombinase, is involved in directing single-end invasion between interhomologs during meiotic recombination. in this study, we identified osdmc1a and osdmc1b, two closely related proteins in rice (oryza sativa) with high sequence similarity to dmc1 proteins from other species. analysis of osdmc1a and osdmc1b tos17 insertion mutants indicated that these genes are functionally redundant. immunolocalization analy ...201626960731
enhanced gene expression rather than natural polymorphism in coding sequence of the osbzip23 determines drought tolerance and yield improvement in rice genotypes.drought is one of the major limiting factors for productivity of crops including rice (oryza sativa l.). understanding the role of allelic variations of key regulatory genes involved in stress-tolerance is essential for developing an effective strategy to combat drought. the bzip transcription factors play a crucial role in abiotic-stress adaptation in plants via abscisic acid (aba) signaling pathway. the present study aimed to search for allelic polymorphism in the osbzip23 gene across selected ...201626959651
the oryza sativa regulator hdr1 associates with the kinase osk4 to control photoperiodic flowering.rice is a facultative short-day plant (sdp), and the regulatory pathways for flowering time are conserved, but functionally modified, in arabidopsis and rice. heading date 1 (hd1), an ortholog of arabidopsis constans (co), is a key regulator that suppresses flowering under long-day conditions (lds), but promotes flowering under short-day conditions (sds) by influencing the expression of the florigen gene heading date 3a (hd3a). another key regulator, early heading date 1 (ehd1), is an evolutiona ...201626954091
comparative proteomic analysis of seed embryo proteins associated with seed storability in rice (oryza sativa l) during natural aging.seed storability is considered an important trait in rice breeding; however, the underlying regulating mechanisms remain largely unknown. here, we carried out a physiological and proteomic study to identify proteins possibly related to seed storability under natural conditions. two hybrid cultivars, iiyou998 (iiy998) and boyou998 (by998), were analyzed in parallel because they share the same restorer line but have significant differences in seed storability. after a 2-year storage period, the ge ...201626950923
effects of feeding purple rice (oryza sativa l. var. glutinosa) on the quality of pork and pork products.purple rice is a strain of glutaneous rice rich in anthocyanins and γ-oryzanol. both types of compounds are involved in antioxidant and lipid metabolism of mammals. three experimental diet types were used which consisted approximately by half either of purple rice, white rice or corn. diets were fed to 3×10 pigs growing from about 30 to 100 kg. meat samples were investigated either as raw or cured loin chops or as smoked bacon produced from the belly. various physicochemical traits were assessed ...201626949957
interaction between sulfur and lead in toxicity, iron plaque formation and lead accumulation in rice plant.human activities have resulted in lead and sulfur accumulation in paddy soils in parts of southern china. a combined soil-sand pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of s supply on iron plaque formation and pb accumulation in rice (oryza sativa l.) under two pb levels (0 and 600 mg kg(-1)), combined with four s concentrations (0, 30, 60, and 120 mg kg(-1)). results showed that s supply significantly decreased pb accumulation in straw and grains of rice. this result may be attr ...201626946285
a drought-inducible transcription factor delays reproductive timing in rice.the molecular mechanisms underlying photoperiod or temperature control of flowering time have been recently elucidated, but how plants regulate flowering time in response to other external factors, such as water availability, remains poorly understood. using a large-scale hybrid transcription factor approach, we identified a bzip transcriptional factor, o. sativa aba responsive element binding factor 1 (osabf1), which acts as a suppressor of floral transition in a photoperiod-independent manner. ...201626945049
combination of eight alleles at four quantitative trait loci determines grain length in rice.grain length is an important quantitative trait in rice (oryza sativa l.) that influences both grain yield and exterior quality. although many quantitative trait loci (qtls) for grain length have been identified, it is still unclear how different alleles from different qtls regulate grain length coordinately. to explore the mechanisms of qtl combination in the determination of grain length, five mapping populations, including two f2 populations, an f3 population, an f7 recombinant inbred line (r ...201626942914
reliable selection and holistic stability evaluation of reference genes for rice under 22 different experimental conditions.stable and uniform expression of reference genes across samples plays a key role in accurate normalization of gene expression by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr). for rice study, there is still a lack of validation and recommendation of appropriate reference genes with high stability depending on experimental conditions. eleven candidate reference genes potentially owning high stability were evaluated by genorm and normfinder for their expression stability i ...201626940571
soil water availability and capacity of nitrogen accumulation influence variations of intrinsic water use efficiency in rice.leaf intrinsic water use efficiency (wuei) coupling maximum assimilation rate (amax) and transpirable water lost via stomatal conductance (gsc) has been gaining increasing concern in sustainable crop production. factors that influence leaf amax and wuei in rice (oryza sativa l. cv unkang) at flooding and rainfed conditions were evaluated. positive correlations for leaf nitrogen content (nm) and maximum carboxylation rate (vcmax), for nitrogen allocation in rubisco enzymes and mesophyll conductan ...201626938938
heat stress yields a unique mads box transcription factor in determining seed size and thermal sensitivity.early seed development events are highly sensitive to increased temperature. this high sensitivity to a short-duration temperature spike reduces seed viability and seed size at maturity. the molecular basis of heat stress sensitivity during early seed development is not known. we selected rice (oryza sativa), a highly heat-sensitive species, to explore this phenomenon. here, we elucidate the molecular pathways that contribute to the heat sensitivity of a critical developmental window during whic ...201626936896
flowering-related ring protein 1 (frrp1) regulates flowering time and yield potential by affecting histone h2b monoubiquitination in rice (oryza sativa).flowering time is a critical trait for crops cultivated under various temperature/photoperiod conditions around the world. to understand better the flowering time of rice, we used the vector ptck303 to produce several lines of rnai knockdown transgenic rice and investigated their flowering times and other agronomic traits. among them, the heading date of frrp1-rnai knockdown transgenic rice was 23-26 days earlier than that of wild-type plants. frrp1 is a novel rice gene that encodes a c3hc4-type ...201626934377
gene expression profiling of reproductive meristem types in early rice inflorescences by laser microdissection.in rice, inflorescence architecture is established at early stages of reproductive development and contributes directly to grain yield potential. after induction of flowering, the complexity of branching, and therefore the number of seeds on the panicle, is determined by the activity of different meristem types and the timing of transitions between them. although some of the genes involved in these transitions have been identified, an understanding of the network of transcriptional regulators co ...201626932536
a psba mutation (val219 to ile) causes resistance to propanil and increased susceptibility to bentazon in cyperus difformis.propanil-resistant (r) cyperus difformis populations were recently confirmed in california rice fields. to date, propanil resistance in other weed species has been associated with enhanced aryl acylamidase (aaa)-mediated propanil conversion into 3,4-dichloroaniline. our objectives were to determine the level of propanil resistance and cross-resistance to other psii inhibitors in c. difformis lines, and to elucidate the mechanism of propanil resistance.201626929096
interconversion between methoxylated and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in rice plants: an important but overlooked metabolic pathway.to date, there is limited knowledge on the methoxylation of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and the relationship between hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (oh-pcbs) and methoxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (meo-pcbs) in organisms. in this study, rice (oryza sativa l.) was chosen as the model organism to determine the metabolism of pcbs in plants. limited para-substituted 4'-oh-cb-61 (major metabolite) and 4'-meo-cb-61 (minor metabolite) were found after a 5-day exposure to cb-61, while o ...201626928534
rapid crown root development confers tolerance to zinc deficiency in rice.zinc (zn) deficiency is one of the leading nutrient disorders in rice (oryza sativa). many studies have identified zn-efficient rice genotypes, but causal mechanisms for zn deficiency tolerance remain poorly understood. here, we report a detailed study of the impact of zn deficiency on crown root development of rice genotypes, differing in their tolerance to this stress. zn deficiency delayed crown root development and plant biomass accumulation in both zn-efficient and inefficient genotypes, wi ...201627066060
reassessment of the four yield-related genes gn1a, dep1, gs3, and ipa1 in rice using a crispr/cas9 system.clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr)-associated (cas) systems have been successfully used as efficient tools for genome editing in a variety of species. we used the crispr/cas9 system to mutate the gn1a (os01g0197700), dep1 (os09g0441900), gs3 (os03g0407400), and ipa1 (os08g0509600) genes of rice cultivar zhonghua 11, genes which have been reported to function as regulators of grain number, panicle architecture, grain size and plant architecture, respectively. analy ...201627066031
cupincin: a unique protease purified from rice (oryza sativa l.) bran is a new member of the cupin superfamily.cupin superfamily is one of the most diverse super families. this study reports the purification and characterization of a novel cupin domain containing protease from rice bran for the first time. hypothetical protein osi_13867 was identified and named as cupincin. cupincin was purified to 4.4 folds with a recovery of 4.9%. cupincin had an optimum ph and temperature of ph 4.0 and 60 °c respectively. cupincin was found to be a homotrimer, consisting of three distinct subunits with apparent molecu ...201627064905
a fungal endophyte helps plants to tolerate root herbivory through changes in gibberellin and jasmonate signaling.plant-microbe mutualisms can improve plant defense, but the impact of root endophytes on below-ground herbivore interactions remains unknown. we investigated the effects of the root endophyte piriformospora indica on interactions between rice (oryza sativa) plants and its root herbivore rice water weevil (rww; lissorhoptrus oryzophilus), and how plant jasmonic acid (ja) and ga regulate this tripartite interaction. glasshouse experiments with wild-type rice and coi1-18 and eui1-ox mutants combine ...201627061745
biochemical and molecular responses underlying differential arsenic tolerance in rice (oryza sativa l.).the arsenic (as) is a toxic element causing major health concern worldwide. arsenate stress caused no significant reduction in growth parameters and shoot electrolyte leakage but showed increased root arsenate reductase activity along with relatively lower root as content and shoot translocation rate in as-tolerant brri 33 than in as-sensitive brri 51. it indicates that as inhibition and tolerance mechanisms are driven by root responses. interestingly, as stress showed consistent decrease in pho ...201627061371
nitrogen recycling from the xylem in rice leaves: dependence upon metabolism and associated changes in xylem hydraulics.measurements of amino acids in the guttation fluid and in the xylem exudates of cut leaves from intact plants provide evidence of the remarkable efficiency with which these nitrogenous compounds are reabsorbed from the xylem sap. this could be achieved by mechanisms involving intercellular transport and/or metabolism. developmental changes in transcripts and protein showed that transcripts for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) increased from the base to the leaf tip, and were markedly in ...201627053722
oryza sativa h+-atpase (osa) is involved in the regulation of dumbbell-shaped guard cells of rice.the stomatal apparatus consists of a pair of guard cells and regulates gas exchange between the leaf and atmosphere. in guard cells, blue light (bl) activates h(+)-atpase in the plasma membrane through the phosphorylation of its penultimate threonine, mediating stomatal opening. although this regulation is thought to be widely adopted among kidney-shaped guard cells in dicots, the molecular basis underlying that of dumbbell-shaped guard cells in monocots remains unclear. here, we show that h(+)- ...201627048369
osphya modulates rice flowering time mainly through osgi under short days and ghd7 under long days in the absence of phytochrome b.phytochromes recognize light signals and control diverse developmental processes. in rice, all three phytochrome genes-osphya, osphyb, and osphyc-are involved in regulating flowering time. we investigated the role of osphya by comparing the osphya osphyb double mutant to an osphyb single mutant. plants of the double mutant flowered later than the single under short days (sd) but bolted earlier under long days (ld). under sd, this delayed-flowering phenotype was primarily due to the decreased exp ...201627039184
dietary supplementation of germinated pigmented rice (oryza sativa l.) lowers dyslipidemia risk in ovariectomized sprague-dawley rats.in the recent years, cases of elderly women suffering from metabolic diseases such as dyslipidemias brought about by hormonal imbalance after menopause are continuously increasing. in this regard, a continuous and escalating demand to develop a more functional and highly nutritional food product as an adjunct supplement that can help alleviate these diseases is still being sought.201627032671
population structure, diversity and trait association analysis in rice (oryza sativa l.) germplasm for early seedling vigor (esv) using trait linked ssr markers.early seedling vigor (esv) is the essential trait for direct seeded rice to dominate and smother the weed growth. in this regard, 629 rice genotypes were studied for their morphological and physiological responses in the field under direct seeded aerobic situation on 14th, 28th and 56th days after sowing (das). it was determined that the early observations taken on 14th and 28th das were reliable estimators to study esv as compared to 56th das. further, 96 were selected from 629 genotypes by pri ...201627031620
a (1)h hr-mas nmr-based metabolomic study for metabolic characterization of rice grain from various oryza sativa l. cultivars.rice grain metabolites are important for better understanding of the plant physiology of various rice cultivars and thus for developing rice cultivars aimed at providing diverse processed products. however, the variation of global metabolites in rice grains has rarely been explored. here, we report the identification of intra- or intercellular metabolites in rice (oryza sativa l.) grain powder using a (1)h high-resolution magic angle spinning (hr-mas) nmr-based metabolomic approach. compared wit ...201627030107
residual phosphorus and zinc influence wheat productivity under rice-wheat cropping system.continuous cropping of rice (oryza sativa l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) deplete soil fertility and crop productivity. one strategy to increase crop productivity under rice-wheat system is balanced application of crop nutrients. field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 kg p ha(-1)) and zinc (0, 5, 10, 15 kg zn ha(-1)) on the productivity of rice genotypes (fine and coarse) and their residual effects on the grain yield (gy) and its components (yc) of ...201627026947
rsiadb, a collective resource for genome and transcriptome analyses in rhizoctonia solani ag1 ia.rice [oryza sativa (l.)] feeds more than half of the world's population. rhizoctonia solaniis a major fungal pathogen of rice causing extreme crop losses in all rice-growing regions of the world. r. solani ag1 ia is a major cause of sheath blight in rice. in this study, we constructed a comprehensive and user-friendly web-based database, rsiadb, to analyse its draft genome and transcriptome. the database was built using the genome sequence (10,489 genes) and annotation information for r. solani ...201627022158
genome-wide sequencing of 41 rice (oryza sativa l.) mutated lines reveals diverse mutations induced by fast-neutron irradiation. 201627018389
itraq-based proteomic analysis reveals the mechanisms of silicon-mediated cadmium tolerance in rice (oryza sativa) cells.silicon (si) can alleviate cadmium (cd) stress in rice (oryza sativa) plants, however, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the single-cell level remains limited. to address these questions, we investigated suspension cells of rice cultured in the dark environment in the absence and presence of si with either short- (12 h) or long-term (5 d) cd treatments using a combination of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (itraq), fluorescent staining, and inductively coupled ...201627017433
analyses of old "prokaryotic" proteins indicate functional diversification in arabidopsis and oryza sativa.during evolution, various processes such as duplication, divergence, recombination, and many other events leads to the evolution of new genes with novel functions. these evolutionary events, thus significantly impact the evolution of cellular, physiological, morphological, and other phenotypic trait of organisms. while evolving, eukaryotes have acquired large number of genes from the earlier prokaryotes. this work is focused upon identification of old "prokaryotic" proteins in arabidopsis and or ...201627014324
mapping quantitative trait loci associated with toot traits using sequencing-based genotyping chromosome segment substitution lines derived from 9311 and nipponbare in rice (oryza sativa l.).identification of quantitative trait loci (qtls) associated with rice root morphology provides useful information for avoiding drought stress and maintaining yield production under the irrigation condition. in this study, a set of chromosome segment substitution lines derived from 9311 as the recipient and nipponbare as donor, were used to analysis root morphology. by combining the resequencing-based bin-map with a multiple linear regression analysis, qtl identification was conducted on root num ...201627010823
the pin1 family gene pvpin1 is involved in auxin-dependent root emergence and tillering in switchgrass.switchgrass (panicum virgatum l.; family poaceae) is a warm-season c4 perennial grass. tillering plays an important role in determining the morphology of aboveground parts and the final biomass yield of switchgrass. auxin distribution in plants can affect a variety of important growth and developmental processes, including the regulation of shoot and root branching, plant resistance and biological yield. auxin transport and gradients in plants are mediated by influx and efflux carriers. pvpin1, ...201627007900
research on root responses to pb and zn combined stress of carex putuoshan.pb hyper-accumulated carex putuoshan was taken as experimental material and subjected to combined stress of pb and zn. the differential expression of proteins in their roots were analyzed by proteomic approach. the protein that was directly involved in the cellular defense under the pb and zn combined stress was separated, and expression of those genes was analyzed with carex evergold as control. the results were obtained by maldi-tof/ms analysis. after applying pb and zn combined stress, the ex ...201627001405
cadmium stress in rice: toxic effects, tolerance mechanisms, and management: a critical review.cadmium (cd) is one of the main pollutants in paddy fields, and its accumulation in rice (oryza sativa l.) and subsequent transfer to food chain is a global environmental issue. this paper reviews the toxic effects, tolerance mechanisms, and management of cd in a rice paddy. cadmium toxicity decreases seed germination, growth, mineral nutrients, photosynthesis, and grain yield. it also causes oxidative stress and genotoxicity in rice. plant response to cd toxicity varies with cultivars, growth c ...201626996904
a single cytosine deletion in the ospls1 gene encoding vacuolar-type h+-atpase subunit a1 leads to premature leaf senescence and seed dormancy in rice.leaf senescence is a programmed developmental process orchestrated by many factors, but its molecular regulation is not yet fully understood. in this study, a novel oryza sativa premature leaf senescence mutant (ospls1) was examined. despite normal development in early seedlings, the ospls1 mutant leaves displayed lesion-mimics and early senescence, and a high transpiration rate after tillering. the mutant also showed seed dormancy attributable to physical (defect of micropyle structure) and phy ...201626994476
genome-wide identification and characterization of aquaporin gene family in moso bamboo (phyllostachys edulis).aquaporins (aqps) are known to play a major role in maintaining water and hydraulic conductivity balance in the plant system. numerous studies have showed aqps execute multi-function throughout plant growth and development, including water transport, nitrogen, carbon, and micronutrient acquisition etc. however, little information on aqps is known in bamboo. in this study, we present the first genome-wide identification and characterization of aqp genes in moso bamboo (phyllostachys edulis) using ...201626993482
pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (pfp) regulates carbon metabolism during grain filling in rice.decreased pfpase activity in rice perturbs the equilibration of carbon metabolism during grain filling but has no visible phenotypic effects during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. starch is a primary energy reserve for various metabolic processes in plant. despite much advance has been achieved in pathways involved in starch biosynthesis, information was still lacked for precise regulation related to carbon metabolism during seed filling in rice (oryza sativa). the objective of th ...201626993329
non-specific phospholipase c1 affects silicon distribution and mechanical strength in stem nodes of rice.silicon, the second abundant element in the crust, is beneficial for plant growth, mechanical strength, and stress responses. here we show that manipulation of the non-specific phospholipase c1, npc1, alters silicon content in nodes and husks of rice (oryza sativa). silicon content in npc1-overexpressing (oe) plants was decreased in nodes but increased in husks compared to wild-type, whereas rnai suppression of npc1 resulted in the opposite changes to those of npc1-oe plants. npc1 from rice hydr ...201626991499
development and validation of allele-specific snp/indel markers for eight yield-enhancing genes using whole-genome sequencing strategy to increase yield potential of rice, oryza sativa l.rice is one of the major staple foods in the world, especially in the developing countries of asia. its consumption as a dietary source is also increasing in africa. to meet the demand for rice to feed the increasing human population, increasing rice yield is essential. improving the genetic yield potential of rice is one ideal solution. it is imperative to introduce the identified yield-enhancing gene(s) into modern rice cultivars for the rapid improvement of yield potential through marker-assi ...201626987543
rice protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase isoforms differentially accumulate during seed maturation to restrict deleterious isoasp and reactive oxygen species accumulation and are implicated in seed vigor and longevity.protein l-isoaspartyl o-methyltransferase (pimt) is a protein-repairing enzyme involved in seed vigor and longevity. however, the regulation of pimt isoforms during seed development and the mechanism of pimt-mediated improvement of seed vigor and longevity are largely unknown. in this study in rice (oryza sativa), we demonstrate the dynamics and correlation of isoaspartyl (isoasp)-repairing demands and pimt activity, and their implications, during seed development, germination and aging, through ...201626987457
salt-responsive mechanisms in chromosome segment substitution lines of rice (oryza sativa l. cv. kdml105).two chromosome segment substitution lines of khao dawk mali 105 (kdml105) rice that carry quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance located on chromosome 8 (dt-qtl8) designated cssl8-94 and cssl8-116 were investigated for co-expression network and physiological responses to salinity compared to their parents (kdml105; drought and salt sensitive recurrent parent, and dh103; drought tolerant qtl donor). these cssl lines show different salt-response traits under salt stress (cssl8-94 shows high ...201626986930
improvement of rice biomass yield through qtl-based selection.biomass yield of rice (oryza sativa l.) is an important breeding target, yet it is not easy to improve because the trait is complex and phenotyping is laborious. using progeny derived from a cross between two high-yielding japanese cultivars, we evaluated whether quantitative trait locus (qtl)-based selection can improve biomass yield. as a measure of biomass yield, we used plant weight (aboveground parts only), which included grain weight and stem and leaf weight. we measured these and related ...201626986071
altered expression of acetylcholinesterase gene in rice results in enhancement or suppression of shoot gravitropism.acetylcholinesterase (ache), an acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme, exists widely in plants, although its role in plant signal transduction is still unclear. we have hypothesized that the plant ache regulates asymmetric distribution of hormones and substrates due to gravity stimulus, based on indirect pharmacological experiments using an ache inhibitor. as a direct evidence for this hypothesis, our recent study has shown that ache overexpression causes an enhanced gravitropic response in rice seed ...201626979939
the genetic diversity and structure of indica rice in china as detected by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis.rice (oryza sativa l.) is the staple food of more than half of the world's population. the identification of genetic diversity in local varieties of rice compared with that of improved or introduced varieties is important in breeding elite varieties for sustainable agriculture. array-based single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) detection is a useful technique for such studies and breeding applications.201626979342
phosphate treatment strongly inhibits new arbuscule development but not the maintenance of arbuscule in mycorrhizal rice roots.phosphorus (p) is a crucial nutrient for plant growth, but its availability to roots is limited in soil. arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis is a promising strategy for improving plant p acquisition. however, p fertilizer reduces fungal colonization (p inhibition) and compromises mycorrhizal p uptake, warranting studies on the mechanistic basis of p inhibition. in this study, early morphological changes in p inhibition were identified in rice (oryza sativa) using fungal cell wall staining and ...201626979330
soil texture and cultivar effects on rice (oryza sativa, l.) grain yield, yield components and water productivity in three water regimes.the objective of this study was to determine the effects of water regime/soil condition (continuous flooding, saturated, and aerobic), cultivar ('cocodrie' and 'rondo'), and soil texture (clay and sandy loam) on rice grain yield, yield components and water productivity using a greenhouse trial. rice grain yield was significantly affected by soil texture and the interaction between water regime and cultivar. significantly higher yield was obtained in continuous flooding than in aerobic and satura ...201626978525
data for global lysine-acetylation analysis in rice (oryza sativa).rice is one of the most important crops for human consumption and is a staple food for over half of the world׳s population (yu et al., 2002) [1]. a systematic identification of the lysine acetylome was performed by our research (xiong et al., 2016) [2]. rice plant samples were collected from 5 weeks old seedlings (oryza sativa, nipponbare). after the trypsin digestion and immunoaffinity precipitation, lc-ms/ms approach was used to identify acetylated peptides. after the collected ms/ms data proc ...201626977447
root hair formation in rice (oryza sativa l.) differs between root types and is altered in artificial growth conditions.root hairs are important sites for nutrient uptake, especially in p limiting conditions. here we provide first insights into root hair development for the diverse root types of rice grown under different conditions, and show the first in situ images of rice root hairs in intact soil. roots of plants grown in upland fields produced short root hairs that showed little responsiveness to p deficiency, and had a higher root hair density in the high p condition. these results were reproducible in rhiz ...201626976815
genome-wide dna polymorphism in the indica rice varieties rgd-7s and taifeng b as revealed by whole genome re-sequencing.next-generation sequencing technologies provide opportunities to further understand genetic variation, even within closely related cultivars. we performed whole genome resequencing of two elite indica rice varieties, rgd-7s and taifeng b, whose f1 progeny showed hybrid weakness and hybrid vigor when grown in the early- and late-cropping seasons, respectively. approximately 150 million 100-bp pair-end reads were generated, which covered ∼86% of the rice (oryza sativa l. japonica 'nipponbare') ref ...201626926666
biosynthesis of natural and novel c-glycosylflavones utilising recombinant oryza sativa c-glycosyltransferase (oscgt) and desmodium incanum root proteins.the rice c-glycosyltransferase (oscgt) is one of only a small number of characterised plant c-glycosyltransferases (cgt) known. the enzyme c-glucosylates a 2-hydroxyflavanone substrate with udp-glucose as the sugar donor to produce c-glucosyl-2-hydroxyflavanones. we tested substrate specificity of the enzyme, using synthetic 2-hydroxyflavanones, and showed it has the potential to generate known natural cgfs that have been isolated from rice and also other plants. in addition, we synthesised nove ...201626923852
association mapping and genetic dissection of nitrogen use efficiency-related traits in rice (oryza sativa l.).the increases in the usage of nitrogen fertilizer result in deleterious impacts on the environment; thus, there is an urgent need to improve nitrogen use efficiency (nue) in crops including rice (oryza sativa l.). attentions have focused on quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping of nue-related traits using single experimental population, but to date, very few studies have taken advantage of association mapping to examine hundreds of lines for identifying potentially novel qtls in rice. here, we c ...201626922174
low melatonin production by suppression of either serotonin n-acetyltransferase or n-acetylserotonin methyltransferase in rice causes seedling growth retardation with yield penalty, abiotic stress susceptibility, and enhanced coleoptile growth under anoxic conditions.serotonin n-acetyltransferase (snat) and n-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (asmt) are the last two key enzymes for melatonin biosynthesis in living organisms. in this study, we demonstrated that transgenic rice (oryza sativa l.) plants, in which expression of either endogenous snat or asmt was suppressed, had reduced melatonin synthesis, confirming that both snat and asmt are functionally involved in melatonin synthesis. the melatonin-deficient snat rice had retarded seedling growth, which was ...201626919041
osclt1, a crt-like transporter 1, is required for glutathione homeostasis and arsenic tolerance in rice.arsenic (as) contamination in a paddy environment can cause phytotoxicity and elevated as accumulation in rice (oryza sativa). the mechanism of as detoxification in rice is still poorly understood. we isolated an arsenate (as(v))-sensitive mutant of rice. genomic resequencing and complementation identified osclt1, encoding a crt-like transporter, as the causal gene for the mutant phenotype. osclt1 is localized to the envelope membrane of plastids. the glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine contents ...201626918637
osmpk6 plays a critical role in cell differentiation during early embryogenesis in oryza sativa.the formation of body axes is the basis of morphogenesis during plant embryogenesis. we identified embryo-lethal mutants of rice (oryza sativa) in which t-dnas were inserted in osmpk6 embryonic organs were absent because their development was arrested at the globular stage. similar to observations made with gle4, shootless, and organless, the osmpk6 mutations affected the initial step of cell differentiation. expression of an apical-basal axis marker gene, osh1, was reduced in the mutant embryos ...201626912801
population structure of rice varieties used in turkish rice breeding programs determined using simple-sequence repeat and inter-primer binding site-retrotransposon data.effective breeding programs based on genetic diversity are needed to broaden the genetic basis of rice (oryza sativa l.) in turkey. in this study, 81 commercial varieties from seven countries were studied in order to estimate the genomic relationships among them using nine inter-primer binding site (ipbs)-retrotransposon and 17 simple-sequence repeat (ssr) markers. a total of 59 alleles for the ssr markers and 96 bands for the ipbs-retrotransposon markers were detected, with an average of 3.47 a ...201626909982
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