Publications

genome-wide detection and analysis of homologous recombination among sequenced strains of escherichia coli.	comparisons of complete bacterial genomes reveal evidence of lateral transfer of dna across otherwise clonally diverging lineages. some lateral transfer events result in acquisition of novel genomic segments and are easily detected through genome comparison. other more subtle lateral transfers involve homologous recombination events that result in substitution of alleles within conserved genomic regions. this type of event is observed infrequently among distantly related organisms. it is reporte ...	2006	16737554
isolation & antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella from patients with acute gastroenteritis in western nepal.	shigellae play an important role as a causative organism of acute gastroenteritis, which is a global health problem with significant morbidity and mortality in especially in developing countries. this study was carried out to determine the isolation and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella in patients with acute gastroenteritis in western nepal.	2006	16575113
[purification and properties of citrobacter freundii phytase].	phytase (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase, ec 3.1.3.26) catalyses the stepwise hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate). phytases are of great commercial importance due to their usage as supplement of food and animal feed, which can cater to nutrition demands and alleviate environmental problems, has been approved by many countries. although acid phytases have been extensively studied, information regarding the phytases from citrobacter is limited. in t ...	2006	16579482
rifaximin, a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic, prevents shigellosis after experimental challenge.	this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the nonabsorbed oral antibiotic rifaximin to prevent shigellosis in volunteers challenged with shigella flexneri.	2006	16586388
a novel functional t cell hybridoma recognizes macrophage cell death induced by bacteria: a possible role for innate lymphocytes in bacterial infection.	we have established a novel tcralphabeta (tcrvbeta6)(+)cd4(-)cd8(-) t cell hybridoma designated b6ho3. when the b6ho3 cells were cocultured with bacterial-infected j774 macrophage-like cells, ifn-gamma production by b6ho3 cells was triggered through direct cell-cell contact with dying j774 cells infected with listeria monocytogenes (lm), shigella flexneri, or salmonella typhimurium that expressed the type iii secretion system, but not with intact j774 cells infected with heat-killed lm, nonhemol ...	2006	16751404
enucleated l929 mouse fibroblasts support invasion and multiplication of shigella flexneri 5a.	invasive bacteria can induce their own uptake and specify their intracellular localization; hence it is commonly assumed that proximate modulation of host cell transcription is not required for infection. however, bacteria can also modulate, directly or indirectly, the transcription of many host cell genes, whose role in the infection may be difficult to determine by global gene expression. is the host cell nucleus proximately required for intracellular infection and, if so, for which pathogens ...	2006	16751980
keratitis due to shigella flexneri.	multiresistant shigella flexneri isolates were cultured from the cornea and stool of a girl. genetic analysis showed the isolates were identical. shigella spp. are rare causes of ulcerative keratitis; there have only been 14 published cases since 1943. although prognosis after local treatment is good, shigellosis is a systemic infection, possibly leading to dehydration.	2006	16757643
role of shigella flexneri 2a 34 kda outer membrane protein in induction of protective immune response.	emergence of shigella vaccine is in great need in developing countries. in this paper we have shown that 34 kda shigella flexneri 2a outer membrane protein has a role in eliciting immune responses. when injected parentarally this protein gives significant protection against challenge with virulent shigella flexneri 2a. macrophages activated with the 34 kda protein resulted in the dose dependent production of nitric oxide, the highly reactive free radical responsible for killing of invading bacte ...	2006	16765491
molecular characteristics of class 1 and class 2 integrons and their relationships to antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri.	to analyse the gene cassettes and determine the roles of class 1 and class 2 integrons in antibiotic-resistant strains of shigella sonnei (n=31) and shigella flexneri (n=33).	2006	16766536
[functional analysis of icsb protein secreted via the type iii secretion system of shigella].		2006	16780119
plasticity of the p junc promoter of isec11, a new insertion sequence of the is1111 family.	we describe identification and functional characterization of isec11, a new insertion sequence that is widespread in enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), in which it is always present on the virulence plasmid (pinv) and very frequently also present on the chromosome. isec11 is flanked by subterminal 13-bp inverted repeats (irs) and is bounded by 3-bp terminal sequences, and it transposes with target specificity without generating duplication of the target site. isec11 is characterized by an atypical t ...	2006	16788177
polar localization of the autotransporter family of large bacterial virulence proteins.	autotransporters are an extensive family of large secreted virulence-associated proteins of gram-negative bacteria. secretion of such large proteins poses unique challenges to bacteria. we demonstrate that autotransporters from a wide variety of rod-shaped pathogens, including icsa and sepa of shigella flexneri, aida-i of diffusely adherent escherichia coli, and brka of bordetella pertussis, are localized to the bacterial pole. the restriction of autotransporters to the pole is dependent on the ...	2006	16788193
a periplasmic glutamate/aspartate binding protein from shigella flexneri: gene cloning, over-expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of the recombinant protein.	periplasmic substrate binding proteins (psbps) are essential components of the bacterial periplasmic transport system, which transports a wide variety of nutrients from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. the glutamate/aspartate binding protein sfglu/aspbp is a unique psbp consisting of 279 amino acid residues. the sfglu/aspbp gene was cloned, over-expressed, and purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography. the recombinant protein sfglu/aspbp h ...	2006	16800808
post-natal development of the porcine microbiota composition and activities.	the current study describes the development of the porcine microbiota and its metabolic activities during the neonatal and weaning period. using 16s rrna-based approaches, we first analysed the ileal and colonic microbiota of neonatal piglets at days 2, 5 and 12 after birth. to further investigate the effect of weaning at 3 weeks of age, 19-day-old piglets (n = 64) were randomly allocated into two groups. half of the piglets remained with their sows throughout the study, while the remaining pigl ...	2006	16817927
the caenorhabditis elegans abl-1 tyrosine kinase is required for shigella flexneri pathogenesis.	shigellosis is a diarrheal disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium shigella flexneri. following ingestion of the bacterium, s. flexneri interferes with innate immunity, establishes an infection within the human colon, and initiates an inflammatory response that results in destruction of the tissue lining the gut. examination of host cell factors required for s. flexneri pathogenesis in vivo has proven difficult due to limited host susceptibility. here we report the development of a pathoge ...	2006	16820504
molecular cloning and characterization of a large subunit of salmonella typhimurium glutamate synthase (gogat) gene in escherichia coli.	two pathways of ammonium assimilation and glutamate biosynthesis have been identified in microorganisms. one pathway involves the nadp-linked glutamate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the amination of 2-oxoglutarate to form glutamate. an alternative pathway involves the combined activities of glutamine synthetase, which aminates glutamate to form glutamine, and glutamate synthase, which transfers the amide group of glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate to yield two molecules of glutamate. we have cloned th ...	2006	16820760
complete genome sequence of shigella flexneri 5b and comparison with shigella flexneri 2a.	shigella bacteria cause dysentery, which remains a significant threat to public health. shigella flexneri is the most common species in both developing and developed countries. five shigella genomes have been sequenced, revealing dynamic and diverse features. to investigate the intra-species diversity of s. flexneri genomes further, we have sequenced the complete genome of s. flexneri 5b strain 8401 (abbreviated sf8401) and compared it with s. flexneri 2a (sf301).	2006	16822325
structural mimicry for vinculin activation by ipaa, a virulence factor of shigella flexneri.	invasion of epithelial cells by shigella flexneri is characterized by cytoskeletal rearrangements of the host cell membrane, promoting internalization of the bacterium. the bacterial effector ipaa is injected into the epithelial cell by a type iii secretion apparatus and recruits vinculin to regulate actin polymerization at the site of entry. we analysed the complex formed between a carboxy-terminal fragment of ipaa (ipaa(560-633)) and the vinculin d1 domain (vd1), both in crystals and in soluti ...	2006	16826238
an aflp-based database of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei isolates and its use for the identification of untypable shigella strains.	amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) can be used to assess the genetic diversity of closely related microbial genomes. in this study, the first of its kind for identification of shigella, the high discriminatory power of aflp has been used to determine the genetic relatedness of 230 isolates of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei strains. an aflp database was generated to demonstrate its utility in the discrimination of closely related strains. based on aflp, s. flexneri strains could ...	2006	16837089
surveillance for bacterial diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance in rural western kenya, 1997-2003.	diarrhea is a major cause of preventable illness in sub-saharan africa. although most cases of bacterial gastroenteritis do not require antimicrobial treatment, antimicrobial use is widespread. we examined the bacterial causes of diarrhea and monitored antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates through clinic-based surveillance in a rural kenyan community.	2006	16838225
inactivation of gram-negative bacteria in milk and banana juice by hen egg white and lambda lysozyme under high hydrostatic pressure.	the effect of hen egg white lysozyme (hewl) and bacteriophage lambda lysozyme (lal) in combination with high pressure (hp) treatment on the inactivation of four gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli o157:h7, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica and salmonella typhimurium), was studied in skim milk (ph 6.8; a(w) 0.997) and in banana juice (ph 3.8; a(w) 0.971). in the absence of lysozymes, s. flexneri was more sensitive to hp in milk than in banana juice, while the opposite was observed f ...	2006	16843561
studies on pongamia pinnata (l.) pierre leaves: understanding the mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhea.	while data are available on the effect of medicinal plants on intestinal motility and their antibacterial action, there is a paucity of information on their mode of action on various aspects of diarrheal pathogenicity, namely colonization to intestinal epithelial cells and production/action of enterotoxins. crude decoction of dried leaves of pongamia pinnata was evaluated for its antimicrobial (antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral) effect; and its effect on production and action of ente ...	2006	16845722
enhancement of mice susceptibility to infection with listeria monocytogenes by the treatment of morphine.	the effect of morphine on the susceptibility of balb/c mice to diarrheagenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enteritidis, yersinia enterocolitica, was examined via the intraperitoneal inoculation. morphine treatment increased the susceptibility to s. enteritidis and l. monocytogenes, resulting in bacteremia and central nervous system (cns) invasion (for l. monocytogenes), while the infection with other bacteria did not show the systemic dissemination in th ...	2006	16858145
ipad localizes to the tip of the type iii secretion system needle of shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri, the causative agent of shigellosis, is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that initiates infection by invading cells within the colonic epithelium. contact with host cell surfaces induces a rapid burst of protein secretion via the shigella type iii secretion system (ttss). the first proteins secreted are ipad, ipab, and ipac, with ipab and ipac being inserted into the host cell membrane to form a pore for translocating late effectors into the target cell cytoplasm. the resulti ...	2006	16861624
role and regulation of the shigella flexneri sit and mnth systems.	shigella flexneri possesses at least two putative high-affinity manganese acquisition systems, sitabcd and mnth. mutations in the genes encoding the components of both of these systems were constructed in s. flexneri. the sita mnth mutant showed reduced growth, relative to the wild type, in luria broth (l broth) containing the divalent metal chelator ethylene diamino-o-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and the addition of either iron or manganese restored growth to the level of the wild-type strain. ...	2006	16861654
spectroscopic and calorimetric analyses of invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) from shigella flexneri reveal the presence of two structural domains.	shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis in humans. invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) is an essential participant in shigella invasion of intestinal cells, but no detailed structural information is available to help understand the proposed role of ipad in invasion or its interaction with other invasion proteins. therefore, the secondary and tertiary structure and thermal stability of ipad as well as selected ipad deletion mutants were investiga ...	2006	16866368
simple enzymatic in situ generation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and its use in a cascade reaction for the production of carbohydrates: increased efficiency by phosphate cycling.	a new enzymatic method for the generation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (dhap) using the acid phosphatase from shigella flexneri (phon-sf) and the cheap phosphate donor pyrophosphate (ppi) is described. the utility of this method was demonstrated in an aldolase-catalyzed condensation carried out in one pot in which dhap was generated and coupled to propionaldehyde to give a yield of 53% of the isolated dephosphorylated end product.	2006	16872211
shigella and autophagy.	bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells, and host recognition and elimination of the invading bacteria, determines the fate of bacterial infection. once inside mammalian cells, many pathogenic bacteria enter the host cytosol to escape from the lytic compartment and gain a replicative niche. recent studies indicate that autophagy also recognizes intracellular bacteria. although autophagy is a conserved membrane trafficking pathway in eukaryotic cells that sequesters undesirable or recyclable cytop ...	2006	16874102
trend and disease burden of bacillary dysentery in china (1991-2000).	we aimed to determine the burden of bacillary dysentery in china, its cross-regional variations, trends in morbidity and mortality, the causative bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance patterns.	2006	16878230
increasing single and multi-antibiotic resistance in shigella species isolated from shigellosis patients in sana'a, yemen.	the epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella species changes over time. updated susceptibility knowledge is necessary for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. thus, this research aimed to study these changes in 2 time periods with an interval of 10 years.	2006	16883444
molecular model of a type iii secretion system needle: implications for host-cell sensing.	type iii secretion systems are essential virulence determinants for many gram-negative bacterial pathogens. the type iii secretion system consists of cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and extracellular domains. the extracellular domain is a hollow needle protruding above the bacterial surface and is held within a basal body that traverses both bacterial membranes. effector proteins are translocated, via this external needle, directly into host cells, where they subvert normal cell functions to aid inf ...	2006	16888041
comprehensive proteomic analysis of shigella flexneri 2a membrane proteins.	shigella flexneri is the causative agent of most shigellosis cases in developing countries. we used different proteolytic enzymes to selectively shave the protruding proteins on the surface of purified bacterial membrane sheets or vesicles, and recovered peptides were subsequently identified using 2-d lc-ms/ms. as a result, a total of 666 proteins were unambiguously assigned, including 159 integral membrane proteins, 35 outer membrane proteins and 114 proteins previously annotated as hypothetica ...	2006	16889407
characterization of shigella strains in iran by plasmid profile analysis and pcr amplification of ipa genes.	to characterize shigella clinical strains, we studied 82 shigella strains recovered from 719 stool samples of patients with bloody diarrhea in shiraz, iran, over the period from april to october 2003. serological assay classified the shigella isolates as follows: 61 (74.39%) shigella sonnei isolates, 16 (19.51%) shigella flexneri isolates, 3 (3.65%) shigella boydii isolates, and 2 (2.43%) shigella dysenteriae isolates. in an antibiogram test, all shigella strains were susceptible to ceftazidime, ...	2006	16891506
shigella vulvovaginitis in a prepubertal child.		2006	16912629
synthesis and antibacterial activity of substituted flavones, 4-thioflavones and 4-iminoflavones.	synthesis of flavones, 4-thioflavones and 4-iminoflavones was carried out with the substitution of variable halogens, methyl, methoxy and nitro groups in the a, b and ab rings of the respective compounds and we also report here their antibacterial activity. most of the synthesized compounds were found to be active against escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, shigella flexnari, salmonella aureus, salmonella typhi and pseudomonas aeruginosa. activity of 4-thioflavones and 4-iminoflavones was found ...	2006	16603364
homology modeling and molecular dynamics study of chorismate synthase from shigella flexneri.	shigellosis is a major public health problem in many developing countries. antibiotic therapy can reduce the severity of the dysentery and prevent potentially lethal complication. however, owing to the increased resistance to most of the widely used and inexpensive antibiotics, there is an urgent need for new antibacterial agents, particularly those that act on novel targets. chorismate synthase (cs) is a key enzyme in the shikimic acid pathway, which is essential for the synthesis of aromatic a ...	2006	16616535
synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial and anticonvulsant activities of some new 3-[2- (5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl/4-carbethoxymethylthiazol-2-yl) imino-4-thiazolidinon-5-ylidene]-5-substituted/nonsubstituted 1h-indole-2-ones and investigation of their structure-activity relationships.	in the present study, 20 new compounds having 3-[2-(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) imino-4-thiazolidinon-5-ylidene]-5-substituted/nonsubstituted 1h-indole-2-one (i-xii) and 3-[2-(4-carbethoxymethylthiazol-2-yl)imino-4-thiazoldinon-5-ylidenel-5-substituted/nonsubstituted ih-indole-2-one (xiii-xx) systems were synthesized. the structures were confirmed by spectral methods (uv, ir, 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr, 13c-dept (135), electron impact mass spectrometry) and elemental analysis. all compounds were tested fo ...	2006	16618017
archaeology and evolution of transfer rna genes in the escherichia coli genome.	transfer rna genes tend to be presented in multiple copies in the genomes of most organisms, from bacteria to eukaryotes. the evolution and genomic structure of trna genes has been a somewhat neglected area of molecular evolution. escherichia coli, the first phylogenetic species for which more than two different strains have been sequenced, provides an invaluable framework to study the evolution of trna genes. in this work, a detailed analysis of the trna structure of the genomes of escherichia ...	2006	16618964
direct visualization of red fluorescent lipoproteins indicates conservation of the membrane sorting rules in the family enterobacteriaceae.	chimeras created by fusing the monomeric red fluorescent protein (rfp) to a bacterial lipoprotein signal peptide (liporfps) were visualized in the cell envelope by epifluorescence microscopy. plasmolysis of the bacteria separated the inner and outer membranes, allowing the specific subcellular localization of liporfps to be determined in situ. when equipped with the canonical inner membrane lipoprotein retention signal cdsr, liporfp was located in the inner membrane in escherichia coli, whereas ...	2006	16672606
future needs and directions for shigella vaccines.		2006	16673461
structural characterization of enterobactin hydrolase iroe.	the proliferation of many pathogenic bacteria is limited by the scarcity of soluble iron in their environment. many of these bacteria scavenge iron by synthesizing and exporting small molecule siderophores that chelate iron. iron-bound siderophores are subsequently imported for metabolic processing. three related serine hydrolases have been characterized biochemically in this pathway: fes, irod, and iroe. here, we report the crystal structure of iroe from uropathogenic escherichia coli cft073. t ...	2006	16922493
fishmeal extract bile salt lactose agar--a differential medium for enteric bacteria.	fishmeal extract bile salt lactose agar (febla), a new differential medium for enteric bacteria was developed and evaluated for its ability to grow and differentiate lactose fermenters (lf) from non-lactose fermenters (nlf) in comparison with macconkeys agar. performance of febla was at par with the latter. on febla medium, the contrast between lf and nlf colonies was pronounced and klebsiella pneumoniae produced more mucoid colonies than on macconkeys agar (hi media). unlike macconkeys agar, a ...	2006	16924840
enterobacterial 38-kda outer membrane protein is an age-dependent molecular marker of innate immunity and immunoglobulin deficiency as results from its reactivity with igg and iga antibody.	in earlier studies on an animal model we observed protective properties of outer membrane proteins (omps) of shigella, hafnia, and escherichia coli strains. in order to investigate human sera for reactivity with omps we subjected these proteins to immunoblotting with umbilical cord plasma and sera from children and adults. the igg and iga antibodies interacted primarily with a 38-kda protein, in similar way for several enterobacterial strains, but different for pseudomonas aeruginosa. this obser ...	2006	17064276
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella species in asmara, eritrea, northeast africa.	diarrheal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. of the bacterial causes of dysentery, shigella are the major enteropathogens with outbreak potential and common development of antimicrobial resistance. this study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of different spp. of shigella in asmara, eritrea.	2006	17066201
immunoproteome analysis of soluble and membrane proteins of shigella flexneri 2457t.	to profile the immunogenic proteins of shigella flexneri (s. flexneri) expressed during human infection using a proteomic approach.	2006	17075984
shigella applies molecular mimicry to subvert vinculin and invade host cells.	shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, injects invasin proteins through a type iii secretion apparatus upon contacting the host cell, which triggers pathogen internalization. the invasin ipaa is essential for s. flexneri pathogenesis and binds to the cytoskeletal protein vinculin to facilitate host cell entry. we report that ipaa harbors two vinculin-binding sites (vbss) within its c-terminal domain that bind to and activate vinculin in a mutually exclusive fashion. only ...	2006	17088427
microtubule-severing activity of shigella is pivotal for intercellular spreading.	some pathogenic bacteria actually invade the cytoplasm of their target host cells. invasive bacteria acquire the propulsive force to move by recruiting actin and inducing its polymerization. here we show that shigella movement within the cytoplasm was severely hindered by microtubules and that the bacteria destroyed surrounding microtubules by secreting vira by means of the type iii secretion system. degradation of microtubules by vira was dependent on its alpha-tubulin-specific cysteine proteas ...	2006	17095701
genetic characterization of multidrug resistance in shigella spp. from japan.	this study characterized the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance of a number of shigella spp. isolated from humans from 2000 to 2004 in hiroshima prefecture, japan. a total of 26 isolates of shigella spp. were included in this study. antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed high levels of resistance, especially to ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. pcr and dna sequencing were used for screening and characterization of antibiotic-resis ...	2006	17108272
structure of yidb protein from shigella flexneri shows a new fold with homeodomain motif.		2006	16927377
reciprocal transcriptional and posttranscriptional growth-phase-dependent expression of sfh, a gene that encodes a paralogue of the nucleoid-associated protein h-ns.	the inchi1 self-transmissible plasmid psf-r27 from shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t harbors sfh, a gene that codes for a protein with strong amino acid sequence homology to the global transcription regulator and nucleoid-associated protein h-ns and to its paralogue, stpa. previously, we discovered that the expression of sfh mrna is growth phase dependent such that in cultures growing in lennox broth at 37 degrees c, the transcript is readily detectable in the early stages of exponential growth ...	2006	16936022
effect of lactoferrin on enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec).	we previously demonstrated that lactoferrin inhibits adherence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli to hep-2 cells and decreases invasiveness of shigella flexneri in hela cells by disruption of the type iii secretory system (ttss) of both enteropathogens. to determine whether these effects were specific to the ttss, we assessed the activity of bovine lactoferrin on enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec), enteropathogens whose virulence is not ttss dependent. bovine lactoferrin at a concentration of 1. ...	2006	16936809
modulation of phosphoinositide metabolism by pathogenic bacteria.	phosphoinositide metabolism plays a pivotal role in the regulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction, actin remodelling and membrane dynamics. phosphoinositides co-ordinate these processes by recruiting protein effectors to distinct cellular membranes in a time- and organelle-dependent manner. intracellular bacterial pathogens interfere with phosphoinositide metabolism to direct their entry into eukaryotic cells, form replication-permissive vacuoles, modulate apoptosis, or trigger fluid s ...	2006	16939534
complete nucleotide sequence of pk245, a 98-kilobase plasmid conferring quinolone resistance and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase activity in a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae isolate.	a plasmid containing the qnrs quinolone resistance determinant and the gene encoding the shv-2 beta-lactamase has been discovered from a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated in taiwan. the complete 98-kb sequence of this plasmid, designated pk245, was determined by using a whole-genome shotgun approach. transfer of pk245 conferred low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in electroporant escherichia coli epi300. the sequence of the immediate region surrounding qnrs in pk245 is nearly i ...	2006	16940067
mobilizable incq-related plasmid carrying a new quinolone resistance gene, qnrs2, isolated from the bacterial community of a wastewater treatment plant.	plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance was previously reported for different bacteria isolated from patients not only in the united states and asia but also in europe. here we describe the isolation, by applying a new selection strategy, of the quinolone resistance plasmid pgnb2 from an activated sludge bacterial community of a wastewater treatment plant in germany. the hypersensitive escherichia coli strain kam3 carrying a mutation in the multidrug efflux system genes acrab was transformed with t ...	2006	16940104
[ultrastructural changes in shigella flexneri cells during interaction with bacteriocinogenic lactobacillus acidophilus].	results of electron-microscopic examination of shigella flexneri cells, subjected to influence the bacteriocin-producing lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria are presented. the response of shigellae to bacteriocinogenic lactobacilli was shown both on cellular and population levels. on population level the correlation of various morphological types of shigella cells with increase of involution, lysing and resting forms is revealed. at a cellular level the specific ultrastructural changes of shigell ...	2006	16941871
expression, limited proteolysis and preliminary crystallographic analysis of ipad, a component of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system.	ipad, the putative needle-tip protein of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system, has been overexpressed and purified. crystals were grown of the native protein in space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 55.9, b = 100.7, c = 112.0 a, and data were collected to 2.9 a resolution. analysis of the native patterson map revealed a peak at 50% of the origin on the harker section v = 0.5, suggesting twofold non-crystallographic symmetry parallel to the b crystallographic axis. a ...	2006	16946465
characterization of ferric and ferrous iron transport systems in vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae has multiple iron acquisition systems, including tonb-dependent transport of heme and of the catechol siderophore vibriobactin. strains defective in both of these systems grow well in laboratory media and in the infant mouse intestine, indicating the presence of additional iron acquisition systems. previously uncharacterized potential iron transport systems, including a homologue of the ferrous transporter feo and a periplasmic binding protein-dependent atp binding cassette (abc) ...	2006	16952942
visible-light-induced bactericidal activity of a nitrogen-doped titanium photocatalyst against human pathogens.	the antibacterial activity of photocatalytic titanium dioxide (tio(2)) substrates is induced primarily by uv light irradiation. recently, nitrogen- and carbon-doped tio(2) substrates were shown to exhibit photocatalytic activities under visible-light illumination. their antibacterial activity, however, remains to be quantified. in this study, we demonstrated that nitrogen-doped tio(2) substrates have superior visible-light-induced bactericidal activity against escherichia coli compared to pure t ...	2006	16957236
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrs in enterobacter cloacae.	pcr was used to investigate the occurrence of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance determinants qnra and qnrs among diarrhoeagenic enterobacterial isolates recovered from hanoi, vietnam, during the period march 2001 to april 2002. in total, 162 escherichia coli isolates, 28 shigella isolates and three enterobacter cloacae isolates were negative for qnra, while a single ent. cloacae isolate harboured a 50-kb qnrs-positive conjugative plasmid. cloning and sequencing identified a qnrs gene brac ...	2006	16961640
efficacy of solar disinfection of escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhimurium and vibrio cholerae.	to determine the efficacy of solar disinfection (sodis) for enteric pathogens and to test applicability of the reciprocity law.	2006	16968294
quinine sulfate inhibits invasion of salmonella typhimurium and shigella flexneri: a preliminary study.		2006	16987134
ospf and ospc1 are shigella flexneri type iii secretion system effectors that are required for postinvasion aspects of virulence.	shigella flexneri is the causative agent of dysentery, and its pathogenesis is mediated by a type iii secretion system (t3ss). s. flexneri secretes effector proteins into the eukaryotic cell via the t3ss, and these proteins usurp host cellular functions to the benefit of the bacteria. ospf and ospc1 are known to be secreted by s. flexneri, but their functions are unknown. we transformed s. flexneri with a plasmid that expresses a two-hemagglutinin tag (2ha) in frame with ospf or ospc1 and verifi ...	2006	16988276
crystal structure of the diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase from shigella flexneri 2a.		2006	17006950
induction of expression of hfq by dksa is essential for shigella flexneri virulence.	hfq plays an important role in cellular physiology by regulating the expression of several genes. hfq synthesis in escherichia coli is subject to auto-repression at translational level. studies with shigella flexneri show that hfq transcription is regulated by a pleiotropic regulator, dksa. comparison of gene expression profiles of wild type and dksa mutant s. flexneri determined that hfq expression was reduced in the dksa mutant. as dksa is required for stress resistance and plaque formation in ...	2006	17020583
development of a serotype-specific dna microarray for identification of some shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli strains.	shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli are major causes of human infectious diseases and are responsible for millions of cases of diarrhea worldwide every year. a convenient and rapid method to identify highly pathogenic serotypes of shigella and e. coli is needed for large-scale epidemiologic study, timely clinical diagnosis, and reliable quarantine of the pathogens. in this study, a dna microarray targeting o-serotype-specific genes was developed to detect 15 serotypes of shigella and e. col ...	2006	17021058
[the electron microscopic study of cell-to-cell interactions between antagonistic microorganisms].	the electron microscopic study of thin sections and positively stained specimens of cells taken from particular cocultures of lactobacillus acidophilus d75, lactobacillus casei yit 9018, shigella flexnery 2a, bacillus subtilis atcc 6633, and staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923 (some of these bacteria are antagonistic to others) showed the presence of specific ultrastructural elements indicating cell specialization and cooperation. the responses of antagonistic bacteria manifested themselves at the ...	2006	17025183
direct detection of bacterial faecal indicators in water samples using pcr.	the presence of enteric pathogens in water resources represents a serious risk for public health. therefore, their precise detection, and especially detection of e. coli, which is obviously regarded as the main indicator of faecal contamination of water, is an essential step in ensuring bacterial safety of water. numerous pcr protocols for detection of e. coli have been published to date. they are usually based on amplification of regions derived from lacz (beta-d-galactosidase) and uida (beta-d ...	2006	17037144
[rapid detection of pseudomonas aeruginosa by the fluorescence quantitative pcr assay targeting 16s rdna].	the 16s rdna specific primers were designed for rapid detection of pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) by the fluorescence quantitative pcr (fq-pcr) assay, based upon multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis of the 16s rdnas of over 20 bacteria. after extraction of pa genomic dna, the target 16s rdna fragment was amplified by pcr with specific primers, and used to construct recombinant pmdt-pfr plasmid, the dilution gradients of which were subjected to the standard quantitation curve i ...	2006	17037203
distribution of shigella enterotoxin genes and secreted autotransporter toxin gene among diverse species and serotypes of shigella isolated from andaman islands, india.	we studied the prevalence and distribution of the newly described genes for shigella enterotoxins (shet1 and shet2, encoded by set and sen genes) and secreted auto-transporter toxin (encoded by sat gene) in clinical isolates from the andaman islands, india. a total of 153 shigella isolates obtained from hospitalized patients during 1994-2004 were analysed. these isolates included all the four species of shigella (s. dyseteriae-29, s. flexneri-75, s. sonnei-38, s. boydii-5) that belonged to diver ...	2006	17054749
transcriptional slippage controls production of type iii secretion apparatus components in shigella flexneri.	during transcription, series of approximately 9 as or ts can direct rna polymerase to incorporate into the mrna nucleotides not encoded by the dna, changing the reading frame downstream from the slippage site. we detected series of 9 or 10 as in spa13, spa33 and mxia encoding type iii secretion apparatus components. analysis of cdnas indicated that transcriptional slippage occurs in spa13, mxia and spa33. changes in the reading frame were confirmed by using plasmids carrying slippage sites in th ...	2006	17059566
identification of essential loops and residues of glucosyltransferase v (gtrv) of shigella flexneri.	lipopolysaccharide (lps), particularly the o-antigen component, is one of many virulence determinants necessary for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. o-antigen modification is mediated by glucosyltransferase (gtr) genes encoded by temperate serotype-converting bacteriophages. the gtrv and gtrx genes encode the gtrv and gtrx glucosyltransferases, respectively. these are integral membrane proteins, which catalyze the transfer of a glucosyl residue via an alpha1,3 linkage to rhamnose ii and rhamnose ...	2006	17060158
ipaa targets beta1 integrins and rho to promote actin cytoskeleton rearrangements necessary for shigella entry.	shigella invasion into the colonic epithelium involves many steps including the formation of large membrane protrusions by the epithelial cells that facilitate bacterial engulfment. ipaa, a shigella protein secreted into target cells upon cell contact induces a loss of actin stress fibers in cells and promotes the reorganization of actin at the site of entry. the mechanism for this is not known but is thought to involve recruitment of the focal adhesion protein vinculin to ipaa. here we have exa ...	2006	17060328
in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of metal-based furanyl derived sulfonamides.	a new series of antibacterial and antifungal furanyl-derived sulfonamides and their cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) metal complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella typhi) and two gram-positive (bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and, for in-vitro antifungal activity against trichophyton l ...	2006	17252952
a new monoterpene glycoside and antibacterial monoterpene glycosides from paeonia suffruticosa.	antibacterial activity-guided fractionation of the chci3-meoh (1:1) extract of paeonia suffruticosa root bark furnished three monoterpene glycosides, 6-o-vanillyoxypaeoniflorin (1), mudanpioside-h (2), and galloyl-oxypaeoniflorin (3). of the isolated compounds, compound 1 is a new compound. all isolated compounds showed broad, but moderate, antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values in the range of 100 to 500 microg/ml against eighteen pathogenic microorganisms of ...	2006	17121173
salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice, fresh oranges, and wiping cloths collected from public markets and street booths in guadalajara, mexico: incidence and comparison of analytical routes.	a survey of the presence of salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice and related samples was conducted in guadalajara, mexico. one hundred samples of freshly squeezed orange juice were collected from 49 street booths and 51 small food service establishments. in addition, 75 fresh orange samples, each consisting of five orange units, and 75 wiping cloths were collected from the same establishments from which juice had been collected. salmonella was isolated from 14, 20, and 23% of ...	2006	17133801
[detection of class i integron and its relation to antimicrobial resistance of shigella flexneri in children].	to investigate class i integron of shigella flexneri, its prevalence in children, and its relation to bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.	2006	17217663
[time course changes in cytokines content and gas composition in blood of patients with salmonellosis and acute shigellosis].	to study changes in serum concentrations of interleukines (il) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfa) in the course of acute moderate and severe shigellosis and salmonellosis; to elicit their correlation with disorders of gas and electrolyte blood composition and acid-base balance (abb).	2006	17195521
a new antibacterial compound produced by an indigenous marine bacteria--fermentation, isolation, and biological activity.	the use of microorganisms for biological purpose has become an effective alternative to control pathogens. a marine bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from eal fish of baluchistan coast of pakistan. this strain produced a bactericidal antibiotic against environmental and clinical isolates. in this study, we purified bactericidal antibiotic from the ethyl acetate extract of the cells of p. aeruginosa and analyzed its chemical structure. based on spectrometric analysis, this compound 1 ...	2006	17393659
rapid allelic exchange in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) and other e. coli using lambda red recombination.	this unit describes an allelic exchange system for enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec), and similar pathogenic species of bacteria. the phage lambda red recombination system is expressed from a plasmid, inducing a hyper-recombinogenic state where electroporated pcr-generated substrates recombine with the bacterial chromosome at high efficiency. the technique can be used to substitute a drug marker for the gene of interest, or used to generate a clean in-frame deletion of the target gene. single gen ...	2006	18770591
death from multi-resistant shigelloses: a case study from fiji.	death from shigellosis is rare in developed countries, however it causes over a million deaths in developing countries worldwide annually. death from shigellosis is rare in fiji. however, the global problem of emerging multi-drug resistance raises some issues about the management of shigellosis in this country. within fiji, shigella is a notifiable disease. the fiji ministry of health recorded 68 cases of shigella in 1996, 173 cases in 1997 and 334 cases in 1998 (no data available for 1999). the ...	2006	18181399
[nurses and professional secret].		2006	3645907
[nurses and professional secret].		2006	3645907
[new trends in clinical neurophysiology of the spinal cord (review of the literature)].		2006	1665637
proceedings of the 3rd north sea conference on periodontology. maastricht, the netherlands, 16-19 may 1990.		2006	1679767
[eye foreign bodies. patients should be sent to the eye clinic for treatment].		2006	1636298
minority student nurses' perceptions of their educational program.		2006	1773054
increase in serum cardiac myosin light chain i associated with elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with ischemic heart disease.	changes in serum myosin light chain i (mlci) due to elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (ptca) were studied after ptca (0, 8 and 48 hours) in 57 patients with old myocardial infarction (mi group) and 20 patients with angina pectoris (ap group). the ap group showed no increase after ptca. in contrast, in the mi group there were 16 patients in whom mlci at 48 hours was increased by 1.0 ng/ml or more (mi1 group) and another group of 41 patients who showed no increase in mlci (mi ...	2006	1489636
[diagnostic significance of clinico-hemodynamic indicators in macrofocal myocardial infarction in relation to the pattern of its course complicated by acute heart failure].		2006	1779527
collaborative care documentation by exception system.	development of a workstation-based documentation system supporting collaborative care and nurse charting by exception has been underway for the last two and one-half years at vanderbilt university medical center in nashville, tennessee. the pathways system has undergone two major revisions and is currently implemented on three nursing units. the system supports collaborative care by providing a mechanism for entry and printing of collaborative care pathways and collection of exception data. pape ...	2006	1482850
[perversions in 1991].		2006	1594857
glyceryl trinitrate for angina: tablet or spray?		2006	1478166
inhibition of interleukin-2-induced tumor necrosis factor release by dexamethasone: prevention of an acquired neutrophil chemotaxis defect and differential suppression of interleukin-2-associated side effects.	high concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) alpha have been detected in the plasma of patients undergoing immunotherapy with interleukin 2 (il-2), suggesting that this cytokine may play a role in the fever and shocklike state induced by the administration of high-dose il-2. dexamethasone has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of tnf by monocytes activated in vitro by endotoxin. to determine if dexamethasone can exert a similar suppressive effect on il-2-induced tnf synthesis in vivo, the ...	2006	2242421
ventriculopleural shunting used as a temporary diversion.	due to the limited absorptive capacity of the pleural cavity, infants and young children are not generally ideal candidates for ventriculopleural shunts. we report using chest cavities as alternate for temporary diversion of csf in a young child. venous access to the cervical region could not be utilized because of scarring from previous procedures, while peritoneal access was contraindicated due to repeated pseudocyst formation. pleural effusions were removed by thoracentesis when necessary, an ...	2006	1595400
possible involvement of the long terminal repeat of transposable element 17.6 in regulating expression of an insecticide resistance-associated p450 gene in drosophila.	p450-a and p450-b are electrophoretically defined subsets of cytochrome p450 enzymes in drosophila melanogaster. p450-a is present among all strains tested, whereas expression of p450-b is associated with resistance to insecticides. monoclonal antibodies were used to obtain cdna clones for an enzyme from each p450 subset (i.e., p450-a1 and p450-b1). the p450-b1 cdna was sequenced and shown to code for a p450 of 507 amino acids. its gene has been named cyp6a2. comparative molecular analyses of a ...	2006	1317576
[is flexible sigmoidoscopy as preventive measure for colorectal carcinoma in asymptomatic patients over 45 practicable?].	the efficacy of flexible sigmoidoscopy as a screening method for colorectal cancer is still undetermined, and a reduction in mortality due to this cancer by mass screening has not been demonstrated so far. an important precondition for the practicability of screening sigmoidoscopy is its acceptability by the persons to be screened. acceptability was tested in 294 volunteers without abdominal symptoms from a general medical outpatients clinic. mean age of participants was 58 years (45-86), 65% we ...	2006	1594910
optimal protein-folding codes from spin-glass theory.	protein-folding codes embodied in sequence-dependent energy functions can be optimized using spin-glass theory. optimal folding codes for associative-memory hamiltonians based on aligned sequences are deduced. a screening method based on these codes correctly recognizes protein structures in the "twilight zone" of sequence identity in the overwhelming majority of cases. simulated annealing for the optimally encoded hamiltonian generally leads to qualitatively correct structures.	2006	1594594
acute postinfarction septal rupture: long-term results.		2006	1540087
[bilateral claw deformity of the fingers due to fasciitis with eosinophilia (shulman's syndrome). apropos of a case].	shulman's syndrome or fasciitis with eosinophilia is a disease of unknown origin with unclear relations with scleroderma, characterised by thickening of the fascia superficialis associated with blood eosinophilia. this diagnosis should be considered in a patient presenting with a lesion of the anterior surface of the forearms, which have an "armoured" appearance, associated with claw deformity of the wrist, hand and fingers. the diagnosis is based on cutaneo-muscular biopsy and treatment consist ...	2006	1698089
the process and outcome of a collaborative effort to design and implement a clinician order processing system.		2006	1482980
late onset familial hallervorden-spatz disease: mr findings in two sisters.	two sisters affected by late onset hallervorden-spatz disease are described. in both patients, mr showed rings of decreased signal intensity surrounding hyperintense areas that gave a target-like appearance to the globi pallidi, a finding that corresponds with the known pathologic lesions in the disease. mr reflects the metabolic and anatomic evaluation of this disease.	2006	1595483