Publications

abstracts from the 1990 annual isir meeting on the interferon system. san francisco, california, 14-18 november 1990.		2006	1698890
continuous spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine.		2006	1796979
continuous spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine.		2006	1796979
the e2f transcription factor is a cellular target for the rb protein.	although it is generally believed that the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (rb1) is an important regulator of cell proliferation, the biochemical mechanism for its action is unclear. we now show that the rb protein is found in a complex with the e2f transcription factor and that only the under phosphorylated form of rb is in the e2f complex. moreover, the adenovirus e1a protein can dissociate the e2f-rb complex, dependent on e1a sequence also critical for e1a to bind to rb. the ...	2006	1828392
the e2f transcription factor is a cellular target for the rb protein.	although it is generally believed that the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (rb1) is an important regulator of cell proliferation, the biochemical mechanism for its action is unclear. we now show that the rb protein is found in a complex with the e2f transcription factor and that only the under phosphorylated form of rb is in the e2f complex. moreover, the adenovirus e1a protein can dissociate the e2f-rb complex, dependent on e1a sequence also critical for e1a to bind to rb. the ...	2006	1828392
acute and chronic effects of parathion and 2,4 d on the oxygen consumption of chasmagnathus granulata (decapoda, brachyura).	the effect of two pesticides widely used in argentina on the oxygen consumption of the estuarine crab chasmagnathus granulata was studied. constant pressure respirometers were employed to estimate the rate of oxygen consumption per weight unit of animals treated previously with each pesticide, both acute (96 h) and chronically (15 and 30 days). crabs exposed to parathion -an organophosphorate insecticide that causes the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase- show an increase of oxygen consumption a ...	2006	1797200
acute and chronic effects of parathion and 2,4 d on the oxygen consumption of chasmagnathus granulata (decapoda, brachyura).	the effect of two pesticides widely used in argentina on the oxygen consumption of the estuarine crab chasmagnathus granulata was studied. constant pressure respirometers were employed to estimate the rate of oxygen consumption per weight unit of animals treated previously with each pesticide, both acute (96 h) and chronically (15 and 30 days). crabs exposed to parathion -an organophosphorate insecticide that causes the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase- show an increase of oxygen consumption a ...	2006	1797200
[correlation between dysplasia and malignization risk of crohn disease].	the malignancy risk in crohn's disease is less than that of ulcerative colitis, although it has not been so well studied. the possibility of an early detection of malignant changes during the long term follow-up of the patients induces to look for parameters which might be helpful in this respect. in the second surgical clinic of the hospital clinico in madrid, the pathological findings of 11 patients with the diagnosis of crohn's disease have been analyzed and correlated with the clinical findi ...	2006	1599762
common infections in the elderly.	symptoms of infection in the elderly may be absent, vague or atypical. infection should be suspected when an elderly patient presents with a decline in well-being or with non-specific symptoms such as falls, dizziness, confusion, anorexia or weakness. common infections include bacterial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, intra-abdominal infections, gram-negative bacteremia and infection of decubitus ulcers. antibiotic therapy is not recommended for asymptomatic bacteriuria or locally infected d ...	2006	1595517
[fulminant hepatitis].		2006	1578682
is a rise in [ca]1 responsible for rapid changes in neuronal excitability, ca currents, extracellular ions and ph0 induced by brief anoxia?		2006	2816423
is a rise in [ca]1 responsible for rapid changes in neuronal excitability, ca currents, extracellular ions and ph0 induced by brief anoxia?		2006	2816423
reoperation for moyamoya disease refractory to encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis.	three cases of moyamoya disease successfully treated by reoperation are reported with special reference to the operative techniques in the second operation. these children first underwent encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (edas). because two of the three postoperative collateral formations through edas were either poor or not present at all and their symptoms remained. encephalo-myo-synangiosis (ems) was later added in the posterior frontal and/or parietal regions of the same side as the former ...	2006	2077849
establishing a sense of urgency when we need it.		2006	1539953
[significance of drug determination in pilocarpine sweat for detection of past drug abuse].	the presence of cocaine, morphine and methadone in sweat samples obtained after stimulation of the eccrine sweat glands, from drugs users after six drugs-free days, was investigated. the stimulation of the sweat elimination was proved using pilocarpine-iontophoresis every hour for 7 hours. the drugs concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. consequently, the values measured represent the sum of the drug and its metabolites. measurable levels of cocaine, morphine and methadone were obta ...	2006	1489310
asbestos: the turbulent interface between science and policy.		2006	1489439
the effect of insulin treatment on hba1c, body weight and lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with secondary-failure to sulfonylureas. a five year follow-up study.	no conclusive data are available about the long-term effect of insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients failing to maximal doses of sulfonylureas and caloric restriction. in total 160 non-obese type 2 diabetic patients with secondary failure were substituted with insulin using a diabetic teaching and care program. from these 160 patients 40 died within the observation period of five years; 102 patients had a complete five year follow-up, whereas the remaining 18 patients did not come to reg ...	2006	1464414
nursing management in an endoscopy setting.	textbooks and articles that address the issues and responsibilities of a nurse manager generally focus on the role of the nurse manager in a hospital setting. while many of the principles set forth in these publications may be appropriately used by the nurse manager working in an endoscopy setting, certain characteristics of gi nursing are unique in terms of managing the delivery of patient care, managing staff, and managing self. this article describes these critical "3ms" of nursing management ...	2006	1525189
thrombocytopenia and the neglected megakaryocyte.		2006	1435936
[competence levels].		2006	1418631
health checks on patients 75 years and over in nottinghamshire after the new gp contract.	to investigate annual health checks for patients of 75 years and over required by the 1990 contract for general practitioners.	2006	1393076
inhibition site of dexamethasone on extravasation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation.	a video system was used to investigate the inhibitory effect(s) of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (dex) on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) extravasation in the microcirculation of hamster cheek pouch. dex was given intraperitoneally at 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg body weight 2 h before induction of extravasation by topical application of leukotriene b4 (ltb4) or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmlp) on the microvasculature. the number, time course, and behavior of pmns were examined in the follo ...	2006	1326021
the cellular and molecular biology of membrane transport. aps conference. orlando, florida, november 4-7, 1992. abstracts.		2006	1360685
acrodysostosis in two generations: an autosomal dominant syndrome.	acrodysostosis is a rare syndrome characterized by growth retardation, peripheral dysostosis and mental deficiency. x-rays reveal generalized shortening of metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges, hyperplasia of the first ray of the feet and premature skeletal maturation. occasionally abnormal interpedicular spinal spaces, increased mandibular angle and hearing loss have been observed. we report a 19-year-old woman and her daughter examined at birth and subsequently at 6 years of age. the clinica ...	2006	1860254
adjuvant treatment in breast cancer.		2006	1346675
predicting the distance for gavage tube placement in children.	nurses currently use several external measures referenced to the head and chest to predict the insertion distance for orogastric and nasogastric (ng) tubes. the ability of previously published regression equations on height to predict esophageal length for ng tube insertion was evaluated in a sample of 107 children.	2006	1574363
hrf20, a membrane inhibitor of complement attack, does not protect cells from the cytotoxic reaction by lymphokine activated killer cells.	hrf20, a 20 kda homologous restriction factor, is a membrane glycoprotein anchored via galactosyl phosphatidyl inositol. its function is to protect cells from attack by homologous complement. adsorption of purified hrf20 to raji cells which have little, if any, of this factor increased their resistance to cytolysis by homologous complement. however, the same cells treated with hrf20 remained sensitive to cytotoxic attack by il-2 activated lymphocytes (lymphokine activated killer cells; lak cells ...	2006	1698362
[conservative or surgical treatment for foreign body injuries of the brain].	presenting our patients with cerebral foreign body injuries since 1954 we find that surgical management is not absolutely indispensable. criteria for conservative management are presented with illustrative cases.	2006	1636325
monocyte disorders associated with t cell defects in patients with solid tumors.	t cells proliferate in response to autologous monocytes in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (amlr). amlr was found to be impaired in patients with advanced cancer (stages iii and iv), whereas normal values were found in the early stages of the disease (stages i and ii). peripheral t lymphocytes from patients with advanced stages also exhibited a decreased ability to produce interleukin-2 (il-2) during an amlr response, whereas production of il-2 by t cells in stages i and ii was comparab ...	2006	1533752
watching a generation die: canadian doctors and the battlefields of world war i.		2006	1483240
caution advised when changing to new therapies.		2006	1458280
identification and characterization of deoxyguanosine-crotonaldehyde adducts. formation of 7,8 cyclic adducts and 1,n2,7,8 bis-cyclic adducts.	crotonaldehyde, a chemically reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound, is an important industrial chemical and a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. it has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. we have studied the reaction of crotonaldehyde with nucleosides and 5'-mononucleotides and found three different types of adducts with deoxyguanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate. no adducts could be isolated either with nucleosides other than deoxyguanosine or with nucleotides o ...	2006	1489932
determination by systematic deletion of the amino acids essential for catalysis by ricin a chain.	the a chain of ricin is a rna n-glycosidase that inactivates ribosomes by depurination of a single adenosine in 28s rrna. of the 267 amino acids in the protein, 222 (83%) could be deleted from one or another of 74 mutants without loss of the capacity of the protein to recognize a single nucleotide from among the 7000 in ribosomes or to catalyze hydrolysis.	2006	1594586
distribution of locustamyotropin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of locusta migratoria.	locustamyotropin-like immunoreactivity was visualized in the nervous system of locusta migratoria by means of the peroxidase antiperoxidase method. highly specific antibodies to the carboxy-terminus of the locustamyotropins were obtained by elution through an affinity column to which lom-mt ii was covalently bound. specific cells in the nervous system of locusta migratoria contain substances immunoreactive to anti-locustamyotropin. in total, about 100 cells immunoreactive to the lom-mt-ii antise ...	2006	1557513
cancer-cell traffic in the liver. i. growth kinetics of cancer cells after portal-vein delivery.	following the intrasplenic injection of b16f10 melanoma cells into mice, at first single cells, and later multicellular tumor foci were observed at different times in the liver. cell numbers and tumor volumes were determined over the next 12 days, by confocal microscopy of thick liver sections. fifteen minutes after injection, approximately 20% of the melanoma cells were identified in the liver microvasculature; after 48 hr, only 0.68% of these retained morphologic integrity; by 5 days only 0.13 ...	2006	1459739
gametophytic self-incompatibility: biochemical, molecular genetic, and evolutionary aspects.		2006	1446981
patch clamp experiments on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ion channels in bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells.	nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor ion channels (achr channels) were studied in bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells cultured for 1 day to 3 weeks, using a patch clamp technique. microsuperfusion of ach (2-10 microm) to the ganglion cell under the whole cell clamp produced an inward current at membrane potentials negative to -60 mv, which had a fast onset and decay. this rapid ach-induced current was accompanied by a large current fluctuation, decreased and increased in amplitude by membrane depola ...	2006	2755769
[what is the use of nursing research?].		2006	1774947
this is mary.		2006	1828484
this is mary.		2006	1828484
epidemiology of occupational reproductive hazards: methodological aspects.	both male and female workers may be exposed to occupational agents which affect their reproductive processes. reproductive outcomes are important in their own right, for example teratogenic effects and impaired neurological development. in addition, reproductive impairment may indicate germ cell mutation, which has far-reaching implications. research into reproductive effects is beset with pitfalls. applying the results of toxicological research may be suggestive, but such extrapolation is very ...	2006	1626103
the ventriculofugal arteries.		2006	1595488
pulmonary adenocarcinoma with intestinal-type differentiation.	a 44-year-old woman with a long history of smoking presented with a single lung mass detected on routine chest radiographs. there were no other known primary tumors. light microscopy showed a mucin-producing adenocarcinoma of bronchioloalveolar type. furthermore, no gastrointestinal primary has been discovered 18 months after discovery of the lung tumor. electron microscopy revealed that tumor cells had microvilli containing abundant microfilamentous, dense-core rootlets that showed long extensi ...	2006	1557832
the lumbar disc: evaluating the causes of pain.		2006	1828114
the influence of autonomic failure on plasma anf concentration in uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis.	we compared plasma anf concentration in 5 diabetic-uremics with combined sympathetic-parasympathetic dysfunction with that in 9 uremic patients without autonomic impairment. symptomatic dialysis hypotension was a major clinical problem in all diabetic-uremics. in the volume-expanded state, anf was almost twice as high (p less than 0.025) in diabetic-uremics than in control uremics (152 +/- 29 vs 84 +/- 10 pg/ml) in the face of similar right atrial pressure (14 +/- 3 vs 12 +/- 1 cm h2o). after is ...	2006	1533821
radiotherapy of malignant melanoma of the uvea with i-125 seeds.	nineteen patients with malignant uveal melanomas were treated with i-125 applicators. there were 10 males and 9 females with a median age of 61 years (range 42-76). the tumour was located in the choroid in 12 eyes and in the choroid and ciliary body in 7 eyes. the size of the tumours was 7-18 mm in maximal basal diameter (median 12), 5-16 mm in minimal basal diameter (median 10), and 5.5-15 mm in thickness (median 8.5). the volume of the tumours was 123-1890 mm3 (median 540). all tumours were cl ...	2006	1488887
factors affecting the school placement of children with spina bifida.	integrating children with disabilities into mainstream schools has been an active policy in britain since the 1981 education act. 26 children with spina bifida, 13 of whom were educated in mainstream schools, and 13 in special schools were assessed to clarify the relative importance of the following factors 1) iq, 2) mobility, 3) hand function, 4) bladder and bowel function, and 5) behaviour. a marked difference was found between those attending mainstream and special schools. 11/13 of the forme ...	2006	1489742
chartline: providing bibliographic references relevant to patient charts using the umls metathesaurus knowledge sources.	a successful medical informatics program helps its users to match their information needs as closely and efficiently as possible to the capabilities of the system. chartline is a computer program whose input is a free text, "natural language" patient chart in ascii format. using the umls metathesaurus knowledge sources, chartline can suggest bibliographic references relevant to the patient case described in the chart. the program does not attempt to "understand" the natural language content of t ...	2006	1483014
early detection of colorectal cancer.		2006	1538998
16th annual symposium on computer applications in medical care. proceedings. baltimore, maryland, november 8-11, 1992.		2006	1482848
aids helpline. preventing exposure to disease.		2006	1584282
ingrown toenails: an evaluation of elevating the nail bed-periosteal flap.	many procedures to correct ingrown toenails are available; however, they cannot avoid recurrence and nail deformities. we have performed a procedure which corrects ingrown toenail without reducing the width of the nail plate by elevating the nail bed-periosteal flap. sixty patients were observed for longer than six months and exhibited excellent results. only two cases of incurvated nails (2) required re-operation.	2006	1401497
[rapid detection of neurologic morbidity in full term newborn infants].	the purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the simplified method to detect neurological morbidity in newborn and to estimate the predictive parameter, i.e. sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. the sample consisted of 100 newborn infants from the maternity clinic of hospital regional docente trujillo-perú, during the period from march to may 1990. all infants were born full-term, of normal delivery and apgar score of greater than or equal to 7 at one minute, and no congeni ...	2006	1418650
apyrase, the product of the virulence plasmid-encoded phon2 (apy) gene of shigella flexneri, is necessary for proper unipolar icsa localization and for efficient intercellular spread.	the role in virulence of the shigella flexneri ospb-phon2 operon has been evaluated. here we confirm that ospb is an effector and show that apyrase, the product of phon2, may be a virulence factor, since it is required for efficient intercellular spreading. apyrase may be important in a deoxynucleoside triphosphate-hydrolyzing activity-independent manner, suggesting that it may act as an interaction partner in the process of icsa localization.	2006	16452446
[autophagic host defense mechanism].		2006	16457203
differential gene expression of pathogens inside infected hosts.	dna microarray is a useful technology for studying differential gene expression in the context of microbe-host interactions. this review concentrates on recent findings of the survival strategies of three intracellular pathogens: shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and mycobacterium tuberculosis.	2006	16459132
new temperate dna phage bcp15 acts as a drug resistance vector.	this study was designed to determine the role of a new temperate dna phage bcp15 in relation to drug resistance. the multidrug resistant shigella flexneri nk1925 was isolated from a patient of infectious diseases hospital, kolkata, india. this strain contained five plasmids ranging in size from 3 to 212 kb. after curing of five plasmids, this strain became sensitive to antibiotics. a plasmidless multidrug-resistant strain burkholderia cepacia dr11 was isolated during the survey of microorganisms ...	2006	16463125
plasmid-mediated bacteriocin production by shigella flexneri isolated from dysenteric diarrhoea and their transformation into escherichia coli.	to determine the production of bacteriocin by shigella flexneri strains, to relate their production to the presence of dysenteric diarrhoea and to asses the genetic determination of the bacteriocin.	2006	16478521
ptdins5p activates the host cell pi3-kinase/akt pathway during shigella flexneri infection.	the virulence factor ipgd, delivered into nonphagocytic cells by the type iii secretion system of the pathogen shigella flexneri, is a phosphoinositide 4-phosphatase generating phosphatidylinositol 5 monophosphate (ptdins5p). we show that ptdins5p is rapidly produced and concentrated at the entry foci of the bacteria, where it colocalises with phosphorylated akt during the first steps of infection. moreover, s. flexneri-induced phosphorylation of host cell akt and its targets specifically requir ...	2006	16482216
comparison of bactericidal activity of six lysozymes at atmospheric pressure and under high hydrostatic pressure.	the antibacterial working range of six lysozymes was tested under ambient and high pressure, on a panel of five gram-positive (enterococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis, listeria innocua, staphylococcus aureus and micrococcus lysodeikticus) and five gram-negative bacteria (yersinia enterocolitica, shigella flexneri, escherichia coli o157:h7, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella typhimurium). the lysozymes included two that are commercially available (hen egg white lysozyme or hewl, and mutanolys ...	2006	16487612
comparative analysis of tandem t7-like promoter containing regions in enterobacterial genomes reveals a novel group of genetic islands.	based on molecular information theory, 10 t7-like promoter models were built for the t7 group of phages and used to scan their host genomes and closely related genomes. 38 genomes were scanned and 12 clusters of tandem promoters were identified in nine enteropathogens. comparative analysis of these tandem promoter-bearing regions reveals that they are similar to each other, forming prophage-like islands of 4-13 kb. each island appears to contain two or three tandem t7-like promoters within a str ...	2006	16493139
crystal structure of hypothetical protein yfih from shigella flexneri at 2 a resolution.		2006	16498617
characterization of the interaction of single tryptophan containing mutants of ipac from shigella flexneri with phospholipid membranes.	shigella flexneri causes dysentery after invading the epithelial cells of the human colon. enterocyte invasion is induced by the bacterial effector ipac (invasion plasmid antigen c), which triggers shigella entry into epithelial cells by a rather poorly understood mechanism. ipac is also involved in pathogen escape into the host cell cytoplasm following uptake, and this property may be reflected in its ability to disrupt phospholipid vesicles in vitro. purified recombinant ipac interacts with li ...	2006	16401091
partial characterization of enterocin mr99 from a corn silage isolate of enterococcus faecalis.	to assess the inhibitory activity on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria of several species of enterococci recovered from a natural corn silage.	2006	16405692
identification of a bacterial type iii effector family with g protein mimicry functions.	many bacterial pathogens use the type iii secretion system to inject "effector" proteins into host cells. here, we report the identification of a 24 member effector protein family found in pathogens including salmonella, shigella, and enteropathogenic e. coli. members of this family subvert host cell function by mimicking the signaling properties of ras-like gtpases. the effector ipgb2 stimulates cellular responses analogous to gtp-active rhoa, whereas ipgb1 and map function as the active forms ...	2006	16413487
a novel strategy for the identification of genomic islands by comparative analysis of the contents and contexts of trna sites in closely related bacteria.	we devised software tools to systematically investigate the contents and contexts of bacterial trna and tmrna genes, which are known insertion hotspots for genomic islands (gis). the strategy, based on mauve-facilitated multigenome comparisons, was used to examine 87 escherichia coli mg1655 trna and tmrna genes and their orthologues in e.coli edl933, e.coli cft073 and shigella flexneri sf301. our approach identified 49 gis occupying approximately 1.7 mb that mapped to 18 trna genes, missing 2 bu ...	2006	16414954
actin-dependent movement of bacterial pathogens.	listeria, rickettsia, burkholderia, shigella and mycobacterium species subvert cellular actin dynamics to facilitate their movement within the host cytosol and to infect neighbouring cells while evading host immune surveillance and promoting their intracellular survival. 'attaching and effacing' escherichia coli do not enter host cells but attach intimately to the cell surface, inducing motile actin-rich pedestals, the function of which is currently unclear. the molecular basis of actin-based mo ...	2006	16415925
sensitivities of foodborne pathogens to pressure changes.	eight foodborne pathogens were suspended in ultrahigh-temperature whole milk and treated at pressure levels of 0.1 to 690 mpa at 21.5 degrees c for 10 min. there was no clear trend in pressure resistance between gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. the order of the single strains tested, from most to least pressure sensitive, was vibrio parahaemolyticus < yersinia enterocolitica < listeria monocytogenes < salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium < s. enterica serovar enteritidis < escherich ...	2006	16416910
characterization of functional oligosaccharide mimics of the shigella flexneri serotype 2a o-antigen: implications for the development of a chemically defined glycoconjugate vaccine.	protection against reinfection with noncapsulated gram-negative bacteria, such as shigella, an enteroinvasive bacterium responsible for bacillary dysentery, is mainly achieved by abs specific for the o-ag, the polysaccharide part of the lps, the major bacterial surface ag. the use of chemically defined glycoconjugates encompassing oligosaccharides mimicking the protective determinants carried by the o-ag, thus expected to induce an efficient anti-lps ab response, has been considered an alternati ...	2006	16424198
expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of mxih, a subunit of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system needle.	a monodisperse truncation mutant of mxih, the subunit of the needle from the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system (ttss), has been overexpressed and purified. crystals were grown of native and selenomethionine-labelled mxih(cdelta5) and diffraction data were collected to 1.9 a resolution. the crystals belong to space group c2, with unit-cell parameters a = 183.4, b = 28.1, c = 27.8 a, beta = 96.5 degrees. an anomalous difference patterson map calculated with the data from the semet-labell ...	2006	16511329
a sitabcd homologue from an avian pathogenic escherichia coli strain mediates transport of iron and manganese and resistance to hydrogen peroxide.	an operon encoding a member of the family of atp-binding cassette (abc) divalent metal ion transporters, homologous to salmonella enterica sitabcd, has been identified in the avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) strain chi7122. the sitabcd genes were located on the virulence plasmid papec-1, and were highly similar at the nucleotide level to the chromosomally encoded sitabcd genes present in shigella spp. a cloned copy of sitabcd conferred increased growth upon a siderophore-deficient e. col ...	2006	16514154
is the enthesitis-related arthritis subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis a form of chronic reactive arthritis?	enteric organisms are known to trigger reactive arthritis. the enthesitis-related arthritis (era) form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia) clinically resembles reactive arthritis. therefore, we looked for a role of enteric bacteria in era.	2006	16522678
rapid, sequence-specific detection of unpurified pcr amplicons via a reusable, electrochemical sensor.	we report an electrochemical method for the sequence-specific detection of unpurified amplification products of the gyrb gene of salmonella typhimurium. using an asymmetric pcr and the electrochemical e-dna detection scheme, single-stranded amplicons were produced from as few as 90 gene copies and, without subsequent purification, rapidly identified. the detection is specific; the sensor does not respond when challenged with control oligonucleotides based on the gyrb genes of either escherichia ...	2006	16537478
antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in limpopo province, south africa.	the ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed that 21 plant species belonging to 14 families are used in traditional medical practice in limpopo province, south africa, for the treatment of diarrhoea. methanol, ethanol, acetone and hot water extract from different plant parts (leaves, roots, bark and stem rhizome), of several of these plants (indigofera daleoides, punica granatum, syzygium cordatum, gymnosporia senegalensis, ozoroa insignis, elephantorrhiza elephantina, elephantorrhiz ...	2006	16545928
molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus infections in kolkata, india.	the study is aimed to determine the seasonal distribution and clinical characteristics of astroviruses associated with acute watery diarrhoea among children in kolkata and characterize them at the molecular level.	2006	16546454
altering the length of the lipopolysaccharide o antigen has an impact on the interaction of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium with macrophages and complement.	a panel of isogenic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains that vary only in the length of the o antigen was constructed through complementation of a wzz double mutant (displaying unregulated o-antigen length) with one of two homologous (wzzst and wzzfepe) or three heterologous (wzzo139 of vibrio cholerae and wzzsf and wzzphs-2 of shigella flexneri) wzz genes. each gene was functional in the s. enterica serovar typhimurium host and specified production of o-antigen polymers with lengths ...	2006	16547065
multiple promoters control expression of the yersinia enterocolitica phage-shock-protein a (pspa) operon.	the widely conserved phage-shock-protein a (pspa) operon encodes an extracytoplasmic stress response system that is essential for virulence in yersinia enterocolitica, and has been linked to other important phenotypes in escherichia coli, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri. regulation of pspa operon expression is mediated through a promoter upstream of pspa that depends on sigma factor rpon (sigma(54)) and the enhancer binding protein pspf. pspa, pspb and pspc, encoded within the pspa ope ...	2006	16549664
shia abrogates the innate t-cell response to shigella flexneri infection.	shigella spp. are the causative agent of bacillary dysentery. infection results in acute colonic injury due to the host inflammatory response. the mediators of the damage, infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn), also resolve the infection. shigella flexneri's virulence effectors are encoded on its large virulence plasmid and on pathogenicity islands in the chromosome. the shi-2 pathogenicity island encodes the virulence factor shia, which down-regulates shigella-induced inflammation. in ...	2006	16552062
immunocapture uppcr combined with dgge for rapid detection of shigella species.	to develop an immunocapture universal primer pcr (iuppcr) combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and evaluate it as a method permitting rapid detection of shigella species and their serotypes.	2006	16553735
exoproducts of the escherichia coli strain h22 inhibiting some enteric pathogens both in vitro and in vivo.	the antagonistic activity of the escherichia coli strain h22 against enteric bacteria was studied both in vitro and in vivo.	2006	16553738
construction of a multivalent vaccine strain of shigella flexneri and evaluation of serotype-specific immunity.	shigella flexneri causes more fatalities by shigellosis than any other shigella species. there are 13 different serotypes of s. flexneri and their distribution varies between endemic geographical regions. the immune response against s. flexneri is serotype-specific, so current immunization strategies have required the administration of multiple vaccine strains to provide protection against multiple serotypes. in this study, we report the construction of a multivalent s. flexneri vaccine strain, ...	2006	16553820
transcriptional slippage in mxie controls transcription and translation of the downstream mxid gene, which encodes a component of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion apparatus.	the shigella flexneri transcription activator mxie is produced by transcriptional slippage from two overlapping open reading frames. by using plasmids encoding a mxid-lacz translational fusion, we showed that transcriptional slippage in mxie influences both transcription and translation of the downstream mxid gene encoding an essential component of the type iii secretion apparatus.	2006	16428428
biosafety evaluation of recombinant live oral bacterial vaccines in the context of european regulation.	live bacterial vaccines represent a highly valid preventive strategy in the fight against infectious disease. however, the road from research to market is peppered with hurdles, one of which is the requirement for high biosafety characteristics, which the candidate vaccine has to display. in europe, the european agency for the evaluation of medicinal products (emea) is the relevant authority regulating the licensure of genetically engineered vaccines. for this purpose, the agency may rely on sev ...	2006	16115705
shigella spa33 is an essential c-ring component of type iii secretion machinery.	type iii secretion machinery (ttsm), composed of a needle, a basal body, and a c-ring compartment, delivers a subset of effectors into host cells. here, we show that shigella spa33 is an essential component of the c-ring compartment involved in mediating the transit of various ttsm-associated translocated proteins. electron microscopic analysis and pull-down assay revealed spa33 to be localized beneath the ttsm via interaction with mxig and mxij (basal body components). spa33 is also capable of ...	2006	16246841
toward a better understanding of the basis of the molecular mimicry of polysaccharide antigens by peptides: the example of shigella flexneri 5a.	protein conjugates of oligosaccharides or peptides that mimic complex bacterial polysaccharide antigens represent alternatives to the classical polysaccharide-based conjugate vaccines developed so far. hence, a better understanding of the molecular basis ensuring appropriate mimicry is required in order to design efficient carbohydrate mimic-based vaccines. this study focuses on the following two unrelated sets of mimics of the shigella flexneri 5a o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp): (i) a synthet ...	2006	16251186
the "domino theory" of gene death: gradual and mass gene extinction events in three lineages of obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens.	during the adaptation of an organism to a parasitic lifestyle, various gene functions may be rendered superfluous due to the fact that the host may supply these needs. as a consequence, obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens tend to undergo reductive genomic evolution through gene death (nonfunctionalization or pseudogenization) and deletion. here, we examine the evolutionary sequence of gene-death events during the process of genome miniaturization in three bacterial species that have experienc ...	2006	16237210
a large, multiple-restaurant outbreak of infection with shigella flexneri serotype 2a traced to tomatoes.	foodborne outbreaks of shigella infection are uncommon and tomatoes are an unusual vehicle. we describe a large, multiple-restaurant outbreak of shigella flexneri serotype 2a infection that was associated with tomatoes.	2006	16355324
development and evaluation of a shigella flexneri 2a and s. sonnei bivalent invasin complex (invaplex) vaccine.	over 160 million cases of shigellosis occur annually worldwide, with the two most prevalent species being shigella flexneri and s. sonnei. protective immunity against shigella infection is primarily directed at the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of the homologous serotype, so it may be necessary to combine monovalent vaccines for multiple shigella serotypes to construct a multivalent vaccine against predominant serotypes. recently, we described a subcellular vaccine isolated from virulent s. flexneri, ...	2006	16364513
high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among shigella isolates in the united states tested by the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system from 1999 to 2002.	shigella spp. infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the united states, resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations. since 1999, the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms) for enteric bacteria has tested every 10th shigella isolate from 16 state or local public health laboratories for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. from 1999 to 2002, narms tested 1,604 isolates. among 1,598 isolates identified to species level, 1,278 (80%) were shigella sonnei, 295 (18%) w ...	2006	16377666
[control of the host inflammatory response during shigella flexneri infection].		2006	16386212
update on emerging infections: news from the centers for disease control and prevention. shigella flexneri serotype 3 infections among men who have sex with men--chicago, illinois 2003-2004.		2006	16387224
anti-inflammatory effect of lactobacillus casei on shigella-infected human intestinal epithelial cells.	shigella invades the human intestinal mucosa, thus causing bacillary dysentery, an acute recto-colitis responsible for lethal complications, mostly in infants and toddlers. conversely, commensal bacteria live in a mutualistic relationship with the intestinal mucosa that is characterized by homeostatic control of innate responses, thereby contributing to tolerance to the flora. cross-talk established between commensals and the intestinal epithelium mediate this active process, the mechanisms of w ...	2006	16394013
detection of intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using conventional serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is commonly used in molecular epidemiology. however, this technique has never been used in studying intra-family spread of enteric diseases in bangladesh. our objective was to evaluate the intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using pfge. children of either sex, less than 10 years old, who were family contacts of shigella-infected index cases were the study population. pfge was applied if the same serotypes/sub-serotypes of shigella were isolat ...	2006	16288683
immunogenicity of multivalent shigella-etec candidate vaccine strains in a guinea pig model.	shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli continue to be significant causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries as well as prevalent agents of traveler's diarrhea. a vaccine which provides protection against disease caused by both pathogens would serve common at-risk populations. such a vaccine would require inclusion of multiple shigella strains as well as multiple etec antigens. the use of attenuated strains of shigella as live vectors for the express ...	2006	16169130
the effects of alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on the association of caco-2 cells by enteropathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium and shigella flexneri.	two milk components, alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) and glycomacropeptide (gmp) may inhibit intestinal infection/intoxification. (3)[h] thymidine-labeled enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), salmonella typhimurium (atcc 6994) or shigella flexneri (atcc 9199) were introduced to caco-2 cultures and their association with caco-2 cells was assessed. undigested, pepsin-digested and pepsin- and pancreatin-digested alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide inhibited association. thus, milk supplemente ...	2006	16684117
the emerging strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 in bangladesh are clonal.	a total of 113 strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 isolated from patients attending the dhaka diarrhoea treatment centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research during the period 1999-2004 were studied. serotype of the isolates was confirmed using commercially available antisera. except for arabinose fermentation, all the strains had similar biochemical reactions. more than 60% of the strains were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics; only 6% (n=7) of the strains were resistan ...	2006	16684401
epidemiology and genetic characterization of shigella flexneri strains isolated from three paediatric populations in egypt (2000-2004).	ninety-seven isolates of shigella flexneri from children seeking medical care from three sites in egypt were characterized. overall, 46.4% of children (median age 17 months) were febrile or reported blood in their stools, 25.8% were dehydrated and 16.5% were admitted to hospital. serotypes 2a (37.1%), 1b (18.6%), 1c (17.5%), and 6 (15.5%) comprised over 88.7% of the total isolates. we observed marked resistance to ampicillin (87.6%), tetracycline (84.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63.9%) ...	2006	16690004
comparison of the virulence plasmid genomes of two strains of shigella which lost the ability to bind congo red.	we determined and analyzed the shigella flexneri serotype 5 (psf5) and s. dysenteriae serotype 1 (psd1) virulence plasmid genomes. the total length of psf5 is 136513 bp, including 165 open reading frames (orfs). of these orfs, 133 were identified and 32 of those had no significant homology to proteins with known functions. the length of psd1 is 182545 bp, including 224 orfs, of which we identified 181. the remaining 43 orfs were not significantly homologous to proteins with known functions. the ...	2006	16704117
role for erbin in bacterial activation of nod2.	intracellular peptidoglycan (pg) recognition in human cells is mediated by the nacht-lrr proteins nod1 and nod2. elicitation of these proteins by pg motifs released from invasive bacteria triggers signaling events, resulting in the activation of the nf-kappab pathway. in order to decipher the molecular components involved in nod2 signal transduction, we set out to identify new interaction partners of nod2 by using a yeast two-hybrid screen. besides the known interaction partner rip2, the screen ...	2006	16714539
identification of the plasmid-borne quinolone resistance gene qnrs in salmonella enterica serovar infantis.	a salmonella enterica serovar infantis isolate of avian origin was investigated for the presence of the gene qnrs, its transferability and its association with other resistance genes.	2006	16720566