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a 15-year study of the impact of community antiretroviral therapy coverage on hiv incidence in kenyan female sex workers.to test the hypothesis that increasing community antiretroviral therapy (art) coverage would be associated with lower hiv incidence in female sex workers (fsws) in mombasa district, kenya.201526237099
relationship between female genital tract infections, mucosal interleukin-17 production and local t helper type 17 cells.t helper type 17 (th17) cells play an important role in immunity to fungal and bacterial pathogens, although their role in the female genital tract, where exposure to these pathogens is common, is not well understood. we investigated the relationship between female genital tract infections, cervicovaginal interleukin-17 (il-17) concentrations and th17 cell frequencies. forty-two cytokines were measured in cervicovaginal lavages from hiv-uninfected and hiv-infected women. frequencies of th17 cell ...201526302175
herpes simplex virus type-2 cervicovaginal shedding among women living with hiv-1 and receiving antiretroviral therapy in burkina faso: an 8-year longitudinal study.the impact of antiretroviral therapy (art) on herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) replication is unclear. the aim of this study was to assess factors associated with cervicovaginal hsv-2 dna shedding and genital ulcer disease (gud) in a cohort of women living with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) in burkina faso.201526475931
combination antiretroviral therapy for hiv in rwandan adults: clinical outcomes and impact on reproductive health up to 24 months.adult women (n = 113) and men (n = 100) initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cart) and women not yet eligible for cart (n = 199) in kigali, rwanda, were followed for 6-24 months between 2007 and 2010. in the cart groups, 21% of patients required a drug change due to side effects and 11% of patients had virological failure (defined as >1,000 hiv rna copies/ml) after 12 months of cart. about a third of the pregnancies since hiv diagnosis were unintended. the proportion of women in the pr ...201526257954
evaluating hiv prevention programs: herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies as biomarker for sexual risk behavior in young adults in resource-poor countries.measuring effectiveness of hiv prevention interventions is challenged by bias when using self-reported knowledge, attitude or behavior change. hiv incidence is an objective marker to measure effectiveness of hiv prevention interventions, however, because new infection rates are relatively low, prevention studies require large sample sizes. herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is similarly transmitted and more prevalent and could thus serve as a proxy marker for sexual risk behavior and therefore ...201526010772
socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics associated with hsv-2 sero-prevalence in high risk women in kwazulu-natal.the world health organization estimates that 536 million people aged 15-49 are infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), the causative agent of genital herpes. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of behavioral and demographic factors that contribute to the high hsv-2 sero-prevalence among women participating in a hiv prevention trial. the methods for improving reproductive health in africa (mira) study assessed the effectiveness the latex diaphragm and lubricant gel on hiv ...201525940115
sexually transmitted infections, benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptom-related outcomes: results from the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial.to examine whether a history of sexually transmitted infections (stis) or positive sti serology is associated with prevalent and incident benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph)/lower urinary tract symptoms (luts)-related outcomes in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial.201525601300
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections including hiv in street-connected adolescents in western kenya.the objectives of this study were to characterise the sexual health of street-connected adolescents in eldoret, kenya, analyse gender disparity of risks, estimate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis), and identify factors associated with stis.201525714102
hormonal contraception and the risk of hiv acquisition: an individual participant data meta-analysis.observational studies of a putative association between hormonal contraception (hc) and hiv acquisition have produced conflicting results. we conducted an individual participant data (ipd) meta-analysis of studies from sub-saharan africa to compare the incidence of hiv infection in women using combined oral contraceptives (cocs) or the injectable progestins depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (dmpa) or norethisterone enanthate (net-en) with women not using hc.201525612136
global estimates of prevalent and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in 2012.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection causes significant disease globally. adolescent and adult infection may present as painful genital ulcers. neonatal infection has high morbidity and mortality. additionally, hsv-2 likely contributes substantially to the spread of hiv infection. the global burden of hsv-2 infection was last estimated for 2003. here we present new global estimates for 2012 of the burden of prevalent (existing) and incident (new) hsv-2 infection among females and males ...201525608026
development and validation of a laboratory-developed multiplex real-time pcr assay on the bd max system for detection of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus dna in various clinical specimens.a multiplex real-time pcr (quantitative pcr [qpcr]) assay detecting herpes simplex virus (hsv) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) dna together with an internal control was developed on the bd max platform combining automated dna extraction and an open amplification procedure. its performance was compared to those of pcr assays routinely used in the laboratory, namely, a laboratory-developed test for hsv dna on the lightcycler instrument and a test using a commercial master mix for vzv dna on the a ...201525878344
role of bacterial exopolysaccharides as agents in counteracting immune disorders induced by herpes virus.extreme marine environments, such as the submarine shallow vents of the eolian islands (italy), offer an almost unexplored source of microorganisms producing unexploited and promising biomolecules for pharmaceutical applications. thermophilic and thermotolerant bacilli isolated from eolian vents are able to produce exopolysaccharides (epss) with antiviral and immunomodulatory effects against herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). hsv-2 is responsible for the most common and continuously increasing ...201527682100
ifn-ε protects primary macrophages against hiv infection.ifn-ε is a unique type i ifn that is not induced by pattern recognition response elements. ifn-ε is constitutively expressed in mucosal tissues, including the female genital mucosa. although the direct antiviral activity of ifn-ε was thought to be weak compared with ifn-α, ifn-ε controls chlamydia muridarum and herpes simplex virus 2 in mice, possibly through modulation of immune response. we show here that ifn-ε induces an antiviral state in human macrophages that blocks hiv-1 replication. ifn- ...201627942584
etiologies and management of aseptic meningitis in patients admitted to an internal medicine department.several studies have focused on the clinical and biological characteristics of meningitis in order to distinguish between bacterial and viral meningitis in the emergency setting. however, little is known about the etiologies and outcomes of aseptic meningitis in patients admitted to internal medicine.the aim of the study is to describe the etiologies, characteristics, and outcomes of aseptic meningitis with or without encephalitis in adults admitted to an internal medicine department.a retrospec ...201626765411
clinical and corneal microbial profile of infectious keratitis in a high hiv prevalence setting in rural south africa.the purpose of this investigation was to determine the clinical and corneal microbial profile of infectious keratitis in a high human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevalence setting in rural south africa. data in this cross-sectional study were collected from patients presenting with symptoms of infectious keratitis (n = 46) at the ophthalmology outpatient department of three hospitals in rural south africa. corneal swabs were tested for herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2), varicel ...201627236644
complement opsonization promotes herpes simplex virus 2 infection of human dendritic cells.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections globally, with a very high prevalence in many countries. during hsv-2 infection, viral particles become coated with complement proteins and antibodies, both present in genital fluids, which could influence the activation of immune responses. in genital mucosa, the primary target cells for hsv-2 infection are epithelial cells, but resident immune cells, such as dendritic cells (dcs), are also infected. dcs ar ...201626937039
first description of herpes simplex virus type 1 epididymo-orchitis: a new clinical form of herpes simplex virus infection during septic shock?genital herpes is increasingly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), but recurrences are less frequent than with hsv-2. distinguishing between primary genital infection and reactivation can be difficult, but hsv-1 more often causes severe primary infections and fewer recurrences. however, as virus reactivation is common during septic shock, a severe form of hsv-1 reactivation can occur in locations other than the lungs, which remain the most common site. the case of a 79-year-old caucas ...201627672563
medroxyprogesterone acetate and levonorgestrel increase genital mucosal permeability and enhance susceptibility to genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (dmpa) is a hormonal contraceptive especially popular in areas with high prevalence of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections (sti). although observational studies identify dmpa as an important sti risk factor, mechanisms underlying this connection are undefined. levonorgestrel (lng) is another progestin used for hormonal contraception, but its effect on sti susceptibility is much less explored. using a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 ( ...201627007679
bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. since the initial work of leopoldo in 1953 and gardner and dukes in 1955, researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiologic agent of bv. there is increasing evidence, however, that bv occurs when lactobacillus spp., the predominant species in healthy vaginal flora, are replaced by anaerobic bacteria, such as gardenella vaginalis, mobiluncus curtisii, m. mulieris, other anaerobic bacteria and/or m ...201626877884
commercial sex and risk of hiv, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus-2 among men who have sex with men in six chinese cities.men who have sex with men (msm) are at high risk of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stis) in china and globally. engaging in commercial sex put them at even greater risk. this study estimated the prevalence of hiv/stis among three subgroups of msm: msm who sold sex (msm-selling), msm who bought sex (msm-buying), and non-commercial msm (nc-msm) and evaluated the relationship between commercial sex and hiv/stis.201628003032
prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection and associated risk factors in a cohort of hiv negative women in durban, south africa.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (stis) worldwide and is a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of other stis, including hiv. we determined the prevalence and predictors of hsv-2 infection among women screened for a hiv prevention trial in durban, south africa. univariate and multivariate logistic and cox regression models were used to determine the correlates and predictors of hsv-2 infection at enrolment and seroconversion dur ...201627955706
high hiv incidence epidemic among men who have sex with men in china: results from a multi-site cross-sectional study.recent upsurge of new hiv infections among men who have sex with men (msm) is a major concern in china. paucity of national-level information regarding the burden and predictors of this progressive epidemic of new infections called for a multi-centric, timely and comprehensive investigation.201627593703
incidence of and temporal relationships between hiv, herpes simplex ii virus, and syphilis among men who have sex with men in bangkok, thailand: an observational cohort.high hiv incidence has been detected among men who have sex with men (msm) in thailand, but the relationship and timing of hiv, herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), and syphilis is unknown. this analysis measures incidence, temporal relationships, and risk factors for hiv, hsv-2, and syphilis among at-risk msm in the bangkok msm cohort study.201627449012
prevalence of sexually transmitted viral and bacterial infections in hiv-positive and hiv-negative men who have sex with men in toronto.hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (hcv) and other sexually transmitted infections (stis) have been associated with hiv transmission risk and disease progression among gay men and other men who have sex with men (msm), but the frequency and distribution of stis in this community in canada has not been extensively studied.201627391265
increased expression of herpes virus-encoded hsv1-mir-h18 and hsv2-mir-h9-5p in cancer-containing prostate tissue compared to that in benign prostate hyperplasia tissue.previously, we reported the presence of virus-encoded micrornas (mirnas) in the urine of prostate cancer (cap) patients. in this study, we investigated the expression of two herpes virus-encoded mirnas in prostate tissue.201627377944
the association between cervical human papillomavirus infection and subsequent hiv acquisition in tanzanian and ugandan women: a nested case-control study.this study was performed to analyze the associations between cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) acquisition, using cervical samples from previous studies in tanzania and uganda.201626951818
chlamydial pre-infection protects from subsequent herpes simplex virus-2 challenge in a murine vaginal super-infection model.chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) genital tract co-infections have been reported in humans and studied in vitro but the clinical consequences are unknown. limited epidemiologic evidence suggests that these co-infections could be more severe than single infections of either pathogen, but the host-pathogen interactions during co-infection remain uncharacterized. to determine whether disease progression and/or pathogen shedding differs between singly-infected and super-infect ...201626726882
database on natural polymorphisms and resistance-related non-synonymous mutations in thymidine kinase and dna polymerase genes of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.the use of genotypic resistance testing of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) is increasing because the rapid availability of results significantly improves the treatment of severe infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. however, an essential precondition is a broad knowledge of natural polymorphisms and resistance-associated mutations in the thymidine kinase (tk) and dna polymerase (pol) genes, of which the dna polymerase (pol) enzyme is targeted by the highly ef ...201626433780
[the blocking effects of small interfering rnas on rs-1 gene functions of herpes simplex virus type 2: new perspectives for targeted antiviral exposure].a new target has been revealed for therapy for herpes simplex type 2. the target is rs1 mrna whose activation is a key stage in regulating the expression of the early genes of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). the targeted knockdown of the function of this gene by small interfering rnas (sirnas) has been found to result in the complete suppression of hsv-2 infection. the designed interfering rnas are able to interact with both hsv-1 and hsv-2. the findings suggest that sirnas have protective ...201622905421
genital herpes: insights into sexually transmitted infectious disease.etiology, transmission and protection: herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections with recurring manifestations throughout the lifetime of infected hosts. currently no effective vaccines or prophylactics exist that provide complete protection or immunity from the virus, which is endemic throughout the world. pathology/symptomatology: primary and recurrent infections result in lesions and inflammation around the genital area and the latter accounts for ma ...201628357380
correction: tenofovir and emtricitabine-tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis for herpes simplex virus type 2. 201627919092
herpes simplex virus hepatitis in an immunocompetent host resembling hepatic pyogenic abscesses.herpes simplex virus (hsv) hepatitis represents a rare complication of hsv infection, which can progress to acute liver failure and, in some cases, death. we describe an immunocompetent 67-year-old male who presented with one week of fever and abdominal pain. computed tomography (ct) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) of the abdomen showed multiple bilobar hepatic lesions, some with rim enhancement, compatible with liver abscesses. subsequent liver biopsy, however, revealed hepatocellular ...201627872770
association of depressed mood with herpes simplex virus-2 immunoglobulin-g levels in pregnancy.depressed mood is common in pregnancy, is associated with stress, and could result in immune suppression that may lead to latent herpes viral reactivation. this study investigated whether depressed mood is associated with higher herpes viral igg levels in pregnant women.201627490851
anti-apoptotic function of herpes simplex virus -2 latency-associated transcript rl1 sequence and screening of its encoded micrornas.the latency-associated transcript (lat) gene of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 is the only detectable viral gene expressed during latent infection in neurons. lat inhibits apoptosis and maintains latency by promoting the survival of infected neurons. however, whether lat functions during hsv-2 infection via its encoded rnas or via its encoded proteins remain unknown. increasing evidence has indicated that lat is likely to functionally promote the establishment of latent infection via lat-encoded m ...201627663158
detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) -specific cell-mediated immune responses in guinea pigs during latent hsv-2 genital infection.genital infections with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) are a source of considerable morbidity and are a health concern for newborns exposed to virus during vaginal delivery. additionally, hsv-2 infection diminishes the integrity of the vaginal epithelium resulting in increased susceptibility of individuals to infection with other sexually transmitted pathogens. understanding immune protection against hsv-2 primary infection and immune modulation of virus shedding events following reactivati ...201627659010
[factors related to syphilis and other infections among female drug users in shandong women's compulsory drug rehabilitation center in 2015].objective: to analyze the prevalence of hiv, syphilis and related factors among female drug users in shandong women's compulsory drug rehabilitation center(swcdrc). methods: during may 2015, we used a cluster sampling method for drug users in swcdrc, with a questionnaire and serological testing. we included respondents who volunteered to take part in this study, had clear histories of drug abuse, and had no symptoms of psychosis or current drug use; 451 women participated. the questionnaire addr ...201627655604
immune responses elicited by the gen-003 candidate hsv-2 therapeutic vaccine in a randomized controlled dose-ranging phase 1/2a trial.gen-003 is a candidate therapeutic hsv-2 vaccine containing a fragment of infected cell protein 4 (icp4.2), a deletion mutant of glycoprotein d2 (gd2δtmr), and matrix-m2 adjuvant. in a dose-ranging phase 1/2a clinical trial, immunization with gen-003 reduced viral shedding and the percentage of reported herpetic lesion days. here we examine the immune responses in the same trial, to characterize vaccine-related changes in antibody and cell-mediated immunity.201627642130
linear biocompatible glyco-polyamidoamines as dual action mode virus infection inhibitors with potential as broad-spectrum microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases.the initial steps of viral infections are mediated by interactions between viral proteins and cellular receptors. blocking the latter with high-affinity ligands may inhibit infection. dc-sign, a c-type lectin receptor expressed by immature dendritic cells and macrophages, mediates human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection by recognizing mannose clusters on the hiv-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein. mannosylated glycodendrimers act as hiv entry inhibitors thanks to their ability to block this rece ...201627641362
marital age disparity among orphaned young women and their husbands: a mixed methods study in rural zimbabwe.our study reports the results from a mixed method study comparing age-similar (as) marriages of orphaned young women to age disparate (ad) marriages, defined as spousal age difference of 5 or more years. research in zimbabwe and sub-saharan africa suggests that ad sexual relationships between older men and young women increase the risk for hiv but few studies have examined this association among married couples or explored why young women marry much older men. in this study, a total of 35 orphan ...201627614653
effects of female sex hormones on susceptibility to hsv-2 in vaginal cells grown in air-liquid interface.the lower female reproductive tract (frt) is comprised of the cervix and vagina, surfaces that are continuously exposed to a variety of commensal and pathogenic organisms. sexually transmitted viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), have to traverse the mucosal epithelial lining of the frt to establish infection. the majority of current culture systems that model the host-pathogen interactions in the mucosal epithelium have limitations in simulating physiological conditions as they ...201627589787
ficus religiosa l. bark extracts inhibit infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro.ficus religiosa extracts have been used in traditional indian medicine to treat sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and genital ulcers. the aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral activity of f. religiosa extracts against herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), the main causative agent of genital ulcers and sores. water and chloroform bark extracts were the most active against hsv-2, and also against an acyclovir-resistant strain. we demonstrate that the water extract has a ...201627581805
secreted herpes simplex virus-2 glycoprotein g alters thermal pain sensitivity by modifying ngf effects on trpv1.genital herpes is a painful disease frequently caused by the neurotropic pathogen herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). we have recently shown that hsv-2-secreted glycoprotein g (sgg2) interacts with and modulates the activity of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (ngf). this interaction modifies the response of the ngf receptor trka, increasing ngf-dependent axonal growth. ngf is not only an axonal growth modulator but also an important mediator of pain and inflammation regulating the amount, ...201627576911
antiviral potential and mode of action of indigofera heterantha against hsv-2 by targeting the early stages of infection.the development of antivirals against herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) has a major public health importance because of the wide spectrum of associated clinical disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised populations. even with the extensive use of acyclovir, issues such as emergence of drug resistant strains, poor oral bioavailability, and low effectiveness in recurrent infections have highlighted the requirement for alternate therapies. plants, which are rich in metabolites and active a ...201628008866
role of il-32 in hiv reactivation and its link to hiv-hsv coinfection.hsv-2 exacerbates hiv by unclear mechanisms. these studies tested the impact of hsv-2 on systemic t cell populations and hiv reservoirs.201628007920
performance of kalon herpes simplex virus 2 assay using dried blood spots among young women in uganda.the study evaluated the performance of the kalon hsv-2 assay on dried blood spots (dbs) of various dilutions compared with plasma from young women aged 18-24 years in uganda. we estimated the sensitivity and specificity of three dbs dilutions using plasma as the reference. all three evaluated dbs dilutions yielded low sensitivities and specificities with dbs 1:2 yielding the highest concurrence. other hsv-2 assays should be examined with regard to their utility for testing dbs.201628003966
serologic screening for genital herpes: an updated evidence report and systematic review for the us preventive services task force.genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection. vertical transmission of hsv can lead to fetal morbidity and mortality.201627997660
effect of pritelivir compared with valacyclovir on genital hsv-2 shedding in patients with frequent recurrences: a randomized clinical trial.current therapy of herpes infections relies on nucleoside analogues. pritelivir is a well-tolerated novel herpes simplex virus (hsv) helicase-primase inhibitor that reduced genital shedding and lesions.201627997653
hla class i and ii alleles, heterozygosity and hla-kir interactions are associated with rates of genital hsv shedding and lesions.variation at hla and kir loci is associated with the severity of viral infections. to assess associations of genital hsv-2 infection with human hla and kir genetic loci, we measured the frequencies of genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) dna detection and of genital lesions in hsv-2 seropositive persons. we followed 267 hsv-2 seropositive persons who collected daily genital swabs and recorded lesions for ⩾30 days. all persons were laboratory-documented as hiv-seronegative, and all were caucasian b ...201627853144
intravaginal practices and prevalence of sexual and reproductive tract infections among women in rural malawi.many women engage in intravaginal practices (ivp) with a goal of improving genital hygiene and increasing sexual pleasure. intravaginal practices can disrupt the genital mucosa, and some studies have found that ivp increases risk of acquisition of hiv and bacterial vaginosis (bv). limited prior research also suggests significant associations between ivp, herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and high-risk types of human papillomavirus (hpv).201627835627
herpes simplex virus suppressive therapy in herpes simplex virus-2/human immunodeficiency virus-1 coinfected women is associated with reduced systemic cxcl10 but not genital cytokines.herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) may heighten immune activation and increase human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) replication, resulting in greater infectivity and faster hiv-1 disease progression. an 18-week randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 500 mg valacyclovir twice daily in 20 antiretroviral-naive women coinfected with hsv-2 and hiv-1 was conducted and hsv-2 suppression was found to significantly reduce both hsv-2 and hiv-1 viral loads both systemically and the endocervic ...201627832025
use of injectable hormonal contraception and hsv-2 acquisition in a cohort of female sex workers in vancouver, canada.increased risk of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) has been proposed as a possible indirect pathway through which hormonal contraceptives (specifically depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (dmpa)) may increase the risk of hiv acquisition among women. we investigated the effects of dmpa on hsv-2 acquisition among female sex workers.201627821613
the effect of a conditional cash transfer on hiv incidence in young women in rural south africa (hptn 068): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial.cash transfers have been proposed as an intervention to reduce hiv-infection risk for young women in sub-saharan africa. however, scarce evidence is available about their effect on reducing hiv acquisition. we aimed to assess the effect of a conditional cash transfer on hiv incidence among young women in rural south africa.201627815148
incidence and risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 seroconversion among pregnant women in uganda: a prospective study.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) acquired during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes such as perinatal hsv-2 transmission. hsv-2 seroconversion occurs within four weeks of hsv-2 acquisition. there was neither documented incidence nor risk factors for hsv-2 seroconversion during pregnancy in uganda. the objective of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for hsv-2 seroconversion among pregnant women in mulago hospital, uganda.201627801374
prevalence and determinants of hsv-2/syphilis co-infection and hsv-2 mono-infection among hiv-positive men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in northeast china.we aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) mono-infection and hsv-2/syphilis co-infection in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive men who have sex with men (msm) in china. a cross-sectional study was conducted on 545 hiv-positive msm in shenyang between february 2009 and october 2014. participants received physical examinations and serological tests for hsv-2 and syphilis. a multinomial logistic regression was used to identify risk factors as ...201627795468
rna-binding protein cpeb1 remodels host and viral rna landscapes.host and virus interactions occurring at the post-transcriptional level are critical for infection but remain poorly understood. here, we performed comprehensive transcriptome-wide analyses revealing that human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection results in widespread alternative splicing (as), shortening of 3' untranslated regions (3' utrs) and lengthening of poly(a)-tails in host gene transcripts. we found that the host rna-binding protein cpeb1 was highly induced after infection, and ectopic exp ...201627775709
seroprevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among young adults in arkhangelsk, northwest russia: a population-based cross-sectional study.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease (gud) worldwide. mother to child transmission causes high morbidity and mortality among infants. russia is on the brink of a generalized hiv-epidemic, but arkhangelsk is still a low-prevalence area. hsv-2 infection is associated with a three-fold increased risk of hiv-infection. the evidence on the seroprevalence of hsv-2 in russia is limited. the aim of this study was to assess hsv-2 seroprevalence a ...201627793121
herpes simplex virus type 2-associated recurrent aseptic meningitis (mollaret's meningitis) with a recurrence after 11-year interval: a case report.a 55-year-old woman was diagnosed with aseptic meningitis at the age of 43 and 44. she developed sudden fever and headache, and she showed nuchal rigidity. cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed pleocytosis (cell count 208/mm(3)) and was positive for herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) dna by pcr. acyclovir was started on the first day of admission, and she was complete recovery. preserved cerebrospinal fluid specimen from aseptic meningitis at the age of 44 was also positive for hsv-2 dna by ...201627773908
attitudes and willingness to assume risk of experimental therapy to eradicate genital herpes simplex virus infection.current treatment of genital herpes is focused on ameliorating signs and symptoms but is not curative. however, as potential herpes simplex virus (hsv) cure approaches are tested in the laboratory, we aimed to assess the interest in such studies by persons with genital herpes and the willingness to assume risks associated with experimental therapy.201627513383
oral treatment with valacyclovir for hsv-2-associated eczema herpeticum in a 9-month-old infant: a case report.eczema herpeticum is a rare, severe, and disseminated infection of herpes simplex virus in the setting of eczematous skin diseases.201627442669
first-in-human trial of miv-150 and zinc acetate coformulated in a carrageenan gel: safety, pharmacokinetics, acceptability, adherence, and pharmacodynamics.to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of miv-150 and zinc acetate in a carrageenan gel (pc-1005). acceptability, adherence, and pharmacodynamics were also explored.201627437826
in vitro exposure to pc-1005 and cervicovaginal lavage fluid from women vaginally administered pc-1005 inhibits hiv-1 and hsv-2 infection in human cervical mucosa.our recent phase 1 trial demonstrated that pc-1005 gel containing 50 μm miv-150, 14 mm zinc acetate dihydrate, and carrageenan (cg) applied daily vaginally for 14 days is safe and well tolerated. importantly, cervicovaginal lavage fluid samples (cvls) collected 4 or 24 h after the last gel application inhibited hiv-1 and human papillomavirus (hpv) in cell-based assays in a dose-dependent manner (miv-150 for hiv-1 and cg for hpv). herein we aimed to determine the anti-hiv and anti-herpes simplex ...201627381393
a recombinant plasmid containing cpg motifs as a novel vaccine adjuvant for immune protection against herpes simplex virus 2.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) dna vaccine co‑immunized with a plasmid adjuvant containing cpg motifs. a novel eukaryotic expression plasmid vector containing kanamycin resistance gene (pcdna3kan) was acquired from pet‑28a(+) and pcdna3 plasmids. a gene encoding full length hsv‑2 glycoprotein d (gd) was amplified from the pcdna3‑gd plasmid, which was cloned into pcdna3kan resulting in the construction of the recombinant plasmid ...201627357208
herpes simplex virus 2 virion host shutoff endoribonuclease activity is required to disrupt stress granule formation.we previously established that cells infected with herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) are disrupted in their ability to form stress granules (sgs) in response to oxidative stress and that this disruption is mediated by virion host shutoff protein (vhs), a virion-associated endoribonuclease. here, we test the requirement for vhs endoribonuclease activity in disruption of sg formation. we analyzed the ability of hsv-2 vhs carrying the point mutation d215n, which ablates its endoribonuclease activity, ...201627334584
development and application of a rapid detection system for human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus-2 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.human papillomavirus (hpv) infection is an important factor that causes cervical cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer (nmsc), while hsv-2 plays an important role when hr-hpv triggers the cancer. thus, a quick and convenient assay in the detection of hpv and hsv-2in the screening of hpv and hsv-2 infection is required. two respective hpv and hsv-2 detection methods were established based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay. specific outer primers, inner primers, and loop primers ...201627287497
prevention of vaginal and rectal herpes simplex virus type 2 transmission in mice: mechanism of antiviral action.topical microbicides to stop sexually transmitted diseases, such as herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), are urgently needed. the emerging field of nanotechnology offers novel suitable tools for addressing this challenge. our objective was to study, in vitro and in vivo, antiherpetic effect and antiviral mechanisms of several polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers with anti-hiv-1 activity to establish new potential microbicide candidates against sexually transmitted diseases. plaque reduction assay ...201627274240
high rates of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in homeless women: informing public health strategies.homeless and unstably housed women living in an urban setting are at risk for sexually transmitted diseases, yet the seroprevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) specific to impoverished women are poorly understood.201627243474
herpes simplex acute retinal necrosis presenting as unilateral disc swelling in young immunocompetent patients.to report two cases of young immunocompetent males with herpes simplex acute retinal necrosis (hsv arn) with initial diagnosis of unilateral disc swelling.201627230575
access of protective antiviral antibody to neuronal tissues requires cd4 t-cell help.circulating antibodies can access most tissues to mediate surveillance and elimination of invading pathogens. immunoprivileged tissues such as the brain and the peripheral nervous system are shielded from plasma proteins by the blood-brain barrier and blood-nerve barrier, respectively. yet, circulating antibodies must somehow gain access to these tissues to mediate their antimicrobial functions. here we examine the mechanism by which antibodies gain access to neuronal tissues to control infectio ...201627225131
herpes simplex virus type 2: cluster of unrelated cases in an intensive care unit.herpes simplex viruses, which are associated with various clinical manifestations, can be transmitted to critically ill patients from other patients or health care staff. we report an apparent outbreak of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus 2 infections (5 cases in 10 weeks). an epidemiologic investigation and genotype analysis showed no connections among the 5 cases.201627198455
formative work and community engagement approaches for implementing an hiv intervention in botswana schools.providing adolescents with evidence-based sexual risk reduction interventions is critical to addressing the hiv/aids epidemic among adolescents in sub-saharan africa. project aim (adult identity mentoring) is an innovative, evidence-based, youth development intervention that is being evaluated for the first time in botswana through a 3-year (2015-2017), 50-school cluster randomized controlled trial, including testing for herpes simplex virus type 2 as a sexual activity biomarker. conducting a tr ...201627196663
herpes simplex virus type 2 seroprevalence and ultrasound-diagnosed uterine fibroids in a large population of young african-american women.for decades reproductive tract infections (rtis) have been hypothesized to play a role in uterine fibroid development. the few previous studies conducted used self-reported history of rtis and had inconsistent findings. we investigated this hypothesis further using serological analysis, an immunological measure of past exposure. we focused on herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) because prior published data have suggested a possible association with fibroids, and serology for hsv-2 is much more s ...201627188945
intravaginal zinc oxide tetrapod nanoparticles as novel immunoprotective agents against genital herpes.virtually all efforts to generate an effective protection against the life-long, recurrent genital infections caused by hsv-2 have failed. apart from sexual transmission, the virus can also be transmitted from mothers to neonates, and it is a key facilitator of hiv coacquisition. in this article, we uncover a nanoimmunotherapy using specially designed zinc oxide tetrapod nanoparticles (zoten) with engineered oxygen vacancies. we demonstrate that zoten, when used intravaginally as a microbicide, ...201627183601
in situ detection of regulatory t cells in human genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) reactivation and their influence on spontaneous hsv-2 reactivation.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) reactivation is accompanied by a sustained influx of cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells that persist in genital tissue for extended periods. while cd4(+) t cells have long been recognized as being present in herpetic ulcerations, their role in subclinical reactivation and persistence is less well known, especially the role of cd4(+) regulatory t cells (tregs).201627117511
vaccination with the secreted glycoprotein g of herpes simplex virus 2 induces protective immunity after genital infection.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infects the genital mucosa and establishes a life-long infection in sensory ganglia. after primary infection hsv-2 may reactivate causing recurrent genital ulcerations. hsv-2 infection is prevalent, and globally more than 400 million individuals are infected. as clinical trials have failed to show protection against hsv-2 infection, new vaccine candidates are warranted. the secreted glycoprotein g (sgg-2) of hsv-2 was evaluated as a prophylactic vaccine in mice usi ...201627110813
strong country level correlation between syphilis and hsv-2 prevalence.background. syphilis is curable but herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) is not. as a result, the prevalence of syphilis but not hsv-2 may be influenced by the efficacy of national sti screening and treatment capacity. if the prevalence of syphilis and hsv-2 is found to be correlated, then this makes it more likely that something other than differential sti treatment is responsible for variations in the prevalence of both hsv-2 and syphilis. methods. simple linear regression was used to evaluate the r ...201627069710
no evidence of pritelivir resistance among herpes simplex virus type 2 isolates after 4 weeks of daily therapy.pritelivir is a novel helicase-primase inhibitor in clinical development for treatment of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infections. in preclinical work, resistance-mediating mutations were identified in the hsv-2 genome at 3 loci in the ul5 gene and 1 locus in ul52.201627056950
the epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in a large cohort of hiv-infected patients, 2006-2014. 201627030927
regulatory t cells are essential to promote proper cd4 t-cell priming upon mucosal infection.regulatory t cells (tregs) limit autoimmunity and immunopathology using a variety of suppressive mechanisms, but their roles during pathogen-directed immune responses remain unclear. following herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) infection, mice lacking tregs fail to control viral replication, pointing to a role for tregs in facilitating productive immune responses. using adoptive transfer of t-cell receptor transgenic cd4 t cells into treg-sufficient or treg-depleted mice prior to hsv-2 infection, we ...201627007674
alphaherpesvirus subversion of stress-induced translational arrest.in this article, we provide an overview of translational arrest in eukaryotic cells in response to stress and the tactics used specifically by alphaherpesviruses to overcome translational arrest. one consequence of translational arrest is the formation of cytoplasmic compartments called stress granules (sgs). many viruses target sgs for disruption and/or modification, including the alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). recently, it was discovered that hsv-2 disrupts sg formation ...201626999187
accumulation of a soluble form of human nectin-2 is required for exerting the resistance against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in transfected cells.cell entry of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) requires the interaction of viral glycoprotein d (gd) with the receptor nectin-1 and herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem). in addition, it is known that nectin-2 is also functional as a receptor for hsv-2, although the binding to the gd is weak. to examine an antiviral potential of a soluble form of human nectin-2 (hnectin-2ig), transfected vero cells expressing the entire ectodomain of nectin-2 fused to the fc portion of human igg were established. ...201626982466
seroprevalence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus-2 among pregnant women attending antenatal care at health facilities in wolaita zone, ethiopia.herpes simplex virus type-2 is the common cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide. genital herpes infection is a major concern in pregnancy due to the risk of neonatal transmission.201626979484
novel therapeutic investigational strategies to treat severe and disseminated hsv infections suggested by a deeper understanding of in vitro virus entry processes.the global burden of herpes simplex virus (hsv) legitimates the critical need to develop new prevention strategies, such as drugs and vaccines that are able to fight either primary hsv infections or reactivations. moreover, the ever-growing number of patients receiving transplants increases the number of severe hsv infections that are unresponsive to current therapies. finally, the high global incidence of genital hsv-2 infection increases the risk of perinatal transmission to newborns, in which ...201626976690
lymphocytic meningitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. 201626964890
pseudotumoral recto-sigmoid herpes simplex virus type 2 in an hiv-infected patient: dramatic improvement with thalidomide. 201626946154
subclinical generation of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus with mutation of homopolymeric guanosine strings during acyclovir therapy.suppressive therapy in patients with genital herpes has been used in japan since 2006. susceptibility and resistance of herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 to acyclovir were examined in genital isolates from patients receiving suppressive therapy and compared with those from those naïve to acyclovir and receiving episodic treatment with acyclovir.201626917345
smart cup: a minimally-instrumented, smartphone-based point-of-care molecular diagnostic device.nucleic acid amplification-based diagnostics offer rapid, sensitive, and specific means for detecting and monitoring the progression of infectious diseases. however, this method typically requires extensive sample preparation, expensive instruments, and trained personnel. all of which hinder its use in resource-limited settings, where many infectious diseases are endemic. here, we report on a simple, inexpensive, minimally-instrumented, smart cup platform for rapid, quantitative molecular diagno ...201626900258
evolution of rational vaccine designs for genital herpes immunotherapy.immunotherapeutic vaccines have emerged as a novel treatment modality for genital herpes, a sexually transmitted disease mainly caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. the approaches to identify potential vaccine antigens have evolved from classic virus attenuation and characterization of antibody and t cell responses in exposed, but seronegative individuals, to systematic screens for novel t cell antigens. combined with implementation of novel vaccine concepts revolving around immune evasion and ...201626896782
parents' reactions to testing for herpes simplex virus type 2 as a biomarker of sexual activity in botswana junior secondary school students.background use of sexual activity biomarkers in hiv prevention trials has been widely supported to validate self-reported data. when such trials involve minors, researchers may face challenges in obtaining parental buy-in, especially if return of results procedures uphold the confidentiality and privacy rights of minors and preclude parental access to test results. in preparation for a randomised controlled trial (rct) with junior secondary school (jss) students in botswana, a formative assessme ...201626886026
treatment of colon cancer with oncolytic herpes simplex virus in preclinical models.cancer stem cells (cscs), which are a rare population in any type of cancer, including colon cancer, are tumorigenic and responsible for cancer recurrence and metastasis. cscs have been isolated from a number of different solid tumors recently, although the isolation of cscs in colon cancer is still challenging. we cultured colon cancer cells in stem cell medium to obtain colonosphere cells. these cells possessed the characteristics of cscs, with a high capacity of tumorigenicity, migration and ...201626871935
incidence of co-infections of hiv, herpes simplex virus type 2 and syphilis in a large cohort of men who have sex with men in beijing, china.the hiv-epidemic among msm in china has worsened. in this key population, prevalence of hsv-2 and syphilis infection and co-infection with hiv is high.201626820145
dysbiosis-induced il-33 contributes to impaired antiviral immunity in the genital mucosa.commensal microbiota are well known to play an important role in antiviral immunity by providing immune inductive signals; however, the consequence of dysbiosis on antiviral immunity remains unclear. we demonstrate that dysbiosis caused by oral antibiotic treatment directly impairs antiviral immunity following viral infection of the vaginal mucosa. antibiotic-treated mice succumbed to mucosal herpes simplex virus type 2 infection more rapidly than water-fed mice, and also showed delayed viral cl ...201626811463
oasl1 deficiency promotes antiviral protection against genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by enhancing type i interferon production.type i interferon (ifn) interferes with virus replication, promotes antiviral responses, and controls innate and adaptive immune responses to certain viruses. recently, we reported that 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-like 1 (oasl1) negatively regulates type i ifn production by inhibiting the translation of the type i ifn-regulating master transcription factor, irf7. notably, while oasl1-deficient mice induce robust production of type i ifn and are resistant to systemic viral infection, the effe ...201626750802
sustained high prevalence of viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers in china: a systematic review and meta-analysis.the 1980's economic boom has been associated with a rapid expansion of china's sex industry over the past three decades. consequently, the spread of sexually transmitted infections (stis) and hepatitis infections among female sex workers (fsw) has become an important public health issue in china. this study identifies prevalence and risks of hepatitis and stis in chinese fsws.201626732281
pharmacokinetics of the antiviral lectin griffithsin administered by different routes indicates multiple potential uses.griffithsin (grft) is a red alga-derived lectin with demonstrated broad spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), hepatitis c virus (hcv), and herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2). however, its pharmacokinetic profile remains largely undefined. here, sprague dawley rats were administered a single dose of grft at 10 or 20 mg/kg by intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous routes, respectively, ...201627999325
herpes simplex encephalitis: an uncommon presentation.herpes simplex virus (hsv) encephalitis is an uncommon illness, with about 2 cases per 250,000 per year. most are caused by hsv-1, with 10% having hsv-2 as the aetiologic factor. we present a case of herpes simplex type1encephalitis in a 70 year old male with an uncommon presentation. the patient was a known case of endogenous depression with no medical records and on no treatment for the same, reported with acute changes in mental state for the past five days. he was talking irrelevantly, had h ...201627437286
bacterial exopolysaccharide of shallow marine vent origin as agent in counteracting immune disorders induced by herpes virus.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is responsible of the continuously increasing viral infections in humans. in a previous study we demonstrated that the exopolysaccharide produced by bacillus licheniformis strain b3-15 (eps-b3-15), was able to hinder the hsv-2 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and this antiviral activity appear to be related to a significant stimulation of the th1-cytokines. in this study we analyse the role of eps-b3-15 on th2 cytokine production by pbm ...201626674976
antimicrobial activity of biocompatible microemulsions against aspergillus niger and herpes simplex virus type 2.microemulsions (mes), which consist of oil, water, surfactants, and cosurfactants, have recently generated considerable interest as antimicrobial agents.201627800146
evaluation of a transcription mediated amplification assay for detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 mrna in clinical specimens.herpes simplex viruses (hsv) are double-stranded dna human herpesviruses (hhvs) that have the capacity to cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. like hhv5 (cytomegalovirus) and hhv8 (kaposi's sarcoma virus), hsv type 1 (hsv-1), and hsv type 2 (hsv-2) (hhv1, hhv2) selectively package certain viral messenger rnas inside mature virions, as well as expressing those mrnas in infected cells.201627175478
high expression level of antioxidants and pharmaceutical bioactivities of endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum jn711454.in order to maximize antioxidant activity of pharmaceutical bioactive endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum jn711454 during fermentation process, designed fermentation experiments of culture media for three levels of eight culture factors were performed using a taguchi orthogonal array (oa) design with layout l18 (2(1) × 3(7)). the agitation and the potato extract were the most significant affecting factors, and their interaction contributed significantly to fungus activity. the production of an ...201625569373
bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoprotein k (gk) interacts with ul20 and is required for infectious virus production.we have previously shown that the hsv-1 gk and ul20 proteins interact and function in virion envelopment, membrane fusion, and neuronal entry. alignment of the predicted secondary structures of gks encoded by bohv-1, hsv-1, hsv-2, ehv-1 and vzv indicated a high degree of domain conservation. two bohv-1 gk-null mutant viruses were created by either gk gene deletion or stop codon insertion. in addition, a v5 epitope-tag was inserted at the carboxyl terminus of gk gene to detect gk. the engineered ...201627661734
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