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first report of anatoecus dentatus in domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus, linnaeus, 1978) from southern india.parasitic infection is one of the prime causes for morbidity and mortality of ducks in india. ducks have the habit of wading through the water resources especially paddy fields and feeding on snail which favours occurrence of various parasites. among the parasites, lice infestation affects growth and productivity of ducks by way of irritation. lice are well adapted as external parasites and usually are more a nuisance than a threat to their hosts. a nomadic farmer from mannargudi area of cauvery ...201629988198
morphofunctional study of the tongue in the domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos f. domestica, anatidae): lm and sem study.the domestic duck, as a representative of birds living in the water, is considered as a specialist filter-feeder. behavioral observations of foraging revealed that these birds also use a terrestrial feeding mechanism such as grazing and pecking. this study examined the entirety of the lingual mucosa in relation to the structural adaptations required for this range of feeding activities. the structures on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, the conical and filiform papillae, constitute the food f ...201727340332
modulation of digestive enzyme activities in the avian digestive tract in relation to diet composition and quality.in nature, birds are faced with variable food sources that may differ in composition (protein vs. carbohydrates) and quality (highly digestible material vs. indigestible fiber). studies in passerine birds and some commercial poultry demonstrate that the gastrointestinal tract can respond to varying diet composition and quality by changing morphology and/or activities of digestive enzymes. however, studies in additional avian species are warranted to understand generalities of these trends. we fi ...201727695931
presence of plastic particles in waterbirds faeces collected in spanish lakes.plastic intake by marine vertebrates has been widely reported, but information about its presence in continental waterfowl is scarce. here we analyzed faeces of waterbirds species (european coot, fulica atra, mallard, anas platyrhynchos and shelduck, tadorna tadorna) for plastic debris in five wetlands in central spain. we collected 89 faeces of shelduck distributed in four lakes, 43.8% of them presented plastic remnants. sixty percent of 10 faeces of european coot and 45% of 40 faeces of mallar ...201727667676
constitutive heterochromatin in chromosomes of duck hybrids and goose hybrids.constitutive heterochromatin is a highly condensed fraction of chromatin in chromosomes. it is characterized by a high degree of polymorphism. heterochromatin is located in the centromeric, telomeric, and interstitial parts of chromosomes. we used the cbg ( c: banding using b: arium hydroxide by g: iemsa) staining technique to identify heterochromatin in chromosomes. analysis of karyotypes of f1 hybrids resulting from intergeneric hybridization of ducks (a. platyrhynchos × c. moschata) and inter ...201727664202
the presence of mercury in the tissues of mallards (anas platyrhynchos l.) from włocławek reservoir in poland.the study aimed at determining the degree of mercury contamination of mallards, game waterbirds migrating from the regions of the unknown degree of contamination and establishing whether the consumption of their meat comprises a hazard to human health in view of the binding norms concerning the mercury content in food products. the investigations were carried out on 30 mallards shot during the duck shooting season in which mercury concentrations in the muscles, liver, and kidneys were determined ...201727651095
specific expression and promoter analysis of the albumin gene promoter of the duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus).1. albumin (alb) is a serum protein most highly expressed in liver and regarded as an effective indicator for liver pathologies. the objectives of this study were to determine the expression of duck alb gene (dualb) in various non-hepatic tissues and identify the potential cis-regulatory elements in the promoter. 2. a model was established to assess dualb promoter activity in different cell lines by construction of a dualb promoter-driven gfp (green fluorescent protein)-expressing vector, which ...201727844479
avian influenza prevalence among hunter-harvested birds in a remote canadian first nation community.avian influenza virus (aiv) prevalence has been associated with wild game and other bird species. the contamination of these birds may pose a greater risk to those who regularly hunt and consumed infected species. due to resident concerns communicated by local band council, hunter-harvested birds from a remote first nation community in subarctic ontario, canada were assessed for aiv. hunters, and especially those who live a subsistence lifestyle, are at higher risk of aiv exposure due to their i ...201728092966
heavy metals in the mallard anas platyrhynchos from eastern austria.a total of 77 specimens of the mallard anas platyrhynchos were sampled from the eastern part of austria before the ban on lead gun shot for hunting water fowl. samples of muscle and liver were analyzed for their content of cr, cu, zn, ag, cd, hg and pb using atomic absorption spectrometry. in addition the hg content of feather samples from this aquatic bird species was evaluated. results generally show higher concentrations of the metals in the liver compared to muscle; for mercury the concentra ...201727964989
cranial joint histology in the mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos): new insights on avian cranial kinesis.the evolution of avian cranial kinesis is a phenomenon in part responsible for the remarkable diversity of avian feeding adaptations observable today. although osteological, developmental and behavioral features of the feeding system are frequently studied, comparatively little is known about cranial joint skeletal tissue composition and morphology from a microscopic perspective. these data are key to understanding the developmental, biomechanical and evolutionary underpinnings of kinesis. there ...201727921292
comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of two types of ducks, peking duck (anas platyrhychos) and muscovy duck (cairina moschata).peking duck (anas platyrhychos) and muscovy duck (cairina moschata) are two types of domestic ducks and the most popular meat breeds on the world. in this study, we sequenced and compared complete mitochondrial genomes of both breeds. in order to investigate the phylogeny of both breeds within anseriformes, the sequences of concatenated 12 protein-coding genes were used for phylogenetic analysis. the result was consistent with most of the previous morphological and molecular studies. our complet ...201726710879
comparison of the meat metabolite composition of linwu and pekin ducks using 600 mhz 1h nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.in an effort to further understand of the differences of meat flavor and texture between linwu ducks and pekin ducks at market age, we investigated the meat metabolite composition of the two breeds of ducks using 600 mhz (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy. comprehensive multivariate data analysis including principal component analysis (pca), partial least squares discriminant analysis (pls-da), and orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (opls-da) were app ...201727608660
a comprehensive analysis of the germline and expressed tcr repertoire in white peking duck.recently, many immune-related genes have been extensively studied in ducks, but relatively little is known about their tcr genes. here, we determined the germline and expressed repertoire of tcr genes in white peking duck. the genomic organization of the duck tcrα/δ, tcrγ and unconventional tcrδ2 loci are highly conserved with their counterparts in mammals or chickens. by contrast, the duck tcrβ locus is organized in an unusual pattern, (vβ)n-dβ-(jβ)2-cβ1-(jβ)4-cβ2, which differs from the tandem ...201728134319
mitochondrial d-loop analysis for uncovering the population structure and genetic diversity among the indigenous duck (anas platyrhynchos) populations of india.the indigenous domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domestica) which is domesticated from mallard (anas platyrhynchos) contributes significantly to poor farming community in coastal and north eastern regions of india. for conservation and maintenance of indigenous duck populations it is very important to know the existing genetic diversity and population structure. to unravel the population structure and genetic diversity among the five indigenous duck populations of india, the mitochondrial d-loop ...201728116946
genetic parameters for residual feed intake in a random population of pekin duck.the feed intake (fi) and feed efficiency are economically important traits in ducks. to obtain insight into this economically important trait, we designed an experiment based on the residual feed intake (rfi) and feed conversion ratio (fcr) of a random population pekin duck.201727165030
deformation of avian middle ear structures under static pressure loads, and potential regulation mechanisms.static pressure changes can alter the configuration and mechanical behavior of the chain of ossicles, which may affect the acoustic transfer function. in mammals, the eustachian tube plays an important role in restoring ambient middle ear pressure, hence restoring the acoustic transfer function and excluding barotrauma of the middle and inner ear. ambient pressure fluctuations can be potentially extreme in birds and due to the simple structure of the avian middle ear (one ossicle, one muscle), r ...201729157881
structural coloured feathers of mallards act by simple multilayer photonics.the blue colours of the speculum of the mallard (anas platyrhynchos), both male and female, and the green head feathers of the male arise from light interacting with stacks of melanosomes residing in the feather barbules. here, we show that the iridescent colours can be quantitatively explained with an optical multilayer model by using a position-dependent effective refractive index, which results from the varying ratio of melanin and keratin. reflectance spectra obtained by multilayer modelling ...201728768883
characterization of duck (anas platyrhynchos) mhc class i gene in two duck lines.to enrich gene polymorphism ofdumhci and provide data for further studies on disease resistance, 14dumhci genes from weishan ma duck and cherry valley duck were cloned, and their characterization were investigated. the overall conservation of the 14 alleles could be observed within the sequences, and relative conservation were also displayed in the peptide-binding domain and cd8 interaction sites. based on full-length amino acid homology, mhc class i from different duck lines could be divided in ...201728674238
vibrational biospectroscopy characterizes biochemical differences between cell types used for toxicological investigations and identifies alterations induced by environmental contaminants.the use of cell-based assays is essential in reducing the number of vertebrates used in the investigation of chemical toxicities and in regulatory toxicology assessment. an important factor in obtaining meaningful results that can be accurately extrapolated is the use of biologically appropriate cell lines. in the present preliminary study, attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared (atr-ftir) spectroscopy with multivariate analysis was used to assess the fundamental biomolecular dif ...201728627759
molecular epidemiology of avian rotaviruses group a and d shed by different bird species in nigeria.avian rotaviruses (rvs) cause gastrointestinal diseases of birds worldwide. however, prevalence, diversity, epidemiology and phylogeny of rvs remain largely under-investigated in africa.201728606119
towards a quantitative indicator of feather disruption following the cleansing of oiled birds.a computer-based imaging method for determining feather microstructure coherency following a cleansing treatment, was developed, calibrated and trialled on mallard duck (anas platyrhyhchos) feathers. the feathers were initially contaminated with a light crude oil and then cleansed by either detergent (deacon 90) treatment or, alternatively, by magnetic particle technology (mpt) using iron powder. the imaging method provides a single quantitative parameter for the coherence of feather microstruct ...201728526197
mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and wastewater ponds, part ii: developmental, physiological, morphological and behavioural effects of ingestion of secondary clarified effluent water.rather than migrating, mallard ducks may choose to overwinter in northern cities on open-water thermal refuges, such as municipal wastewater treatment ponds, which in edmonton, canada, stay ≥10°c during frigid winter months. refuging mallards spend appreciable time daily on these ponds and hydrate using secondary clarified municipal wastewater (scew). we aimed to determine if scew ingestion affected mallard health. to this end, we gavaged newly hatched mallards (domesticated pekin strain) over t ...201728434758
comparative approaches to same/different abstract-concept learning.martinho and kacelnik (2016) imprinted newly hatched ducklings (anas platyrhynchos domestica) with a moving pair of either same or different objects, and following only one session, the ducklings accurately transferred the same/different relationship to novel object pairs that maintained the training relationship. this rapid learning and transfer of the concepts same and different far outstrips the more gradual learning of these basic concepts by animals in associative-learning tasks in which re ...201728411303
structural basis of antigen recognition: crystal structure of duck egg lysozyme.duck egg lysozyme (del) is a widely used model antigen owing to its capacity to bind with differential affinity to anti-chicken egg lysozyme antibodies. however, no structures of del have so far been reported, and the situation had been complicated by the presence of multiple isoforms and conflicting reports of primary sequence. here, the structures of two del isoforms from the eggs of the commonly used pekin duck (anas platyrhynchos) are reported. using structural analyses in combination with m ...201729095163
amphotericin b concentrations in healthy mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) following a single intratracheal dose of liposomal amphotericin b using an atomizer.aspergillosis is a fungal infection that primarily affects the respiratory tract. amphotericin b has broad antifungal activity and is commonly used to treat aspergillosis, a fungal pneumonia that is a common sequela in oiled waterfowl as well as other birds in wildlife rehabilitation. pharmacokinetic parameters of nebulized amphotericin b in an avian model have been reported, but those of direct intratracheal delivery have yet to be established. the objective of this study was to evaluate if a s ...201728992055
antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypic characteristic of campylobacter spp. isolates from free-living birds in poland.campylobacter spp. is the most commonly reported, bacterial cause of human foodborne infection worldwide. commercial poultry and free-living birds are natural reservoirs of three particular species: campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari. the aim of this study was to determine the genotypic characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of 43 campylobacter strains, obtained from free-living birds, in poland. in total, 700 birds were examined. the strains were isolated fr ...201728968179
genome sequence of a mallard duck origin cyclovirus, duacyv-1.the genome sequence of a novel avian cyclovirus is described in this study. the genome size and orientation of predicted genes was similar to those described in other vertebrate and insect origin cycloviruses. the greatest genome sequence identity was shared with a dragonfly cyclovirus (nt, 60.6%). phylogenetic analysis showed marginal relatedness with another avian cyclovirus, the chicken associated cyclovirus 1. in contrast, along a short fragment of the replication-associated protein coding g ...201728940019
comparative transcriptome analysis provides clues to molecular mechanisms underlying blue-green eggshell color in the jinding duck (anas platyrhynchos).in birds, blue-green eggshell color (bgec) is caused by biliverdin, a bile pigment derived from the degradation of heme and secreted in the eggshell by the shell gland. functionally, bgec might promote the paternal investment of males in the nest and eggs. however, little is known about its formation mechanisms. jinding ducks (anas platyrhynchos) are an ideal breed for research into the mechanisms, in which major birds lay bgec eggs with minor individuals laying white eggs. using this breed, thi ...201728899357
genomic signature analysis of the recently emerged highly pathogenic a(h5n8) avian influenza virus: implying an evolutionary trend for bird-to-human transmission.in early 2014, a novel subclade (2.3.4.4) of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n8) virus caused the first outbreak in domestic ducks and migratory birds in south korea. since then, it has spread to 44 countries and regions. to date, no human infections with a(h5n8) virus have been reported, but the possibility cannot be excluded. by analyzing the genomic signatures of a(h5n8) strains, we found that among the 47 species-associated signature positions, three positions exhibited huma ...201728889970
molecular cloning, characterization, and anti-avian pathogenicescherichia coliinnate immune response of the cherry valley duck ciita gene.class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc-ii) transactivator (ciita) is a member of the pattern recognition receptor in cytoplasm, which is involved in host innate immune responses. in this study, the full-length cdna of cherry valley duck ciita (duciita) was cloned from the spleen of healthy cherry valley ducks for the first time. the cds of duciita have 3648 bp and encode 1215 amino acids. the homology analysis of ciitas amino acid sequence showed that the duciita has the highest identity ...201728878764
audiogram of the mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos) from 16 hz to 9 khz.the pure-tone thresholds of three mallard ducks were determined from 16 hz to 9 khz. the purpose was to determine whether the mallard duck hears infrasound, which then may potentially be used for navigation, similar to how it is proposed that pigeons use it for homing. at a level of 60 db sound pressure level (re 20 μn/m2), their hearing range extends 6.85 octaves from 66 hz to 7.6 khz, with a best sensitivity of 12.5 db at 2 khz. however, at no frequency, including the lowest tested, were the d ...201728808778
impact of body condition on influenza a virus infection dynamics in mallards following a secondary exposure.migratory waterfowl are often viewed as vehicles for the global spread of influenza a viruses (iavs), with mallards (anas platyrhynchos) implicated as particularly important reservoir hosts. the physical demands and energetic costs of migration have been shown to influence birds' body condition; poorer body condition may suppress immune function and affect the course of iav infection. our study evaluated the impact of body condition on immune function and viral shedding dynamics in mallards natu ...201728423047
antitoxin therapy of natural avian botulism outbreaks occurred in brazil.botulism commonly affects water birds and it has recently been observed to be emerging in poultry production. in the present work, outbreaks of botulism in wild native species, such as the black-fronted piping-guan (aburria jacutinga), wild duck (cairina moschata) and its crosses with mallard (anas platyrhynchos), and domestic chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) are described. following treatments with a commercial botulism antitoxin cd, 28 (96.5%) out of 29 animals fully recovered after 24-72 h ...201728807621
development of an influenza virus protein microarray to measure the humoral response to influenza virus infection in mallards.avian influenza viruses pose a serious zoonotic threat, in part because current seasonal influenza virus vaccines only offer strain-specific protection, instead of heterosubtypic or universal protection against influenza virus infection. understanding the humoral response to vaccination and natural infection in the broadest context possible is important to developing defenses against influenza zoonosis. protein microarrays are a novel platform well suited to assaying the humoral immune response ...201729209053
novel reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus isolated from domestic ducks in eastern china in 2016.h3 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) poses a great threat to public health, and so investigating its epidemiology is of great importance. a novel reassortant h3n2 aiv strain was isolated from a live poultry market in eastern china. the strain's genes originated from h1n1, h3, and h7 aivs. thus, the genome information of the h3n2 isolate will help to investigate further the epidemiology of h3 subtype aivs in china.201729192070
molecular characterization of avian paramyxovirus types 4 and 8 isolated from wild migratory waterfowl in mongolia.avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) constitute some of the most globally prevalent avian viruses and are frequently isolated from wild migratory bird species. using 1,907 fresh fecal samples collected during the 2012 avian influenza surveillance program, we identified two serotypes of apmv: apmv-4 ( n=10) and apmv-8 ( n=1). sequences for these isolates phylogenetically clustered with asian apmv-4 and apmv-8 recently isolated from wild birds in korea, japan, china, and kazakhstan. analysis by dna barco ...201729286260
infection reduces anti-predator behaviors in house finches.infectious diseases can cause host mortality through direct or indirect mechanisms, including altered behavior. diminished anti-predator behavior is among the most-studied causes of indirect mortality during infection, particularly for systems in which a parasite's life-cycle requires transmission from prey to predator. significantly less work has examined whether directly-transmitted parasites and pathogens also reduce anti-predator behaviors. here we test whether the directly-transmitted bacte ...201729242677
competition between influenza a virus subtypes through heterosubtypic immunity modulates re-infection and antibody dynamics in the mallard duck.our overall hypothesis is that host population immunity directed at multiple antigens will influence the prevalence, diversity and evolution of influenza a virus (iav) in avian populations where the vast subtype diversity is maintained. to investigate how initial infection influences the outcome of later infections with homologous or heterologous iav subtypes and how viruses interact through host immune responses, we carried out experimental infections in mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos). mall ...201728640898
serological and virological surveillance of avian influenza virus in domestic ducks of the north-east region of bangladesh.wild waterfowl are considered as the natural reservoir for avian influenza (ai) viruses. bangladesh has been experiencing highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks since 2007, mostly in chickens and occasionally in ducks. ducks play an important role in the persistence and genetic recombination of ai viruses. this paper presents the results of serological and virological monitoring of ai in domestic ducks in 2013 in the north-east region of bangladesh.201728623934
ultrastructural study on the embryonic development of the orthokeratinized epithelium and its cornified layer (lingual nail) on the ventral surface of the lingual apex in the domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos f. domestica).the lingual nail as the cornified layer of the orthokeratinized epithelium in birds is responsible for the collection of solid food by pecking. the aim of the present study is to determine the manner of orthokeratinized epithelium development and assess the degree of readiness of the epithelium to fulfill its mechanical function at hatching. three developmental phases are distinguished, i.e. embryonic, transformation and pre-hatching stage. in the embryonic stage lasting until day 13 of incubati ...201729373166
infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (h5n8 and h5n2) united states index viruses in pekin ducks and chinese geese.in late 2014, a h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, spread by migratory waterfowl into north america reassorting with low pathogenicity ai viruses to produce a h5n2 hpai virus. since domestic waterfowl are common backyard poultry frequently in contact with wild waterfowl, the infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the united states h5 hpai index viruses (h5n8 and h5n2) was investigated in domestic ducks and geese. ducks infected with the viruses had a ...201728592320
highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4 viruses do not induce a clade-specific phenotype in mallard ducks.among the diverse clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses of the goose/guangdong lineage, only a few have been able to spread across continents: clade 2.2 viruses spread from china to europe and into africa in 2005-2006, clade 2.3.2.1 viruses spread from china to eastern europe in 2009-2010 and clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of the h5nx subtype spread from china to europe and north america in 2014/2015. while the poultry trade and wild-bird migration have been implicated in the sp ...201728631606
oxygen isotope fractionation between bird bone phosphate and drinking water.oxygen isotope compositions of bone phosphate (δ(18)op) were measured in broiler chickens reared in 21 farms worldwide characterized by contrasted latitudes and local climates. these sedentary birds were raised during an approximately 3 to 4-month period, and local precipitation was the ultimate source of their drinking water. this sampling strategy allowed the relationship to be determined between the bone phosphate δ(18)op values (from 9.8 to 22.5‰ v-smow) and the local rainfall δ(18)ow values ...201728534252
molecular characterization, expression profile of the fshrgene and its association with egg production traits in muscovy duck.follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and its receptor play a key role in the follicular development and regulation of steroidogenesis in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis. the purpose of this study was to characterize themuscovy duck fshr gene, identify snps and their association with egg production traits in muscovy ducks. here, we cloned the complementary dna (cdna) sequence of fshr, and examined the expression patterns of fshr gene in adult female muscovy duck tissues. the cloned cdna ...201728674235
simultaneous separation of taxon-specific crystallins from mule duck and characterization of their enzymatic activities and structures.methods to obtain pure proteins in large amounts are indispensible in protein research. we report here a large-scale/simultaneous isolation of taxon-specific crystallins (ɛ- and δ-crystallin) from the eye lenses of mule duck. we also investigate the compositions, enzymatic activities, and structures of these purified taxon-specific proteins. a relatively mild method of ion-exchange chromatography was developed to fractionate ɛ-crystallin and δ-crystallin in large amount, ca. ∼6.60mg/g-lens and ∼ ...201728411463
detection of bordetella avium by taqman real-time pcr in tracheal swabs from wildlife birds.bordetella avium, the causing agent of bordetellosis, a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract in young poultry, causes significant losses in poultry farming throughout the world. wildlife birds can be a reservoir of various pathogens that infect farm animals. for this reason the studies were conducted to estimate the prevalence of bordetella avium in wildlife birds in poland. tracheal swab samples were collected from 650 birds representing 27 species. the bacterial dna was isolate ...201728525340
ethnomedicinal and cultural practices of mammals and birds in the vicinity of river chenab, punjab-pakistan.although, use of animal species in disease treatment and culture practices is as ancient as that of plant species; however ethnomedicinal uses and cultural values of animal species have rarely been reported. present study is the first report on the medicinal uses of mammals and bird species in pakistan.201728701165
supplementation of tris-based extender with plasma egg yolk of six avian species and camel skim milk for chilled preservation of dromedary camel semen.the present study was conducted to investigate a suitable source (expt. 1) and concentration (expt. 2) of plasma egg yolk (pey) and concentration of camel skim milk (csm; expt. 3) to supplement tris based extender for chilled storage of dromedary camel semen. in expt. 1, pey (20%) of six avian species (domestic chicken, domestic duck, japanese quail, partridge, pigeon and guinea fowl) was added to semen extender. in expt. 2, different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of selected pey from e ...201728709736
surveillance for highly pathogenic influenza a viruses in california during 2014-2015 provides insights into viral evolutionary pathways and the spatiotemporal extent of viruses in the pacific americas flyway.we used surveillance data collected in california before, concurrent with, and subsequent to an outbreak of highly pathogenic (hp) clade 2.3.4.4 influenza a viruses (iavs) in 2014-2015 to (i) evaluate iav prevalence in waterfowl, (ii) assess the evidence for spill-over infections in marine mammals and (iii) genetically characterize low-pathogenic (lp) and hp iavs to refine inference on the spatiotemporal extent of hp genome constellations and to evaluate possible evolutionary pathways. we screen ...201728874792
the ascending projections of the nuclei of the descending trigeminal tract (nttd) in the zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata).in our traditional view of the avian somatosensory system, input from the beak and head reaches the telencephalon via a disynaptic pathway, involving projections from the principal sensory nucleus (prv) directly to nucleus basorostralis (previously called nucleus basalis), whereas input from the rest of the body follows a trisynatic pathway similar to that in mammals, involving projections from the dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus, and thence to somatosensory wulst. however, the role of the ...201728543449
deciphering mechanisms underlying the genetic variation of general production and liver quality traits in the overfed mule duck by pqtl analyses.the aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms that underlie phenotypic quantitative trait loci (qtl) in overfed mule ducks by identifying co-localized proteomic qtl (pqtl). the qtl design consisted of three families of common ducks that were progeny-tested by using 294 male mule ducks. this population of common ducks was genotyped using a genetic map that included 334 genetic markers located across 28 apl chromosomes (apl for anas platyrhynchos). mule ducks were phenotyped for 49 traits re ...201728424047
complete genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus type 4 strain isolated from domestic duck at a live bird market in south korea.we report here the first full-genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus type 4 (apmv-4) strain isolated from a domestic mallard duck at a live bird market in south korea. phylogenetic analyses provide genetic information on a new genetic clade, apmv-4, isolated from a domestic duck and evidence of apmv-4 exchange between poultry and wild birds.201728522703
role of domestic ducks in the emergence of a new genotype of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a viruses in bangladesh.highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses were first isolated in bangladesh in february 2007. subsequently, clades 2.2.2, 2.3.4.2 and 2.3.2.1a were identified in bangladesh, and our previous surveillance data revealed that by the end of 2014, the circulating viruses exclusively comprised clade 2.3.2.1a. we recently determined the status of circulating avian influenza viruses in bangladesh by conducting surveillance of live poultry markets and waterfowl in wetland areas from february 2015 th ...201728790460
longitudinal study of avian influenza and newcastle disease in village poultry, mali, 2009-2011.newcastle disease (nd) is endemic in west africa, which has also experienced outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (ai) h5n1 since 2006. we aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of ai and nd in village poultry in mali and to identify associated risk factors. a longitudinal serologic study was conducted between november 2009 and february 2011 using elisa commercial kits to detect antibodies. sera (5963) were collected from 4890 different poultry. ai was rare, with a seroprevalen ...201728665735
genesis of influenza a(h5n8) viruses.highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus emerged in 2016 and spread to russia, europe, and africa. our analysis of viruses from domestic ducks at tanguar haor, bangladesh, showed genetic similarities with other viruses from wild birds in central asia, suggesting their potential role in the genesis of a(h5n8).201728609260
optimization of inactivated h5n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza vaccine and inactivated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine with antigen dose and prime-boost regimen in domestic ducks.owing to the increase in the number of diseases affecting ducks and the demand for food safety by consumers, vaccination has become one of the factors that influence duck meat productivity. the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus is one of the most prevalent and causes one of the most lethal diseases in domestic ducks, and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen persistent in the domestic duck population. to better understand the optimal usage of hpai and s. e ...201728633491
maintenance of influenza a viruses and antibody response in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) sampled during the non-breeding season in alaska.prevalence of influenza a virus (iav) infections in northern-breeding waterfowl has previously been reported to reach an annual peak during late summer or autumn; however, little is known about iav infection dynamics in waterfowl populations persisting at high-latitude regions such as alaska, during winter. we captured mallards (anas platyrhynchos) throughout the non-breeding season (august-april) of 2012-2015 in fairbanks and anchorage, the two largest cities in alaska, to assess patterns of ia ...201728837606
investigation on the endemic characteristics of metorchis orientalisin huainan area, chinato investigate the endemic characteristics of metorchis orientalis (m. orientalis)in the huainan area, anhui province, china.201728627206
assessment of dose rate to terrestrial biota in the area around coal fired power plant applying erica tool and resrad biota code.this paper presents the environmental radiation risk assessment based on two software program approaches erica tool (version 1.2) and resrad biota (version 1.5) to estimate dose rates to terrestrial biota in the area around the largest coal fired power plant in serbia. for dose rate assessment software's default reference animals and plants and the best estimated values of activity concentrations of 238u, 234u, 234th, 232th, 230th, 226ra, 210pb, 210po, 137cs in soil were used. both approaches re ...201728964597
presence of mcr-3 variant in aeromonas caviae, proteus mirabilis, and escherichia coli from one domestic duck.the rapid rise and dissemination of mdr bacteria is a major threat to public health worldwide, and has narrowed the treatment options for infections caused by these bacteria (1).….201729203482
isolation and characterization of h4n6 avian influenza viruses from mallard ducks in beijing, china.the novel h7n9 influenza virus, which has caused severe disease in humans in china, is a reassortant with surface genes derived from influenza viruses in wild birds. this highlights the importance of monitoring influenza viruses in these hosts. however, surveillance of influenza virus in wild birds remains very limited in china. in this study, we isolated four h4n6 avian influenza viruses (aivs) from mallard ducks in beijing wetland park, which is located on the east asia-australasia migratory f ...201728877243
updated molecular phylogenetic data for opisthorchis spp. (trematoda: opisthorchioidea) from ducks in vietnam.an opisthorchiid liver fluke was recently reported from ducks (anas platyrhynchos) in binh dinh province of central vietnam, and referred to as "opisthorchis viverrini-like". this species uses common cyprinoid fishes as second intermediate hosts as does opisthorchis viverrini, with which it is sympatric in this province. in this study, we refer to the liver fluke from ducks as "opisthorchis sp. bd2013", and provide new sequence data from the mitochondrial (mt) genome and the nuclear ribosomal tr ...201729157282
surveillance of avian influenza viruses in south korea between 2012 and 2014.national surveillance of avian influenza virus (aiv) in south korea has been annually conducted for the early detection of aiv and responses to the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus. in this study, we report on a nationwide surveillance study of aiv in domestic poultry and wild birds in south korea between 2012 and 2014.201728292308
no evidence for homosubtypic immunity of influenza h3 in mallards following vaccination in a natural experimental system.the mallard (anas platyrhynchos) is an important reservoir species for influenza a viruses (iav), and in this host, prevalence and virus diversity are high. studies have demonstrated the presence of homosubtypic immunity, where individuals are unlikely to be reinfected with the same subtype within an autumn season. further, evidence for heterosubtypic immunity exists, whereby immune responses specific for one subtype offer partial or complete protection against related ha subtypes. we utilized a ...201727997047
complete genome sequence of a novel reassortant h6n8 avian influenza virus isolated from wild waterfowl in poyang lake, china.here, we report the complete genome sequence of an h6n8 avian influenza virus (aiv) isolated from wild waterfowl in poyang lake, china, in 2016. phylogenetic analysis showed that it was a novel reassortant aiv between domestic ducks and wild waterfowl. the finding of this study is helpful for our understanding of the ecology and the evolutionary characteristics of h6 subtypes of aiv in birds.201728153897
neospora caninum in wild waterfowl: occurrence of parasite dna and low antibody titers.thirty-five adult waterfowl (14 males and 21 females) representing various orders and species were sampled during the hunting season from 2015 to 2016. antibodies to neospora caninum were detected by ifat on blood samples, while heart and brain were subjected to molecular analysis for the detection of neospora caninum dna. twelve birds (34.3%) (6 anas crecca , 3 anas platyrhynchos , 2 anas penelope , 1 anas acuta ) showed antibodies versus n. caninum , while 10 animals out of 35 (4 a. crecca , 2 ...201727805842
efficacy assessment of an inactivated tembusu virus vaccine candidate in ducks.duck tembusu virus (tmuv) is a recently identified pathogen that causes severe egg drop and neurological disease in domestic duck and goose flocks. the infection has spread across the china mainland since its outbreak in 2010. effective vaccines are needed to fight the disease. in this work, we describe the development and laboratory assessment of a cell culture-derived, inactivated duck tmuv vaccine. the tmuv-jxsp strain was successfully propagated on a baby hamster kidney cell line (bhk-21), i ...201728159240
surveillance for avian influenza virus in wild birds in poland, 2008-15.we tested wild birds in poland during 2008-15 for avian influenza virus (aiv). we took 10,312 swabs and feces samples from 6,314 live birds representing 12 orders and 84 bird species, mostly from orders anseriformes and charadriiformes, for testing and characterization by various pcr methods. from pcr-positive samples, we attempted to isolate and subtype the virus. the rna of aiv was detected in 1.8% (95% confidence interval [ci], 1.5-2.1%) of birds represented by 48 mallards ( anas platyrhyncho ...201728094608
size-dependent isolation of primordial germ cells from avian species.primordial germ cells (pgcs), the precursors of sperm or ova, could be used to generate transgenic animals and interspecies germ-line chimeras, which would facilitate the recovery of endangered species by making their access and manipulation in vitro easier. during early embryogenesis in avian species, pgcs are transported via the bloodstream to the gonadal anlagen. pgcs of most avian species-particularly wild or endangered birds-are not readily isolated from the embryonic bloodstream because ge ...201728370610
molecular characterisation of four echinostomes (digenea: echinostomatidae) from birds in new zealand, with descriptions of echinostoma novaezealandense n. sp. and echinoparyphium poulini n. sp.morphological and molecular characterisation of echinostome specimens (digenea: echinostomatidae) recovered in one anas platyrhynchos l. and one cygnus atratus (latham) (anseriformes: anatidae) from new zealand revealed the presence of two known species, echinostoma miyagawai ishii, 1932 and echinoparyphium ellisi (johnston & simpson, 1944) and two species new to science. comparative morphological and phylogenetic analyses supported the distinct species status of echinostoma novaezealandense n. ...201728341929
effect of the combination of white and red led lighting during incubation on layer, broiler, and pekin duck hatchability.previous research has shown that providing light during incubation can have positive effects on hatchability and chick quality; however, white light alone has been observed to improve these factors only in pigmented broiler eggs and non-pigmented white layer eggs. monochromatic red light has been shown to improve hatchability in layer eggs. therefore the objective of this study was to utilize one light fixture that emitted both white and monochromatic red light to determine if this one light sou ...201728339779
discordant detection of avian influenza virus subtypes in time and space between poultry and wild birds; towards improvement of surveillance programs.avian influenza viruses from wild birds can cause outbreaks in poultry, and occasionally infect humans upon exposure to infected poultry. identification and characterization of viral reservoirs and transmission routes is important to develop strategies that prevent infection of poultry, and subsequently virus transmission between poultry holdings and to humans. based on spatial, temporal and phylogenetic analyses of data generated as part of intense and large-scale influenza surveillance program ...201728278281
ultrastructural study of liver and lead tissue concentrations in young mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) after ingestion of single lead shot.lead (pb) represents a serious threat to wildlife and ecosystems. the aim of this study was to examine the subcellular effects of dietary pb pellet ingestion on mallard (anas platyrhynchos) livers. after ingestion of a single pb shot (ls4 size class: 0.177 ± 0.03 g) in 41 mallard ducks (22 males and 19 females) versus 10 controls (5 males and 5 females) all 7-week old, a morphologic study was conducted by tem (transmission electron microscopy) of liver at the subcellular level. the results in tr ...201728277035
emerging avian influenza infections: current understanding of innate immune response and molecular pathogenesis.the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) cause severe disease in gallinaceous poultry species, domestic ducks, various aquatic and terrestrial wild bird species as well as humans. the outcome of the disease is determined by complex interactions of multiple components of the host, the virus, and the environment. while the host-innate immune response plays an important role for clearance of infection, excessive inflammatory immune response (cytokine storm) may contribute to morbidity ...201728272907
pck1 expression is correlated with the plasma glucose level in the duck.phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble) (pck1) is a key gene in gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis. although its functions have been extensively studied in mice, bats and humans, little is known in ducks. here, pck1 functions were studied using a duck domestication model and a 48-h fasting experiment. we found pck1 expression significantly decreased in two breeds of domestic ducks (jinyun pockmark ducks and cherry valley ducks) as compared with wild ducks (anas platyrhynchos). simultane ...201728198082
movement patterns of a keystone waterbird species are highly predictable from landscape configuration.movement behaviour is fundamental to the ecology of animals and their interactions with other organisms, and as such contributes to ecosystem dynamics. waterfowl are key players in ecological processes in wetlands and surrounding habitats through predator-prey interactions and their transportation of nutrients and other organisms. understanding the drivers of their movement behaviour is crucial to predict how environmental changes affect their role in ecosystem functioning. mallards (anas platyr ...201728174661
extraction and characterization of gelatin from the feet of pekin duck (anas platyrhynchos domestica) as affected by acid, alkaline, and enzyme pretreatment.the effects of different pretreatments on yield and composition of extraction, physicochemical, and rheological properties of duck feet gelatin (dfg) were investigated. gelatins were extracted from the whole feet of pekin duck with an average yield of 4.09%, 3.65%, and 5.75% for acidic (ac-dfg), alkaline (al-dfg), and enzymatic (en-dfg) pretreatment on a wet weight basis, respectively. proteins at 81.38%, 79.41%, 82.55%, and 87.38% were the major composition for ac-dfg, al-dfg, en-dfg, and bovin ...201728174080
type b chloramphenicol acetyltransferases are responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in riemerella anatipestifer, china.riemerella anatipestifer causes serositis and septicaemia in domestic ducks, geese, and turkeys. traditionally, the antibiotics were used to treat this disease. currently, our understanding of r. anatipestifer susceptibility to chloramphenicol and the underlying resistance mechanism is limited. in this study, the cat gene was identified in 69/192 (36%) r. anatipestifer isolated from different regions in china, including r. anatipestifer ch-2 that has been sequenced in previous study. sequence an ...201728298905
characterization of batai virus isolated from a domestic muscovy duck (cairina moschate).batai virus (batv) belongs to the genus orthobunyavirus of the family bunyaviridae. it has been isolated from mosquitos, pigs, cattle, and humans throughout africa, asia, and europe, and causes clinical signs in domestic animals and humans. here, we report the isolation of batv from a domestic duck flock. genome sequence analysis revealed clustering of this isolate in the africa-asia lineage. the virus replicated in mosquitos and vertebrate host cells, showing different phenotypic characteristic ...201727734222
the effects of bacillus coagulans-fermented and non-fermented ginkgo biloba on abdominal fat deposition and meat quality of peking duck. 201728204698
identification of type a influenza viruses from wild birds on the delmarva peninsula, 2007-10.wild waterfowl and shorebirds in the delaware-maryland-virginia (delmarva) peninsula region within the atlantic flyway were sampled as part of the early detection of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza (ai) in wild migratory birds program. the u.s. department of agriculture (usda) and state wildlife agencies submitted 7858 samples for ai virus (aiv) testing by real-time reverse transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) to the university of delaware poultry health system from april 2007 to march 2011. virus ...201728301233
genetic analysis of a novel reassortant h11n9 isolated from waterfowl in south korea in 2016.aquatic birds are known to harbor all the known influenza a viruses. in the winter of january 2016, we surveyed influenza a virus in the feces of migratory birds in south korea. the novel re-assorted h11n9 avian influenza virus, which contains genes from avian influenza viruses of poultry and wild birds, was isolated. the polymerase basic 2 (pb2), polymerase basic 1 (pb1), hemagglutinin (ha), and nucleoprotein (np) genes were most closely related to those of domestic duck-origin avian influenza ...201728386784
characterization of gut microbiome dynamics in developing pekin ducks and impact of management system.little to no research has been conducted on the gut microbiome of the pekin duck, yet over 24.5 million ducks are raised for human consumption each year in the united states alone. knowledge of the microbiome could lead to an understanding of the effects of growing conditions such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and enzymes in feeding practices, the use of antibiotics, and the sources of pathogenic bacteria in diseased ducks. in order to characterize changes in the caecal microbiome that o ...201728101086
urbanization and the dynamics of rna viruses in mallards (anas platyrhynchos).urbanization is intensifying worldwide, and affects the epidemiology of infectious diseases. however, the effect of urbanization on natural host-pathogen systems remains poorly understood. urban ducks occupy an interesting niche in that they directly interact with both humans and wild migratory birds, and either directly or indirectly with food production birds. here we have collected samples from mallards (anas platyrhynchos) residing in a pond in central uppsala, sweden, from january 2013 to j ...201728323070
efficacy of seawater for washing oiled birds during an oil spill response.aquatic pollution events can be detrimental to the survival of wildlife, particularly birds. to decontaminate affected birds, large quantities of fresh water are required. a recent study using seabird feathers, demonstrated that seawater wash/rinse can effectively remove oil from feathers. however to determine whether seawater was effective for live birds, we used 36 mallard ducks to replicate the oiled feather wash/rinse study. we investigated the time and volume of water used, bird water-proof ...201829421080
protective efficacy of a bivalent live attenuated vaccine against duck hepatitis a virus types 1 and 3 in ducklings.duck hepatitis a virus (dhav) infection is characterized by an acute, rapidly spreading that affects young ducklings. dhav-1 or dhav-3 infection is prevalent, and simultaneous co-infection with both viruses has recently become increasingly frequent in the domestic duck farms. in this study, we developed a bivalent live attenuated vaccine (dhv-hsbp100 and ap-04203p100) for dhav-1 and dhav-3 and reported the protective efficacy and safety of the vaccine. at 1-day-old, the ducklings received a biva ...201829408021
a rapid and transient innate immune response to avian influenza infection in mallards.the vertebrate innate immune system provides hosts with a rapid, non-specific response to a wide range of invading pathogens. however, the speed and duration of innate responses will be influenced by the co-evolutionary dynamics of specific host-pathogen combinations. here, we show that low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpai) subtype h1n1 elicits a strong but extremely transient innate immune response in its main wildlife reservoir, the mallard (anas platyrhynchos). using a series of experim ...201829407578
cryptic biological invasions: a general model of hybridization.the dispersal of non-native genes due to hybridization is a form of cryptic invasion with growing concern in evolution and conservation. this includes the spread of transgenic genes and antibiotic resistance. to investigate how genes and phenotypes are transmitted, we developed a general model that, for the first time, considers concurrently: multiple loci, quantitative and qualitative gene expression, assortative mating, dominance/recessivity inheritance and density-dependent demographic effect ...201829402926
an egyptian hpai h5n1 isolate from clade 2.2.1.2 is highly pathogenic in an experimentally infected domestic duck breed (sudani duck).the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses continue to cause major problems in poultry and can, although rarely, cause human infection. being enzootic in domestic poultry, egyptian isolates are continuously evolving, and novel clades vary in their pathogenicity in avian hosts. considering the importance of domestic ducks as natural hosts of hpai h5n1 viruses and their likelihood of physical contact with other avian hosts and humans, it is of utmost importance to characterize the p ...201829363279
pathogenicity and transmissibility of three avian influenza a (h5n6) viruses isolated from wild birds.since 2013, highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza viruses (aivs) have emerged in poultry and caused sporadic human infections in asia. the recent discovery of three new avian h5n6 viruses - a/oriental magpie-robin/guangdong/sw8/2014 (h5n6), a/common moorhen/guangdong/gz174/2014 (h5n6) and a/pallas's sandgrouse/guangdong/zh283/2015 (h5n6) - isolated from apparently healthy wild birds in southern china in 2014-2015 raises great concern for the spread of these highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs) and t ...201829307740
genetic and biological characterization of three poultry-origin h5n6 avian influenza viruses with all internal genes from genotype s h9n2 viruses.during surveillance for avian influenza viruses, three h5n6 viruses were isolated in chickens obtained from live bird markets in eastern china, between january 2015 and april 2016. sequence analysis revealed a high genomic homology between these poultry isolates and recent human h5n6 variants whose internal genes were derived from genotype s h9n2 avian influenza viruses. glycan binding assays revealed that all avian h5n6 viruses were capable of binding to both human-type saα-2,6gal receptors and ...201829307089
an avian reproduction study historical control database: a tool for data interpretation.avian reproduction studies are a regulatory requirement for pesticides in many regions. the data often require careful interpretation due to the nature of the study design. here we present the historical control dataset for bobwhite quail and mallard duck reproduction studies performed at the evans analytical group llc avian toxicology laboratory over the period 1985-2016. the analysis demonstrates the stability of reproductive parameters over time and good agreement to normal control ranges as ...201829242156
carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of wild-living mallards (anas platyrhynchos l.).the aim of this study was to determine the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of wild-living mallards. the experimental materials comprised 30 mallards (1:1 sex ratio) harvested during the hunting season in northeastern poland. the carcasses were transported to the laboratory where they were weighed individually, plucked, dressed, and dissected. the proximate chemical composition and physicochemical properties of meat and the fatty acid profile of breast muscle lip ...201829211883
factors affecting element concentrations in eggshells of three sympatrically nesting waterbirds in northern poland.avian eggshells are convenient samples in biomonitoring studies, because they are easily accessible, especially from colonially or semicolonially breeding birds. in the present study, concentrations of 17 elements, including heavy metals and essential elements in post-hatch eggshells, were compared among three species of waterbirds of differing strategies for gaining reserves for egg production and diet: mallard, anas platyrhynchos (ml, a capital breeder, mainly herbivorous), common tern, sterna ...201829170796
immunolesion of melanopsin neurons causes gonadal regression in pekin drakes (anas platyrhynchos domesticus).several light sensitive receptors have been described in the avian brain that are thought to regulate the reproductive axis independently from the eyes and pineal gland. recently, our lab has described the presence of three of these photoneuroendocrine systems in the pekin duck: opsin, opsin 5, & melanopsin. we set out to test the hypothesis that melanopsin receptive neurons are necessary to maintain seasonal reproductive status along with growth and development in the pekin drake. to accomplish ...201828782536
avian influenza epidemiology in semi-intensive free ranging duck flocks of the moyingyi wetland in bago east district, myanmar.highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 first entered myanmar in 2006 in the mandalay district. several h5n1 outbreaks followed and the one of bago east district (2007) required post outbreak surveillance in the at-risk domestic duck population of the moyingyi wetland. a field epidemiological study based on a randomised prospective stratified study with five surveys provided the serological evidence that the avian influenza h5 subtype circulates in the domestic duck population and s ...201828956231
the development of lingual glands in the domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos f. domestica): 3d-reconstruction, lm, and sem study.the major salivary glands of birds develop by branching or elongation of the epithelial cords. the development of the minor salivary glands in form of the lingual glands has never been described. among birds, only anatidae have three types of the lingual glands: rostral, caudo-lateral, and caudo-medial lingual glands. the study aims to characterize the manner and rate of the lingual glands development in the domestic duck and their topographical arrangement relative to the hyoid apparatus. the s ...201829139147
genetic and biological characterization of two reassortant h5n2 avian influenza a viruses isolated from waterfowl in china in 2016.two reassortant h5n2 viruses in which hemagglutinin (ha) was clustered into clade 2.3.4.4, were isolated from apparently healthy waterfowl in live poultry markets in eastern china in 2016. we used specific pathogen-free chickens, mallard ducks, and balb/c mice to evaluate the isolates' biological characteristics in different animal models. the newly isolated reassortant h5n2 viruses were able to cause severe disease in chickens and effective contact transmission, only at high doses. our pathogen ...201830269795
detection of non-notifiable h4n6 avian influenza virus in poultry in great britain.a 12-month pilot project for notifiable avian disease (nad) exclusion testing in chicken and turkey flocks in great britain (gb) offered, in partnership with industry, opportunities to carry out differential diagnosis in flocks where nad was not suspected, and to identify undetected or undiagnosed infections. in may 2014, clinical samples received from a broiler breeder chicken premises that had been experiencing health and production problems for approximately one week tested positive by avian ...201830269784
a new tool for studying waterfowl immune and metabolic responses: molecular level analysis using kinome profiling.here, we describe the design of an anas-specific kinome peptide array that can be used to study the immunometabolic responses of mallard and american black duck to pathogens, contaminants, and environmental stress. the peptide arrays contain 2,642 unique phosphorylate-able peptide sequences representing 1,900 proteins. these proteins cover a wide array of metabolic and immunological processes, and 758 gene ontology biological processes are statistically significantly represented on the duck pept ...201830250721
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