Publications

reduced virulence of melanized cryptococcus neoformans in galleria mellonella.	fungal melanins are important in the virulence of many pathogenic fungi. in this study, we examined the role of melanin in the interaction between cryptococcus neoformans and the invertebrate host, galleria mellonella. c. neoformans was able to melanize in the presence of g. mellonella homogenate, indicating the presence of melanin substrates. melanization was confirmed by the recovery of acid-resistant particles that were recognized by anti-melanin antibodies. in addition, we tested the effect ...	2014	24846144
molecular typing of clinical cryptococcus neoformans isolates collected in germany from 2004 to 2010.	cryptococcosis is a fungal infection mostly caused by cryptococcus neoformans. we identified agents of cryptococcosis diagnosed in germany from 2004 to 2010. we used multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) to understand the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcosis. sero- and mating types of individual patient isolates were determined by pcr. mlst was performed using the seven-locus scheme. allele and nucleotide diversity was calculated for each locus of c. neoformans var. grubii and c. neoformans var ...	2014	24838744
very low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin d are not associated with immunologic changes or clinical outcome in south african patients with hiv-associated cryptococcal meningitis.	vitamin d deficiency is associated with impaired immune responses and increased susceptibility to a number of intracellular pathogens in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). it is not known whether such an association exists with cryptococcus neoformans.	2014	24825871
[evaluation of a new medium, eggplant (solanum melongena) agar as a screening medium for cryptococcus neoformans in environmental samples].	cryptococcus neofomans is an encapsulated yeast-like fungus that causes life-threatening infections, especially in immunosuppresive patients. c.neoformans infection is believed to be acquired via inhalation of aerosolized particles from the environment. avian guano, decaying tree hollows and soil are the related known environmental niches. brown pigmented yeast growth from the precursors in growth media is an important step for the identification and isolation of c.neoformans. seeds of plants in ...	2014	24819266
literature-based gene curation and proposed genetic nomenclature for cryptococcus.	cryptococcus, a major cause of disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients, kills over 600,000 people per year worldwide. genes involved in the virulence of the meningitis-causing fungus are being characterized at an increasing rate, and to date, at least 648 cryptococcus gene names have been published. however, these data are scattered throughout the literature and are challenging to find. furthermore, conflicts in locus identification exist, so that named genes have been subsequently ...	2014	24813190
molecular epidemiology of clinical cryptococcus neoformans isolates in seoul, korea.	cryptococcal infection is primarily caused by two species, cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii. between the two species, c. neoformans var. grubii is the major causative agent of cryptococcosis in asia. we investigated the molecular characteristics of 46 isolates of c. neoformans from patients with cryptococcosis between 2008 and 2012 in seoul, korea. all the isolates were determined to be c. neoformans var. grubii (serotype a), mating type matα, and molecular type vni by pcr-restriction fragm ...	2014	24808738
a nudix hydrolase protein, ysa1, regulates oxidative stress response and antifungal drug susceptibility in cryptococcus neoformans.	a nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety x (nudix) hydrolase-like gene, ysa1, has been identified as one of the gromwell plant extract-responsive genes in cryptococcus neoformans. ysa1 is known to control intracellular concentrations of adp-ribose or o-acetyl-adp-ribose, and has diverse biological functions, including the response to oxidative stress in the ascomycete yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae. in this study, we characterized the role of ysa1 in the stress response and adaptation of the basi ...	2014	24808735
phenotypic differences of cryptococcus molecular types and their implications for virulence in a drosophila model of infection.	compared to cryptococcus neoformans, little is known about the virulence of the molecular types in cryptococcus gattii. we compared in vitro virulence factor production and survival data using a drosophila model of infection to further characterize the phenotypic features of different cryptococcal molecular types. forty-nine different isolates were inoculated into wild-type flies and followed for survival. in vitro, isolates were assessed for growth at 30 and 37°c, melanin production, capsule si ...	2014	24799631
synthesis of benzofuro[6,7-d]thiazoles, benzofuro[7,6-d]thiazoles and 6-arylaminobenzo[d]thiazole-4,7-diones as antifungal agent.	benzofuro[6,7-d]thiazoles, benzofuro[7,6-d]thiazoles and 6-arylaminobenzo[d]thiazole-4,7-diones were synthesized and tested for in vitro antifungal activity against candida, aspergillus species and cryptococcus neoformans. among them tested, many of synthesized compounds showed potent antifungal activity. the compounds 4d, 6e and 6h completely inhibited the growth of all candida and aspergillus species tested at the mic level of 6.3 µg/ml. the results suggest that benzofuro[6,7-d]thiazoles and 6 ...	2014	24789966
development and validation of benomyl birdseed agar for the isolation of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii from environmental samples.	one of the difficulties of isolating cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii from environmental samples is the abundant overgrowth of other yeast and mold species that occurs on the plates. here we report the application of benomyl to guizotia abyssinica seed extract growth medium to improve the isolation of c. neoformans and c. gattii from environmental samples. we validated this medium by recovering c. neoformans and c. gattii from convenience soils and swabs from a region of the unite ...	2014	24782104
regiocontrolled palladium-catalyzed and copper-mediated c-h bond functionalization of protected l-histidine.	we describe the controlled and regioselective transition-metal-catalyzed c-h bond arylation of protected l-histidine with aryl halides as the coupling partner. using this approach, a large number of c-2 arylated l-histidines have been synthesized with diverse substitutions bearing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups, in good to excellent yields. these synthetic amino acids possessing dual hydrophobic-hydrophilic character are important synthons of bioactive peptidomimetics, which a ...	2014	24781708
identification of the major molecular types of cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii by hyperbranched rolling circle amplification.	the agents of cryptococcosis c. neoformans and c. gattii are important agents of meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts, respectively. they are grouped into eight major molecular types, vni-vniv for c. neoformans and vgi-vgiv for c. gattii. these major molecular types differ in their host range, epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility and geographic distribution. to enable a rapid identification of the major molecular types and potential hybrids within the two species ...	2014	24736745
pigment production on l-tryptophan medium by cryptococcus gattii and cryptococcus neoformans.	in recent years strains previously grouped within cryptococcus neoformans have been divided into two species c. neoformans and c. gattii, with cryptococcus neoformans comprising serotypes a, d, and ad and c. gattii comprising serotypes b and c. cryptococcus neoformans have also been subdivided into two varieties c. neoformans var. grubii, serotype a, and c. neoformans var. neoformans, serotype d. we analyzed the growth and pigment production characteristics of 139 strains of cryptococcus spp. in ...	2014	24736553
distinct and redundant roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases ptp1 and ptp2 in governing the differentiation and pathogenicity of cryptococcus neoformans.	protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptps) serve as key negative-feedback regulators of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling cascades. however, their roles and regulatory mechanisms in human fungal pathogens remain elusive. in this study, we characterized the functions of two ptps, ptp1 and ptp2, in cryptococcus neoformans, which causes fatal meningoencephalitis. ptp1 and ptp2 were found to be stress-inducible genes, which were controlled by the mapk hog1 and the transcription factor atf1 ...	2014	24728196
'time-to-amphotericin b' in cryptococcal meningitis in a european low-prevalence setting: analysis of diagnostic delays.	cryptococcal meningitis is a rare disease in europe, resulting in delayed recognition and slower initiation of specific treatment.	2014	24722846
multicenter evaluation of the new vitek 2 yeast susceptibility test using new clsi clinical breakpoints for fluconazole.	a fully automated antifungal susceptibility test system recently updated to reflect the new species-specific clinical breakpoints (cbps) of fluconazole for candida (vitek 2 af03 yeast susceptibility test; biomérieux, inc., durham, nc) was compared in three different laboratories with the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) reference broth microdilution (bmd) method by testing 2 quality control strains, 10 reproducibility strains (4 candida species and 6 cryptococcus neoformans str ...	2014	24719450
silver nanoparticle production by the fungus fusarium oxysporum: nanoparticle characterisation and analysis of antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts.	the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is a green chemistry approach that combines nanotechnology and microbial biotechnology. the aim of this study was to obtain silver nanoparticles (snps) using aqueous extract from the filamentous fungus fusarium oxysporum as an alternative to chemical procedures and to evaluate its antifungal activity. snps production increased in a concentration-dependent way up to 1 mm silver nitrate until 30 days of reaction. monodispersed and spherical snps were predom ...	2014	24714966
clinical characteristics and mortality risk factors of cryptococcal infection among hiv-negative patients.	describe the clinical characteristics, treatment, outcomes, complications, and factors associated with mortality of cryptococcosis in hiv-negative patients.	2014	24701727
a rare case of primary supraclavicular lymphadenitis due to cryptococcus neoformans in an hiv infected patient.	cryptococcosis caused by encapsulated yeast cryptococcus neoformans most commonly presents as disease of the central nervous system. cryptococcus is a non-mycelial budding yeast found in soil, pigeon droppings and their nesting places. the three 'classic' virulence factors of cryptococci are: polysaccharide capsule, melanin production and growth at 37°c. here, we present a rare case of cryptococcosis affecting left supraclavicular lymph node in a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected indiv ...	2014	24701506
chronic meningitis in immunocompromised adult ethiopians visiting tikur anbessa teaching hospital and ye'huleshet clinic from 2003-2004.	chronic meningitis is inflammation of the meninges where signs and symptoms develop and last for at least four weeks without alleviation. little is known about the current etiology and incidence of the disease in adults living in developing countries.	2014	24696988
cd4+ t cells: guardians of the phagosome.	cd4(+) t cells are key cells of the adaptive immune system that use t cell antigen receptors to recognize peptides that are generated in endosomes or phagosomes and displayed on the host cell surface bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules. these t cells participate in immune responses that protect hosts from microbes such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, cryptococcus neoformans, leishmania major, and salmonella enterica, which have evolved to live in the phagosomes of macrophages and ...	2014	24696433
antifungal drug susceptibility and phylogenetic diversity among cryptococcus isolates from dogs and cats in north america.	molecular types of the cryptococcus neoformans/cryptococcus gattii species complex that infect dogs and cats differ regionally and with host species. antifungal drug susceptibility can vary with molecular type, but the susceptibility of cryptococcus isolates from dogs and cats is largely unknown. cryptococcus isolates from 15 dogs and 27 cats were typed using ura5 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (rflp), pcr fingerprinting, and multilocus sequence typing (mlst). susceptibility w ...	2014	24696030
microevolution during serial mouse passage demonstrates fre3 as a virulence adaptation gene in cryptococcus neoformans.	passage in mice of opportunistic pathogens such as cryptococcus neoformans is known to increase virulence, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in virulence adaptation. serial mouse passage of nine environmental strains of serotype a c. neoformans identified two highly adapted virulent strains that showed a 4-fold reduction in time to death after four passages. transcriptome sequencing expression studies demonstrated increased expression of a fre3-encoded iron reductase in ...	2014	24692633
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium active dimeric isobutyrylphloroglucinol from ivesia gordonii.	bioassay-guided fractionation of the chloroform soluble fraction of stem, leaf, and flower extracts of the american plant ivesia gordonii led to the isolation of a new dimeric acylphloroglucinol, 3,3'-diisobutyryl-2,6'-dimethoxy-4,6,2',4'-tetrahydroxy-5,5'dimethyldiphenyl methane (1), to which we have assigned the trivial name ofivesinol (1), together with a known monomeric acylphloroglucinol, 1,5-dihydroxy-2-(2'-methylpropionyl)-3-methoxy-6-methylbenzene (2). the structures of the isolated comp ...	2014	24689296
type-i interferon secretion in the acute phase promotes cryptococcus neoformans infection-induced th17 cell polarization in vitro.	cryptococcosis is a potentially fatal fungal disease commonly identified in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. cryptococcus infection induces strong pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, i.e. type-i interferon (ifn-i) via the toll-like receptor signaling pathway. however, innate immune responses are insufficient in host defense against fungi infection and the clearance of cryptococcus is dependent on the t helper (th)17 cell-mediated mucosal immune response. in this study, ifn-i wa ...	2014	24660033
noncanonical gβ gib2 is a scaffolding protein promoting camp signaling through functions of ras1 and cac1 proteins in cryptococcus neoformans.	gβ-like/rack1 functions as a key mediator of various pathways and contributes to numerous cellular functions in eukaryotic organisms. in the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans, noncanonical gβ gib2 promotes camp signaling in cells lacking normal gpa1 function while displaying versatility in interactions with gα gpa1, protein kinase pkc1, and endocytic intersectin cin1. to elucidate the gib2 functional mechanism(s), we demonstrate that gib2 is required for normal growth and virulence. we s ...	2014	24659785
biochemical and kinetic characterization of xylulose 5-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase 2 (xfp2) from cryptococcus neoformans.	xylulose 5-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase (xfp), previously thought to be present only in bacteria but recently found in fungi, catalyzes the formation of acetyl phosphate from xylulose 5-phosphate or fructose 6-phosphate. here, we describe the first biochemical and kinetic characterization of a eukaryotic xfp, from the opportunistic fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans, which has two xfp genes (designated xfp1 and xfp2). our kinetic characterization of c. neoformans xfp2 indi ...	2014	24659577
multilocus sequence typing of serially collected isolates of cryptococcus from hiv-infected patients in south africa.	patients with cryptococcal meningitis in sub-saharan africa frequently relapse following treatment. the natural history and etiology of these recurrent episodes warrant investigation. here, we used multilocus sequence typing (mlst) to compare the molecular genotypes of strains of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolated from serial episodes of cryptococcal meningitis that were separated by at least 110 days. the most common mlst genotypes among the isolates were the dominant glob ...	2014	24648562
anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies are a risk factor for central nervous system infection by cryptococcus gattii in otherwise immunocompetent patients.	cryptococcosis is caused by either cryptococcus neoformans or c. gattii. while cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is caused mostly by c. neoformans in immunocompromised patients, the risk factors remain unclear for patients with no known immune defect. recently, anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) autoantibodies were detected in the plasma of seven "immunocompetent" cryptococcosis patients, and the cryptococcal strains from these patients were reported as c. neoformans ( ...	2014	24643864
heterologous expression of a gene of magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 strain a disrupts growth of the human pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans.	magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 strain a (mocv1-a) is the causal agent of growth repression and attenuated virulence (hypovirulence) of the rice blast fungus, m. oryzae. we have previously reported that heterologous expression of mocv1-a orf4 in saccharomyces cerevisiae results in growth defects, a large central vacuole and other cytological changes. in this study, the effects of open reading frame (orf) 4 expression in cryptococcus neoformans, a human pathogenic fungus responsible for severe o ...	2014	24641700
invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients.	we sought to assess the incidence of invasive fungal infections and identify the risk factors and outcome of invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipient.	2014	24635806
cryptococcal rib osteomyelitis as primary and only symptom of idiopathic cd4 penia.	a 59-year old man with idiopathic cd4 lymphopenia presented with extensive disseminated cryptococcus neoformans infection including a large rib cryptoccocoma, vertebral spondylitis and pleural empyema. complete resection of the affected part of the rib was necessary after failure of initial antifungal treatment. the vertebral spondylitis has been successfully managed at 3 years of follow-up by continuous itraconazole treatment and regular mri combined with leucocyte scintigraphy assessment.	2014	24624326
synthesis of benzyl protected β-d-glca-(1→2)-α-d-man thioglycoside building blocks for construction of cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide structures.	in a project targeting the synthesis of large oligosaccharide structures corresponding to the cryptococcus neoformans gxm capsular polysaccharide, an easy access to thiodisaccharide building blocks comprising a β-linked glucuronic acid moiety and a 6-o-acetyl group was required. several pathways to such building blocks have been investigated, addressing the problem of constructing a β-linked glucuronic acid residue protected with groups that are orthogonal to a primary acetyl group. two efficien ...	2014	24612865
cryptococcus gattii vgii in a plathymenia reticulata hollow in cuiabá, mato grosso, brazil.	little is known about the ecology of agents of cryptococcosis in mato grosso, without any data regarding to the sources of both agents in the environment. this study aimed to investigate cryptococcus gattii and cryptococcus neoformans associated with decay in tree hollows within the urban area of three different cities of mato grosso. seventy-two environmental samples collected from 72 living trees in the cities of cuiabá, várzea grande and chapada dos guimarães were sampled and analysed. one tr ...	2014	24612138
primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent patient due to cryptococcus gattii molecular type vgi in brazil: a case report and review of literature.	primary cutaneous cryptococcosis is an uncommon infection caused by the yeast cryptococcus neoformans and c. gattii. few case reports are available in the literature describing in detail primary cutaneous cryptococcosis due to c. gattii in immunocompetent patients. herein, we present a case of a 68-year-old immunocompetent male patient with erythematous nodular lesions on the right forearm due to c. gattii mating-type α and molecular type vgi. the virulence factors test was performed for capsule ...	2014	24612099
the effects of the f-actin inhibitor latrunculin a on the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans.	this basic research aimed to investigate the effects of the actin inhibitor latrunculin a (la) on the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans, by freeze-substitution (fs) and electron microscopy (em), to determine whether the actin cytoskeleton can become a new antifungal target for inhibition of cell division.	2014	25823986
an enabling act.	infection with human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) can be associated with hematologic malignancy, inflammatory syndromes, or infectious complications. herein, we bring attention to htlv-1 infection complications as we discuss a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in a patient with htlv-1-associated t cell lymphoma.	2014	25734082
effects of microtubule and actin inhibitors on cryptococcus neoformans examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.	cryptococcus neoformans is one of the most important human fungal pathogens. its cells contain rich microtubules required for nuclear division and rich f-actin cytoskeletons for cell division. disruption of microtubules by a microtubule inhibitor should block nuclear division, and disruption of f-actin by an actin inhibitor should block cell division. we investigated the effects of microtubule and actin inhibitors to find out whether the cytoskeletons of c. neoformans can become a new anti-funga ...	2014	25720843
use of terbinafine in the treatment protocol of intestinal cryptococcus neoformans in a dog.	a 2.5 yr old sexually intact male vizsla was admitted to the iowa state university veterinary teaching hospital for persistent diarrhea, weight loss, and panhypoproteinemia. examination revealed an emaciated condition and melena. two masses were palpated in the cranial abdomen. hematology and serum biochemistry exhibited a regenerative anemia and confirmed the presence of panhypoproteinemia, suggestive of a protein-losing eneteropathy. distinct areas of thickened intestinal wall and enlarged mes ...	2014	22474053
[clinical problems in medical mycology: problem number 46].	a 49 year old-man, without known previous diseases, who suffered an acute lung infection, is presented. he was a smoker and belonged to a high socioeconomic class. he suddenly presented high fever, dry cough and legs' pain. thorax x-ray and ct scan showed two excavated pneumonic infiltrates in the lower part of the right lung. he was treated with antibacterial antibiotics without clinical response. a transparietal fine needle lung biopsy was performed and the histopathology and cytological studi ...	2014	23462234
the impact of proteomics on the understanding of functions and biogenesis of fungal extracellular vesicles.	several microbial molecules are released to the extracellular space in vesicle-like structures. in pathogenic fungi, these molecules include pigments, polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins, which traverse the cell wall in vesicles that accumulate in the extracellular space. the diverse composition of fungal extracellular vesicles (ev) is indicative of multiple mechanisms of cellular biogenesis, a hypothesis that was supported by ev proteomic studies in a set of saccharomyces cerevisiae strains w ...	2014	23583696
global transcriptome analysis of eukaryotic genes affected by gromwell extract.	gromwell is known to have diverse pharmacological, cosmetic and nutritional benefits for humans. nevertheless, the biological influence of gromwell extract (ge) on the general physiology of eukaryotic cells remains unknown. in this study a global transcriptome analysis was performed to identify genes affected by the addition of ge with cryptococcus neoformans as the model system.	2014	23765595
[allobio-ergic effects of cortisone on experimental debaryomyces neoformans infection].		2014	13315396
necrotizing fasciitis as the initial presentation of disseminated infection with fluconazole-resistant cryptococcus neoformans.	cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated budding yeast that is a common cause of opportunistic infections, rarely giving rise to cellulitis, vasculitis or fasciitis. necrotizing fasciitis caused by c. neoformans is a rare but serious problem in post-transplant immunosuppression.	2014	28663814
simple and rapid method for the detection of filobasidiella neoformans in a probiotic dairy product by using loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	yeast contamination is a serious problem in the food industry and a major cause of food spoilage. several yeasts, such as filobasidiella neoformans, which cause cryptococcosis in humans, are also opportunistic pathogens, so a simple and rapid method for monitoring yeast contamination in food is essential. here, we developed a simple and rapid method that utilizes loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for the detection of f. neoformans. a set of five specific lamp primers was designed tha ...	2014	24685682
novel and unique domains in aminoacyl-trna synthetases from human fungal pathogens aspergillus niger, candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans.	some species of fungi can cause serious human diseases, particularly to immuno-compromised individuals. opportunistic fungal infections are a leading cause of mortality, and present an emerging challenge that requires development of new and effective therapeutics. aminoacyl-trna synthetases (aarss) are indispensable components of cellular protein translation machinery and can be targeted for discovery of novel anti-fungal agents.	2014	25479903
phyllanthus wightianus müll. arg.: a potential source for natural antimicrobial agents.	phyllanthus wightianus belongs to euphorbiaceae family having ethnobotanical importance. the present study deals with validating the antimicrobial potential of solvent leaf extracts of p. wightianus. 11 human bacterial pathogens (bacillus subtilis, streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus epidermidis, proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, proteus vulgaris, and serratia marcescens) and 4 fungal pathogens (cand ...	2014	24883301
some strychnos spinosa (loganiaceae) leaf extracts and fractions have good antimicrobial activities and low cytotoxicities.	strychnos spinosa lam. is a deciduous tree used in traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. this study is designed to determine the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and fractions from leaves of s. spinosa.	2014	25428165
fungal pathogens: survival and replication within macrophages.	the innate immune system is a critical line of defense against pathogenic fungi. macrophages act at an early stage of infection, detecting and phagocytizing infectious propagules. to avoid killing at this stage, fungal pathogens use diverse strategies ranging from evasion of uptake to intracellular parasitism. this article will discuss five of the most important human fungal pathogens (candida albicans, aspergillus fumigatus, cryptococcus neoformans, coccidiodes immitis, and histoplasma capsulat ...	2014	25384769
antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities from jatropha dioica roots.	the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of organic extracts obtained from roots of the medicinal plant jatropha dioica (euphorbiaceae) were investigated. in order to evaluate their antimicrobial activity, the organic extracts were tested against clinical isolates of the human pathogens bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, staphylococcus aureus, enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter cloacae, salmonella typhimurium, cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans, candida parapsilosis ...	2014	26031013
three bioactive cyclic dipeptides from the bacillus sp. n strain associated with entomopathogenic nematode.	in continuation of our search for new bioactive secondary metabolites from bacillus cereus associated with entomopathogenic nematode (epn), three cyclic dipeptides (cdps), cyclo(l-leu-d-arg) (1), cyclo(2-hydroxy-pro-l-leu) (2), and cyclo(l-val-l-pro) (3) were purified from the ethyl acetate extract of b. cereus. the chemical structure of the compounds was identified by 1d, 2d nmr and hr-esi-ms. cyclo(l-leu-d-arg) recorded best antifungal activity and the highest activity was recorded against cry ...	2014	24291459
a matter of structure: structural comparison of fungal carbonic anhydrases.	carbonic anhydrases (cas) are metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide (co2) and hydrogen carbonate. cas are distributed over all the three domains of life and are divided into five distinct evolutionarily unrelated gene families (α, β, γ, δ, ζ). in the large fungal kingdom, the majority of fungi encode multiple copies of β-cas, with some also possessing genes for α-class cas. hemiascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts encode one or two β-cas, while most of the filamen ...	2014	25109265
intracerebral coinfection with burkholderia pseudomallei and cryptococcus neoformans in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.	infections are a serious complication in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), and are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. sle patients are particularly susceptible to infection due to immune suppression from underlying disease or treatment. most infections are due to common bacterial organisms. clinicians also need to be aware of the possibility of polymicrobial infections as these may cause diagnostic delay and affect outcomes. we report the case of an intra-cerebral coi ...	2014	24968675
anti-candida and anti-cryptococcus antifungal produced by marine microorganisms.	in order to search for antifungal from biological origin, we performed a screening of marine microorganisms isolated from seawater, seaweed, sediment and marine invertebrates collected from different coastal areas of the moroccan atlantic ocean. the antifungal activities of these isolates were investigated against the pathogenic yeasts involved in medical mycology. whole cultures of 34 marine microorganisms were screened for antifungal activities using the method of agar diffusion against four y ...	2014	25442916
functional profiling of human fungal pathogen genomes.	fungal infections are challenging to diagnose and often difficult to treat, with only a handful of drug classes existing. understanding the molecular mechanisms by which pathogenic fungi cause human disease is imperative. here, we discuss how the development and use of genome-scale genetic resources, such as whole-genome knockout collections, can address this unmet need. using work in saccharomcyes cerevisiae as a guide, studies of cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans have shown how the ...	2014	25377143
comparative genomics of pneumocystis species suggests the absence of genes for myo-inositol synthesis and reliance on inositol transport and metabolism.	in the context of deciphering the metabolic strategies of the obligate pathogenic fungi in the genus pneumocystis, the genomes of three species (p. carinii, p. murina, and p. jirovecii) were compared among themselves and with the free-living, phylogenetically related fission yeast (schizosaccharomyces pombe). the underrepresentation of amino acid metabolism pathways compared to those in s. pombe, as well as the incomplete steroid biosynthesis pathway, were confirmed for p. carinii and p. jirovec ...	2014	25370490
host cell invasion by medically important fungi.	to infect the host and cause disease, many medically important fungi invade normally nonphagocytic host cells, such as endothelial cells and epithelial cells. host cell invasion is a two-step process consisting of adherence followed by invasion. there are two general mechanisms of host cell invasion, induced endocytosis and active penetration. furthermore, fungi can traverse epithelial or endothelial cell barriers either by proteolytic degradation of intercellular tight junctions or via a trojan ...	2014	25367974
which tree orders in southern africa have the highest antimicrobial activity and selectivity against bacterial and fungal pathogens of animals?	the study randomly screened leaf extracts of several hundred southern african tree species against important microbial pathogens to determine which taxa have the highest activity and may yield useful products to treat infections in the animal health market.	2014	25164197
the production of reactive oxygen species is a universal action mechanism of amphotericin b against pathogenic yeasts and contributes to the fungicidal effect of this drug.	amphotericin b (amb) is an antifungal drug that binds to ergosterol and forms pores at the cell membrane, causing the loss of ions. in addition, amb induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros), and although these molecules have multiple deleterious effects on fungal cells, their specific role in the action mechanism of amb remains unknown. in this work, we studied the role of ros in the action mechanism of amb. we determined the intracellular induction of ros in 44 isolates of diff ...	2014	25155595
supercritical co₂ extraction of volatile oils from sardinian foeniculum vulgare ssp. vulgare (apiaceae): chemical composition and biological activity.	this article reports the results on the composition and antifungal effect of volatile extracts obtained from the aerial parts of sardinian wild fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.), by supercritical fluid extraction (sfe) and by hydrodistillation (hd). the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for qualitative composition and gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector to establish the percentage of constituents. the main components were fenchone (7.1% vs. 8.8%), estragole ...	2014	25115687
rapid mechanisms for generating genome diversity: whole ploidy shifts, aneuploidy, and loss of heterozygosity.	human fungal pathogens can exist in a variety of ploidy states, including euploid and aneuploid forms. ploidy change has a major impact on phenotypic properties, including the regulation of interactions with the human host. in addition, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant isolates is often associated with the formation of specific supernumerary chromosomes. pathogens such as candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans appear particularly well adapted for propagation in multiple ploidy states ...	2014	25081629
synergistic antifungal effect of glabridin and fluconazole.	the incidence of invasive fungal infections is increasing in recent years. the present study mainly investigated glabridin (gla) alone and especially in combination with fluconazole (flc) against cryptococcus neoformans and candida species (candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida parapsilosis and candida glabratas) by different methods. the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) and the minimal fungicidal concentration (mfc) indicated that gla possessed a broad-spectrum ant ...	2014	25058485
chemical composition and antifungal activity of supercritical extract and essential oil of tanacetum vulgare growing wild in lithuania.	this article reports the results concerning the qualitative and quantitative composition of the volatile oil obtained from the aerial parts of tanacetum vulgare, collected in lithuania, by supercritical fluid extraction (sfe) with co2 at 90 bar and 40 °c and by hydrodistillation (hd). gc-ms and gc-fid analysis revealed that the oils mainly consisted of 1,8-cineole, trans-thujone, cis-chrysanthenol, borneol and myrtenol. oils obtained by hd displayed, with respect to the sfe volatile oil, a highe ...	2014	25055158
antifungal terpenoids from hyalis argentea var. latisquama.	a detailed chemical study of the aerial parts and rhizomes of hyalis argentea var. latisquama yielded a variety of sesqui- and diterpenes. in total, 26 compounds were isolated and identified, of which four are new, namely, two ent-kaurenes (1 and 2), a diterpene lactone (3), and a lindenanolide (4). the previously reported compounds included a series of lindenanolides, guaianolides, elemanolides, and additional diterpenes. the antifungal activity of the isolated compounds was tested against cryp ...	2014	25026191
synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity correlation study of a series of imidazol-based compounds as candida albicans inhibitors.	a new series of 2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylethanol derivatives was synthesized. the antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro against different fungal species. the biological results show that the most active compounds possess an antifungal activity comparable or higher than fluconazole against candida albicans, non-albicans candida species, cryptococcus neoformans and dermathophytes. because of their racemic nature, the most active compounds 5f and 6c were tested as pure enantiomers. for 6c ...	2014	25010937
[establishment and evaluation of a double antibody sandwich elisa to detect csa2 protein of candida albicans].	to establish a double antibody sandwich elisa for detecting csa2 protein in candida albicans infection and evaluate its specificity and sensitivity.	2014	25001939
design, synthesis and antifungal activity of novel triazole derivatives containing substituted 1,2,3-triazole-piperdine side chains.	due to increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections and severe drug resistance to triazole antifungal agents, a series of novel antifungal triazoles with substituted triazole-piperidine side chains were designed and synthesized. most of the target compounds showed good inhibitory activity against a variety of clinically important fungal pathogens. in particular, compounds 8t and 8v were highly active against candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans with mic values in the range of 0.125 ...	2014	24934573
concurrent subcutaneous candidal abscesses and pulmonary cryptococcosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus and a history of corticosteroid therapy.	a 50-year-old man with a history of long-term corticosteroid treatment following adrenalectomy for cushing's syndrome and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus was admitted for an examination of an abnormal thoracic shadow. cryptococcal serum antigens were positive, and the histopathology of a lung biopsy showed encapsulated yeast resembling cryptococcus neoformans. on admission, the serum β-d-glucan level was approximately twice the cutoff value, several nodules were observed on both legs and magnetic ...	2014	24930663
efficient synthesis of novel 3-aryl-5-(4-chloro-2-morpholinothiazol-5-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazoles and their antifungal activity alone and in combination with commercial antifungal agents.	the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds 5a-f were prepared by reaction between 2-chloro-4-morpholinothiazol-5-carbaldehyde 3 and substituted acetophenones 4a-f. treatment of compounds 5a-f with hydrazine hydrate employing mild reaction conditions led to the formation of 4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazoles 6a-f. then the treatment with acetic anhydride or formic acid afforded the expected 4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazoles 7a-f and 8a-f. the antifungal activity of each series of synthesized compounds was determined ag ...	2014	24895219
unisexual reproduction.	sexual reproduction is ubiquitous throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, but the capacity of pathogenic fungi to undergo sexual reproduction has been a matter of intense debate. pathogenic fungi maintained a complement of conserved meiotic genes but the populations appeared to be clonally derived. this debate was resolved first with the discovery of an extant sexual cycle and then unisexual reproduction. unisexual reproduction is a distinct form of homothallism that dispenses with the requirement fo ...	2014	24880737
cold-active antibacterial and antifungal activities and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from an alpine hydrocarbon-contaminated industrial site.	selection pressure in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils may lead not only to increased microbial resistance to antibiotics, but also to increased capacity of the soil indigenous population to produce antimicrobial compounds. therefore, we studied the antibiotic resistance pattern and antibacterial and/or antifungal activities of 47 bacterial strains isolated from an industrial alpine site heavily polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons. resistance to penicillin was more widespread (49%) than resistanc ...	2014	24880083
multi-probe real-time pcr identification of four common candida species in blood culture broth.	we developed a single-tube real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay with multiple hybridization probes for detecting candida albicans, c. tropicalis, c. glabrata, and c. parapsilosis. primers were designed to amplify 18s rrna gene of the genus candida, and dna probes were designed to hybridize two areas of the amplicons. the amplification curves and specific melting peaks of the probes hybridized with pcr product were used for definite species identifications. the reaction specificity was ...	2014	24740169
antifungal chitinase against human pathogenic yeasts from coprinellus congregatus.	the inky cap, coprinellus congregatus, produces mushrooms which become autolyzed rapidly to generate black liquid droplets, in which no cell wall is detected by microscopy. a chitinase (chi2) which is synthesized during the autolytic phase of c. congregatus inhibits the growths of candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans up to 10% at the concentration of 10 μg/ml, about 50% at concentration of 20 μg/ml, and up to 95% at the concentration of 70 μg/ml. upon treatment these yeast cells are obse ...	2014	24535739
differentiation of the emerging human pathogens trichosporon asahii and trichosporon asteroides from other pathogenic yeasts and moulds by using species-specific monoclonal antibodies.	the fungal genus trichosporon contains emerging opportunistic pathogens of humans, and is the third most commonly isolated non-candidal yeast from humans. trichosporon asahii and t. asteroides are the most important species causing disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients, while inhalation of t. asahii spores is the most important cause of summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis in healthy individuals. trichosporonosis is misdiagnosed as candidiasis or cryptococcosis due to a lack of ...	2014	24392156
unisexual reproduction drives meiotic recombination and phenotypic and karyotypic plasticity in cryptococcus neoformans.	in fungi, unisexual reproduction, where sexual development is initiated without the presence of two compatible mating type alleles, has been observed in several species that can also undergo traditional bisexual reproduction, including the important human fungal pathogens cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans. while unisexual reproduction has been well characterized qualitatively, detailed quantifications are still lacking for aspects of this process, such as the frequency of recombinatio ...	2014	25503976
epidemiology and identification of potential fungal pathogens causing invasive fungal infections in a tertiary care hospital in northeast thailand.	invasive fungal infections (ifis) are life threatening and associated with a high mortality rate. here, we describe the distribution of pathogens, host risk factors, and significance of fungi isolated from patients with ifis. the study included 861 fungal isolates recovered between 2006 and 2011 from 802 patients at srinagarind hospital, thailand. based on the european organization for research and treatment of cancer/invasive fungal infections cooperative group and the national institute of all ...	2014	25231771
activity of echinocandins and triazoles against a contemporary (2012) worldwide collection of yeast and moulds collected from invasive infections.	in this study, 1717 fungal clinical isolates causing invasive fungal infections were evaluated against nine antifungal agents using clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) reference broth microdilution methods. the isolates comprised 1487 candida spp., 109 aspergillus spp., 86 non-candida yeasts (including 52 isolates of cryptococcus neoformans) and 35 rare moulds obtained during 2012 from 72 hospitals worldwide. echinocandin resistance among candida spp. was low, and resistance rates ...	2014	25129315
solid organ transplant donors with central nervous system infection.	while donor-derived infections (ddi) remain uncommon, multiple reports describe ddi with pathogens that cause central nervous system (cns) infection resulting in significant recipient disease. the ad hoc disease transmission advisory committee (dtac) reviewed the records of potential donor-derived disease transmission events (pddte) to describe donor characteristics and outcomes associated with ddi from cns pathogens.	2014	24914569
environmental isolation, biochemical identification, and antifungal drug susceptibility of cryptococcus species.	the incidence of opportunistic fungal infections has increased in recent years and is considered an important public health problem. among systemic and opportunistic mycoses, cryptococcosis is distinguished by its clinical importance due to the increased risk of infection in individuals infected by human immunodeficiency virus.	2014	24474019
chemical composition profiling and antifungal activity of the essential oil and plant extracts of mesembryanthemum edule (l.) bolus leaves.	essential oil from mesembryanthemum edule leaves have been used by the eastern cape traditional healers for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis, dysentery, diabetic mellitus, laryngitis and vaginal infections. the investigation of bioactive compounds in the essential oil of this plant could help to verify the efficacy of the plant in the management or treatment of these illnesses.	2014	25392576
the antibiotic and membrane-damaging activities of cellobiose lipids and sophorose lipids.	antibiotic activity was compared for cryptococcus humicola cellobiose lipids, the mixture of 2,3,4-о-triacetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-(6-о-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→16)-2,16-dihydroxyhexodecanoic acid and 2,3,4-о-triacetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-(6-о-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→16)-2,17,18-trihydroxyoctotodecanoic acid, and the commercial sophorose lipid mixture of a mono-acetylated acidic sophorose lipid and a di-acetylated acidic sophorose lipid, both containing the c18:1 fatty acid re ...	2014	24976613
longer incubation times for yeast fungemia: importance for presumptive treatment.	isolation rates of candida glabrata at ≤2 days were 8.9% and 34.8% at >2 days; for cryptococcus neoformans, they were 0.9% and 8.6%, respectively (1741 fungemia analyzed). an incubation time >2 days supports candins as presumptive treatment for c. glabrata, keeping in mind the risk of cryptococcus fungemia.	2014	25085022
cryptococcal meningitis in a goat--a case report.	cryptococcus spp. are saprophytic and opportunistic fungal pathogens that are known to cause severe disease in immunocompromised animals. in goats there are reports of clinical cryptococcal pneumonia and mastitis but not of meningitis.	2014	24708822
systemic fungal infections in patients with human inmunodeficiency virus.	histoplasmosis is a systemic infection caused by the dimorphic fungus histoplasma capsulatum. in immunocompromised patients, primary pulmonary infection can spread to the skin and meninges. clinical manifestations appear in patients with a cd4(+) lymphocyte count of less than 150 cells/μl. coccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by coccidioides immitis and coccidioides posadasii. it can present as diffuse pulmonary disease or as a disseminated form primarily affecting the central nervous ...	2014	23107866
bacterial etiologies of five core syndromes: laboratory-based syndromic surveillance conducted in guangxi, china.	under the existing national surveillance system in china for selected infectious diseases, bacterial cultures are performed for only a small percentage of reported cases. we set up a laboratory-based syndromic surveillance system to elucidate bacterial etiologic spectrum and detect infection by rare etiologies (or serogroups) for five core syndromes in the given study area.	2014	25360596
defects in phosphate acquisition and storage influence virulence of cryptococcus neoformans.	nutrient acquisition and sensing are critical aspects of microbial pathogenesis. previous transcriptional profiling indicated that the fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans, which causes meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals, encounters phosphate limitation during proliferation in phagocytic cells. we therefore tested the hypothesis that phosphate acquisition and polyphosphate metabolism are important for cryptococcal virulence. deletion of the high-affinity uptake system interf ...	2014	24711572
a multi-host approach for the systematic analysis of virulence factors in cryptococcus neoformans.	a multi-host approach was followed to screen a library of 1201 signature-tagged deletion strains of cryptococcus neoformans mutants to identify previously unknown virulence factors. the primary screen was performed using a caenorhabditis elegans-c. neoformans infection assay. the hits among these strains were reconfirmed as less virulent than the wild type in the insect galleria mellonella-c. neoformans infection assay. after this 2-stage screen, and to prioritize hits, we performed serial evalu ...	2014	25114160
mitochondrial protein nfu1 influences homeostasis of essential metals in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.	mitochondrial protein nfu1 plays an important role in the assembly of mitochondrial fe-s clusters and intracellular iron homeostasis in the model yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. in this study, we identified the nfu1 ortholog in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans. our data showed that c. neoformans nfu1 localized in the mitochondria and influenced homeostasis of essential metals such as iron, copper and manganese. marked growth defects were observed in the mutant lacking nfu1, whic ...	2014	25606020
a role for lhc1 in higher order structure and complement binding of the cryptococcus neoformans capsule.	polysaccharide capsules are important virulence factors for many microbial pathogens including the opportunistic fungus cryptococcus neoformans. in the present study, we demonstrate an unusual role for a secreted lactonohydrolase of c. neoformans, lhc1 in capsular higher order structure. analysis of extracted capsular polysaccharide from wild-type and lhc1δ strains by dynamic and static light scattering suggested a role for the lhc1 locus in altering the capsular polysaccharide, both reducing di ...	2014	24789368
reverse transcriptase and intron number evolution.	introns are universal in eukaryotic genomes and play important roles in transcriptional regulation, mrna export to the cytoplasm, nonsense-mediated decay as both a regulatory and a splicing quality control mechanism, r-loop avoidance, alternative splicing, chromatin structure, and evolution by exon-shuffling.	2014	27358863
dysbiosis of gut fungal microbiota is associated with mucosal inflammation in crohn's disease.	we aim to characterize the fungal microbiota in the intestinal mucosa and feces in patients with crohn's disease (cd).	2014	24275714
antimicrobial applications of transition metal complexes of benzothiazole based terpolymer: synthesis, characterization, and effect on bacterial and fungal strains.	terpolymer of 2-amino-6-nitro-benzothiazole-ethylenediamine-formaldehyde (bef) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and various spectral techniques like ftir, uv-visible, and (1)h and (13)c-nmr. the terpolymer metal complexes were prepared with cu(2+), ni(2+), and zn(2+) metal ions using bef terpolymer as a ligand. the complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and ir, uv-visible, esr, (1)h-nmr, and (13)c-nmr spectral studies. gel permeation chromatography wa ...	2014	25298760
design, synthesis and evaluation of novel quinazoline-2,4-dione derivatives as chitin synthase inhibitors and antifungal agents.	a series of novel 1-methyl-3-substituted quinazoline-2,4-dione derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr and ms spectral data. their inhibition against chitin synthase (chs) and antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro. results showed compounds 5b, 5c, 5e, 5f, 5j, 5k, 5l, and 5o had strong inhibitory potency against chs. compound 5c, which has the highest potency among these compounds, had a half-inhibition concentration (ic50) of 0.08mmol/l, while pol ...	2014	24856180
a novel antifungal protein with lysozyme-like activity from seeds of clitoria ternatea.	an antifungal protein with a molecular mass of 14.3 kda was isolated from the seeds of butterfly pea (clitoria ternatea) and designated as ct protein. the antifungal protein was purified using different methods including ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose and gel filtration on sephadex g-50 column. ct protein formed a single colourless rod-shaped crystal by hanging drop method after 7 days of sample loading. the protein showed lytic activity against mi ...	2014	24691882
cyclic dipeptides from rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode-associated bacillus cereus have antimicrobial activities.	the cell free culture filtrate of bacillus cereus associated with an entomopathogenic nematode, rhabditis (oscheius) sp. exhibited strong antimicrobial activity. the ethyl acetate extract of the bacterial culture filtrate was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain four bioactive compounds. the structure and absolute stereochemistry of these compounds were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (fabms, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, (1)h-(1)h cosy, (1)h-(13)c hmbc) and marfey' ...	2014	23979826
the role of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in cryptococcus neoformans high temperature growth and virulence.	fungal infections are often difficult to treat due to the inherent similarities between fungal and animal cells and the resulting host toxicity from many antifungal compounds. cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans that causes life-threatening disease, primarily in immunocompromised patients. since antifungal therapy for this microorganism is limited, many investigators have explored novel drug targets aim at virulence factors, such as the ability to grow at mammal ...	2014	25011011
functional characterization of pmt2, encoding a protein-o-mannosyltransferase, in the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.	diazobenzoic acid b (dbb), also known as diazonium blue b or fast blue b, can be used to distinguish basidiomycetous yeasts from ascomycetes. this chemical has long been used for the taxonomic study of yeast species at the phylum level, but the mechanism underlying the dbb staining remains unknown. to identify molecular targets of dbb staining, we isolated agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated insertional mutants of cryptococcus neoformans, a basidiomycetous pathogenic yeast, which were negative to ...	2014	24892554
stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins mediate selective broad-spectrum photoinactivation of drug-resistant pathogens at nanomolar concentrations.	three stable synthetic mono-substituted cationic bacteriochlorins (bc37, bc38 and bc39) were recently reported to show exceptional activity (low nanomolar) in mediating photodynamic killing of human cancer cells after a 24h incubation upon excitation with near-infrared light (730 nm). the presence of cationic quaternary ammonium groups in each compound suggested likely activity as antimicrobial photosensitizers. herein this hypothesis was tested against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms that ...	2014	25463659
antimicrobial activity, toxicity and selectivity index of two biflavonoids and a flavone isolated from podocarpus henkelii (podocarpaceae) leaves.	different parts of podocarpus henkelii have been used in many cultures around the world to treat ailments such as cholera, stomach diseases, rheumatism, cancer, canine distemper in dogs and gall sickness in cattle. the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activity and toxicity of isolated compounds from podocarpus henkelii after an earlier study indicated a promising activity in crude extracts against viral pathogens of veterinary importance.	2014	25293523
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamidrazones.	a mild and simple method was developed to prepare a series of fifteen 5-aminoimidazole 4-carboxamidrazones, starting from the easily accessible 5-amino-4-cyanoformimidoyl imidazoles. the antimicrobial activity of these novel amidrazones was screened against gram positive (staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and candida sp. (candida albicans, candida krusei, candida parapsilosis). only a subset of compounds displayed fair-moderate activity ...	2014	25193230