Publications

immunization of broiler chickens against clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis using purified recombinant immunogenic proteins.	this study identified and assessed secreted proteins of clostridium perfringens additional to those previously described for their ability to protect broiler chickens against necrotic enteritis (ne). secreted proteins of virulent and avirulent c. perfringens were electrophoretically separated and reacted with serum of chickens immune to ne. three immunoreactive protein bands unique to the virulent c. perfringens were identified by mass spectrometry as the toxin c. perfringens large cytotoxin (tp ...	2009	19848081
evaluation of pcr and dna sequencing for direct detection of clostridium perfringens in the intestinal tract of broilers.	the aim of this investigation was to determine the presence of the opportunistic pathogen clostridium perfringens by pcr and dna sequencing, without previous cultivation. this methodology was then used to investigate how c. perfringens was affected by different preventive measures, such as ionophores and feed additives, for necrotic enteritis in broilers chickens. dna was extracted from the intestinal content or intestinal tissue by dna extraction kits. detection limits for 16s rrna, alpha-toxin ...	2009	19848086
comparison of the metabolic activities of four wild-type clostridium perfringens strains with their gatifloxacin-selected resistant mutants.	the production of short-chain fatty acids, reductive enzymes, and hydrolytic enzymes by four gatifloxacin-selected, fluoroquinolone-resistant, mutant strains of c. perfringens, with stable mutations either in dna gyrase or in both dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv, was compared with that produced by the wild-type parent strains to investigate the effect of mutations associated with the selection of gatifloxacin resistance on bacterial metabolic activities. the mutants differed from their respectiv ...	2009	19855959
[antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium perfringens].	a 40-year-old man undergoing allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia and developing diarrhea was administered prophylactic antibiotics including levofloxacin, fluconazole, cotrimoxazole, and vancomycin. stool specimens were positive for toxin a in enzyme immunoassay but negative for toxin b in cell culture assay with a neutralization test, indicating that toxin a detection was false-positive. stool culture yielded enterotoxin producing clostridium perfringen ...	2009	19860258
detection of beta2 and major toxin genes by pcr in clostridium perfringens field isolates of domestic animals suffering from enteritis or enterotoxaemia.	the production of clostridium (c.) perfringens toxins in the intestine is an important cause of enteritis and enterotoxaemia in livestock. in the present study, the alpha toxin and the genes encoding beta2 and epsilon toxin could be frequently detected by means of phenotypical and pcr examinations in these bacteria. the c. perfringens isolates originated from 1213 field samples taken from diseased or perished livestock located in the north-eastern administrative districts of baden-württemberg (g ...	2009	19863004
characterization of selected nutrients and bacteria from anaerobic swine manure lagoons on sow, nursery, and finisher farms in the mid-south usa.	swine (sus scrofa domestica) production in the mid-south usa comprises sow, nursery, and finisher farms. a 2007 packing plant closure started a regional shift from finisher to sow and nursery farms. changes in manure stored in lagoons and land-applied as fertilizer were expected but were unknown because nutrient and bacterial levels had not been characterized by farm type. the objectives of this study were to quantify selected nutrients and bacteria, compare levels by farm types, and project imp ...	2009	19875798
survival of clostridium perfringens sepsis in a liver transplant recipient.	clostridium perfringens sepsis following orthotopic liver transplantation (olt) is a rare but reported complication that historically results in mortality or emergent retransplantation (retx). complications from c. perfringens emphysematous gastritis have contributed to the death of a healthy live liver donor as well. herein, we describe the first documented survivor of c. perfringens sepsis following olt managed without laparotomy or emergent retx.	2009	19877220
clostridial abomasal disease in connecticut dairy calves.	over 2 years, 24 dairy calves died of emphysematous abomasitis and abomasal bloat. anaerobic cultures of necrotic abomasal mucosa yielded clostridium perfringens from 10 of 15 calves. sarcina were observed in 17 of 22 examined histologically. a change in the antibiotic regimen for newborns and improved sanitizing of feeding utensils eliminated further losses.	2009	19881926
a 61-year-old-man with massive intravascular hemolysis.		2009	19892684
chorioamnionitis and intrauterine fetal death after second-trimester amniocentesis.	we report an intrauterine fetal death that occurred less than 24 h after transabdominal amniocentesis. chorioamnionitis was confirmed by amniotic fluid culture which showed multiple enteric organisms and postmortem examination of the fetus that showed clostridium perfringens. the patient was treated with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and uterine evacuation and her condition rapidly improved. intra-amniotic infection after amniocentesis requires a high index of suspicion and prompt aggre ...	2009	19893298
salmonellosis in a free-ranging population of javelinas (pecari tajacu) in south central arizona.	the javelina, or collared peccary (pecari tajacu), is indigenous to arizona, new mexico, and texas in the united states and ranges throughout latin america. from june 2004 to april 2005, an estimated 105 javelinas died in a mortality event that occurred in tucson, arizona, and neighboring areas. clinical signs observed in sick animals included emaciation, dehydration, lethargy, and diarrhea. in addition, some animals showed labored breathing and hind limb weakness. we necropsied 34 animals, and ...	2009	19901370
physiological role of carbon dioxide in spore germination of clostridium perfringens s40.	germination of clostridium perfringens is known to be triggered by nutrients such as l-alanine and inosine, and facilitated by co2, however the role of co2 has not been fully understood. during the studies of the germination-specific protease gsp, we found that co2 could be replaced by bicarbonate or weakly acidic ph (ph 6.0-6.5). we also found that the spores obtained from the c. perfringens s40 overproducing gsp could germinate without co2. moreover, the spores could germinate in the absence o ...	2009	19914579
expression, purification and crystallization of an archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.	an archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepca) from clostridium perfringens has been expressed in escherichia coli in a soluble form with an amino-terminal his tag. the recombinant protein is enzymatically active and two crystal forms have been obtained. complete diffraction data extending to 3.13 angstrom resolution have been measured from a crystal soaked in kau(cn)(2), using radiation at a wavelength just above the au l(iii) edge. the asymmetric unit contains two tetramers of pepca.	2009	19923749
spontaneous intrahepatic gas gangrene and fatal septic shock.	gas gangrene of the liver is a rare clinical syndrome associated with a high rate of mortality. it is mostly associated with malignancy and immunosuppression. we report on a male patient who presented at the department of emergency medicine with high fever but no localised complaints. ct scan revealed a cavitary lesion filled with air in the liver. clostridium perfringens was proved to be present in the hepatic lesion and the blood, and clostridium perfringens sepsis with gas gangrene of the liv ...	2009	19943601
in silico analysis of the potential infection mechanisms of magnaporthe grisea from horizontal gene transfer hypothesis.	horizontal gene transfer (hgt) has long been considered as a principal force for an organism to gain novel genes in genome evolution. homology search, phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide composition analysis are three major objective approaches to arguably determine the occurrence and directionality of hgt. here, 21 genes that possess the potential to horizontal transfer were acquired from the whole genome of magnaporthe grisea according to annotation, among which three candidate genes (corresp ...	2009	19944380
beta2-toxin of clostridium perfringens in a hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas) with enteritis.	an 11-yr-old female hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas) that died with a history of diarrhea and anorexia was submitted for necropsy. major pathologic changes were restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. the small intestinal contents were watery and sanguinous, with a deepening of the red color in the large intestines. the intestinal mucosa was hyperemic. microscopically, lesions consisted of surface epithelial cell necrosis in association with numerous rod-shaped bacteria and high numbers of t ...	2009	20063832
mastitis in dairy buffalo and cattle in egypt due to clostridium perfringens: prevalence, incidence, risk factors and costs.	although clostridium perfringens is recognised as an important cause of clostridial enteric diseases, there is only limited knowledge about the association of particular c. perfringens toxinotypes (types a to e) with mastitis in domestic animals. in this study, mastitis was detected in 213/623 (34.12%) and 8/83 (9.64%) of the quarter milk samples collected from cases of clinical mastitis in cows and buffalo, respectively. the micro-organism was isolated in an incidence of 16/357 (4.48%) of milk ...	2009	20462154
clostridial myonecrosis clinically resembling black quarter in an indian elephant (elephas maximus).	an indian elephant (elephas maximus) which died of acute fatal myonecrosis was examined to determine the aetiology of the infection. the causative organism was identified as clostridium perfringens type a. out of five genes encoding for major toxins (cpa, cpb, etx, ia, and cpe genes) the isolate was found to harbour the cpa gene only, as tested by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. it flanks a 324 base pair segment in the cpa gene, indicating the presence of the alpha toxin gene. the organism ...	2009	20462165
identification and sequence determination of recombinant clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin by use of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.	only a few methods exist for simple, sensitive and rapid detection of alpha-toxin in clinical and biological samples. the aim of our study was to establish a procedure for the production of an antibody against a recombinant antigen with confirmed sequence identity. we applied a noble approach based on proteomics using a mass spectrometer for the conclusive identification of the recombinant alpha-toxin that was subsequently used as an antigen. the recombinant alpha-toxin was produced in escherich ...	2009	20528092
ruptured tuboovarian abscess and septic shock with clostridium perfringens in a postmenopausal woman: a case report.	clostridium perfringens is the most common causative organism of gas gangrene, a necrotizing infection of soft tissue classically associated with traumatic injuries. recently, awareness of its occurrence in spontaneous nontraumatic contexts has been increasing. the authors report an unusual case of nontraumatic/spontaneous c perfringens gas gangrene localized to the adnexae.	2009	20677488
benefits of supplementation of an electrolyte scour treatment with a bacillus-based direct-fed microbial for calves.	a bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (dfm), omni-boscb™, added to an electrolyte was evaluated as a therapy for scours. fecal shedding of presumptive clostridium perfringens at day 7 was reduced in scouring calves treated with electrolyte plus dfm compared to scouring calves treated with electrolyte alone. total therapeutic treatment costs during the first 2 weeks were significantly reduced by supplementing the electrolyte with the dfm: $18.69 and $21.57 for electrolyte plus dfm and electrolyte ...	2009	26783130
antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from broiler chickens.	clostridium perfringens is a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of chickens as well as a potential pathogen that causes necrotic enteritis and colangio hepatitis. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of seven different compounds used for therapy, growth promotion or prevention of coccidiosis was determined by agar dilution method for 55 c. perfringens strains isolated from the intestines of broiler chickens. all strains showed high susceptibility to penicillin, avilamycin, monensin ...	2009	24031355
claudin and ovarian cancer.	claudins are a family of proteins and the most important component of the tight junction. they constitute a paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the intercellular space of an epithelium. although it seems that claudin should be down regulated in cancer cell, some claudins are, in fact highly elevated in various human cancers, including ovarian cancer. whereas the functional significance of claudin overexpression in ovarian carcinoma is unclear, these proteins are important ...	2010	24591894
clostridium perfringens toxins involved in mammalian veterinary diseases.	clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic rod that is classified into 5 toxinotypes (a, b, c, d, and e) according to the production of 4 major toxins, namely alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), epsilon (etx) and iota (itx). however, this microorganism can produce up to 16 toxins in various combinations, including lethal toxins such as perfringolysin o (pfo), enterotoxin (cpe), and beta2 toxin (cpb2). most diseases caused by this microorganism are mediated by one or more of these toxins. the role ...	2010	24511335
polymer partitioning and ion selectivity suggest asymmetrical shape for the membrane pore formed by epsilon toxin.	using poly-(ethylene glycol)s of different molecular weights, we probe the channels formed in planar lipid bilayers by epsilon toxin secreted by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens. we find that the pore is highly asymmetric. the cutoff size of polymers entering the pore through its opening from the cis side, the side of toxin addition, is approximately 500 da, whereas the cutoff size for the polymers entering from the trans side is approximately 2300 da. comparing these characterist ...	2010	20682255
a 31-year-old man with liver transplant and progressive jaundice.		2010	20682535
clostridium perfringens liver abscess with massive haemolysis.	liver abscesses are commonly caused by enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes. this report is of a patient with liver abscess with massive haemolysis and multiorgan failure caused by clostridium perfringens. despite the reportedly high mortality rate and poor prognostic factors, the patient eventually recovered with prompt treatment.	2010	20683077
laetiporus sulphureus lectin and aerolysin protein family.	the parasitic mushroom laetiporus sulphureus produces a family of lectins (lsl's) sharing 80-90% sequence identity that possesses a low but significant sequence similarity to the bacterial pore-forming toxins mosquitocidal toxin mtx-2 from bacillus sphaericus and a toxin from clostridium septicum. the crystal structure of one member of the l. sulphureus lectins family (lsla) reveals unexpected structural similarities to the 1-pore-forming toxins from the aerolysin family, namely, aerolysin from ...	2010	20687481
catchment process affecting drinking water quality, including the significance of rainfall events, using factor analysis and event mean concentrations.	to ensure the protection of drinking water an understanding of the catchment processes which can affect water quality is important as it enables targeted catchment management actions to be implemented. in this study factor analysis (fa) and comparing event mean concentrations (emcs) with baseline values were techniques used to asses the relationships between water quality parameters and linking those parameters to processes within an agricultural drinking water catchment. fa found that 55% of th ...	2010	20705986
an outbreak of gangrenous dermatitis in commercial broiler chickens.	the present report describes an outbreak of gangrenous dermatitis (gd) infection in a commercial poultry farm in delaware involving 34-day-old broiler chickens. in addition to obvious clinical signs, some gd-affected broilers also showed severe fibrino-necrotic enteritis and large numbers of gram-positive rods in the necrotic tissue. histopathological findings included haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis of parenchymatous cells, especially of skin, muscle, and intestine. immunofluorescence st ...	2010	20706880
immunopathology and cytokine responses in commercial broiler chickens with gangrenous dermatitis.	gangrenous dermatitis (gd) is an emerging disease of increasing economic importance in poultry resulting from infection by clostridium septicum and clostridium perfringens type a. lack of a reproducible disease model has been a major obstacle in understanding the immunopathology of gd. to gain better understanding of host-pathogen interactions in gd infection, we evaluated various immune parameters in two groups of birds from a recent commercial outbreak of gd, the first showing typical disease ...	2010	20706881
modified toxin-binding inhibition (tobi) test for epsilon antitoxin determination in serum of immunized rabbits.	the aim of the present study was to evaluate and standardize the tobi test in vitro as a substitute for the serum neutralization test in mice for quality control of clostridial vaccines. the tobi test in vitro was used to evaluate 40 serum samples of known antibody content, obtained from rabbits immunized against clostridiosis with experimental vaccine. the correlation between epsilon antitoxin titers in rabbit sera, determined by the tobi test and serum neutralization in mice, ranged from 0.222 ...	2010	20709411
focal symmetrical encephalomalacia in a goat.	focal symmetrical encephalomalacia (fse) is the most prominent lesion seen in the chronic form of enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens type d in sheep. however, this lesion has not been reported in goats. the current paper reports a case of fse in a goat from the state of paraíba in the brazilian semiarid region. as reported by the farmer, 30, 4-48-month-old animals from a flock of 150 goats died after showing nervous signs, including blindness and recumbence, for periods varying betw ...	2010	20807946
production of genetically modified porcine blastocysts by somatic cell nuclear transfer: preliminary results toward production of xenograft-competent miniature pigs.	galα1-3gal (α-gal epitope) is the major xenoantigenic epitope responsible for hyperacute rejection upon pig-to-human xenotransplantation. endo-β-galactosidase c (endogalc) from clostridium perfringens can digest the α-gal epitope. in this study, gene-engineered primary cultured porcine embryonic fibroblasts (pef) expressing endogalc were obtained and subjected to somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) to test whether xenograft-competent pigs can be created. the endogalc-expressing pef clones exhib ...	2010	20814171
peptoniphilus methioninivorax sp. nov., a novel gram-positive anaerobic coccus isolated from retail ground beef.	strain nrrl b-23883 was isolated from retail ground beef as part of a study on the genetic diversity of clostridium perfringens. the strain was found to be a strictly anaerobic, gram- positive coccus that was able to utilize peptone as a sole carbon source. subsequent to sequencing the 16s ribosomal rna gene, it was found that the strain was closely related to species within the genera peptoniphilus and anaerosphaera, but it was substantially different from the closest recognized species by near ...	2010	20817843
global regulation of gene expression in response to cysteine availability in clostridium perfringens.	cysteine has a crucial role in cellular physiology and its synthesis is tightly controlled due to its reactivity. however, little is known about the sulfur metabolism and its regulation in clostridia compared with other firmicutes. in clostridium perfringens, the two-component system, virr/virs, controls the expression of the ubig operon involved in methionine to cysteine conversion in addition to the expression of several toxin genes. the existence of links between the c. perfringens virulence ...	2010	20822510
oga inhibition by glcnac-selenazoline.	the title compound, which differs from the powerful o-glcnacase (oga) inhibitor glcnac-thiazoline only at the chalcogen atom (se for s), is a much weaker inhibitor in a direct oga assay. in human cells, however, the selenazoline shows comparable ability to induce hyper-o-glcnac-ylation, and the two show similar reduction of insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporter 4 in differentiated 3t3 adipocytes.	2010	20822912
characterization of toxin plasmids in clostridium perfringens type c isolates.	clostridium perfringens type c isolates cause enteritis necroticans in humans or necrotizing enteritis and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. type c isolates always produce alpha toxin and beta toxin but often produce additional toxins, e.g., beta2 toxin or enterotoxin. since plasmid carriage of toxin-encoding genes has not been systematically investigated for type c isolates, the current study used southern blot hybridization of pulsed-field gels to test whether several toxin genes are plasmid ...	2010	20823204
recombinant expression of two bacteriophage proteins that lyse clostridium perfringens and share identical sequences in the c-terminal cell wall binding domain of the molecules but are dissimilar in their n-terminal active domains.	clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterium capable of producing four major toxins that are responsible for disease symptoms and pathogenesis in a variety of animals, humans, and poultry. the organism is the third leading cause of human foodborne bacterial disease, and c. perfringens is the presumptive etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis among chickens, which in the acute form can cause increased mortality among broiler flocks. countries that have complied with ...	2010	20825156
quantitative in vitro assay to evaluate the capability of yeast cell wall fractions from trichosporon mycotoxinivorans to selectively bind gram negative pathogens.	yeast cell wall fractions have been proposed to bind enteropathogenic bacteria. the aim of this study was to develop a quantitative assay by measuring the optical density as growth parameter of adhering bacteria. the exponential growth phase of adhering bacteria was determined by optical density reading and compared with the colony count (cfu/ml). a linear regression was compiled and the bacterial number bound to the yeast cell wall product could be determined. further focus was the investigatio ...	2010	20826190
novel use of tryptose sulfite cycloserine egg yolk agar for isolation of clostridium perfringens during an outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal unit.	clostridium perfringens has been associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (nec), which is a serious disease of neonates. our study describes the novel use of selective tryptose sulfite cycloserine with egg yolk agar (tsc-eya) during a nursery outbreak. this medium provides a rapid, sensitive, and accurate presumptive identification of c. perfringens.	2010	20826643
identification of small molecule inhibitors of clostridium perfringens ε-toxin cytotoxicity using a cell-based high-throughput screen.	the clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, a select agent, is responsible for a severe, often fatal enterotoxemia characterized by edema in the heart, lungs, kidney, and brain. the toxin is believed to be an oligomeric pore-forming toxin. currently, there is no effective therapy for countering the cytotoxic activity of the toxin in exposed individuals. using a robust cell-based high-throughput screening (hts) assay, we screened a 151,616-compound library for the ability to inhibit ε-toxin-induce ...	2010	20721308
effects of depletion of rna-binding protein tex on the expression of toxin genes in clostridium perfringens.	tex was originally identified in bordetella pertussis, where it serves as a transcriptional regulator of toxin genes. however, the tex of streptococcus pneumoniae has no regulatory function in the expression of the pneumococcal major toxin pneumolysin. here, we identified the cpe2168 gene as tex in clostridium perfringens, and examined the roles of tex in toxin gene expression. we found that the deletion mutant for tex does not affect growth, but the mrna levels of three hyaluronidase genes (nag ...	2010	20699586
prevalence of clostridium perfringens in faeces and ileal contents from grass sickness affected horses: comparisons with 3 control populations.	while previous studies have demonstrated an association between equine grass sickness (egs) and the presence of clostridium botulinum within ileal contents and faeces, no such associations with other intestinal-derived anaerobic bacteria have been extensively investigated.	2010	20716188
base pair specificity and energetics of binding of the phenazinium molecules phenosafranine and safranine-o to deoxyribonucleic acids: a comparative study.	the base specificity and energetics of dna binding of the phenazinium dyes phenosafranine and safranine-o have been studied using various biophysical tools. the guanine-cytosine base specificity of both compounds was established from binding affinity values and competition dialysis results and also from circular dichroism, thermal melting, and calorimetric studies. both dyes bind to dna with affinity of the order of 10(5) m(-1), but the values are significantly higher for the guanine-cytosine ri ...	2010	20730145
neuroprotective effect of cpdt on tha-induced cortical motor neuron death in an organotypic culture model.	brain stroke, trauma, and motor neuron disease each can result in cortical motoneuron (cmn) death or impairment. glutamate excitotoxicity induces motor neuron damage in both acute motor neuron loss and chronic motor neuron degeneration. it is necessary to find effective strategies to protect cmns from excitotoxicity in a variety of pathological conditions. 5,6-dihydrocyclopenta-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (cpdt) is one of the phase ii enzyme inducers. in our previous report, cpdt was shown to have neu ...	2010	20851746
development and characterization of protective haemophilus parasuis subunit vaccines based on native proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin and comparison with other subunit and commercial vaccines.	haemophilus parasuis is the agent responsible for causing glässer's disease, which is characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis in pigs. in this study, we have characterized native outer membrane proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin (npapt) from h. parasuis serovar 5, nagasaki strain. this pool of proteins was used as antigen to developed two vaccine formulations: one was adjuvanted with a mineral oil (montanide ims 2215 vg pr), while the other was potentia ...	2010	20926701
a comparative in vitro investigation into the effects of cooked meats on the human faecal microbiota.	protein fermentation is one of the important microbial activities in the human colon. meat foods rich in protein provide substantial resource for this metabolic activity. however, little information exists on the relative impact of different meats on the composition and activities of the human gut microbiota. similarly, little information is available on the confounding effects of cooking on these activities. in this study, beef, chicken and fish (salmon) were examined in vitro for their impact ...	2010	20934523
clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is produced in the intestines of broiler chicks inoculated with an alpha toxin mutant.	poultry necrotic enteritis (ne) is caused by specific strains of clostridium perfringens, most of which are type a. the role of alpha toxin (cpa) in ne has been called into question by the finding that an engineered cpa mutant retains full virulence in vivo[9]. this is in contrast to the finding that immunization with cpa toxoids protects against ne. we confirmed the earlier findings, in that 14-day-old cornish × rock broiler chicks challenged with a cpa mutant developed lesions compatible with ...	2010	20934524
high-level production and purification of clostripain expressed in a virulence-attenuated strain of clostridium perfringens.	clostripain (clo) produced by clostridium histolyticum is an arginine-specific endopeptidase with the potential for applicability to diverse medical and industrial uses. in this study, we developed an expression system allowing high-level production and efficient purification of recombinant clo (rclo). our expression system comprises pclo, an rclo expressing vector, and clostridium perfringens 13δ6, an in-frame deletion strain as to six genes encoding major virulence factors and secretory protei ...	2010	20940055
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin targets granule cells in the mouse cerebellum and stimulates glutamate release.	epsilon toxin (et) produced by c. perfringens types b and d is a highly potent pore-forming toxin. et-intoxicated animals express severe neurological disorders that are thought to result from the formation of vasogenic brain edemas and indirect neuronal excitotoxicity. the cerebellum is a predilection site for et damage. et has been proposed to bind to glial cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. however, the possibility that et binds and attacks the neurons remains an open question. usi ...	2010	20941361
comparison of a nontoxic variant of clostridium perfringens α-toxin with the toxic wild-type strain.	the α-toxin produced by clostridium perfringens is one of the best-studied examples of a toxic phospholipase c. in this study, a nontoxic mutant protein from c. perfringens strain nctc8237 in which thr74 is substituted by isoleucine (t74i) has been characterized and is compared with the toxic wild-type protein. thr74 is part of an exposed loop at the proposed membrane-interfacing surface of the toxin. the mutant protein had markedly reduced cytotoxic and myotoxic activities. however, this substi ...	2010	20944240
optimized necrotic enteritis model producing clinical and subclinical infection of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.	in this study we assessed the roles of eimeria infection and dietary manipulation (feeding a diet with a high level of fishmeal) in an australian necrotic enteritis (ne) challenge model in broiler chickens. an experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that eimeria infection and dietary manipulation, i.e., inclusion of fishmeal in the diet, are necessary to induce ne experimentally. the results showed that the combination of eimeria administration and fishmeal feeding had a significant effec ...	2010	20945788
probiotic properties of lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and taiwanese pickled cabbage.	this study assessed potential probiotic lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and from taiwanese pickled cabbage for their possible use in probiotic fermented foods by evaluating their (i) in vitro adhesive ability, resistance to biotic stress, resistance to pathogenic bacteria, and production of β-galactosidase; (ii) milk technological properties; and (iii) in vivo adhesive ability, intestinal survival and microbial changes during and after treatment. five lactobac ...	2010	20951815
evaluation of the efficacy of yeast extract in reducing intestinal clostridium perfringens levels in broiler chickens.	the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis is clostridium perfringens. traditionally, necrotic enteritis is controlled with in-feed antibiotics. however, increasing consumer demand for drug-free poultry has fostered the search for nonantibiotic alternatives. yeast extract contain nucleotides that are immunomodulatory and also essential for cellular functions. an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of nupro yeast extract (alltech inc., nicholasville, ky) in reducing intestinal c. p ...	2010	20952700
efficacy of a lactylate on production performance and intestinal health of broilers during a subclinical clostridium perfringens infection.	clostridium perfringens, an α-toxin producing gram-positive bacterium, is an enteric pathogen for poultry. because subclinical c. perfringens infections often result in damage of the intestinal mucosa, decreased nutrient digestion, and poor performance, efforts should be taken to find an effective strategy that controls overgrowth of c. perfringens. for this purpose, the efficacy of a sodium lauroyl lactylate (laul) as a feed additive to prevent c. perfringens colonization in broilers was determ ...	2010	20952703
clostridium perfringens bacteriophages φcp39o and φcp26f: genomic organization and proteomic analysis of the virions.	poultry intestinal material, sewage and poultry processing drainage water were screened for virulent clostridium perfringens bacteriophages. viruses isolated from broiler chicken offal washes (o) and poultry feces (f), designated φcp39o and φcp26f, respectively, produced clear plaques on host strains. both bacteriophages had isometric heads of 57 nm in diameter with 100-nm non-contractile tails characteristic of members of the family siphoviridae in the order caudovirales. the double-strand dna ...	2010	20963614
diversity and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of cultivable anaerobic bacteria from soil and sewage samples of india.	soil and sewage act as a reservoir of animal pathogens and their dissemination to animals profoundly affects the safety of our food supply. moreover, acquisition and further spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among pathogenic bacterial populations is the most relevant problem for the treatment of infectious diseases. bacterial strains from soil and sewage are a potential reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes. accurate species determination for anaerobes from environmental sample ...	2010	20965279
molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens from broiler chickens.	clostridium perfringens (cp) causes necrotic enteritis disease in commercial poultry. antimicrobials are used to control and treat this disease and sometimes clinical outbreaks do not respond well to certain treatments. this study was designed to isolate cp from clinical cases, type these isolates by multiplex pcr, and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility by micro-dilution method. a total of 67 cp isolates were obtained from 155 broiler chicken flocks. all isolates were classified as typ ...	2010	20969969
identification and modeling of a drug target for clostridium perfringens sm101.	in the present study, comparative genome analysis between clostridium perfringens and the human genome was carried out to identify genes that are essential for the pathogen's survival, and non-homologous to the genes of human host, that can be used as potential drug targets. the study resulted in the identification of 426 such genes. the number of these potential drug targets thus identified is significantly lower than the genome's protein coding capacity (2558 protein coding genes). the 426 gen ...	2010	20978600
the genome sequence and proteome of bacteriophage φcpv1 virulent for clostridium perfringens.	application of bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes to control clostridium perfringens is one potential approach to reduce the pathogen on poultry farms and in poultry-processing facilities. bacteriophages lytic for c. perfringens were isolated from sewage, feces and broiler intestinal contents and φcpv1, a virulent bacteriophage, was classified in the family podoviridae. the purified virus had an icosahedral head and collar of approximately 42nm and 23nm in diameter, respectively, with a stru ...	2010	21144870
real-time pcr assay for clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens in a challenge model of necrotic enteritis.	we compared ileal clostridium perfringens quantification results produced by real-time pcr and culture-based methods in broiler chickens in a challenge model of necrotic enteritis. assessment of the relative standard deviations (rsds) revealed that the real-time pcr assay generated a smaller standard deviation and thus was more precise than the culture-based method. linear regression analysis indicated that the bacterial counts of these two methods were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.845). we sugge ...	2010	21148703
toxinotyping of necrotic enteritis-producing and commensal isolates of clostridium perfringens from chickens fed organic diets.	the present study determined the effect of clostridium perfringens isolates taken from necrotic enteritis (ne) outbreaks on organic farms in a ne virulence testing model. thirteen strains were isolated in the course of the study. six c. perfringens field isolates were taken from a naturally occurring ne outbreak on an organic farm. polymerase chain reaction toxinotyping was used to establish c. perfringens strains, as well as to create a toxin profile. all field isolates were found to be type a ...	2010	21154057
safety and efficacy of a maternal vaccine for the passive protection of broiler chicks against necrotic enteritis.	necrotic enteritis is a potentially fatal multifactorial disease of chickens, which under commercial conditions is often associated with increased levels of mortality and reduced bird performance. the safety and efficacy of a clostridium perfringens type a alpha-toxoid (netvax™) formulated as an oil emulsion was investigated, following maternal immunization of broiler breeder hens, housed under commercial conditions, by the intramuscular route. a total of 11,234 hens were vaccinated across two i ...	2010	21154059
fecal lactoferrin and clostridium spp. in stools of autistic children.	stools from autistic and healthy children were studied for fecal lactoferrin, clostridium difficile toxins, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and cultured for clostridium spp. elevated level of fla was demonstrated in 24.4% stools, all from boys (31.25%). no toxins were detected. clostridium spp. was isolated with similar frequency from all samples. c. perfringens were isolated significantly often from the autistic stools, intermediate sensitive strains to penicillin 19%, to clindamycin 11.3%, ...	2010	21167951
glycoside hydrolase family 89 alpha-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens specifically acts on glcnac alpha1,4gal beta1r at the non-reducing terminus of o-glycans in gastric mucin.	in mammals, α-linked glcnac is primarily found in heparan sulfate/heparin and gastric gland mucous cell type mucin. α-n-acetylglucosaminidases (αgnases) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 89 are widely distributed from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. human lysosomal αgnase is well known to degrade heparin and heparan sulfate. here, we reveal the substrate specificity of αgnase (agnc) from clostridium perfringens strain 13, a bacterial homolog of human αgnase, by chemically synthesizing a ser ...	2010	21177247
intravascular haemolysis and septicaemia due to clostridium perfringens liver abscess.	intravascular haemolysis is a rare but serious complication of clostridium perfringens sepsis. the outcome is usually fatal unless treatment is started early. we describe a case of survival after haemolysis and multiple organ failure in the setting of a ruptured liver abscess and sepsis caused by c. perfringens in an immunocompetent 58-year-old male.	2010	20865884
clostridium perfringens septicaemia with massive intravascular haemolysis: a case report and review of the literature.	we describe the case of a 74-year-old man with cholangitis, complicated by clostridium perfringens septicaemia and massive intravascular haemolysis. clostridium perfringens septicaemia is a rare but well-known cause of massive intravascular haemolysis. here we review 40 similar cases published since 1990. most cases involve immunocompromised patients with underlying haematological disorder (22.5%), pancreatic or gastric cancer (12.5%) and÷or diabetes (30.0%). focus of infection is mostly hepatob ...	2010	20876913
phospholipid hydrolysis caused by clostridium perfringens α-toxin facilitates the targeting of perfringolysin o to membrane bilayers.	clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene and gastrointestinal disease in humans. these pathologies are mediated by potent extracellular protein toxins, particularly α-toxin and perfringolysin o (pfo). while α-toxin hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, pfo forms large transmembrane pores on cholesterol-containing membranes. it has been suggested that the ability of pfo to perforate the membrane of target cells is dictated by how much free cholesterol molecules are present. given t ...	2010	20886855
isolation of culturable microorganisms from free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) from the southeastern united states.	reports of diseases in marine mammals are increasing worldwide, however our understanding of the microorganisms associated with marine mammals is still limited. in this study, we cultured bacteria and fungi isolated from the upper respiratory tract (blowhole), gastric fluid and anus of 180 wild bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) from two estuarine locations along the southeastern atlantic coast of the united states. a total of 339 and 491 isolates from charleston, sc (chs) and indian river ...	2010	20888150
clostridium perfringens type c isolates rapidly upregulate their toxin production upon contact with host cells: new insights into virulence?	since tetanus was first described by hippocrates, the devastating diseases caused by pathogenic members of the gram-positive, anaerobic sporeforming genus clostridium have ranked among the most dreaded afflictions of humans and domestic animals. the quintessential hallmark of all clostridial diseases is the involvement of potent protein toxins. however, except for some foodborne botulism cases, clostridial diseases are not intoxications involving preformed toxins; rather, these illnesses are tru ...	2010	21178424
development and application of a method for counterselectable in-frame deletion in clostridium perfringens.	many pathogenic clostridial species produce toxins and enzymes. to facilitate genome-wide identification of virulence factors and biotechnological application of their useful products, we have developed a markerless in-frame deletion method for clostridium perfringens which allows efficient counterselection and multiple-gene disruption. the system comprises a galkt gene disruptant and a suicide galk plasmid into which two fragments of a target gene for in-frame deletion are cloned. the system wa ...	2010	21183644
[current clinical significance of anaerobic bacteremia].	to estimate tje current clinical significance of anaerobic bacteremia in a group of czech hospitals.	2010	21191873
food- and waterborne disease outbreaks in australian long-term care facilities, 2001-2008.	abstract food- or waterborne diseases in long-term care facilities (ltcf) can result in serious outcomes, including deaths, and they are potentially preventable. we analyzed data collected by ozfoodnet on food- and waterborne disease outbreaks occurring in ltcf in australia from 2001 to 2008. we compared outbreaks by the number of persons affected, etiology, and implicated vehicle. during 8 years of surveillance, 5.9% (55/936) of all food- and waterborne outbreaks in australia occurred in ltcf. ...	2010	21034268
ethanolamine utilization contributes to proliferation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in food and in nematodes.	only three pathogenic bacterial species, salmonella enterica, clostridium perfringens, and listeria monocytogenes, are able to utilize both ethanolamine and 1,2-propanediol as a sole carbon source. degradation of these substrates, abundant in food and the gut, depends on cobalamin, which is synthesized de novo only under anaerobic conditions. although the eut, pdu, and cob-cbi gene clusters comprise 40 kb, the conditions under which they confer a selection advantage on these food-borne pathogens ...	2010	21037291
a case of clostridium perfringens infection in uterine sarcoma.		2010	21039388
rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study.	in the united states and elsewhere, recreational water quality is monitored for fecal indicator bacteria to help prevent swimming-associated illnesses. standard methods to measure these bacteria take at least 24 hours to obtain results. molecular approaches such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) can estimate these bacteria faster, in under 3 hours. previously, we demonstrated that measurements of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococcus using qpcr were associated with gastrointes ...	2010	21040526
comparison of selected nutrients and bacteria from common contiguous soils inside and outside swine lagoon effluent spray fields after long-term use.	swine (sus scofa domestica) lagoon effluent is a valuable resource. in the u.s. mid-south it is applied from april to september to fertilize grass hay in spray-irrigated fields. lagoon levels of nutrients and bacteria, and soil levels of nutrients have been documented, but little was known of effluent bacterial levels in soil. the present study examined levels of selected effluent bacteria and nutrients in soils inside and outside spray fields after >15 yr of effluent irrigation. samples were co ...	2010	21043289
clostridium perfringens: a flesh-eating bacterium living in your garden.	gas gangrene is a painful, rapidly developing and potentially fatal infection despite antibiotic treatment. during the first world war thousands of soldiers died from this disease. dr alexis carrel pioneered a controversial method of irrigating wounds with dakin's solution to destroy clostridium perfringens, a bacterium found in heavily fertilised soils that causes gas gangrene. although this method is no longer used due to the discovery of antibiotics, many of his other ideas, such as scientifi ...	2010	21049805
a novel glycosylation signal regulates transforming growth factor beta receptors as evidenced by endo-beta-galactosidase c expression in rodent cells.	the αgal (galα1-3gal) epitope is a xenoantigen that is responsible for hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. this epitope is expressed on the cell surface in the cells of all mammals except humans and old world monkeys. it can be digested by the enzyme endo-β-galactosidase c (endogalc), which is derived from clostridium perfringens. previously, we produced endogalc transgenic mice to identify the phenotypes that would be induced following endogalc overexpression. the mice lacked the αgal ...	2010	21062784
effect of laser and led on enzymatic production of ceramide.	an enzyme (phospholipase c type i from clostridium perfringens) was exposed to 0-810jcm(-2) of energy using laser light at wavelengths 808, 532, 1064 and 1342nm and two led light sources at wavelengths 810 and 640nm. enzyme responses were evaluated by measuring ceramide concentration using high performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc) at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 17, 24h after irradiation. the duration of effect was evaluated from the experimental data. the results show that enzyme activity can b ...	2010	21073471
nanoparticle probes and mid-infrared chemical imaging for dna microarray detection.	to date most mid-infrared spectroscopic studies have been limited, due to lack of sensitivity, to the structural characterization of a single oligonucleotide probe immobilized over the entire surface of a gold-coated slide or other infrared substrate. by contrast, widely used and commercially available glass slides and a microarray spotter that prints approximately 120-μm-diameter dna spots were employed in the present work. to our knowledge, mid-infrared chemical imaging (irci) in the external ...	2010	21073786
tangential-flow ultrafiltration with integrated inhibition detection for recovery of surrogates and human pathogens from large-volume source water and finished drinking water.	tangential-flow ultrafiltration was optimized for the recovery of escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, clostridium perfringens spores, bacteriophages ms2 and prd1, murine norovirus, and poliovirus seeded into 100-liter surface water (sw) and drinking water (dw) samples. sw and dw collected from two drinking water treatment plants were then evaluated for human enteric viruses.	2010	21075885
companion animals symposium: microbes and gastrointestinal health of dogs and cats.	recent molecular studies have revealed complex bacterial, fungal, archaeal, and viral communities in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats. more than 10 bacterial phyla have been identified, with firmicutes, bacteroidetes, proteobacteria, fusobacteria, and actinobacteria constituting more than 99% of all gut microbiota. microbes act as a defending barrier against invading pathogens, aid in digestion, provide nutritional support for enterocytes, and play a crucial role in the development of ...	2010	21075970
effect of the cortex-lytic enzyme slec from non-food-borne clostridium perfringens on the germination properties of slec-lacking spores of a food poisoning isolate.	the hallmark of bacterial spore germination is peptidoglycan cortex hydrolysis by cortex-lytic enzymes. in spores of clostridium perfringens wild-type strain sm101, which causes food poisoning, the sole essential cortex-lytic enzyme slec is activated by a unique serine protease cspb. interestingly, the non-food-borne wild-type strain f4969 encodes a significantly divergent slec variant (slecf4969) and 3 serine proteases (cspa, cspb, and cspc). consequently, in this study we evaluated the functio ...	2010	21076486
microbiological quality of blue mussels (mytilus edulis) in nunavik, quebec: a pilot study.	this pilot study was aimed at documenting the presence of fecal indicators and enteric pathogens in blue mussels (mytilus edulis) from 6 communities in nunavik, quebec. one to four 2 kg samples of mussels were collected at low tide in each community. samples were investigated by enumeration methods for the fecal indicators enterococci, escherichia coli, f-specific coliphages, clostridium perfringens, and by molecular identification for the pathogens norovirus, salmonella spp., campylobacter jeju ...	2010	21076488
perfringolysin o association with ordered lipid domains: implications for transmembrane protein raft affinity.	upon interaction with cholesterol, perfringolysin o (pfo) inserts into membranes and forms a rigid transmembrane (tm) β-barrel. pfo is believed to interact with liquid ordered lipid domains (lipid rafts). because the origin of tm protein affinity for rafts is poorly understood, we investigated pfo raft affinity in vesicles having coexisting ordered and disordered lipid domains. fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) from pfo trp to domain-localized acceptors indicated that pfo generally h ...	2010	21081073
lytic enzyme discovery through multigenomic sequence analysis in clostridium perfringens.	with their ability to lyse gram-positive bacteria, phage lytic enzymes (or lysins) have received a great deal of attention as novel anti-infective agents. the number of known genes encoding these peptidoglycan hydrolases has increased markedly in recent years, due in large part to advances in dna sequencing technology. as the genomes of more and more bacterial species/strains are sequenced, lysin-encoding open reading frames (orfs) can be readily identified in lysogenized prophage regions. in th ...	2010	21085950
in vivo studies of clostridium perfringens in mouse gas gangrene model.	understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases requires comprehensive knowledge of the proteins expressed by the pathogen during in vivo growth in the host. proteomics provides the tools for such analyses but the protocols required to purify sufficient quantities of the pathogen from the host organism are currently lacking. in this study, we have separated clostridium perfringens, a highly virulent bacterium and potential btw agent, from the peritoneal fluid of infected mice using percoll ...	2010	21086128
estimation of the environmental risk posed by landfills using chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological testing of leachates.	the leachates from 22 municipal solid waste (msw) landfill sites in southern poland were characterized by evaluation of chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological parameters. chemical analyses were mainly focused on the identification of the priority hazardous substances according to directive on priority substances, 2008/105/ec (a daughter directive of the wfd) in leachates. as showed, only five substances (cd, hg, hexachlorobutadiene, pentachlorobenzene and pahs) were detected in the leach ...	2010	21087786
clinical and epidemiological features of clostridium perfringens bacteremia: a review of 18 cases over 8 year-period in a tertiary care center in metropolitan tokyo area in japan.	clostridial sepsis has a very poor prognosis, owing to the life-threatening combination of shock and acute massive hemolysis. no papers have described the clinical features of clostridial sepsis cases in japan. therefore, we retrospectively examined the clinical features of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs) from whose blood cultures clostridium perfringens was isolated.	2010	21088344
construction and characterization of a lactose-inducible promoter system for controlled gene expression in clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen which causes many diseases in humans and animals. while some genetic tools exist for working with c. perfringens, a tightly regulated, inducible promoter system is currently lacking. therefore, we constructed a plasmid-based promoter system that provided regulated expression when lactose was added. this plasmid (pkrah1) is an escherichia coli-c. perfringens shuttle vector containing the gene encoding a transcriptional regulator, bgar, ...	2010	21097603
clostridium perfringens tpel glycosylates the rac and ras subfamily proteins.	clostridium perfringens tpel belongs to a family of large clostridial cytotoxins that encompasses clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb) and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (tcsl). we report here the identification of the tpel-catalyzed modification of small gtpases. a recombinant protein (tpel1-525) derived from the tpel n-terminal catalytic domain in the presence of streptolysin o (slo) induced the rounding of vero cells and the glycosylation of cellular rac1. among several hexos ...	2010	21098103
the safety of a mucosal vaccine using the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.	the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) is a claudin-4 binder. very recently, we found that nasal immunization of mice with c-cpe-fused antigen activated antigen-specific humoral and mucosal immune responses and that the deletion of the claudin-4-binding domain attenuated the immune responses. c-cpe-fusion strategy may be useful for mucosal vaccination. c-cpe is a fragment of enterotoxin, and the safety of c-cpe-fused protein is very important for its future applic ...	2010	21105580
germination of spores of bacillales and clostridiales species: mechanisms and proteins involved.	under conditions that are not conducive to growth, such as nutrient depletion, many members of the orders bacillales and clostridiales can sporulate, generating dormant and resistant spores that can survive in the absence of nutrients for years under harsh conditions. however, when nutrients are again present, these spores can return to active growth through the process of germination. many of the components of the spore germination machinery are conserved between spore forming members of the ba ...	2010	21112786
[intestinal microflora of autistic children].	autistic behavior is often accompanied by numerous disturbing symptoms on the part of gastrointestinal system, such as abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea. these problems are often connected with deregulation of physiological microflora in intestine. the aim of this study was to determine differences in intestinal microflora of autistic and healthy children. strains of clostridium spp. and enterococci were isolated more frequently from stool samples of autistic children and rarely lactobaci ...	2010	21114016
fatal clostridial necrotising myofasciitis (gas gangrene) following femoral nerve block.		2010	21114743
c terminus of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin downregulates cldn4 and sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to taxol and carboplatin.	we have previously shown that cldn4 (encoding claudin-4), a cell tight junction (tj) protein, is highly expressed in human epithelial ovarian carcinomas (eoc) but undetectable in normal ovaries. cldn4 has been identified as a specific receptor for c terminus of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe), a nontoxic molecule that may disrupt tj barrier function and enhance cellular absorption. the purpose of this study was to determine the potential clinical applications of c-cpe and its effects ...	2010	21123456
antimicrobial activity of satureja montana l. essential oil against clostridium perfringens type a inoculated in mortadella-type sausages formulated with different levels of sodium nitrite.	this research evaluated the antimicrobial effect of the winter savory (satureja montana l.) essential oil (eo) against clostridium perfringens type a (atcc 3624) inoculated in mortadella-type sausages formulated with different levels of sodium nitrite (nano₂: 0 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm) in addition to eo at concentrations of 0.0%, 0.78%, 1.56% and 3.125% stored at 25°c for 30 days. the eo extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (cg-ms) was tested in vi ...	2010	21131083
rapidly developing gas gangrene due to a simple puncture wound.	gas gangrene, an infection caused by clostridium perfringens, is a potentially fatal and physically disabling disease due to its sometimes incredibly rapid progression. an adolescent boy was referred to our university hospital with a history of nail puncture in the hand that occurred a few hours previously. the physical examination revealed a swollen and tender arm with crepitations up to the shoulder. gas was coming out from the puncture wound with digital pressure on the forearm. the plain rad ...	2010	20531129