Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| molecular determinants of the interaction between clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragments and claudin-3. | clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to the extracellular loop 2 of a subset of claudins, e.g. claudin-3. here, the molecular mechanism of the cpe-claudin interaction was analyzed. using peptide arrays, recombinant cpe-(116-319) bound to loop 2 peptides of mouse claudin-3, -6, -7, -9, and -14 but not of 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10-13, 15, 16, 18-20, and 22. substitution peptide mapping identified the central motif (148)npl(150)vp, supposed to represent a turn region in the loop 2, as essential ... | 2009 | 19429681 |
| clostridium perfringens beta-toxin binding to vascular endothelial cells in a human case of enteritis necroticans. | clostridium perfringens type c-induced enteritis necroticans is a rare but often fatal disease in humans. a consistent histopathological finding is an acute, deep necrosis of the small intestinal mucosa associated with acute vascular necrosis and massive haemorrhage in the lamina propria and submucosa. retrospective immunohistochemical investigations of tissues from a diabetic adult who died of enteritis necroticans revealed endothelial localization of c. perfringens beta-toxin in small intestin ... | 2009 | 19429761 |
| novel recombinant bcg expressing perfringolysin o and the over-expression of key immunodominant antigens; pre-clinical characterization, safety and protection against challenge with mycobacterium tuberculosis. | mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (tb), has infected approximately two billion individuals worldwide with approximately 9.2 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths annually. current efforts are focused on making better bcg priming vaccines designed to induce a comprehensive and balanced immunity followed by booster(s) targeting a specific set of relevant antigens in common with the bcg prime. we describe the generation and immunological characterization of re ... | 2009 | 19500523 |
| contact with enterocyte-like caco-2 cells induces rapid upregulation of toxin production by clostridium perfringens type c isolates. | clostridium perfringens type c isolates cause necrotizing enteritis in humans and domestic animals. in vitro, type c isolates often produce beta toxin (cpb), beta2 toxin (cpb2), alpha toxin (cpa), perfringolysin o (pfo) and tpel during (or after) late log-phase growth. in contrast, the current study found that many type c isolates respond to close contact with enterocyte-like caco-2 cells by producing all toxins, except tpel, much more rapidly than occurs during in vitro growth. this in vivo eff ... | 2009 | 19438515 |
| claudin-4 augments alveolar epithelial barrier function and is induced in acute lung injury. | intact alveolar barrier function is associated with better outcomes in acute lung injury patients; however, the regulation of alveolar epithelial paracellular transport during lung injury has not been extensively investigated. this study was undertaken to determine whether changes in tight junction claudin expression affect alveolar epithelial barrier properties and to determine the mechanisms of altered expression. in anesthetized mice exposed to ventilator-induced lung injury, claudin-4 was sp ... | 2009 | 19447895 |
| the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production by clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and its relation to alpha-toxin-induced intracellular ceramide generation. | the effect of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin on production of tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and nitric oxide (no) in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated raw 264.7 cells was studied. the pretreatment of wild type alpha-toxin, but not the inactive mutant, significantly decreased lps-induced tnf-alpha and no production. alpha-toxin inhibited the expression of tnf-alpha and an inducible type of no synthase protein and mrna. furthermore, it inhibited the phosphorylation of ikappab-alpha and ... | 2009 | 19467928 |
| rapid detection of intestinal pathogens in fecal samples by an improved reverse dot blot method. | to develop a new, rapid and accurate reverse dot blot (rdb) method for the detection of intestinal pathogens in fecal samples. | 2009 | 19469006 |
| genetic characterization of type a enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens strains. | clostridium perfringens type a, is both a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and a major cause of human gastrointestinal disease, which usually involves strains producing c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). the gene (cpe) encoding this toxin can be carried on the chromosome or a large plasmid. interestingly, strains carrying cpe on the chromosome and strains carrying cpe on a plasmid often exhibit different biological characteristics, such as resistance properties against heat. in this study, we i ... | 2009 | 19479065 |
| [intravascular hemolysis due to clostridium perfringens in an immunocompetent patient]. | 2009 | 19481305 | |
| water quality in the near coastal waters of the gulf of mexico affected by hurricane katrina: before and after the storm. | water quality was assessed following hurricane katrina in the affected waters of alabama, mississippi, and louisiana. post-landfall water quality was compared to pre-hurricane conditions using indicators assessed by epa's national coastal assessment program and additional indicators of contaminants in water and pathogens. water quality data collected after hurricane katrina suggest that the coastal waters affected by the storm exhibited higher salinity and concentrations of chlorophyll a, dissol ... | 2009 | 19484287 |
| mechanistic investigations of anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme: direct cbeta h-atom abstraction catalyzed by a radical adomet enzyme. | sulfatases are unique in requiring an essential post-translational modification of a critical active-site cysteinyl or seryl residue to 3-oxoalanine usually called c alpha-formylglycine (fgly). this post-translational modification is catalyzed anaerobically by anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzyme (ansme), a member of the radical adomet superfamily. using a new labeled substrate, we demonstrate that ansme uses a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical to catalyze direct h-atom abstraction from the substrate. w ... | 2009 | 19489556 |
| clostridium perfringens growth from spore inocula in sous-vide processed pork-based mexican entrée. | the combined effect of citricidal wih irradiation on clostridium perfringens growth from spores in a sous-vide processed marinated pork meat mexican entrée was investigated. citricidal was added at 200 or 800 ppm after mixing pork meat with tomatillo sauce and inoculated with 3 log(10) cfu/g of c. perfringens spores. samples were irradiated at either 0 or 2 kgy, heated to an internal temperature of 71 degrees c, and stored at 4 degrees c for 28 d, 15 degrees c for 45 d, and 25 degrees c for 26 h ... | 2009 | 19490335 |
| influence of heterologous mreb proteins on cell morphology of bacillus subtilis. | the prokaryotic cytoskeletal protein mreb is thought to govern cell shape by positioning the cell wall synthetic apparatus at growth sites in the cell. in rod-shaped bacteria it forms helical filaments that run around the periphery of the rod during elongation. gram-positive bacteria often contain more than one mreb gene. bacillus subtilis has three mreb-like genes, mreb, mbl and mrebh, the first two of which have been shown to be essential under normal growth conditions. expression of an mreb h ... | 2009 | 19643765 |
| clostridium perfringens sporulation and its relevance to pathogenesis. | enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens has been recognized as a ubiquitous human pathogen owing to, at least in part, three important characteristics. first, this bacterium undergoes asymmetric cell division or sporulation under nutritionally deprived conditions. second, during sporulation growth it produces c. perfringens enterotoxin, an important virulence factor for food poisoning and nonfood-borne gastrointestinal diseases in humans. third, at the final stage of sporulation, sporulating cel ... | 2009 | 19492963 |
| assessment of the in vitro efficacy of the novel antimicrobial peptide cect7121 against human gram-positive bacteria from serious infections refractory to treatment. | resistant gram-positive bacteria are causing increasing concern in clinical practice. this work investigated the efficacy of ap-cect7121 (an antimicrobial peptide isolated from an environmental strain of enterococcus faecalis cect7121) against various pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. | 2009 | 19494489 |
| gene expression profiling within the spleen of clostridium perfringens-challenged broilers fed antibiotic-medicated and non-medicated diets. | clostridium perfringens (cp) is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that causes necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry when it overgrows in the small intestine. ne disease has previously been controlled through the use of growth-promoting antibiotics. this practice was recently banned in european countries, leading to significantly increased incidence of ne threatening the poultry industry. control strategies and technology as substitutes to dietary antibiotics are therefore urgently required. to de ... | 2009 | 19500416 |
| functional analysis of the virsr phosphorelay from clostridium perfringens. | toxin production in clostridium perfringens is controlled by the virsr two-component signal transduction system, which comprises the virs sensor histidine kinase and the virr response regulator. other studies have concentrated on the elucidation of the genes controlled by this network; there is little information regarding the phosphorelay cascade that is the hallmark of such regulatory systems. in this study, we have examined each step in this cascade, beginning with autophosphorylation of virs ... | 2009 | 19513115 |
| a strategy for enrichment of claudins based on their affinity to clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. | claudins, a family of protein localized in tight junctions, are essential for the control of paracellular permeation in epithelia and endothelia. the interaction of several claudins with clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been exploited for an affinity-based enrichment of cpe-binding claudins from lysates of normal rat cholangiocytes. | 2009 | 19545418 |
| removal of viruses and indicators by anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating animal waste. | appropriate treatment of agricultural waste is necessary for the protection of public health in rural areas because land-applied animal manure may transmit zoonotic disease. in this study, we evaluated the potential of using a pilot anaerobic membrane bioreactor (anmbr) to treat agricultural waste. the anmbr system, following a conventional complete mix anaerobic digester (cmad), achieved high removals of biological and chemical agents. the mean log(10) removals of escherichia coli, enterococci, ... | 2009 | 19549946 |
| effect of cod/so(4)2- ratio and fe(ii) under the variable hydraulic retention time (hrt) on fermentative hydrogen production. | the effect of chemical oxygen demand/sulfate (cod/so(4)(2-)) ratio on fermentative hydrogen production using enriched mixed microflora has been studied. the chemostat system maintained with a substrate (glucose) concentration of 15 g cod l(-1) exhibited stable h(2) production at inlet sulfate concentrations of 0-20 g l(-1) during 282 days. the tested cod/so(4)(2-) ratios ranged from 150 to 0.75 (with control) at ph 5.5 with hydraulic retention time (hrt) of 24, 12 and 6h. the hydrogen production ... | 2009 | 19555990 |
| inorganic phosphate and sodium ions are cogerminants for spores of clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning-related isolates. | clostridium perfringens type a isolates carrying a chromosomal copy of the enterotoxin (cpe) gene are involved in the majority of food poisoning (fp) outbreaks, while type a isolates carrying a plasmid-borne cpe gene are involved in c. perfringens-associated non-food-borne (nfb) gastrointestinal diseases. to cause diseases, c. perfringens spores must germinate and return to active growth. previously, we showed that only spores of fp isolates were able to germinate with k(+) ions. we now found th ... | 2009 | 19666724 |
| dynamics of plc gene transcription and alpha-toxin production during growth of clostridium perfringens strains with contrasting alpha-toxin production. | the aim of the present study was to investigate transcription dynamics of the alpha-toxin-encoding plc gene relative to two housekeeping genes (gyra and rpll) in batch cultures of three clostridium perfringens strains with low, intermediate, and high levels of alpha-toxin production, respectively. the plc transcript level was always low in the low alpha-toxin producing strain. for the two other strains, plc transcription showed an inducible pattern and reached a maximum level in the late exponen ... | 2009 | 19559545 |
| dead-end hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for recovery of diverse microbes from water. | dead-end ultrafiltration (deuf) is an alternative approach to tangential-flow hollow-fiber ultrafiltration that can be readily employed under field conditions to recover microbes from water. the hydraulics of deuf and microbe recovery for a new deuf method were investigated using 100-liter tap water samples. pressure, flow rate, and temperature were investigated using four hollow-fiber ultrafilter types. based on hydraulic performance, the asahi kasei rexeed 25s ultrafilter was selected for micr ... | 2009 | 19561183 |
| recombinant cpe fused to tumor necrosis factor targets human ovarian cancer cells expressing the claudin-3 and claudin-4 receptors. | using gene expression profiling, others and we have recently found that claudin-3 (cldn3) and claudin-4 (cldn4) are two of the most highly and consistently up-regulated genes in ovarian carcinomas. because these tight junction proteins are the naturally occurring receptors for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), in this study, we used the cooh-terminal 30 amino acids of the cpe (cpe(290-319)), a fragment that is known to retain full binding affinity but have no cytolytic effect, to target ... | 2009 | 19567823 |
| bsac standardized disc susceptibility testing method (version 8). | there have been considerable changes to the format of the recommendations since the previous version (version 7). the majority of the footnotes to the tables have been removed and the notations added to the end column; it is hoped that this change will avoid confusion in interpretation. antibiotics have been separated into groups, e.g. beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, etc. recommendations for urinary tract infections (utis) have been removed for most agents except for those that are administered s ... | 2009 | 19587067 |
| wheat starch digestion rate affects broiler performance. | two experiments were conducted to determine the differences in starch digestion rate (kds) among wheats from different cultivars and origins and to verify if chickens would benefit from a certain digestion rate of starch. in the first experiment, 192 chickens (21 d) were assigned to 4 diets containing 55% of each wheat sample (3 cultivars, one of them from 2 origins). starch and protein digestion were calculated from the remaining starch and protein in 4 segments of the small intestine and in ex ... | 2009 | 19590082 |
| use of an ez-tn5-based random mutagenesis system to identify a novel toxin regulatory locus in clostridium perfringens strain 13. | although useful for probing bacterial pathogenesis and physiology, current random mutagenesis systems suffer limitations for studying the toxin-producing bacterium clostridium perfringens. | 2009 | 19597556 |
| antimicrobial resistance in clostridium perfringens isolates from broilers in belgium. | the antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from belgian broilers between may and september 2007 was investigated. all 39 tested isolates were sensitive to enrofloxacin, erythromycin, tylosin, florfenicol and bacitracin. twenty-six (66%) and 24 (61%) out of the 39 tested isolates showed acquired resistance to tetracycline and lincomycin, respectively. the c. perfringens isolates were also screened by pcr for the presence of the resistance genes tet(k), tet(l), te ... | 2009 | 19597952 |
| clinicopathologic features of experimental clostridium perfringens type d enterotoxemia in cattle. | this study was designed to experimentally reproduce enterotoxemia by clostridium perfringens type d in cattle and to characterize the clinicopathologic findings of this disease. fourteen 9-month-old calves were inoculated intraduodenally according to the following schedule: group 1 (n = 4), c. perfringens type d whole culture; group 2 (n = 3), c. perfringens type d washed cells; group 3 (n = 5), c. perfringens type d filtered and concentrated supernatant; group 4 (n = 2), sterile, nontoxic cultu ... | 2009 | 19605912 |
| rainfall simulation in greenhouse microcosms to assess bacterial-associated runoff from land-applied poultry litter. | runoff water following a rain event is one possible source of environmental contamination after a manure application. this greenhouse study used a rainfall simulator to determine bacterial-associated runoff from troughs of common bermudagrass [cynodon dactylon (l.) pers.] that were treated with p-based, n-based, and n plus lime rates of poultry (gallus gallus) litter, recommended inorganic fertilizer, and control. total heterotrophic plate count (hpc) bacteria, total and thermotolerant coliforms ... | 2009 | 19141812 |
| necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis due to clostridium perfringens: a case report. | abstract: clostridia are uncommon causes of pleuropulmonary infection. clostridial species infecting the pleuropulmonary structures characteristically cause a necrotizing pneumonia with involvement of the pleura. most cases have iatrogenic causes usually due to invasive procedures into the pleural cavity, such as thoracentesis or thoracotomy, or penetrating chest injuries. rarely clostridia pleuropulmonary infections are not related to these factors. the clinical course of pleuropulmonary clostr ... | 2009 | 19144160 |
| characterization of an atp binding cassette from clostridium perfringens with homology to an abc transporter from clostridium hathewayi. | a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant of clostridium perfringens, strain vpi-c, which had stable mutations in the topoisomerase genes, accumulated less norfloxacin and ethidium bromide than the wild-type, strain vpi. efflux pump inhibitors both increased the accumulation of ethidium bromide by cells of the mutant and enhanced their sensitivity to this toxic dye. cloning a gene, which codes for a putative abc transporter protein (np_562422) of 527 amino acids, from the mutant strain vpi-c into the wil ... | 2009 | 19682412 |
| structural basis for substrate recognition in the enzymatic component of adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdta from clostridium difficile. | adp-ribosylation is one of the favored modes of cell intoxication employed by several bacteria. clostridium difficile is recognized to be an important nosocomial pathogen associated with considerable morbidity and attributable mortality. along with its two well known toxins, toxin a and toxin b, it produces an adp-ribosylating toxin that targets monomeric actin of the target cell. like other clostridial actin adp-ribosylating toxins, this binary toxin, known as c. difficile toxin (cdt), is compo ... | 2009 | 19692332 |
| undiagnosed cases of fatal clostridium-associated toxic shock in californian women of childbearing age. | in 2005, 4 clostridium sordellii-associated toxic shock fatalities were reported in young californian women after medical abortions. the true incidence of this rare disease is unknown, and a population-based study has never been performed. additional clostridia-associated deaths were sought to describe associated clinical characteristics. | 2009 | 19628200 |
| differential proteomic analysis of clostridium perfringens atcc13124; identification of dominant, surface and structure associated proteins. | clostridium perfringens is a medically important clostridial pathogen causing diseases in man and animals. to invade, multiply and colonize tissues of the host, a pathogen must be able to evade host immune system, and obtain nutrients essential for growth. the factors involved in these complex processes are largely unknown and of crucial importance to understanding microbial pathogenesis. many of the virulence determinants and putative vaccine candidates for bacterial pathogens are known to be s ... | 2009 | 19664283 |
| antibody response to the epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens following vaccination of lama glama crias. | enterotoxaemia produced by clostridium perfringens a, c and d is an important cause of mortality in young llamas. there is no data on antibody responses following vaccination with epsilon toxin. | 2009 | 19801806 |
| risk assessment for clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products. | an assessment of the risk of illness associated with clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products was completed to estimate the effect on the annual frequency of illnesses of changing the allowed maximal 1-log growth of c. perfringens during stabilization (cooling after the manufacturing heat step). the exposure assessment modeled stabilization, storage, and consumer preparation such as reheating and hot-holding. the model predicted that assuming a 10- o ... | 2009 | 19681258 |
| tiscpe8, an is1595-family lincomycin resistance element located on a conjugative plasmid in clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens is a normal gastrointestinal organism that is a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes and can potentially act as a source from which mobile elements and their associated resistance determinants can be transferred to other bacterial pathogens. lincomycin resistance in c. perfringens is common and is usually encoded by erm genes that confer macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b resistance. in this study we identified strains that are lincomycin resistant but erythromyci ... | 2009 | 19684139 |
| clostridium perfringens occurrence and ribotypes in healthy broilers reared in different european countries. | the main aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and ribotypes of clostridium perfringens in broiler flocks reared in 2 european countries that apply european union regulation 1831/2003. a total of 1,532 cecum contents were collected between june 2005 and november 2006 from birds belonging to 51 intensively reared flocks produced in the czech republic and 41 intensive production, organic, and free-range flocks reared in italy. clostridium perfringens was detected in 64.7 and 82.9% of ... | 2009 | 19687269 |
| re: clostridium perfringens myonecrosis of the abdominal wall after cholecystectomy. | 2009 | 19694678 | |
| characterization of an atp-binding cassette from clostridium perfringens with homology to an abc transporter from clostridium hathewayi. | a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant of clostridium perfringens, strain vpi-c, which had stable mutations in the topoisomerase genes, accumulated less norfloxacin and ethidium bromide than the wild type, strain vpi. efflux pump inhibitors both increased the accumulation of ethidium bromide by cells of the mutant and enhanced their sensitivity to this toxic dye. cloning a gene, which codes for a putative abc transporter protein (np_562422) of 527 amino acids, from the mutant strain vpi-c into the wil ... | 2009 | 19655423 |
| efficacy of multistrain direct-fed microbial and phytogenetic products in reducing necrotic enteritis in commercial broilers. | our laboratory is evaluating the efficacy of direct-fed microbials (dfm) and phytogenic products to control clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive organism associated with decreased performance and morbidity and mortality associated with necrotic enteritis, as well as some recent human food safety issues. three experiments were conducted to evaluate a dfm (poultrystar) and a phytogenic product (pep125), which were administered to birds from day of hatch until termination (d 25) via the drinkin ... | 2009 | 19762859 |
| the nani and nanj sialidases of clostridium perfringens are not essential for virulence. | the essential toxin in clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis is alpha-toxin, although other toxins and extracellular enzymes may also be involved. in many bacterial pathogens extracellular sialidases are important virulence factors, and it has been suggested that sialidases may play a role in gas gangrene. c. perfringens strains have combinations of three different sialidase genes, two of which, nani and nanj, encode secreted sialidases. the nani and nanj genes ... | 2009 | 19651873 |
| retrospective study on necrotizing enteritis in piglets in switzerland. | the re-emergence of necrotizing enteritis (ne) in swiss pig breeding farms raised concern that, besides c. perfringens type c strains, additional c. perfringens toxinotypes might cause this disease. therefore we retrospectively investigated the association of ne with c. perfringens type c or different c. perfringens toxinotypes. we evaluated pathological lesions, routine diagnostic bacteriology results, and multiplex real-time pcr analyses from dna extracts of archived intestinal samples of 199 ... | 2009 | 19653160 |
| [occurrence of clostridium perfringens type a and type c in piglets of the swiss swine population]. | necrotizing enteritis (ne) of newborn piglets still represents an economical problem in swiss pig breeding and production. the aim of our study was to identify risk factors for ne and evaluate the prevalence of c. perfringens with the toxingenes cpb and cpb2 in swiss pig breeding farms. the prevalence of theses c. perfringens was investigated using fecal swabs followed by bacteriological culturing and genotyping. close proximity to other breeding farms and large herd sizes were shown to predispo ... | 2009 | 19653161 |
| clostridium perfringens type d epsilon intoxication in one-day-old calves. | 2009 | 19561353 | |
| further characterization of clostridium perfringens small acid soluble protein-4 (ssp4) properties and expression. | clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning (fp) is usually caused by c. perfringens type a strains that carry a chromosomal enterotoxin gene (cpe) and produce spores with exceptional resistance against heat and nitrites. previous studies showed that the extreme resistance of spores made by most fp strains is mediated, in large part, by a variant of small acid soluble protein 4 (ssp4) that has asp at residue 36; in contrast, the sensitive spores made by other c. perfringens type a isolates con ... | 2009 | 19609432 |
| simultaneous identification of seven foodborne pathogens and escherichia coli (pathogenic and nonpathogenic) using capillary electrophoresis-based single-strand conformation polymorphism coupled with multiplex pcr. | the objective of this study was to develop a novel technique for parallel analysis of eight important foodborne microbes using capillary electrophoresis-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (ce-sscp) coupled with multiplex pcr. specific primers for multiplex pcr amplification of the 16s rrna gene were designed, corresponding to eight species of bacteria, including escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella enterica, listeria monocytogenes, vibrio parahae ... | 2009 | 19610337 |
| the protease cspb is essential for initiation of cortex hydrolysis and dipicolinic acid (dpa) release during germination of spores of clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning isolates. | the genome of the clostridium perfringens food poisoning isolate sm101 encodes a subtilisin-like protease, cspb, upstream of the slec gene encoding the enzyme essential for degradation of the peptidoglycan cortex during spore germination. slec is an inactive pro-slec in dormant spores that is converted to active slec during spore germination and csp proteases convert pro-slec to the active enzyme in vitro. in this work, the germination and viability of spores of a cspb deletion mutant of strain ... | 2009 | 19628563 |
| mechanistic analysis of the blood group antigen-cleaving endo-beta-galactosidase from clostridium perfringens. | the a and b antigens are of vital importance in blood transfusion and organ transplantation. the specificity of eabase, an endo-beta-galactosidase from c. perfringens, toward the cleavage of a and b trisaccharides from glycoconjugates is unique and holds significant potential for use in modifying blood group antigens on cell surfaces. the mechanism of this enzyme and others in its family (gh98) and the identities of its catalytic residues have not previously been experimentally determined. direc ... | 2009 | 19630404 |
| a novel tumor-targeted therapy using a claudin-4-targeting molecule. | carcinogenesis is often accompanied by dysfunctional tight junction (tjs), resulting in the loss of cellular polarity. claudin, a tetra-transmembrane protein, plays a pivotal role in the barrier and fence functions of tjs. claudin-4 is deregulated in various cancers, including breast, prostate, ovarian, and gastric cancer. claudin-4 may be a promising target molecule for tumor therapy, but the claudin-targeting strategy has never been fully developed. in the present study, we prepared a claudin- ... | 2009 | 19638534 |
| infectious agents detected in the feces of diarrheic foals: a retrospective study of 233 cases (2003-2008). | diarrhea is common in foals but there are no studies investigating the relative prevalence of common infectious agents in a population of hospitalized diarrheic foals. | 2009 | 19747192 |
| a multiplex pcr for toxin typing of clostridium perfringens isolates. | 2009 | 19157726 | |
| portrait of an enzyme, a complete structural analysis of a multimodular {beta}-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens. | common features of the extracellular carbohydrate-active virulence factors involved in host-pathogen interactions are their large sizes and modular complexities. this has made them recalcitrant to structural analysis, and therefore our understanding of the significance of modularity in these important proteins is lagging. clostridium perfringens is a prevalent human pathogen that harbors a wide array of large, extracellular carbohydrate-active enzymes and is an excellent and relevant model syste ... | 2009 | 19193644 |
| auranofin disrupts selenium metabolism in clostridium difficile by forming a stable au-se adduct. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen whose incidence and importance are on the rise. previous work in our laboratory characterized the central role of selenoenzyme-dependent stickland reactions in c. difficile metabolism. in this work we have identified, using mass spectrometry, a stable complex formed upon reaction of auranofin (a gold-containing drug) with selenide in vitro. x-ray absorption spectroscopy supports the structure that we proposed on the basis of mass-spectrometric data. ... | 2009 | 19165513 |
| phylogenomic analyses of clostridia and identification of novel protein signatures that are specific to the genus clostridium sensu stricto (cluster i). | the species of clostridium comprise a very heterogeneous assemblage of bacteria that do not form a phylogenetically coherent group. it has been proposed previously that only a subset of the species of clostridium that form a distinct cluster in the 16s rrna tree (cluster i) should be regarded as the true representatives of the genus clostridium (i.e. clostridium sensu stricto). however, this cluster is presently defined only in phylogenetic terms, and no biochemical, molecular or phenotypic char ... | 2009 | 19196767 |
| a conjugative macrolide resistance gene, mef(a), in environmental clostridium perfringens carrying multiple macrolide and/or tetracycline resistance genes. | to determine if environmental clostridium perfringens carry antibiotic resistance genes and if the genes are mobile. | 2009 | 19120611 |
| bacterial neuraminidase increases il-8 production in lung epithelial cells via nf-kappab-dependent pathway. | bacterial neuraminidase, a sialic acid-degrading enzyme, is one of the virulent factors produced in pathogenic bacteria like as other bacterial components. however little is known about whether bacterial neuraminidase can initiate or modify a cellular response, such as cytokine production, in epithelial cells at infection and inflammation. we demonstrate here that bacterial neuraminidase, but not heat-inactivated neuraminidase, up-regulates expression of interleukin-8 (il-8) mrna and protein in ... | 2009 | 19121622 |
| detection and toxin typing of clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by pcr. | since current microbiology methods are not suitable to detect clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples, we developed a pcr assay to detect toxin-encoding genes and the 16s rrna gene of c. perfringens. we successfully detected and genotyped c. perfringens in tissue sections from two autopsy cases. | 2009 | 19109478 |
| clostridium perfringens infection among inmates at a county jail--wisconsin, august 2008. | on august 8, 2008, employees at a wisconsin county jail noted nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea among more than 100 inmates during the early morning inspection. seven inmates were seen by the jail nurse that morning. following jail protocol, guards gave at least 60 inmates bismuth subsalicylate to relieve symptoms, and the jail nurse notified local health department staff members, who suspected a foodborne outbreak at the jail and initiated an investigation. this report summarizes the findings of a ... | 2009 | 19229165 |
| regional differences in bacterial flora in harbour porpoises from the north atlantic: environmental effects? | microbiological findings in harbour porpoises from different regions of the north atlantic were compared. results in animals from the north and baltic seas were evaluated over a period of 18 years for changes in the microbiological flora. | 2009 | 19120613 |
| [clostridial brain abscess after glioblastoma resection: case report and critical review of the literature]. | clostridium perfringens is rare in neurosurgery. the source of clostridial brain abscess is usually a penetrating head injury. we report the case of a 57-year-old man who had parietal glioblastoma resection with local carmustine chemotherapy and who presented a clostridial brain abscess three weeks later. progression was especially brutal, leading to patient's death in few hours. we discuss the etiology and progression of this case compared to the data reported in the literature. | 2009 | 19095271 |
| effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical clostridium perfringens challenge. | the effects of diet type (corn- vs. wheat-based) and multicarbohydrase addition on growth performance, digesta ph and viscosity, intestinal populations of clostridium perfringens and lactic acid bacteria, and gut lesion score (from 0 to 4, where 0 = no gross lesions, 4 = severe extensive necrosis) of broiler chickens during oral challenge with c. perfringens (none or 10(8) cfu/bird on d 13) were studied in a 39-d experiment. a total of 1,216 male ross-308 chickens was assigned to 8 dietary treat ... | 2009 | 19096067 |
| the spma/b and dacf proteins of clostridium perfringens play important roles in spore heat resistance. | strains of clostridium perfringens that cause acute food poisoning have been shown to produce spores that are significantly more heat resistant than those of other strains. previous studies demonstrated that the spore core density and the ratio of spore cortex peptidoglycan relative to the germ cell wall were factors that correlated with the heat resistance of a c. perfringens spore. to further evaluate these relationships, mutant strains of c. perfringens sm101 were constructed with null mutati ... | 2009 | 19189487 |
| prevalence of netb among some clinical isolates of clostridium perfringens from animals in the united states. | a previously unknown pore forming toxin, called netb toxin, which is produced by some australian strains of clostridium perfringens has recently been reported. this toxin was reported to be critical to the development of the disease necrotic enteritis, in chickens. to investigate the occurrence of the toxin gene (netb) in non-australian c. perfringens strains, one hundred and six american isolates of c. perfringens were examined. ninety-two isolates were from chickens, and 14 were from cattle. t ... | 2009 | 19081686 |
| claudin expression in rectal well-differentiated endocrine neoplasms (carcinoid tumors). | claudins are the structures and functional components of tight junctions and have crucial roles in the maintenance of cell polarity, cellular arrangement, adhesion and paracellular transport. various claudins are expressed in different epithelial cells and most tissues express multiple claudin proteins. the altered expression of claudins has been reported in various human carcinomas, but their expression in rectal well-differentiated endocrine neoplasms (carcinoid tumors), the most common endocr ... | 2009 | 19082451 |
| in vitro effects of alpha toxin from clostridium perfringens on the electrophysiological parameters of jejunal tissues from laying hens preincubated with inulin and n-acetyl-l-cysteine. | the present report demonstrates the effect of alpha toxin from clostridium perfringens on electrophysiological indexes of jejunal mucosa from laying hens pretreated with inulin and n-acetyl-l-cysteine (acc), a mucolytic agent. in a first set of experiments, the effect of alpha toxin with or without pretreatment with acc on the electrophysiological parameters was determined when jejunal tissues from laying hens were mounted in ussing chambers. the short-circuit current remained unchanged when alp ... | 2009 | 19096074 |
| enumeration of some cultivable bacterial groups and characterization of some abiotic variables in the jejunoileal content of prim'holstein veal calves. | a study was conducted to characterize the bacterial and biochemical composition of the jejunoileal content of veal calves and the effect of pre-slaughter fasting time. at 22 wk of age, 22 preruminant prim'holstein calves fed milk replacer and pellets (mainly composed of corn) were slaughtered at 6, 12, or 24 h after their last meal. chyme samples were collected from the jejunoileal compartment just after slaughter, and ph and redox potential were immediately measured. culture-based methods were ... | 2009 | 19098252 |
| extracellular protectants produced by clostridium perfringens cells at elevated temperatures. | the mechanisms of adaptation of clostridium perfringens to high temperatures are not well understood. in this work, the involvement of extracellular compounds in protection to heat was determined. | 2009 | 19055630 |
| sequence variation in the alpha-toxin encoding plc gene of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from diseased and healthy chickens. | the aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic diversity of the alpha-toxin encoding plc gene and the variation in alpha-toxin production of clostridium perfringens type a strains isolated from presumably healthy chickens and chickens suffering from either necrotic enteritis (ne) or cholangio-hepatitis. the alpha-toxin encoding plc genes from 60 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) types (strains) of c. perfringens were sequenced and translated in silico to amino acid seque ... | 2009 | 19070974 |
| ultrasound-induced inactivation of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in secondary treated municipal wastewater. | the effect of 24khz, high energy ultrasound in the presence and absence of titanium dioxide particles on the destruction of different bacteria groups was studied. applying a total of 1500w/l for 60min (this corresponds to 5400kj/l specific nominal energy), the mean destruction of gram-negative bacteria such as total coliforms, faecal coliforms and pseudomonas spp. was 99.5%, 99.2% and 99.7%, respectively. more recalcitrant to sonolytic inactivation were the gram-positive bacteria clostridium per ... | 2009 | 19131265 |
| tight junctions as targets of infectious agents. | the epithelial barrier is a critical border that segregates luminal material from entering tissues. essential components of this epithelial fence are physical intercellular structures termed tight junctions. these junctions use a variety of transmembrane proteins coupled with cytoplasmic adaptors, and the actin cytoskeleton, to attach adjacent cells together thereby forming intercellular seals. breaching of this barrier has profound effects on human health and disease, as barrier deficiencies ha ... | 2009 | 19059200 |
| rethinking our understanding of the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens. | for decades, low doses of antibiotics have been used widely in animal production to promote growth. however, there is a trend to reduce this use of antibiotics in feedstuffs, and legislation is now in place in europe to prohibit their use in this way. as a consequence, economically important diseases, such as necrotic enteritis (ne) of chickens, that are caused by clostridium perfringens have become more prevalent. recent research is creating a paradigm shift in our understanding of the pathogen ... | 2009 | 18977143 |
| fate of pathogenic microorganisms and indicators in secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. | this study was undertaken to investigate the removal of pathogenic microorganisms and their indicators in a laboratory scale biological treatment system that simulated the secondary treatment process of a wastewater treatment plant (wwtp). four groups of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths as well as the selected indicators were employed in the investigation. the results demonstrated that approximately 2-3 log10 removal of the microbial indicators was achieved in t ... | 2009 | 18977580 |
| potential use of tight junction modulators to reversibly open membranous barriers and improve drug delivery. | the epithelial and endothelial barriers of the human body are major obstacles for drug delivery to the systemic circulation and to organs with unique environment and homeostasis, like the central nervous system. several transport routes exist in these barriers, which potentially can be exploited for enhancing drug permeability. beside the transcellular pathways via transporters, adsorptive and receptor-mediated transcytosis, the paracellular flux for cells and molecules is very limited. while li ... | 2009 | 18983815 |
| cholesterol exposure at the membrane surface is necessary and sufficient to trigger perfringolysin o binding. | perfringolysin o (pfo) is the prototype for the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, a family of bacterial pore-forming toxins that act on eukaryotic membranes. the pore-forming mechanism of pfo exhibits an absolute requirement for membrane cholesterol, but the complex interplay between the structural arrangement of the pfo c-terminal domain and the distribution of cholesterol in the target membrane is poorly understood. herein we show that pfo binding to the bilayer and the initiation of the seque ... | 2009 | 19292457 |
| characterization of two putative fibronectin-binding proteins of clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen that causes gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans and animals. genomic analysis of c. perfringens strain 13 revealed that this bacterium contains two genes (cpe0737 and cpe1847) that encode putative fibronectin (fn)-binding proteins (fbps). these genes, named fbpa and fbpb, were found to be constitutively expressed in all three strains (13, nctc8237, cpn50) of c. perfringens, isolated from gas gangrene of human, that were tested. ... | 2009 | 19292998 |
| the oncopathic potency of clostridium perfringens is independent of its alpha-toxin gene. | hypoxia in solid tumors is a major obstacle in conventional treatment because of inefficient delivery of therapeutic agents to the lesions, but offers the potential for anaerobic bacterial colonization that can lead to tumor destruction. we have previously reported a recombinant clostridium perfringens (cp) strain constructed by deletion of the superoxide dismutase (sod) gene and insertion of the panton-valentine leukocidin (pvl) gene, cp/sod(-)/pvl, which showed elevated oxygen sensitivity, tum ... | 2009 | 19298132 |
| nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea caused by organisms other than clostridium difficile. | most cases of nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are caused by alteration of the physiological gut microflora. this alteration leads to reduced microbial metabolism of carbohydrates and primary bile acids, resulting in osmotic or secretory forms of diarrhoea. moreover, facultative enteropathogens may experience a growth advantage due to the antibiotic-induced microflora alteration that, in turn, can harm the gut mucosa by the toxins they produce. clostridium difficile is the major in ... | 2009 | 19303568 |
| protective effect of potentially probiotic lactobacillus strain on infection with pathogenic bacteria in chickens. | the probiotic potential of a lactobacillus salivarius 3d strain isolated from chicken faeces was assessed in one day old chickens. lactobacillus salivarius 3d was administered per os at a concentration of 10(8) cfu in 100 microl of pbs. the chickens were then challenged with pathogenic bacteria: salmonella enteritidis, campylobacter jejuni and clostridium perfringens. samples of caecal contents and livers were collected after 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days after infection. lactobacilli and pathogenic ba ... | 2009 | 19459435 |
| large outbreak of salmonella phage type 1 infection with high infection rate and severe illness associated with fast food premises. | to describe the epidemiology of an outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 1 (pt1) infection associated with a fast food premises, and to identify the causative factors leading to an acute outbreak with high attack rate and severe illness including hospital admission. | 2009 | 19464715 |
| cellular functions and x-ray structure of anthrolysin o, a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin secreted by bacillus anthracis. | anthrolysin o (alo) is a pore-forming, cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (cdc) secreted by bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent for anthrax. growing evidence suggests the involvement of alo in anthrax pathogenesis. here, we show that the apical application of alo decreases the barrier function of human polarized epithelial cells as well as increases intracellular calcium and the internalization of the tight junction protein occludin. using pharmacological agents, we also found that barrier func ... | 2009 | 19307185 |
| case of clostridium perfringens bacteremia after routine colonoscopy and polypectomy. | bacteremia is an uncommon complication after polypectomy and colonoscopy. we report one of the first cases of clostridium perfringens bacteremia after polypectomy. our patient was a four years old boy with congenital polyposis, who underwent colonoscopy and polypectomy without complication. approximately 12h later he developed a fever and tachycardia with no other clinical symptoms. his blood cultures grew out penicillin susceptible c. perfringens and enterococcus faecalis. he responded to antib ... | 2009 | 19324098 |
| diversifying and stabilizing selection of sialidase and n-acetylneuraminate catabolism in mycoplasma synoviae. | sialidase activity varies widely among strains and tends to correlate with strain virulence in the avian pathogen mycoplasma synoviae. to characterize the forms of selection acting on enzymes required for sialic acid scavenging and catabolism, the ratios of nonsynonymous (k(a)) to synonymous (k(s)) mutation frequency were calculated for codons in the sialidase gene of 16 strains of m. synoviae and for its nearly identical homolog in four strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum. the k(a)/k(s) (omega) ... | 2009 | 19329630 |
| nitrogen, phosphorus, and bacteria tile and groundwater quality following direct injection of dewatered municipal biosolids into soil. | application of municipal biosolids (sewage) to agricultural land is a common practice to improve soil physical quality and fertility. the chosen method of land application can have a strong impact on the extent of adjacent water contamination by nutrients and bacteria. dewatered municipal biosolids (dmb) were applied to silt-clay loam experimental field plots in ontario, canada using two application methods: (i) surface spreading followed by shallow incorporation (ss) and (ii) a newly developed ... | 2009 | 19329694 |
| seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, cryptosporidium oocysts, giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape. | the south nation river basin in eastern ontario, canada is characterized by mixed agriculture. over 1600 water samples were collected on a bi-weekly basis from up to 24 discrete sampling sites on river tributaries of varying stream order within the river basin between 2004 and 2006. water samples were analyzed for: densities of indicator bacteria (escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, enterococci, total and fecal coliforms), the presence of pathogenic bacteria (listeria monocytogenes, e. co ... | 2009 | 19339033 |
| occurrence and levels of fecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in market-ready recycled organic matter composts. | landfill diversion of organic wastes through composting is making compost products available for agricultural and horticultural crops. on certified organic farms, nonsludge green waste and manure composts are widely used because the use of these products removes harvest date restrictions imposed by the u.s. department of agriculture when raw manure is applied. we quantified several pathogens in point-of-sale composts from 94 nonsludge facilities processing 2.2 million m3 year(-1) of recycled gre ... | 2009 | 19350977 |
| [a necrotizing fasciitis of an abdominal wall after a cholecystectomy--a case report]. | the authors present a case review of a patient with a life threatening infectious complication after a routine operation with an accent on urgent diagnosis and treatment. a sepsis with an extensive necrotizing anaerobic infection of the surgical wound with a destruction of abdominal wound developed in 48 hours after a cholecystectomia. the patient status required repeatedly an extensive necrectomy with a hospitalization on an intensive care unit with a necessity of an arteficial pulmonary ventil ... | 2009 | 19358467 |
| gero, a putative na+/h+-k+ antiporter, is essential for normal germination of spores of the pathogenic bacterium clostridium perfringens. | the genome of the pathogen clostridium perfringens encodes two proteins, gero and gerq, homologous to monovalent cation transporters suggested to have roles in the germination of spores of some bacillus species. gero and gerq were able to transport monovalent cations (k(+) and/or na(+)) in escherichia coli, and gero and gerq were expressed only in the mother cell compartment during c. perfringens sporulation. c. perfringens spores lacking gero were defective in germination with a rich medium, kc ... | 2009 | 19363115 |
| transcriptional profiling analysis of host response to clostridium perfringens infection in broilers. | necrotic enteritis is a disease caused by clostridium perfringens, which threatens poultry production in the absence of dietary antibiotics. a total number of 600 ross broilers were reared in 12 pens with each hosting 50 birds. each 6 pens of birds were fed medicated (bacitracin at 55 mg/kg) or nonmedicated starter diets immediately after the chicks were placed. at d 18, birds were challenged with c. perfringens (10(7) cfu/ml mixed with feed). spleens were collected from 12 birds of each group ( ... | 2009 | 19359691 |
| characterization of a unique class c acid phosphatase from clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobe and a pathogen of medical importance. the detection of acid phosphatase activity is a powerful diagnostic indicator of the presence of c. perfringens among anaerobic isolates; however, characterization of the enzyme has not previously been reported. provided here are details of the characterization of a soluble recombinant form of this cell-associated enzyme. the denatured enzyme was approximately 31 kda and a homodimer in solution. it catalyze ... | 2009 | 19363079 |
| virulence gene regulation by the agr system in clostridium perfringens. | a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen, clostridium perfringens, causes clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene in humans by producing numerous extracellular toxins and enzymes that act in concert to degrade host tissue. the agr system is known to be important for the regulation of virulence genes in a quorum-sensing manner in staphylococcus aureus. a homologue for s. aureus agrbd (agrbd(sa)) was identified in the c. perfringens strain 13 genome, and the role of c. perfringens agrbd (agrbd(cp)) was ... | 2009 | 19363118 |
| effect of potassium diformate on growth performance and gut microbiota in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis. | 1. the effect of potassium diformate (kdf) on mortality, growth performance, microbial populations, ph and short chain fatty acid concentrations in the intestinal tract of broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis was investigated. 2. an experiment with 1050 cobb male broiler chickens was conducted from 1 to 35 d of age. there were 7 treatment groups: (1) unchallenged negative control, (2) unchallenged kdf (4.50 g/kg feed), (3) challenged negative control, (4) challenged positive contr ... | 2009 | 19234931 |
| the putative coupling protein tcpa interacts with other pcw3-encoded proteins to form an essential part of the conjugation complex. | conjugative plasmids encode antibiotic resistance determinants or toxin genes in the anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens. the paradigm conjugative plasmid in this bacterium is pcw3, a 47-kb tetracycline resistance plasmid that encodes the unique tcp transfer locus. the tcp locus consists of 11 genes, intp and tcpa-tcpj, at least three of which, tcpa, tcpf, and tcph, are essential for the conjugative transfer of pcw3. in this study we examined protein-protein interactions involving tcpa, t ... | 2009 | 19251842 |
| screening escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, and clostridium perfringens as indicator organisms in evaluating pathogen-reducing capacity in biogas plants. | this study was conducted to identify an indicator organism(s) in evaluating the pathogen-reducing capacity of biogas plants. fresh cow manure containing 10(4) to 10(5) colony forming unit (cfu) per milliliter of escherichia coli and enterococcus faecalis along with an inoculated clostridium perfringens strain were exposed to 37 degrees c for 15 days, 55 degrees c for 48 h, and 70 degrees c for 24 h. c. perfringens was the most heat-resistant organism followed by e. faecalis, while e. coli was th ... | 2009 | 19259627 |
| [spontaneous rupture of a clostridium perfringens liver abscess into the abdominal cavity]. | 2009 | 19264295 | |
| inferring maps of forces inside cell membrane microdomains. | mapping of the forces on biomolecules in cell membranes has spurred the development of effective labels, e.g., organic fluorophores and nanoparticles, to track trajectories of single biomolecules. standard methods use particular statistics, namely the mean square displacement, to analyze the underlying dynamics. here, we introduce general inference methods to fully exploit information in the experimental trajectories, providing sharp estimates of the forces and the diffusion coefficients in memb ... | 2009 | 19257479 |
| completion pancreatectomy for treatment of a clostridium perfringens pancreatic infection. | pancreatic infection is associated with high morbidity and mortality. drainage of the infection is the usual therapeutic approach. clostridium perfringens infection can cause fulminant sepsis, but it rarely occurs within the pancreas. the case of a 76-year-old man with cystic pancreatic lesions in which sepsis developed after endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration biopsy is described. the sepsis was managed with pancreatic resection and antibiotics. clostridium perfringens was isolate ... | 2009 | 19380651 |
| role of gerkb in germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores. | previous work indicated that clostridium perfringens gerka gerkc spores germinate significantly, suggesting that gerkb also has a role in c. perfringens spore germination. we now find that (i) gerkb was expressed only during sporulation, likely in the forespore; (ii) gerkb spores germinated like wild-type spores with nonnutrient germinants and with high concentrations of nutrients but more slowly with low nutrient concentrations; and (iii) gerkb spores had lower colony-forming efficiency and slo ... | 2009 | 19363077 |
| strategy to inactivate clostridium perfringens spores in meat products. | the current study aimed to develop an inactivation strategy for clostridium perfringens spores in meat through a combination of spore activation at low pressure (100-200 mpa, 7 min) and elevated temperature (80 degrees c, 10 min); spore germination at high temperatures (55, 60 or 65 degrees c); and inactivation of germinated spores with elevated temperatures (80 and 90 degrees c, 10 and 20 min) and high pressure (586 mpa, at 23 and 73 degrees c, 10 min). low pressures (100-200 mpa) were insuffic ... | 2009 | 19269568 |