Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| transcriptional profiling analysis of host response to clostridium perfringens infection in broilers. | necrotic enteritis is a disease caused by clostridium perfringens, which threatens poultry production in the absence of dietary antibiotics. a total number of 600 ross broilers were reared in 12 pens with each hosting 50 birds. each 6 pens of birds were fed medicated (bacitracin at 55 mg/kg) or nonmedicated starter diets immediately after the chicks were placed. at d 18, birds were challenged with c. perfringens (10(7) cfu/ml mixed with feed). spleens were collected from 12 birds of each group ( ... | 2009 | 19359691 |
| role of gerkb in germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores. | previous work indicated that clostridium perfringens gerka gerkc spores germinate significantly, suggesting that gerkb also has a role in c. perfringens spore germination. we now find that (i) gerkb was expressed only during sporulation, likely in the forespore; (ii) gerkb spores germinated like wild-type spores with nonnutrient germinants and with high concentrations of nutrients but more slowly with low nutrient concentrations; and (iii) gerkb spores had lower colony-forming efficiency and slo ... | 2009 | 19363077 |
| characterization of a unique class c acid phosphatase from clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobe and a pathogen of medical importance. the detection of acid phosphatase activity is a powerful diagnostic indicator of the presence of c. perfringens among anaerobic isolates; however, characterization of the enzyme has not previously been reported. provided here are details of the characterization of a soluble recombinant form of this cell-associated enzyme. the denatured enzyme was approximately 31 kda and a homodimer in solution. it catalyze ... | 2009 | 19363079 |
| gero, a putative na+/h+-k+ antiporter, is essential for normal germination of spores of the pathogenic bacterium clostridium perfringens. | the genome of the pathogen clostridium perfringens encodes two proteins, gero and gerq, homologous to monovalent cation transporters suggested to have roles in the germination of spores of some bacillus species. gero and gerq were able to transport monovalent cations (k(+) and/or na(+)) in escherichia coli, and gero and gerq were expressed only in the mother cell compartment during c. perfringens sporulation. c. perfringens spores lacking gero were defective in germination with a rich medium, kc ... | 2009 | 19363115 |
| virulence gene regulation by the agr system in clostridium perfringens. | a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen, clostridium perfringens, causes clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene in humans by producing numerous extracellular toxins and enzymes that act in concert to degrade host tissue. the agr system is known to be important for the regulation of virulence genes in a quorum-sensing manner in staphylococcus aureus. a homologue for s. aureus agrbd (agrbd(sa)) was identified in the c. perfringens strain 13 genome, and the role of c. perfringens agrbd (agrbd(cp)) was ... | 2009 | 19363118 |
| portrait of an enzyme, a complete structural analysis of a multimodular {beta}-n-acetylglucosaminidase from clostridium perfringens. | common features of the extracellular carbohydrate-active virulence factors involved in host-pathogen interactions are their large sizes and modular complexities. this has made them recalcitrant to structural analysis, and therefore our understanding of the significance of modularity in these important proteins is lagging. clostridium perfringens is a prevalent human pathogen that harbors a wide array of large, extracellular carbohydrate-active enzymes and is an excellent and relevant model syste ... | 2009 | 19193644 |
| phylogenomic analyses of clostridia and identification of novel protein signatures that are specific to the genus clostridium sensu stricto (cluster i). | the species of clostridium comprise a very heterogeneous assemblage of bacteria that do not form a phylogenetically coherent group. it has been proposed previously that only a subset of the species of clostridium that form a distinct cluster in the 16s rrna tree (cluster i) should be regarded as the true representatives of the genus clostridium (i.e. clostridium sensu stricto). however, this cluster is presently defined only in phylogenetic terms, and no biochemical, molecular or phenotypic char ... | 2009 | 19196767 |
| intra-species growth-inhibition by clostridium perfringens is a possible virulence trait in necrotic enteritis in broilers. | necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens is associated with clostridium perfringens type a, carrying the netb toxin. c. perfringens type a is also a member of the normal intestinal microbiota of broilers. clinically healthy chickens carry several different c. perfringens clones in their intestine. in flocks suffering from necrotic enteritis, however, mostly only one single clone is isolated from the gut of all the diseased animals. selective proliferation of these clinical outbreak strains in the ... | 2009 | 19201552 |
| sporulation and enterotoxin (cpe) synthesis are controlled by the sporulation-specific sigma factors sige and sigk in clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens is the third most frequent cause of bacterial food poisoning annually in the united states. ingested c. perfringens vegetative cells sporulate in the intestinal tract and produce an enterotoxin (cpe) that is responsible for the symptoms of acute food poisoning. studies of bacillus subtilis have shown that gene expression during sporulation is compartmentalized, with different genes expressed in the mother cell and the forespore. the cell-specific rna polymerase sigma fact ... | 2009 | 19201796 |
| establishment of an analytical system for the human fecal microbiota, based on reverse transcription-quantitative pcr targeting of multicopy rrna molecules. | an analytical system based on rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) was established for the precise evaluation of human intestinal microbiota. group- and species-specific primer sets for clostridium perfringens, lactobacillus spp. (six subgroups and three species), enterococcus spp., and staphylococcus spp. targeting 16s rrna gene sequences were newly developed for the quantitative analysis of such subdominant populations in human intestines. they were used together with ... | 2009 | 19201979 |
| microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food served in schools in wales, united kingdom. | a survey of the general microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food served in schools was undertaken across wales, united kingdom. of the 2,351 samples taken, four were identified as containing unsatisfactory counts of escherichia coli, four contained unsatisfactory counts of staphylococcus aureus, and one contained an unacceptable count of bacillus cereus when compared with guidelines for the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food published by the united kingdom public health laboratory ... | 2009 | 19205487 |
| clostridium perfringens beta-toxin targets endothelial cells in necrotizing enteritis in piglets. | beta-toxin (cpb) is known to be the major virulence factor of clostridium perfringens type c strains, which cause necrotizing enteritis in pigs, sheep, goats, calves, and humans. the exact mode of action, in particular the cellular targets of cpb in the intestine of naturally affected species, is however still not resolved. to investigate localization of cpb in naturally occurring necrotizing enteritis, we evaluated 52 piglets with spontaneously acquired c. perfringens type c enteritis and 14 co ... | 2009 | 19216036 |
| structural insight into the mechanism of streptozotocin inhibition of o-glcnacase. | despite decades of its use in diabetes research, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of streptozotocin (stz) toward pancreatic beta-islet cells has remained a topic of discussion. although stz toxicity is likely a function of its capacity to promote dna alkylation, it has been proposed that stz induces pancreatic beta-cell death through o-glcnacase inhibition. in this report, we explore the binding mode of stz to a close homolog of human o-glcnacase, btgh84 from bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. our resul ... | 2009 | 19217614 |
| slec is essential for cortex peptidoglycan hydrolysis during germination of spores of the pathogenic bacterium clostridium perfringens. | clostridial spore germination requires degradation of the spore's peptidoglycan (pg) cortex by cortex-lytic enzymes (cles), and two clostridium perfringens cles, slec and slem, degrade cortex pg in vitro. we now find that only slec is essential for cortex hydrolysis and viability of c. perfringens spores. c. perfringens slec spores did not germinate completely with nutrients, kcl, or a 1:1 chelate of ca(2+) and dipicolinic acid (ca-dpa), and the colony-forming efficiency of slec spores was 10(3) ... | 2009 | 19218389 |
| clostridium perfringens intestinal gas gangrene in a preterm newborn. | 2009 | 19224438 | |
| clostridium perfringens infection among inmates at a county jail--wisconsin, august 2008. | on august 8, 2008, employees at a wisconsin county jail noted nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea among more than 100 inmates during the early morning inspection. seven inmates were seen by the jail nurse that morning. following jail protocol, guards gave at least 60 inmates bismuth subsalicylate to relieve symptoms, and the jail nurse notified local health department staff members, who suspected a foodborne outbreak at the jail and initiated an investigation. this report summarizes the findings of a ... | 2009 | 19229165 |
| whole blood chemiluminescence response in broiler chickens on different experimental diets and challenged with clostridium perfringens. | 1. objectives: to validate the whole blood chemiluminescence (wbcl) assay in chickens, a simple and rapid method of measuring production of reactive oxygen species by circulating polymorphonuclear (pmn) leukocytes. to determine the physiological response and innate immune response associated with oral challenge with clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens under different nutritional conditions. 2. in experiment 1, birds were orally challenged with c. perfringens 1. type a or sham-challenged ... | 2009 | 19234930 |
| effect of potassium diformate on growth performance and gut microbiota in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis. | 1. the effect of potassium diformate (kdf) on mortality, growth performance, microbial populations, ph and short chain fatty acid concentrations in the intestinal tract of broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis was investigated. 2. an experiment with 1050 cobb male broiler chickens was conducted from 1 to 35 d of age. there were 7 treatment groups: (1) unchallenged negative control, (2) unchallenged kdf (4.50 g/kg feed), (3) challenged negative control, (4) challenged positive contr ... | 2009 | 19234931 |
| the putative coupling protein tcpa interacts with other pcw3-encoded proteins to form an essential part of the conjugation complex. | conjugative plasmids encode antibiotic resistance determinants or toxin genes in the anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens. the paradigm conjugative plasmid in this bacterium is pcw3, a 47-kb tetracycline resistance plasmid that encodes the unique tcp transfer locus. the tcp locus consists of 11 genes, intp and tcpa-tcpj, at least three of which, tcpa, tcpf, and tcph, are essential for the conjugative transfer of pcw3. in this study we examined protein-protein interactions involving tcpa, t ... | 2009 | 19251842 |
| inferring maps of forces inside cell membrane microdomains. | mapping of the forces on biomolecules in cell membranes has spurred the development of effective labels, e.g., organic fluorophores and nanoparticles, to track trajectories of single biomolecules. standard methods use particular statistics, namely the mean square displacement, to analyze the underlying dynamics. here, we introduce general inference methods to fully exploit information in the experimental trajectories, providing sharp estimates of the forces and the diffusion coefficients in memb ... | 2009 | 19257479 |
| screening escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, and clostridium perfringens as indicator organisms in evaluating pathogen-reducing capacity in biogas plants. | this study was conducted to identify an indicator organism(s) in evaluating the pathogen-reducing capacity of biogas plants. fresh cow manure containing 10(4) to 10(5) colony forming unit (cfu) per milliliter of escherichia coli and enterococcus faecalis along with an inoculated clostridium perfringens strain were exposed to 37 degrees c for 15 days, 55 degrees c for 48 h, and 70 degrees c for 24 h. c. perfringens was the most heat-resistant organism followed by e. faecalis, while e. coli was th ... | 2009 | 19259627 |
| [spontaneous rupture of a clostridium perfringens liver abscess into the abdominal cavity]. | 2009 | 19264295 | |
| strategy to inactivate clostridium perfringens spores in meat products. | the current study aimed to develop an inactivation strategy for clostridium perfringens spores in meat through a combination of spore activation at low pressure (100-200 mpa, 7 min) and elevated temperature (80 degrees c, 10 min); spore germination at high temperatures (55, 60 or 65 degrees c); and inactivation of germinated spores with elevated temperatures (80 and 90 degrees c, 10 and 20 min) and high pressure (586 mpa, at 23 and 73 degrees c, 10 min). low pressures (100-200 mpa) were insuffic ... | 2009 | 19269568 |
| generation of single-copy transposon insertions in clostridium perfringens by electroporation of phage mu dna transposition complexes. | transposon mutagenesis is a tool that is widely used for the identification of genes involved in the virulence of bacteria. until now, transposon mutagenesis in clostridium perfringens has been restricted to the use of tn916-based methods with laboratory reference strains. this system yields primarily multiple transposon insertions in a single genome, thus compromising its use for the identification of virulence genes. the current study describes a new protocol for transposon mutagenesis in c. p ... | 2009 | 19270116 |
| lectin activity of the coagulation factor viii/von willebrand complex. | the human coagulation factor viii (fviii) is essential in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation and circulates mainly as a non-covalently bound complex with the von willebrand factor (vwf). this complex (fviii/vwf) protects fviii from degradation and cellular uptake, although no biological role has been identified yet for this complex. the fviii/vwf complex was purified from a healthy donor's plasma by affinity chromatography on a sepharose 4b-concanavalin a column and was used to determine ... | 2009 | 19282656 |
| ecological characterization of the colonic microbiota of normal and diarrheic dogs. | we used terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (t-rflp) analysis to assess (1) stability of the fecal microbiota in dogs living in environments characterized by varying degrees of exposure to factors that might alter the microbiota and (2) changes in the microbiota associated with acute episodes of diarrhea. results showed that the healthy canine gi tract harbors potential enteric pathogens. dogs living in an environment providing minimal exposure to factors that might alter the microbiota h ... | 2009 | 19282974 |
| cross-complementation of clostridium perfringens plc and clostridium septicum alpha-toxin mutants reveals plc is sufficient to mediate gas gangrene. | clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum are the most common causes of clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene. although they mediate a similar disease pathology, they elaborate functionally very different alpha-toxins. we used a reciprocal complementation approach to assess the contribution of the primary toxin of each species to disease and found that c. perfringens alpha-toxin (plc) was able to mediate the gross pathology of myonecrosis even in a c. septicum background, although it co ... | 2009 | 19284973 |
| use of faecal pollution indicators to estimate pathogen die off conditions in source separated faeces in kathmandu valley, nepal. | as the introduction and promotion of dehydrating toilets progresses, the safety of handling and reuse of their biosolids remains a question. a detailed study to understand the storage conditions and the fate of selected faecal indicators was conducted on four urine diverting dehydrating toilet units, using ash as a major additive, in kathmandu valley, nepal. presumptive escherichia coli, total coliforms, enterococci and different fractions of clostridium perfringens were investigated under field ... | 2009 | 18957778 |
| origin of clostridium perfringens isolates determines the ability to induce necrotic enteritis in broilers. | since the ban on growth-promoting antibiotics in animal feed in the european union, necrotic enteritis has become a major cause of mortality in broiler chickens. despite the importance of the disease, the pathogenesis is still not completely understood. in the current study, clostridium perfringens strains isolated from healthy flocks and isolates from outbreaks of necrotic enteritis were evaluated for the ability to cause gut necrosis in an intestinal loop model in laying hens and in an experim ... | 2009 | 18783830 |
| prevalence of netb among some clinical isolates of clostridium perfringens from animals in the united states. | a previously unknown pore forming toxin, called netb toxin, which is produced by some australian strains of clostridium perfringens has recently been reported. this toxin was reported to be critical to the development of the disease necrotic enteritis, in chickens. to investigate the occurrence of the toxin gene (netb) in non-australian c. perfringens strains, one hundred and six american isolates of c. perfringens were examined. ninety-two isolates were from chickens, and 14 were from cattle. t ... | 2009 | 19081686 |
| claudin expression in rectal well-differentiated endocrine neoplasms (carcinoid tumors). | claudins are the structures and functional components of tight junctions and have crucial roles in the maintenance of cell polarity, cellular arrangement, adhesion and paracellular transport. various claudins are expressed in different epithelial cells and most tissues express multiple claudin proteins. the altered expression of claudins has been reported in various human carcinomas, but their expression in rectal well-differentiated endocrine neoplasms (carcinoid tumors), the most common endocr ... | 2009 | 19082451 |
| [clostridial brain abscess after glioblastoma resection: case report and critical review of the literature]. | clostridium perfringens is rare in neurosurgery. the source of clostridial brain abscess is usually a penetrating head injury. we report the case of a 57-year-old man who had parietal glioblastoma resection with local carmustine chemotherapy and who presented a clostridial brain abscess three weeks later. progression was especially brutal, leading to patient's death in few hours. we discuss the etiology and progression of this case compared to the data reported in the literature. | 2009 | 19095271 |
| effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical clostridium perfringens challenge. | the effects of diet type (corn- vs. wheat-based) and multicarbohydrase addition on growth performance, digesta ph and viscosity, intestinal populations of clostridium perfringens and lactic acid bacteria, and gut lesion score (from 0 to 4, where 0 = no gross lesions, 4 = severe extensive necrosis) of broiler chickens during oral challenge with c. perfringens (none or 10(8) cfu/bird on d 13) were studied in a 39-d experiment. a total of 1,216 male ross-308 chickens was assigned to 8 dietary treat ... | 2009 | 19096067 |
| in vitro effects of alpha toxin from clostridium perfringens on the electrophysiological parameters of jejunal tissues from laying hens preincubated with inulin and n-acetyl-l-cysteine. | the present report demonstrates the effect of alpha toxin from clostridium perfringens on electrophysiological indexes of jejunal mucosa from laying hens pretreated with inulin and n-acetyl-l-cysteine (acc), a mucolytic agent. in a first set of experiments, the effect of alpha toxin with or without pretreatment with acc on the electrophysiological parameters was determined when jejunal tissues from laying hens were mounted in ussing chambers. the short-circuit current remained unchanged when alp ... | 2009 | 19096074 |
| enumeration of some cultivable bacterial groups and characterization of some abiotic variables in the jejunoileal content of prim'holstein veal calves. | a study was conducted to characterize the bacterial and biochemical composition of the jejunoileal content of veal calves and the effect of pre-slaughter fasting time. at 22 wk of age, 22 preruminant prim'holstein calves fed milk replacer and pellets (mainly composed of corn) were slaughtered at 6, 12, or 24 h after their last meal. chyme samples were collected from the jejunoileal compartment just after slaughter, and ph and redox potential were immediately measured. culture-based methods were ... | 2009 | 19098252 |
| antimicrobial activity of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives towards clostridium perfringens. | to assess the potential of essential oils and structurally related synthetic food additives in inhibiting the growth of clostridium perfringens for the control of necrotic enteritis in chickens. | 2009 | 19054237 |
| extracellular protectants produced by clostridium perfringens cells at elevated temperatures. | the mechanisms of adaptation of clostridium perfringens to high temperatures are not well understood. in this work, the involvement of extracellular compounds in protection to heat was determined. | 2009 | 19055630 |
| tight junctions as targets of infectious agents. | the epithelial barrier is a critical border that segregates luminal material from entering tissues. essential components of this epithelial fence are physical intercellular structures termed tight junctions. these junctions use a variety of transmembrane proteins coupled with cytoplasmic adaptors, and the actin cytoskeleton, to attach adjacent cells together thereby forming intercellular seals. breaching of this barrier has profound effects on human health and disease, as barrier deficiencies ha ... | 2009 | 19059200 |
| sequence variation in the alpha-toxin encoding plc gene of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from diseased and healthy chickens. | the aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic diversity of the alpha-toxin encoding plc gene and the variation in alpha-toxin production of clostridium perfringens type a strains isolated from presumably healthy chickens and chickens suffering from either necrotic enteritis (ne) or cholangio-hepatitis. the alpha-toxin encoding plc genes from 60 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) types (strains) of c. perfringens were sequenced and translated in silico to amino acid seque ... | 2009 | 19070974 |
| detection and toxin typing of clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by pcr. | since current microbiology methods are not suitable to detect clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples, we developed a pcr assay to detect toxin-encoding genes and the 16s rrna gene of c. perfringens. we successfully detected and genotyped c. perfringens in tissue sections from two autopsy cases. | 2009 | 19109478 |
| assessment of the microbiological safety of dried spices and herbs from production and retail premises in the united kingdom. | a study of dried spices and herbs from retail and production premises to determine the microbiological status of such products was undertaken in the uk during 2004. according to ec recommendation 2004/24/ec and european spice association specifications, 96% of 2833 retail samples and 92% of 132 production batches were of satisfactory/acceptable quality. salmonella spp. were detected in 1.5% and 1.1% of dried spices and herbs sampled at production and retail, respectively. overall, 3.0% of herbs ... | 2009 | 19028303 |
| rethinking our understanding of the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens. | for decades, low doses of antibiotics have been used widely in animal production to promote growth. however, there is a trend to reduce this use of antibiotics in feedstuffs, and legislation is now in place in europe to prohibit their use in this way. as a consequence, economically important diseases, such as necrotic enteritis (ne) of chickens, that are caused by clostridium perfringens have become more prevalent. recent research is creating a paradigm shift in our understanding of the pathogen ... | 2009 | 18977143 |
| fate of pathogenic microorganisms and indicators in secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. | this study was undertaken to investigate the removal of pathogenic microorganisms and their indicators in a laboratory scale biological treatment system that simulated the secondary treatment process of a wastewater treatment plant (wwtp). four groups of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths as well as the selected indicators were employed in the investigation. the results demonstrated that approximately 2-3 log10 removal of the microbial indicators was achieved in t ... | 2009 | 18977580 |
| potential use of tight junction modulators to reversibly open membranous barriers and improve drug delivery. | the epithelial and endothelial barriers of the human body are major obstacles for drug delivery to the systemic circulation and to organs with unique environment and homeostasis, like the central nervous system. several transport routes exist in these barriers, which potentially can be exploited for enhancing drug permeability. beside the transcellular pathways via transporters, adsorptive and receptor-mediated transcytosis, the paracellular flux for cells and molecules is very limited. while li ... | 2009 | 18983815 |
| features of hemolysis due to clostridium perfringens infection. | infection by clostridium perfringens can be an unsuspected cause of hemolysis in emergency room patients. historically, this condition has been associated with wound contamination and other tissue infections. we report the case of an autistic patient who presented to our emergency department with a distended abdomen and hemolysis of unknown etiology. the patient had no history of recent surgery. exploration of the abdomen revealed a hepatic abscess. blood cultures tested culture positive for c. ... | 2009 | 18177433 |
| a conjugative macrolide resistance gene, mef(a), in environmental clostridium perfringens carrying multiple macrolide and/or tetracycline resistance genes. | to determine if environmental clostridium perfringens carry antibiotic resistance genes and if the genes are mobile. | 2009 | 19120611 |
| regional differences in bacterial flora in harbour porpoises from the north atlantic: environmental effects? | microbiological findings in harbour porpoises from different regions of the north atlantic were compared. results in animals from the north and baltic seas were evaluated over a period of 18 years for changes in the microbiological flora. | 2009 | 19120613 |
| bacterial neuraminidase increases il-8 production in lung epithelial cells via nf-kappab-dependent pathway. | bacterial neuraminidase, a sialic acid-degrading enzyme, is one of the virulent factors produced in pathogenic bacteria like as other bacterial components. however little is known about whether bacterial neuraminidase can initiate or modify a cellular response, such as cytokine production, in epithelial cells at infection and inflammation. we demonstrate here that bacterial neuraminidase, but not heat-inactivated neuraminidase, up-regulates expression of interleukin-8 (il-8) mrna and protein in ... | 2009 | 19121622 |
| ultrasound-induced inactivation of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in secondary treated municipal wastewater. | the effect of 24khz, high energy ultrasound in the presence and absence of titanium dioxide particles on the destruction of different bacteria groups was studied. applying a total of 1500w/l for 60min (this corresponds to 5400kj/l specific nominal energy), the mean destruction of gram-negative bacteria such as total coliforms, faecal coliforms and pseudomonas spp. was 99.5%, 99.2% and 99.7%, respectively. more recalcitrant to sonolytic inactivation were the gram-positive bacteria clostridium per ... | 2009 | 19131265 |
| rainfall simulation in greenhouse microcosms to assess bacterial-associated runoff from land-applied poultry litter. | runoff water following a rain event is one possible source of environmental contamination after a manure application. this greenhouse study used a rainfall simulator to determine bacterial-associated runoff from troughs of common bermudagrass [cynodon dactylon (l.) pers.] that were treated with p-based, n-based, and n plus lime rates of poultry (gallus gallus) litter, recommended inorganic fertilizer, and control. total heterotrophic plate count (hpc) bacteria, total and thermotolerant coliforms ... | 2009 | 19141812 |
| necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis due to clostridium perfringens: a case report. | abstract: clostridia are uncommon causes of pleuropulmonary infection. clostridial species infecting the pleuropulmonary structures characteristically cause a necrotizing pneumonia with involvement of the pleura. most cases have iatrogenic causes usually due to invasive procedures into the pleural cavity, such as thoracentesis or thoracotomy, or penetrating chest injuries. rarely clostridia pleuropulmonary infections are not related to these factors. the clinical course of pleuropulmonary clostr ... | 2009 | 19144160 |
| a multiplex pcr for toxin typing of clostridium perfringens isolates. | 2009 | 19157726 | |
| auranofin disrupts selenium metabolism in clostridium difficile by forming a stable au-se adduct. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen whose incidence and importance are on the rise. previous work in our laboratory characterized the central role of selenoenzyme-dependent stickland reactions in c. difficile metabolism. in this work we have identified, using mass spectrometry, a stable complex formed upon reaction of auranofin (a gold-containing drug) with selenide in vitro. x-ray absorption spectroscopy supports the structure that we proposed on the basis of mass-spectrometric data. ... | 2009 | 19165513 |
| a novel tumor-targeted therapy using a claudin-4-targeting molecule. | carcinogenesis is often accompanied by dysfunctional tight junction (tjs), resulting in the loss of cellular polarity. claudin, a tetra-transmembrane protein, plays a pivotal role in the barrier and fence functions of tjs. claudin-4 is deregulated in various cancers, including breast, prostate, ovarian, and gastric cancer. claudin-4 may be a promising target molecule for tumor therapy, but the claudin-targeting strategy has never been fully developed. in the present study, we prepared a claudin- ... | 2009 | 19638534 |
| influence of heterologous mreb proteins on cell morphology of bacillus subtilis. | the prokaryotic cytoskeletal protein mreb is thought to govern cell shape by positioning the cell wall synthetic apparatus at growth sites in the cell. in rod-shaped bacteria it forms helical filaments that run around the periphery of the rod during elongation. gram-positive bacteria often contain more than one mreb gene. bacillus subtilis has three mreb-like genes, mreb, mbl and mrebh, the first two of which have been shown to be essential under normal growth conditions. expression of an mreb h ... | 2009 | 19643765 |
| necrotic enteritis in chickens: a paradigm of enteric infection by clostridium perfringens type a. | withdrawal of antimicrobial growth promoters and ionophore coccidiostats has been accompanied by a resurgence in incidence of necrotic enteritis (ne), a severe clostridium perfringens-induced disease which some consider the most clinically dramatic bacterial enteric disease of poultry. lesions, in jejunum and ileum, are focal-to-confluent, often with a tightly adhered pseudomembrane, and hemorrhage is uncommon. the key risk factor for development of ne is an intestinal environment that favors gr ... | 2009 | 19186215 |
| the spma/b and dacf proteins of clostridium perfringens play important roles in spore heat resistance. | strains of clostridium perfringens that cause acute food poisoning have been shown to produce spores that are significantly more heat resistant than those of other strains. previous studies demonstrated that the spore core density and the ratio of spore cortex peptidoglycan relative to the germ cell wall were factors that correlated with the heat resistance of a c. perfringens spore. to further evaluate these relationships, mutant strains of c. perfringens sm101 were constructed with null mutati ... | 2009 | 19189487 |
| characterization of an atp binding cassette from clostridium perfringens with homology to an abc transporter from clostridium hathewayi. | a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant of clostridium perfringens, strain vpi-c, which had stable mutations in the topoisomerase genes, accumulated less norfloxacin and ethidium bromide than the wild-type, strain vpi. efflux pump inhibitors both increased the accumulation of ethidium bromide by cells of the mutant and enhanced their sensitivity to this toxic dye. cloning a gene, which codes for a putative abc transporter protein (np_562422) of 527 amino acids, from the mutant strain vpi-c into the wil ... | 2009 | 19682412 |
| tiscpe8, an is1595-family lincomycin resistance element located on a conjugative plasmid in clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens is a normal gastrointestinal organism that is a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes and can potentially act as a source from which mobile elements and their associated resistance determinants can be transferred to other bacterial pathogens. lincomycin resistance in c. perfringens is common and is usually encoded by erm genes that confer macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b resistance. in this study we identified strains that are lincomycin resistant but erythromyci ... | 2009 | 19684139 |
| clostridium perfringens occurrence and ribotypes in healthy broilers reared in different european countries. | the main aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and ribotypes of clostridium perfringens in broiler flocks reared in 2 european countries that apply european union regulation 1831/2003. a total of 1,532 cecum contents were collected between june 2005 and november 2006 from birds belonging to 51 intensively reared flocks produced in the czech republic and 41 intensive production, organic, and free-range flocks reared in italy. clostridium perfringens was detected in 64.7 and 82.9% of ... | 2009 | 19687269 |
| structural basis for substrate recognition in the enzymatic component of adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdta from clostridium difficile. | adp-ribosylation is one of the favored modes of cell intoxication employed by several bacteria. clostridium difficile is recognized to be an important nosocomial pathogen associated with considerable morbidity and attributable mortality. along with its two well known toxins, toxin a and toxin b, it produces an adp-ribosylating toxin that targets monomeric actin of the target cell. like other clostridial actin adp-ribosylating toxins, this binary toxin, known as c. difficile toxin (cdt), is compo ... | 2009 | 19692332 |
| re: clostridium perfringens myonecrosis of the abdominal wall after cholecystectomy. | 2009 | 19694678 | |
| the nani and nanj sialidases of clostridium perfringens are not essential for virulence. | the essential toxin in clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis is alpha-toxin, although other toxins and extracellular enzymes may also be involved. in many bacterial pathogens extracellular sialidases are important virulence factors, and it has been suggested that sialidases may play a role in gas gangrene. c. perfringens strains have combinations of three different sialidase genes, two of which, nani and nanj, encode secreted sialidases. the nani and nanj genes ... | 2009 | 19651873 |
| retrospective study on necrotizing enteritis in piglets in switzerland. | the re-emergence of necrotizing enteritis (ne) in swiss pig breeding farms raised concern that, besides c. perfringens type c strains, additional c. perfringens toxinotypes might cause this disease. therefore we retrospectively investigated the association of ne with c. perfringens type c or different c. perfringens toxinotypes. we evaluated pathological lesions, routine diagnostic bacteriology results, and multiplex real-time pcr analyses from dna extracts of archived intestinal samples of 199 ... | 2009 | 19653160 |
| [occurrence of clostridium perfringens type a and type c in piglets of the swiss swine population]. | necrotizing enteritis (ne) of newborn piglets still represents an economical problem in swiss pig breeding and production. the aim of our study was to identify risk factors for ne and evaluate the prevalence of c. perfringens with the toxingenes cpb and cpb2 in swiss pig breeding farms. the prevalence of theses c. perfringens was investigated using fecal swabs followed by bacteriological culturing and genotyping. close proximity to other breeding farms and large herd sizes were shown to predispo ... | 2009 | 19653161 |
| characterization of an atp-binding cassette from clostridium perfringens with homology to an abc transporter from clostridium hathewayi. | a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant of clostridium perfringens, strain vpi-c, which had stable mutations in the topoisomerase genes, accumulated less norfloxacin and ethidium bromide than the wild type, strain vpi. efflux pump inhibitors both increased the accumulation of ethidium bromide by cells of the mutant and enhanced their sensitivity to this toxic dye. cloning a gene, which codes for a putative abc transporter protein (np_562422) of 527 amino acids, from the mutant strain vpi-c into the wil ... | 2009 | 19655423 |
| differential proteomic analysis of clostridium perfringens atcc13124; identification of dominant, surface and structure associated proteins. | clostridium perfringens is a medically important clostridial pathogen causing diseases in man and animals. to invade, multiply and colonize tissues of the host, a pathogen must be able to evade host immune system, and obtain nutrients essential for growth. the factors involved in these complex processes are largely unknown and of crucial importance to understanding microbial pathogenesis. many of the virulence determinants and putative vaccine candidates for bacterial pathogens are known to be s ... | 2009 | 19664283 |
| inorganic phosphate and sodium ions are cogerminants for spores of clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning-related isolates. | clostridium perfringens type a isolates carrying a chromosomal copy of the enterotoxin (cpe) gene are involved in the majority of food poisoning (fp) outbreaks, while type a isolates carrying a plasmid-borne cpe gene are involved in c. perfringens-associated non-food-borne (nfb) gastrointestinal diseases. to cause diseases, c. perfringens spores must germinate and return to active growth. previously, we showed that only spores of fp isolates were able to germinate with k(+) ions. we now found th ... | 2009 | 19666724 |
| risk assessment for clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products. | an assessment of the risk of illness associated with clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products was completed to estimate the effect on the annual frequency of illnesses of changing the allowed maximal 1-log growth of c. perfringens during stabilization (cooling after the manufacturing heat step). the exposure assessment modeled stabilization, storage, and consumer preparation such as reheating and hot-holding. the model predicted that assuming a 10- o ... | 2009 | 19681258 |
| treatment of septicaemia and severe bacterial infections in foals with a new cefquinome formulation: a field study. | a multicentre field study was conducted in accordance with vich guideline on good clinical practice (vich 2000) to confirm the efficacy and safety of a new formulation of cefquinome for the treatment of naturally occurring severe bacterial infections and septicaemia in foals. thirty-nine foals suffering from severe bacterial infections (such as pneumonia, gastro-enteritis, arthritis, omphalitis, or wound infections) or acute septicaemia were treated twice daily with the test product (1 mg cefqui ... | 2009 | 19813447 |
| clostridial toxins. | clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in severe diseases in humans and other animals. most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming toxins responsible for gangrenes and gastrointestinal diseases. among them, perfringolysin has been extensively studied and it is the paradigm of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, whereas clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin and clostridium septicum alpha-toxin, which are related to aerolysin, are the prototy ... | 2009 | 19824793 |
| application of quantitative microbial risk assessments for estimation of risk management metrics: clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products as an example. | the u.s. department of agriculture, food safety and inspection service is exploring quantitative risk assessment methodologies to incorporate the use of the codex alimentarius' newly adopted risk management metrics (e.g., food safety objectives and performance objectives). it is suggested that use of these metrics would more closely tie the results of quantitative microbial risk assessments (qmras) to public health outcomes. by estimating the food safety objective (the maximum frequency and/or c ... | 2009 | 19833039 |
| microbiological quality of saffron from the main producer countries. | a microbiological study of saffron spice was undertaken in the context of a european research project (methodologies for implementing international standards for saffron purity and quality, the acronym for which is saffic), analyzing 79 samples obtained from the main producer countries, namely greece, iran, italy, morocco, and spain. current microbiological quality criteria are the same as for other spices, but saffron is added in minute quantities during the cooking process, so the health risk ... | 2009 | 19833050 |
| effect of bismuth citrate, lactose, and organic acid on necrotic enteritis in broilers. | clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis causes significant economic losses. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bismuth citrate, lactose, and organic acid on the development of necrotic enteritis in broilers. the first study was a dose response that evaluated bismuth citrate at 50, 100, or 200 ppm on bacterial intestinal colonization and lesion development associated with our c. perfringens challenge model. the second study evaluated bismuth citrate, lactose, ... | 2009 | 19834076 |
| the effect of grobiotic-p combined with yeast cell wall and gluconic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and cecal microbial populations in young chicks. | two experiments were conducted with new hampshire x columbian chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet to examine the efficacy of varying levels and combinations of grobiotic p (gb), a prebiotic-type product that contains dairy and yeast fractions and dried fermentation extracts, gluconic acid, and yeast cell wall (ycw) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and cecal microbial populations. in experiment 1, chicks were allowed ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal basal diet or the basal d ... | 2009 | 19834087 |
| clostridium difficile toxin cdt induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. | clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis by production of the rho gtpase-glucosylating toxins a and b. recently emerging hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains additionally produce the binary adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdt (clostridium difficile transferase), which adp-ribosylates actin and inhibits actin polymerization. thus far, the role of cdt as a virulence factor is not understood. here we report by using time-lapse- and immunofluoresce ... | 2009 | 19834554 |
| [induced expression of alpha-toxin gene of clostridium perfringens in recombinant lactobacillus casei and their immunoprotective in mice]. | the prepared an oral vaccine by constructing recombinant lactobacillus casei expressing alpha-toxin gene of clostridium perfringens, for preventing poisoning by clostridium perfringens. | 2009 | 19835176 |
| identification of the channel-forming domain of clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin (etx). | epsilon-toxin (etx) is a potent toxin produced by clostridium perfringens strains b and d. the bacteria are important pathogens in domestic animals and cause edema mediated by etx. this toxin acts most likely by heptamer formation and rapid permeabilization of target cell membranes for monovalent anions and cations followed by a later entry of calcium. in this study, we compared the primary structure of etx with that of the channel-forming stretches of a variety of binding components of a-b-type ... | 2009 | 19835840 |
| clostridium perfringens vaccines. | both clostridium perfringens spores and toxins have reportedly been considered as a biological warfare agents. the spores may be incorporated into weapons which cause traumatic injury, and the resulting delivery of spores deep into tissues would result in the development of gas gangrene. of the c. perfringens toxins, the epsilon-toxin is of particular concern and now appears on the list of cdc select agents. currently there are no licensed vaccines suitable for use in humans which protect agains ... | 2009 | 19837285 |
| a 72-year-old man with a rapidly progressive sepsis caused by a rare but life-threatening infection. | 2009 | 19841488 | |
| influence of enrichment broths on multiplex pcr detection of total coliform bacteria, escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens, in spiked water samples. | although multiplex pcr amplification condition for simultaneous detection of total coliform bacteria, escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens in water sample has been developed, results with high sensitivity are obtained when amplifying purified dna, but the sensitivity is low when applied to spiked water samples. an enrichment broth culture prior pcr analysis increases sensitivity of the test but the specific nature of enrichment broth can affect the pcr results. three enrichment broths, l ... | 2009 | 19842417 |
| efficacy of multistrain direct-fed microbial and phytogenetic products in reducing necrotic enteritis in commercial broilers. | our laboratory is evaluating the efficacy of direct-fed microbials (dfm) and phytogenic products to control clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive organism associated with decreased performance and morbidity and mortality associated with necrotic enteritis, as well as some recent human food safety issues. three experiments were conducted to evaluate a dfm (poultrystar) and a phytogenic product (pep125), which were administered to birds from day of hatch until termination (d 25) via the drinkin ... | 2009 | 19762859 |
| pediocin a improves growth performance of broilers challenged with clostridium perfringens. | the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the anticlostridial pediocin a from pediococcus pentosaceus fbb61 to contain negative effects associated to clostridium proliferation in broilers, through 2 subsequent investigations. in the first study, 36 ross 508 broilers were divided into 3 groups and fed for 21 d as follows: the control diet (ctr), the control diet supplemented with supernatant filtrate of a culture of p. pentosaceus fbb61-2 (bac-, isogenic mutant nonproducing pedioci ... | 2009 | 19762869 |
| clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin increases the small intestinal permeability in mice and rats. | epsilon toxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, an anaerobic bacterium that causes enterotoxaemia in ruminants. in the affected animal, it causes oedema of the lungs and brain by damaging the endothelial cells, inducing physiological and morphological changes. although it is believed to compromise the intestinal barrier, thus entering the gut vasculature, little is known about the mechanism underlying this process. this study characterizes the effects of e ... | 2009 | 19763257 |
| complete genome sequence of lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, a competitive exclusion agent against pathogens in poultry. | lactobacillus johnsonii is a member of the acidophilus group of lactobacilli. because of their probiotic properties, including attachment to epithelial cells, immunomodulation, and competitive exclusion of pathogens, representatives of this group are being intensively studied. here we report the complete annotated genome sequence of lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, a strain which prevents the colonization of specific-pathogen-free chicks by clostridium perfringens. | 2009 | 19767436 |
| expression profiles of genes in toll-like receptor-mediated signaling of broilers infected with clostridium perfringens. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) participate in detecting microbial pattern molecules for activation of the host immune response. we investigated possible roles of tlrs in the chicken response to clostridium perfringens infection by examining the expression of tlr genes and other genes involved in tlr-mediated signaling within the spleens and ilea of c. perfringens-challenged broilers. upregulation of a tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing factor homolog in challenged chickens compared to naïve chicke ... | 2009 | 19776194 |
| comparison between the vitek immunodiagnostic assay system and pcr for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in an experimental dry sausage during its curing process. | the comparison between the vitek immunodiagnostic assay system (vidas) and pcr methods for the detection of the pathogenic microorganisms salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus in salchich6n (a type of spanish fermented dry sausage) was studied. the automated mini-vidas method and the pcr method were used to detect the presence of these microorganisms in 90 samples grouped into six batches (one control batch, a ... | 2009 | 19777902 |
| selection of a clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin producer via dot-blot test. | clostridium perfringens type d produces enterotoxemia, an enteric disease in ruminants, also known as pulpy kidney disease. caused by epsilon toxin, enterotoxemia is a major exotoxin produced by this microorganism. epsilon toxin is also the main component of vaccines against this enteric disorder. in this study, a standardized dot-blot was used to choose strains of c. perfringens type d that are producers of epsilon toxin. clones producing epsilon toxin were chosen by limiting dilution; after th ... | 2009 | 19779698 |
| occurrence of motile aeromonas in municipal drinking water and distribution of genes encoding virulence factors. | aeromonas-associated cases of gastroenteritis are generally considered waterborne. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential microbiological risk associated with the presence of these bacteria in public drinking water. over a period of one year, 132 drinking-water samples were monitored in león (nw of spain, 137,000 inhabitants) for mandatory drinking-water standards and the occurrence of aeromonas spp. samples were taken at the municipal water treatment plant, one storage facility ... | 2009 | 19720415 |
| dominant-negative inhibitors of the clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin. | the clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is responsible for a severe, often lethal intoxication. in this study, we characterized dominant-negative inhibitors of the epsilon-toxin. site-specific mutations were introduced into the gene encoding epsilon-toxin, and recombinant proteins were expressed in escherichia coli. paired cysteine substitutions were introduced at locations predicted to form a disulfide bond. one cysteine in each mutant was introduced into the membrane insertion domain of the ... | 2009 | 19720828 |
| neuraminidase inhibitory activities of flavonols isolated from rhodiola rosea roots and their in vitro anti-influenza viral activities. | five flavonols (3, 5, and 9-11) were isolated from rhodiola rosea, and compared with commercially available flavonoids (1, 2, 4, 6-8, and 12-14) to facilitate analysis of their structure-activity relationship (sar). all compounds (1-14) showed neuraminidase inhibitory activities with ic(50) values ranging from 0.8 to 56.9 microm. the in vitro anti-influenza virus activities of flavonoids 1-6, 8-12, and 14 were evaluated using two influenza viral strains, h1n1 (a/pr/8/34) and h9n2 (a/chicken/kore ... | 2009 | 19729316 |
| infectious agents detected in the feces of diarrheic foals: a retrospective study of 233 cases (2003-2008). | diarrhea is common in foals but there are no studies investigating the relative prevalence of common infectious agents in a population of hospitalized diarrheic foals. | 2009 | 19747192 |
| [claudin expression in different pancreatic cancers and its significance in differential diagnostics]. | claudins (cldns) are essential proteins of tight junctions. changes in their expression pattern have been demonstrated in a number of tumors. cldns-3 and -4 are receptors of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, cytolytic effects of the toxin are well known. the aim of our studies was to compare the different cldn expression patterns in normal pancreas cells, pancreatic endocrine tumors, adenocarcinomas, mucinous cystic tumors and acinar cell carcinomas. expressions of cldn-1, -2, -3, -4 and ... | 2009 | 19793693 |
| antibody response to the epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens following vaccination of lama glama crias. | enterotoxaemia produced by clostridium perfringens a, c and d is an important cause of mortality in young llamas. there is no data on antibody responses following vaccination with epsilon toxin. | 2009 | 19801806 |
| the long-lived nature of clostridium perfringens iota toxin in mammalian cells induces delayed apoptosis. | mono-adp ribosylation of actin by bacterial toxins, such as clostridium perfringens iota or clostridium botulinum c2 toxins, results in rapid depolymerization of actin filaments and cell rounding. here we report that treatment of african green monkey kidney (vero) cells with iota toxin resulted in delayed caspase-dependent death. unmodified actin did not reappear in toxin-treated cells, and enzyme-active toxin was detectable in the cytosol for at least 24 h. c2 toxin showed comparable, long-live ... | 2009 | 19805536 |
| development and application of new mouse models to study the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type c enterotoxemias. | clostridium perfringens type c isolates cause enterotoxemias and enteritis in humans and livestock. while the major disease signs and lesions of type c disease are usually attributed to beta toxin (cpb), these bacteria typically produce several different lethal toxins. since understanding of disease pathogenesis and development of improved vaccines is hindered by the lack of small animal models mimicking the lethality caused by type c isolates, in this study we developed two mouse models of c. p ... | 2009 | 19805537 |
| [toxins of clostridium perfringens]. | clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic gram-positive spore-forming bacillus. it is one of the pathogens with larger distribution in the environment; it can be isolated from soil and water samples, which also belongs to the intestinal flora of animals and humans. however, on some occasions it can act as an opportunistic pathogen, causing diseases such as gas gangrene, enterotoxemia in sheep and goats and lamb dysentery, among others. in human beings, it is associated to diseases such as food poi ... | 2009 | 20085190 |
| mucosal flora in crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis - an overview. | the intestinal flora harbors varies pathogens. clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene), enterococci (endocarditis), enterobacteriaceae (sepsis), bacteroides (abscesses) are present in the large intestine of every healthy person in high concentrations. these bacteria are, however, separated from the colonic wall by an impenetrable mucus layer and are tolerated by the host. this separation is disturbed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), where bacteria adhere to the mucosa and invade ... | 2009 | 20224153 |
| fatal plasmodium falciparum, clostridium perfringens, and candida spp. coinfections in a traveler to haiti. | malaria is one of the most common causes of febrile illness in travelers. coinfections with bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens may not be suspected unless a patient fails to respond to malaria treatment. using novel immunohistochemical and molecular techniques, plasmodium falciparum, clostridium perfringens, and candida spp. coinfections were confirmed in a german traveler to haiti. plasmodium falciparum-induced ischemia may have increased this patient's susceptibility to c. perfringens and ... | 2009 | 20339463 |
| comparison of molecular markers to detect fresh sewage in environmental waters. | human-specific bacteroides hf183 (hs-hf183), human-specific enterococci faecium esp (hs-esp), human-specific adenoviruses (hs-avs) and human-specific polyomaviruses (hs-pvs) assays were evaluated in freshwater, seawater and distilled water to detect fresh sewage. the sewage spiked water samples were also tested for the concentrations of traditional fecal indicators (i.e., escherichia coli, enterococci and clostridium perfringens) and enteric viruses such as enteroviruses (evs), sapoviruses (svs) ... | 2009 | 19818987 |