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bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the bacillus cereus group occasionally associated with food poisoning.an aerobic endospore-forming bacillus (nvh 391-98(t)) was isolated during a severe food poisoning outbreak in france in 1998, and four other similar strains have since been isolated, also mostly from food poisoning cases. based on 16s rrna gene sequence similarity, these strains were shown to belong to the bacillus cereus group (over 97% similarity with the current group species) and phylogenetic distance from other validly described species of the genus bacillus was less than 95%. based on 16s ...201322328607
antimicrobial activity of platelet (plt)-poor plasma, plt-rich plasma, plt gel, and solvent/detergent-treated plt lysate biomaterials against wound bacteria.platelet (plt) gels exhibit antimicrobial activity useful for wound healing. the nature of the antibacterial component(s) is unknown.201322563709
solid-state fermentation: tool for bioremediation of adsorbed textile dyestuff on distillery industry waste-yeast biomass using isolated bacillus cereus strain ebt1.bioremediation of textile dyestuffs under solid-state fermentation (ssf) using industrial wastes as substrate pose an economically feasible, promising, and eco-friendly alternative. the purpose of this study was to adsorb red m5b dye, a sample of dyes mixture and a real textile effluent on distillery industry waste-yeast biomass (diw-yb) and its further bioremediation using bacillus cereus ebt1 under ssf. textile dyestuffs were allowed to adsorb on diw-yb. diw-yb adsorbed dyestuffs were decolori ...201322562346
bacillus cereus endocarditis in native aortic valve.bacillus cereus endocarditis is rare. it has been implicated in immunocompromised individuals, especially in intravenous drug users as well as in those with a cardiac prosthesis. the patient was a 31-year-old ex-intravenous drug addict with a past history of staphylococcal pulmonary valve endocarditis, who presented with symptoms of decompensated cardiac failure. echocardiography showed severe aortic regurgitation with an oscillating vegetation seen on the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve ...201322627887
bacillus cereus septicemia attributed to a matched unrelated bone marrow transplant.hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct) is performed in more than 25,000 patients annually. clinically significant bacterial transmission from hct products is rare.201322624657
complete genome sequence of bacillus toyonensis bct-7112t, the active ingredient of the feed additive preparation toyocerin.strain bct-7112, previously identified as bacillus cereus var. toyoi, is the type strain of the species bacillus toyonensis, a novel species of the b. cereus group. the complete genome of this strain, which is the active ingredient of the feed additive preparation toyocerin, has been sequenced and annotated to reveal the genetic properties of this probiotic organism with a long history of safe use in animal nutrition.201324356843
description of bacillus toyonensis sp. nov., a novel species of the bacillus cereus group, and pairwise genome comparisons of the species of the group by means of ani calculations.strain bct-7112(t) was isolated in 1966 in japan from a survey designed to obtain naturally occurring microorganisms as pure cultures in the laboratory for use as probiotics in animal nutrition. this strain, which was primarily identified as bacillus cereus var toyoi, has been in use for more than 30 years as the active ingredient of the preparation toyocerin(®), an additive for use in animal nutrition (e.g. swine, poultry, cattle, rabbits and aquaculture). despite the fact that the strain was i ...201323791203
bacillus cereus var. toyoi promotes growth, affects the histological organization and microbiota of the intestinal mucosa in rainbow trout fingerlings.in this preliminary study, we evaluated the effects of a gram-positive soil bacteria bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, intestinal morphology, and microbiota in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings. trout were maintained in a recirculation system and fed 2 diets: 1) a commercial trout feed deprived of the probiotic and 2) the same diet but with the spores of the probiotic bacteria dissolved in fish oil during the manufacturing of the feed ...201323508031
relapsing bacillus cereus peritonitis in a patient treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.peritonitis is a severe complication of peritoneal dialysis (pd) due to associated morbidity and mortality. although bacillus cereus is mostly considered as a contaminant, its role as a causative agent in a few cases of pd peritonitis has been documented. peritonitis due to b. cereus has been associated with high rates of catheter removal and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.201428663812
evaluation of in vitro cytotoxic activity of mono-pegylated stap3 (solanum tuberosum aspartic protease 3) forms.stap3 is a plant aspartic protease with cytotoxic activity toward a broad spectrum of pathogens, including potato and human pathogen microorganisms, and cancer cells, but not against human t cells, human red blood cells or plant cells. for this reason, stap3 could be a promising and potential drug candidate for future therapies. in this work, the improvement of the performance of stap3 was achieved by means of a modification with peg. the separation of a mono-pegylated stap3 fraction was easily ...201428626641
purification and identification of two antifungal cyclic dipeptides from bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with a rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode especially against fusarium oxysporum.the cell-free culture filtrate of bacillus cereus subsp. thuringiensis associated with an entomopathogenic nematode (epn), rhabditis (oscheius) sp., exhibited strong antimicrobial activity. the ethyl acetate extract of the bacterial culture filtrate was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain two cyclic dipeptides (cdps). the structure and absolute stereochemistry of this compound were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analyses (fabms, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, (1)h-(1)h cosy ...201423402421
in-vitro anticancer and antimicrobial activities of plga/silver nanofiber composites prepared by electrospinning.in the present work, a series of 0, 1 and 7 wt% silver nano-particles (ag nps) incorporated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (plga) nano-fibers were synthesized by the electrospinning process. the plga/ag nano-fibers sheets were characterized using sem, tem and dsc analyses. the three synthesized plga/silver nano-fiber composites were screened for anticancer activity against liver cancer cell line using mtt and ldh assays. the anticancer activity of plga nano-fibers showed a remarkable improvement d ...201424375170
spore germination mediated by bacillus megaterium qm b1551 slel and ypeb.previous work demonstrated that bacillus megaterium qm b1551 spores that are null for the sleb and cwlj genes, which encode cortex-lytic enzymes (cles), either of which is required for efficient cortex hydrolysis in bacillus spores, could germinate efficiently when complemented with a plasmid-borne copy of ypeb plus the nonlytic portion of sleb encoding the n-terminal domain of sleb (sleb(n)). the current study demonstrates that the defective germination phenotype of b. megaterium sleb cwlj spor ...201424375103
antimicrobial effectiveness of silicone oil, heavy silicone oil and perfluorodecaline against bacillus cereus.the purpose of this work is to study the effectiveness of silicone oil, heavy silicone oil and perfluorodecaline against bacillus cereus. for this we tested the antimicrobial activities of three intraocularly used liquids--silicone oil (siluron 1000), heavy silicone oil (densiron-68) and perfluorodecaline (f-decalin)--against b. cereus (nctc 9946). the antimicrobial effects of silicone oil, heavy silicone oil and perfluorodecaline were determined by the growing capability of the microorganism. w ...201424375026
impact of ag and al₂o₃ nanoparticles on soil organisms: in vitro and soil experiments.in vitro analyses were conducted to assess the impact of al2o3 and ag nanoparticles on two common soil bacteria, bacillus cereus and pseudomonas stutzeri. al2o3 nanoparticles did not show significant toxicity at any dose or time assayed, whereas exposure to 5 mg l(-1) ag nanoparticles for 48 h caused bactericidal effects. moreover, alterations at the morphological level were observed by transmission electron microscopy (tem); ag but not al2o3 nanoparticles evoked the entrance of b. cereus cells ...201424374587
haplophytin b from maclurodendron porteri.an alkaloid from maclurodendron porteri has been isolated and characterized. extraction process was conducted by acid-base extraction method followed by column chromatography. the structure was established by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. the compound was identified as haplophytin b which occurs commonly in the rutaceae family. however, this is the first time this alkaloid was isolated and reported from the species. the compound showed no inhibition against staph ...201424374446
trifolium pratense l. as a potential natural antioxidant.the essential oils of three different growth stages of trifolium pratense l. (tp1, tp2 and tp3) were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and tested for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. the highest content of volatile compounds was found in the essential oil sample tp1, where terpenes such as β-myrcene (4.55%), p-cymene (3.59%), limonene (0.86%), tetrahydroionone (1.56%) were highlighted due to their biological activity. the antioxidant activity was determined by f ...201424402202
antimicrobial activity of traditional medicinal plants from ankober district, north shewa zone, amhara region, ethiopia.traditional medicinal plants have long been used in ethiopia to treat human and livestock ailments. despite a well-documented rich tradition of medicinal plant use in the country, their direct antimicrobial effects are still poorly known.201424392738
dechlorination of chloroorganics, decolorization, and simultaneous bioremediation of cr6+ from real tannery effluent employing indigenous bacillus cereus isolate.a native bacillus cereus isolate has been employed, for the first time, for simultaneous decolorization, dechlorination of chloroorganics, and cr(6+) remediation from the real tannery effluent. most of the physicochemical variables in 3:1 diluted effluent were well above the standard prescribed limits, which decreased substantially upon microbial treatment. the extent of bioremediation was better in diluted (3:1) as compared to undiluted effluent supplemented with nutrients and augmented with b. ...201424390198
draft genome sequence of bacillus cereus lct-bc25, isolated from space flight.bacillus cereus strain lct-bc25, which was carried by the shenzhou viii spacecraft, traveled in space for about 398 h. to investigate the response of b. cereus to space environments, we determined the genome sequence of b. cereus strain lct-bc25, which was isolated after space flight.201424385570
genome sequence of bacillus cereus strain lct-bc235, carried by the shenzhou viii spacecraft.in order to explore the effect of space environments on bacillus cereus, we determined the draft genome sequence of a b. cereus strain, lct-bc235, which was isolated after space flight.201424407625
effect of temperatures on the growth, toxin production, and heat resistance of bacillus cereus in cooked rice.bacillus cereus is capable of producing enterotoxin and emetic toxin, and bacillus foodborne illnesses occur due to the consumption of food contaminated with endospores. the objectives of this study were to investigate the growth and toxin production of b. cereus in cooked rice and to determine the effect of temperature on toxin destruction. cooked rice inoculated with b. cereus was stored at 15, 25, 35, and 45°c or treated at 80, 90, and 100°c. the results indicated that emetic toxin was produc ...201424404779
the caskr two-component system is required for the growth of mesophilic and psychrotolerant bacillus cereus strains at low temperatures.the different strains of bacillus cereus can grow at temperatures covering a very diverse range. some b. cereus strains can grow in chilled food and consequently cause food poisoning. we have identified a new sensor/regulator mechanism involved in low-temperature b. cereus growth. construction of a mutant of this two-component system enabled us to show that this system, called caskr, is required for growth at the minimal temperature (tmin). caskr was also involved in optimal cold growth above tm ...201424509924
antimicrobial and physical-mechanical properties of agar-based films incorporated with grapefruit seed extract.the use of synthetic petroleum based packaging films caused serious environmental problems due to their difficulty in recycling and poor biodegradability. therefore, present study was aimed to develop natural biopolymer-based antimicrobial packaging films as an alternative for the synthetic packaging films. as a natural antimicrobial agent, grapefruit seed extract (gse) has been incorporated into agar to prepare antimicrobial packaging film. the films with different concentrations of gse were pr ...201424507339
influence of probiotic bacterium bacillus cereus isolated from the gut of wild shrimp penaeus monodon in turn as a potent growth promoter and immune enhancer in p. monodon.a probiotic bacterium isolated from the gut of wild shrimp penaeus monodon rendered maximum antagonistic activity against shrimp pathogens and was capable of producing extracellular enzymes. the probiotic bacterium was identified as bacillus cereus through 16s rrna sequencing. the lyophilized b. cereus was supplemented with shrimp basal diet at four different concentrations (0.1–0.4%/100 g feed) in d1–d4 diets. the viability of probiotic bacterium in the test diets was evaluated during the study ...201424516873
efficacy of commercial natural antimicrobials alone and in combinations against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.microbial control strategies are needed in the food industry to prevent foodborne illnesses and outbreaks and prolong product shelf life. the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of the commercial natural antimicrobials white mustard essential oil (wmeo), citrus flavonoid and acid blend (cfab), olive extract (oe), nisaplin (a compound containing nisin), and lauric arginate (lae) alone and in combinations against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. mics of in ...201424490921
global overview of the risk linked to the bacillus cereus group in the egg product industry: identification of food safety and food spoilage markers.to evaluate the food safety and spoilage risks associated with psychrotrophic bacillus cereus group bacteria for the egg product industry and to search for relevant risk markers.201424484429
expression, purification, and solubility optimization of peptidyl-trna hydrolase 1 from bacillus cereus.peptidyl-trna hydrolase 1 cleaves the ester bond of peptidyl-trna thereby recycling peptidyl-trnas generated from premature termination of translation and expression of minigenes and short orfs. bacterial pth1 is essential, highly conserved, and has no essential eukaryotic homolog making it a good target for antibacterial development. herein we describe the cloning of pth1 gene from bacillus cereus as an n-terminal hexahistidine fusion protein. solubility was optimized for overexpression in esch ...201424480186
spectroscopy and solvatochromism studies along with antioxidant and antibacterial activities investigation of azo-azomethine compounds 2-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)methyl)-4-phenyldiazenyl)phenol.the azo-azomethine compounds 2-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)methyl)-4-phenyldiazenyl)phenol (2a-d) were prepared from the reaction of 2-aminophenol with 2-hydroxy-5-(aryldiazenyl)benzaldehyde (1a-d). the structures of all compounds were then characterized by elemental analysis, mass, infrared, uv-vis, (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the electronic absorption spectra indicated enol-keto tautomeric and positive solvatochromism in compounds (2a-d), which is dependent on the substitution, nature of solven ...201424480116
genome sequences of three novel bacillus cereus bacteriophages.the bacillus cereus group is an assemblage of highly related firmicute bacteria that cause a variety of diseases in animals, including insects and humans. we announce three high-quality, complete genome sequences of bacteriophages we isolated from soil samples taken at the bases of fruit trees in utah county, utah. while two of the phages (shanette and jl) are highly related myoviruses, the bacteriophage basilisk is a siphovirus.201424459255
nisin a extends the shelf life of high-fat chilled dairy dessert, a milk-based pudding.the aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of nisin a to control the growth of spore-forming bacteria, bacillus and paenibacillus, in chilled high-fat, milk pudding and to reduce heat treatment to improve aroma and flavour.201424450783
brown seaweed (saccharina japonica) as an edible natural delivery matrix for allyl isothiocyanate inhibiting food-borne bacteria.the edible, brown seaweed saccharina japonica was prepared as powder in the size range 500-900 μm for the desorption release of allyl isothiocyanate (aitc). powders were used as raw (containing lipids) and as de-oiled, where the lipid was removed. in general, de-oiled powders adsorbed larger masses of aitc after vapour or solution contact. mass adsorbed due to solution contact exceeded vapour contact. larger particles adsorbed more than smaller particles. no chemical bonding between aitc and the ...201424444900
purification of chitinase/chitosanase from bacillus cereus and discovery of an enzyme inhibitor.a chitinase and a chitosanase were induced from a squid pen powder (spp)-containing medium of bacillus cereus tku030 and purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and combined column chromatography. the purified chitinase and chitosanase exhibited optimum activity at 60 °c, ph 5-6 and 40 °c, ph 4, respectively. the chitinase and chitosanase were stable at 25-60 °c, ph 4-7 and 25-50 °c, ph 3-7, respectively. the chitinase and chitosanase showed the highest activity toward β-chitin and 60% ...201424444885
surfactin restores and enhances swarming motility under heavy metal stress.the present work reports the importance of lipopeptide biosurfactant on swarming motility of multi-metal resistant (mmr) bacterium under heavy metal stress. the mmr bacteria strain cm100b, identified as bacillus cereus, was isolated from the coal mine sample. the strain was able to grow and reduce several metals namely cd(2+), co(2+), cu(2+), ni(2+), mn(2+) and pb(2+) ions which are common environmental pollutants. presence of toxic heavy metal ions in the swarming medium significantly altered t ...201424441179
hydrothermal synthesis of copper based nanoparticles: antimicrobial screening and interaction with dna.copper based nanoparticles (cu-based nps) of different compositions and sizes have been hydrothermally synthesized by varying the reaction time in the presence of the biocompatible surfactants polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan laurate (tween 20) and polyethylene glycol 8000 (peg 8000). effective control of the above synthetic parameters gave rise to cu, cu2o and cu/cu2o nps of 10-44 nm. the antibacterial activity of the nps was screened against gram-positive (bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, stap ...201424441110
isolation of bacillus cytotoxicus from various commercial potato products.bacillus (b.) cytotoxicus is a newly described thermotolerant member of the bacillus cereus group. this potential foodborne pathogen had so far only been isolated from vegetable products, including mashed potatoes. here we report the detection of b. cytotoxicus in a variety of potato products taken on retail level or from catering establishments (n=151). identification of isolates as b. cytotoxicus was performed after enrichment at 50°c, followed by differentiation using fourier transform-infrar ...201424440535
bioaccumulation characterization of cadmium by growing bacillus cereus rc-1 and its mechanism.in an effort to explore the protective mechanism of growing bacillus cereus rc-1 against the toxicity of different cd(ii) concentrations, bacterial growth, cadmium consumption, surface interactions and intra- and extra-cellular cd(ii) contents were examined. cellular morphology and growth were evidently affected by the initial metal concentrations above 20 mg l(-1), according to the analysis of sem, afm, tem and uv spectrophotometer. surface complexation and electrostatic attraction played an im ...201424560281
antimicrobial activity of acid-hydrolyzed citrus unshiu peel extract in milk.citrus fruit (citrus unshiu) peels were extracted with hot water and then acid-hydrolyzed using hydrochloric acid. antimicrobial activities of acid-hydrolyzed citrus unshiu peel extract were evaluated against pathogenic bacteria, including bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes. antilisterial effect was also determined by adding extracts at 1, 2, and 4% to whole, low-fat, and skim milk. the cell numbers of b. cereus, staph. aureus, and l. monocytogenes cultures treate ...201424534507
colloidal polyaniline dispersions: antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and neutrophil oxidative burst.polyaniline colloids rank among promising application forms of this conducting polymer. cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, and neutrophil oxidative burst tests were performed on cells treated with colloidal polyaniline dispersions. the antibacterial effect of colloidal polyaniline against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was most pronounced for bacillus cereus and escherichia coli, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3,500 μg ml(-1). the data recorded on human keratinocyte (hac ...201424534430
cerecidins, novel lantibiotics from bacillus cereus with potent antimicrobial activity.lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptides that are widely produced by gram-positive bacteria, including many species of the bacillus group. in the present study, one novel gene cluster coding lantibiotic cerecidins was unveiled in bacillus cereus strain as 1.1846 through genomic mining and pcr screening. the designated cer locus is different from that of conventional class ii lantibiotics in that it included seven tandem precursor cera genes ...201424532070
survival of foodborne pathogenic bacteria (bacillus cereus, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes) and bacillus cereus spores in fermented alcoholic beverages (beer and refined rice wine).only limited information is available on the microbiological safety of fermented alcoholic beverages because it is still a common belief that such beverages do not provide a favorable environment for bacterial growth and survival. thus, in this study, we examined the survival of major foodborne pathogens and spores in fermented alcoholic beverages. foodborne pathogens (bacillus cereus, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus a ...201424674433
effect of lead on growth, protein and biosorption capacity of bacillus cereus isolated from industrial effluent.a bacterial strain (bacillus cereus) with the ability to grow under conditions of high concentrations of lead was isolated from the industrial effluent collected from peenya industrial area, bangalore. the effect of lead on growth, protein content and lead biosorption capacity of bacillus cereus was investigated. the results revealed that with increase in lead concentration (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg i(-1)) there was a decrease in growth, protein content (10.6, 8.2, 6.7, 3.8 and 1.9 mg g(-1) ...201424665770
a one-pot system for production of l-2-aminobutyric acid from l-threonine by l-threonine deaminase and a nadh-regeneration system based on l-leucine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase.l-2-aminobutyric acid (l-aba) is an unnatural amino acid that is a key intermediate for the synthesis of several important drugs. it can be produced by transaminase or dehydrogenase from α-ketobutyric acid, which can be synthesized enzymatically from the bulk amino acid, l-threonine. deamination of l-threonine followed by a hydrogenation reaction gave almost the theoretical yield and was estimated to be more cost-effective than the established chemical process. l-threonine deaminase from escheri ...201424322776
antibacterial activity of the roots, stems and leaves of alchornea floribunda.alchornea floribunda müll. arg. is used in traditional medicine across africa for the treatment of bacterial, fungal, parasitic and inflammatory disorders.201424333961
characterization of an alkalophilic extracellular chitosanase from bacillus cereus gu-02.an alkalophilic extracellular chitosanase (actase) was characterized from the culture supernatant of bacillus cereus gu-02. kinetic properties of actase produced from b. cereus gu-02 after cultivation in anaerobic condition, alkaline medium (ph 10) at 37°c for 3 days were investigated. actase was found to be stable in alkaline ph range from 8 to 10. interestingly, optimum ph and temperature were estimated to be 10 and 37°c, respectively, where actase showed chitosan degrading activity (87%), whi ...201424331981
capillary electrophoresis of microbial aggregates.uncontrolled aggregation of bacterial cells is a significant disadvantage of electrophoretic separations. various aspects of the electrophoretic behavior of different strains of gram-positive bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, sarcina lutea, staphylococcus aureus(1), and micrococcus luteus bacteria and gram-negative escherichia coli bacteria were investigated in this study. our findings indicate that bacteria can be rapidly analyzed by cze with surface charge modification by calcium ions (ca(2+ ...201424338952
genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance in gram positive bacteria from organic foods.bacterial biocide resistance is becoming a matter of concern. in the present study, a collection of biocide-resistant, gram-positive bacteria from organic foods (including 11 isolates from genus bacillus, 25 from enterococcus and 10 from staphylococcus) were analyzed for genes associated to biocide resistance efflux pumps and antibiotic resistance. the only qac-genes detected were qaca/b (one bacillus cereus isolate) and smr (one b. cereus and two staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates). efflux p ...201424361832
involvement of alanine racemase in germination of bacillus cereus spores lacking an intact exosporium.the l-alanine mediated germination of food isolated bacillus cereus dsa 1 spores, which lacked an intact exosporium, increased in the presence of d-cycloserine (dcs), which is an alanine racemase (alr) inhibitor, reflecting the activity of the alr enzyme, capable of converting l-alanine to the germination inhibitor d-alanine. proteomic analysis of the alkaline extracts of the spore proteins, which include exosporium and coat proteins, confirmed that alr was present in the b. cereus dsa 1 spores ...201424346000
purification of a thermostable chitinase from bacillus cereus by chitin affinity and its application in microbial community changes in soil.a thermostable chitinase was purified by chitin affinity from the culture supernatant of bacillus cereus tku028 with shrimp head powder (shp) as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. tku028 chitinase was purified using a one-step affinity adsorbent system, and the molecular mass of tku028 chitinase (approximately 40 kda) was then determined using sds-page. the enzyme was stable for 60 min at temperatures below 60 °c and stable over a broad ph range of 4-9 for 60 min. in addition, the temporal changes ...201424342954
bio-augmentation as a tool for improving the modified sequencing batch biofilm reactor.biological treatment of domestic sewage was accomplished in a pilot-scale modified sequencing batch biofilm reactor (sbbr) bio-augmented with consortium of 5 strains of indigenous bacteria (genus pseudomonas and bacillus). the reactor consisted of fibrous filler in the upper and ceramsite filter media in the bottom. it demonstrated to have a short hydraulic residence time (hrt) for 10 h and good quality effluent to cope with low c/n ratio domestic wastewater. the biofilm attached fibrous fillers ...201424342171
identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria and bacillus cereus from healthcare workers and environmental surfaces in a hospital. 201428156280
simultaneous detection of listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7, bacillus cereus, salmonella spp., and staphylococcus aureus in low-fatted milk by multiplex pcr.a rapid and specific pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7, bacillus cereus, salmonella spp., and staphylococcus aureus in foods was developed to reduce the detection time and to increase sensitivity. multiplex pcr developed in this study produced only acta, flic, hbl, inva, iles amplicons, but did not produce any non-specific amplicon. the primer sets successfully amplified the target genes in the multiplex pcr without any non-specific or a ...201426761507
antibacterial activity of different natural honeys from transylvania, romania.honey is used in food industry and medicine due to its nutritive, therapeutic and dietetic qualities. the microbiological characteristics of 10 unpasteurized honey samples of known origin, collected from transylvania beekeepers (romania) were determined. the antibacterial activity of these types of honey against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella anatum, salmonella choleraesuis, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis subsp. spizize ...201424380618
nmr assignments for the cis and trans forms of the hemolysin ii c-terminal domain.pathogenic bacteria secrete pore-forming toxins (pfts) to selectively defend against immune cells and to break through cellular barriers in the host. understanding how pfts attack cell membranes is not only essential for therapeutic intervention but for designing agents to deliver drugs to specific human cell subtypes, for example in anti-cancer or anti-viral therapies. many toxins contain accessory domains that help recognize specific molecular epitopes on the membranes of target cells, includi ...201424234348
three bioactive cyclic dipeptides from the bacillus sp. n strain associated with entomopathogenic nematode.in continuation of our search for new bioactive secondary metabolites from bacillus cereus associated with entomopathogenic nematode (epn), three cyclic dipeptides (cdps), cyclo(l-leu-d-arg) (1), cyclo(2-hydroxy-pro-l-leu) (2), and cyclo(l-val-l-pro) (3) were purified from the ethyl acetate extract of b. cereus. the chemical structure of the compounds was identified by 1d, 2d nmr and hr-esi-ms. cyclo(l-leu-d-arg) recorded best antifungal activity and the highest activity was recorded against cry ...201424291459
fate of bacillus cereus and naturally occurring microbiota on milled rice as affected by temperature and relative humidity.we studied the survival and growth patterns of bacillus cereus, mesophilic aerobic bacteria (mab), and molds and yeasts (my) on rough and milled brown and white korean rice stored at 12 and 21 °c and 43, 68, and 85% relative humidity (rh) for up to 24 wk. the initial populations of mab present on rough rice, brown rice, and white rice were 7.7, 5.7, and 3.3 log cfu/g, respectively, and remained constant or decreased (p ≤ 0.05) by 0.7-1.8 log cfu/g during storage. the initial populations of b. ce ...201424290634
enhanced biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from potato starch by bacillus cereus strain 64-ins in a laboratory-scale fermenter.to decrease the polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha) production cost by supplying renewable carbon sources has been an important aspect in terms of commercializing this biodegradable polymer. the production of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (pha) from raw potato starch by the bacillus cereus 64-ins strain isolated from domestic sludge has been studied in a lab-scale fermenter. the bacterium was screened for the degradation of raw potato starch by a starch hydrolysis method and for pha production ...201424279753
isolation, screening and production studies of uricase producing bacteria from poultry sources.uricase (urate oxidase ec 1.7.3.3) is a therapeutic enzyme that is widely used to catalyze the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout diseases. in this study, three bacterial species capable of producing extracellular uricase were isolated from a poultry source and screened based on the size of the clear zone using a uric acid agar plate. the bacterial species capable of producing uricase with the highest uricolytic activity was identified as bacillus cereus ...201424279683
isolation and identification of a new intracellular antimicrobial peptide produced by paenibacillus alvei an5.a wild-type, gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming and motile bacteria has been isolated from palm oil mill sludge in malaysia. molecular identification using 16s rrna gene sequence analysis indicated that the bacteria belonged to genus paenibacillus. with 97 % similarity to p. alvei (aug6), the isolate was designated as p. alvei an5. an antimicrobial compound was extracted from p. alvei an5-pelleted cells using 95 % methanol and was then lyophilized. precipitates were re-suspended in pho ...201424272828
characterization and comparative genomic analysis of bacteriophages infecting members of the bacillus cereus group.the bacillus cereus group phages infecting b. cereus, b. anthracis, and b. thuringiensis (bt) have been studied at the molecular level and, recently, at the genomic level to control the pathogens b. cereus and b. anthracis and to prevent phage contamination of the natural insect pesticide bt. a comparative phylogenetic analysis has revealed three different major phage groups with different morphologies (myoviridae for group i, siphoviridae for group ii, and tectiviridae for group iii), genome si ...201424264384
crystal structure of bacillus cereus class ib ribonucleotide reductase di-iron nrdf in complex with nrdi.class ib ribonucleotide reductases (rnrs) use a dimetal-tyrosyl radical (y•) cofactor in their nrdf (β2) subunit to initiate ribonucleotide reduction in the nrde (α2) subunit. contrary to the diferric tyrosyl radical (fe(iii)2-y•) cofactor, which can self-assemble from fe(ii)2-nrdf and o2, generation of the mn(iii)2-y• cofactor requires the reduced form of a flavoprotein, nrdihq, and o2 for its assembly. here we report the 1.8 å resolution crystal structure of bacillus cereus fe2-nrdf in complex ...201424295378
the long-term effects of phage concentration on the inhibition of planktonic bacterial cultures.since the early 1920s there has been an interest in using bacteriophages (phages) for the control of bacterial pathogens. while there are many factors that have limited the success of phage bio-control, one particular problem is the variability of outcomes between phages and bacteria. specifically, there is a significant need for a better understanding of how initial phage concentrations affect long-term bacterial inhibition. in work reported herein three phages were isolated for escherichia col ...201424301469
a large outbreak of salmonellosis associated with sandwiches contaminated with multiple bacterial pathogens purchased via an online shopping service.food sold over the internet is an emerging business that also presents a concern with regard to food safety. a nationwide foodborne disease outbreak associated with sandwiches purchased from an online shop in july 2010 is reported. consumers were telephone interviewed with a structured questionnaire and specimens were collected for etiological examination. a total of 886 consumers were successfully contacted and completed the questionnaires; 36.6% had become ill, with a median incubation period ...201424313786
toxigenic genes, spoilage potential, and antimicrobial resistance of bacillus cereus group strains from ice cream.bacillus spp. can be recovered from almost every environment. it is also found readily in foods, where it may cause food spoilage and/or food poisoning due to its toxigenic and pathogenic nature, and extracellular enzymes. in this study, 29 bacillus cereus group strains from ice cream were examined for the presence of following virulence genes hblc, nhea, cytk and ces genes, and tested for a range of the extracellular enzymes, and antimicrobial susceptibility. the strains were found to produce e ...201424309214
bacillus subtilis hj18-4 from traditional fermented soybean food inhibits bacillus cereus growth and toxin-related genes.bacillus subtilis hj18-4 isolated from buckwheat sokseongjang, a traditional korean fermented soybean food, exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, including bacillus cereus. in this study, we investigated the antibacterial efficacy and regulation of toxin gene expression in b. cereus by b. subtilis hj18-4. expression of b. cereus toxin-related genes (groel, nhea, nhec, and entfm) was downregulated by b. subtilis hj18-4, which also exhibited strong antibacteri ...201425359543
divergence of protein-coding capacity and regulation in the bacillus cereus sensu lato group.the bacillus cereus sensu lato group contains ubiquitous facultative anaerobic soil-borne gram-positive spore-forming bacilli. molecular phylogeny and comparative genome sequencing have suggested that these organisms should be classified as a single species. while clonal in nature, there do not appear to be species-specific clonal lineages, excepting b. anthracis, in spite of the wide array of phenotypes displayed by these organisms.201425350501
synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of biodegradable films prepared from schiff bases of zein.pure zein is known to be very hydrophobic, but is still inappropriate for coating and film applications because of their brittle nature. in an attempt to improve the flexibility and the antimicrobial activity of these coatings and films, chemical modification of zein through forming schiff bases with different phenolic aldhydes was tried. influence of this modifications on mechanical, topographical, wetting properties and antimicrobial activity of zein films were evaluated. the chemical structur ...201425328181
plant growth promoting bacteria from cow dung based biodynamic preparations.indigenous formulations based on cow dung fermentation are commonly used in organic farming. three biodynamic preparations viz., panchagavya (pg), bd500 and 'cow pat pit' (cpp) showed high counts of lactobacilli (10(9) ml(-1)) and yeasts (10(4) ml(-1)). actinomycetes were present only in cpp (10(4) ml(-1)) and absent in the other two. seven bacterial isolates from these ferments were identified by a polyphasic approach: bacillus safensis (pg1), bacillus cereus (pg2, pg4 pg5), bacillus subtilis ( ...201425320439
immunomodulatory effect of non-viable components of probiotic culture stimulated with heat-inactivated escherichia coli and bacillus cereus on holoxenic mice.competition of probiotic bacteria with other species from the intestinal microbiota involves different mechanisms that occur regardless of probiotics' viability. the objective of this paper was to assess the cytokine serum levels in holoxenic mice after oral administration of non-viable components (nvc) of enterococcus faecium probiotic culture stimulated with heat-inactivated escherichia coli and bacillus cereus in comparison to nvc of unstimulated e. faecium probiotic culture.201425317114
an in vitro antibacterial and antifungal effects of cadmium(ii) complexes of hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene and isomers of its saturated analogue.to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal effects of cadmium(ii) complexes with hexamethyltetraazacyclotetradecadiene ligands.201425312179
chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of athrixia phylicoides dc. (bush tea), monsonia burkeana (special tea) and synergistic effects of both combined herbal teas.to determine the chemical compositions and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of bush tea (athrixia phylicoides dc.), special tea (monsonia burkeana) and synergy (combination of bush tea and special tea).201425312166
antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of mentha longifolia l. and hydroalcoholic extract of zataria multiflora boiss. plants against important human pathogens.to determine the potential antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts from mentha longifolia l. (m. longifolia) and hydroalcoholic extract of zataria multiflora boiss. (z. multiflora) against important human pathogens.201425312118
enterotoxigenic profiling of emetic toxin- and enterotoxin-producing bacillus cereus, isolated from food, environmental, and clinical samples by multiplex pcr.bacillus cereus comprises the largest group of endospore-forming bacteria and can cause emetic and diarrheal food poisoning. a total of 496 b. cereus strains isolated from various sources (food, environmental, clinical) were assessed by a multiplex pcr for the presence of enterotoxin genes. the detection rate of nhea, entfm, hblc, and cytk enterotoxin genes among all b. cereus strains was 92.33%, 77.21%, 59.47%, and 47.58%, respectively. enterotoxigenic profiles were determined in emetic toxin- ...201425311736
inhibition of bacillus cereus strains by antimicrobial metabolites from lactobacillus johnsonii crl1647 and enterococcus faecium sm21.bacillus cereus is an endospore-forming, gram-positive bacterium able to cause foodborne diseases. lactic acid bacteria (lab) are known for their ability to synthesize organic acids and bacteriocins, but the potential of these compounds against b. cereus has been scarcely documented in food models. the present study has examined the effect of the metabolites produced by lactobacillus johnsonii crl1647 and enterococcus faecium sm21 on the viability of select b. cereus strains. furthermore, the ef ...201425305011
draft genome sequence of ft9, a novel bacillus cereus strain isolated from a brazilian thermal spring.a bacillus cereus strain, ft9, isolated from a hot spring in the midwest region of brazil, had its entire genome sequenced.201425301660
in vivo antipyretic, antiemetic, in vitro membrane stabilization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of different extracts from spilanthes paniculata leaves.the study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic, and membrane stabilization activities, and in vivo antiemetic and antipyretic potentials of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of spilanthes paniculata leaves for the first time widely used in the traditional treatments in bangladesh.201425299748
increased activity of goat liver plasma membrane alkaline phosphatase upon release by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c.mammalian alkaline phosphatase (alp) is attached to the plasma membrane by a unique glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor. the influence of such a complex anchoring device on the enzyme function is not fully understood. here, we report the effect of cleavage of the gpi anchor on the activity of goat liver plasma membrane alp (glpm-alp). phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) purified from bacillus cereus was used for the cleavage of the gpi anchor (delipidation) and hence for ...201425296497
biological control of meloidogyne hapla using an antagonistic bacterium.we examined the efficacy of a bacterium for biocontrol of the root-knot nematode (rkn) meloidogyne hapla in carrot (daucus carota subsp. sativus) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum). among 542 bacterial isolates from various soils and plants, the highest nematode mortality was observed for treatments with isolate c1-7, which was identified as bacillus cereus based on cultural and morphological characteristics, the biolog program, and 16s rrna sequencing analyses. the population density and the nem ...201425289015
purification and characterization of a mucin specific mycelial lectin from aspergillus gorakhpurensis: application for mitogenic and antimicrobial activity.lectins are carbohydrate binding proteins or glycoproteins that bind reversibly to specific carbohydrates present on the apposing cells, which are responsible for their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, etc. interest in lectins has been intensified due to their carbohydrate specificity as they can be valuable reagents for the investigation of cell surface sugars, purification and characterization of glycoproteins. the present study reports the purification, charac ...201425286160
thiolation-enhanced substrate recognition by d-alanyl carrier protein ligase dlta from bacillus cereus.d-alanylation of the lipoteichoic acid on gram-positive cell wall is dependent on dlt gene-encoded proteins dlta, dltb, dltc and dltd. the d-alanyl carrier protein ligase dlta, as a remote homolog of acyl-(coenzyme a) (coa) synthetase, cycles through two active conformations for the catalysis of adenylation and subsequent thiolation of d-alanine (d-ala). the crystal structure of dlta in the absence of any substrate was observed to have a noticeably more disordered pocket for atp which would expl ...201425285205
[bacillus cereus septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis in a patient with liver cirrhosis: a case report].a 54-year-old woman with hematemesis was referred to our hospital. she had a history of liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. after inserting a sengstaken-blakemore tube, we performed endoscopic variceal ligation for ruptured esophageal varices. on the third day of admission, she developed septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis caused by bacillus cereus. she was successfully treated with early debridement of both lower extremities and intravenous treatment with vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and clin ...201425283231
antioxidant and antibacterial activities of exopolysaccharides from bifidobacterium bifidum wbin03 and lactobacillus plantarum r315.the objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of exopolysaccharide (eps) from bifidobacterium bifidum wbin03 (b-eps) and lactobacillus plantarum r315 (l-eps). the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph)-radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical-scavenging, and superoxide radical-scavenging abilities were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity. inhibition of erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation was also measured. both b-eps and l-eps had strong sca ...201425282420
prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens from australian dairy farm environments.the ability of foodborne pathogens to gain entry into food supply systems remains an ongoing concern. in dairy products, raw milk acts as a major vehicle for this transfer; however, the sources of pathogenic bacteria that contaminate raw milk are often not clear, and environmental sources of contamination or the animals themselves may contribute to the transfer. this survey examined the occurrence of 9 foodborne pathogens in raw milk and environments of 7 dairy farms (3 bovine, 3 caprine, and 1 ...201425282417
genomic comparison of 93 bacillus phages reveals 12 clusters, 14 singletons and remarkable diversity.the bacillus genus of firmicutes bacteria is ubiquitous in nature and includes one of the best characterized model organisms, b. subtilis, as well as medically significant human pathogens, the most notorious being b. anthracis and b. cereus. as the most abundant living entities on the planet, bacteriophages are known to heavily influence the ecology and evolution of their hosts, including providing virulence factors. thus, the identification and analysis of bacillus phages is critical to underst ...201425280881
phosphatase-inert glucosamine 6-phosphate mimics serve as actuators of the glms riboswitch.the glms riboswitch is unique among gene-regulating riboswitches and catalytic rnas. this is because its own metabolite, glucosamine-6-phosphate (glcn6p), binds to the riboswitch and catalytically participates in the rna self-cleavage reaction, thereby providing a novel negative feedback mechanism. given that a number of pathogens harbor the glms riboswitch, artificial actuators of this potential rna target are of great interest. structural/kinetic studies point to the 2-amino and 6-phosphate es ...201425254431
comparison of hand hygiene procedures for removing bacillus cereus spores.bacillus cereus is a spore-forming bacterium. b. cereus occasionally causes nosocomial infections, in which hand contamination with the spores plays an important role. therefore, hand hygiene is the most important practice for controlling nosocomial b. cereus infections. this study aimed to determine the appropriate hand hygiene procedure for removing b. cereus spores. thirty volunteers' hands were experimentally contaminated with b. cereus spores, after which they performed 6 different hand hyg ...201425252644
antimicrobial activity of antarctic bryozoans: an ecological perspective with potential for clinical applications.the antimicrobial activity of antarctic bryozoans and the ecological functions of the chemical compounds involved remain largely unknown. to determine the significant ecological and applied antimicrobial effects, 16 ether and 16 butanol extracts obtained from 13 different bryozoan species were tested against six antarctic (including psychrobacter luti, shewanella livingstonensis and 4 new isolated strains) and two bacterial strains from culture collections (escherichia coli and bacillus cereus). ...201425232675
murine model of bacillus cereus gastrointestinal infection.bacillus cereus is a spore-forming micro-organism responsible for foodborne illness. in this study, we focus on the host response following intragastric challenge with a pathogenic b. cereus strain (b10502) isolated from a foodborne outbreak. c57bl/6j female mice were infected by gavage with strain b10502. controls were administered with pbs. infection leads to significant modification in relevant immune cells in the spleen, peyer's patches (pp) and mesenteric lymph nodes (mln). these findings c ...201425231625
implementation of the bacillus cereus microbiological plate used for the screening of tetracyclines in raw milk samples with star protocol - the problem with false-negative results solved.in antibiotic residue analyses the first step of screening is just as important as the following steps. screening methods need to be quick and inexpensive, but above all sensitive enough to detect the antibiotic residue at or below the maximum residue limit (mrl). in the case of a positive result, the next step is conducted and further methods are used for confirmation. mrls stated in european union regulation 37/2010 for tetracyclines in raw milk are: 100 µg kg(-1) for tetracycline, 100 µg kg(- ...201425230820
isolation and characterization of flagellar filaments from bacillus cereus atcc 14579.isolated flagellar filaments from the type strain of bacillus cereus, atcc 14579, were shown to consist of 34, 32 and 31 kda proteins in similar proportions as judged by band intensities on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of these three proteins of strain atcc 14579 were identical with the deduced sequences of three flagellin genes bc1657, bc1658 and bc1659 in the whole genome sequence. strain atcc 14579 was classified into serotype ...201425227778
two rhizobacterial strains, individually and in interactions with rhizobium sp., enhance fusarial wilt control, growth, and yield in pigeon pea.a pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, rrlj 04, and a bacillus cereus strain, bs 03, were tested both individually and in combination with a rhizobium strain, rh 2, for their ability to enhance plant growth and nodulation in pigeon pea (cajanus cajan l.) under gnotobiotic, greenhouse and field conditions. both of the rhizobacterial strains exhibited a positive effect on growth in terms of shoot height, root length, fresh and dry weight, nodulation and yield over the non-treated control. co-inoculation ...201425224506
biological activity of pinus nigra terpenes--evaluation of ftsz inhibition by selected compounds as contribution to their antimicrobial activity.in the current work, in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activites of the needle terpenes of three taxa of pinus nigra from serbia (ssp. nigra, ssp. pallasiana, and var. banatica) were analyzed. the black pine essential oils showed generally weak antioxidative properties tested by two methods (dpph and abts scavenging assays), where the highest activity was identified in p. nigra var. banatica (ic50=25.08 mg/ml and vitc=0.67 mg (vitamin c)/g when tested with the dpph and abts rea ...201425217763
proteomic evidences for rex regulation of metabolism in toxin-producing bacillus cereus atcc 14579.the facultative anaerobe, bacillus cereus, causes diarrheal diseases in humans. its ability to deal with oxygen availability is recognized to be critical for pathogenesis. the b. cereus genome comprises a gene encoding a protein with high similarities to the redox regulator, rex, which is a central regulator of anaerobic metabolism in bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria. here, we showed that b. cereus rex is monocistronic and down-regulated in the absence of oxygen. the protein en ...201425216269
reducing pathogens by using zinc oxide nanoparticles and acetic acid in sheep meat.practical applications of different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm) of zinc oxide (zno) suspensions containing 1 % acetic acid were investigated against the pathogenic bacteria listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, and bacillus cereus. zno suspensions (0, 1, 3, 6, and 8 mm) containing acetic acid had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of l. monocytogenes, e. coli, and s. aureus during 12 h of incubation, and the 8 mm suspensions of zno were the most ...201425198854
bacteriological quality of vegetables from organic and conventional production in different areas of korea.foods grown in organic production systems have been described as representing an increased risk to public health compared with foods from conventional production. leafy vegetables (spinach, romaine lettuce, and green sesame leaves) grown in organic and conventional systems were collected from various areas in korea and examined using standard culture methods to compare the microbiological quality of the produce grown in the two agricultural systems. the 354 samples of these leafy vegetables were ...201425198606
high-quality draft genome sequence of nematocidal bacillus thuringiensis sbt003.bacillus thuringiensis represents one of the six species of "bacillus cereus group" in the genus bacillus within the family bacillaceae. strain sbt003 was isolated from soil and identified as b. thuringiensis. it harbors at least seven plasmids and produces three shapes of parasporal crystals including oval, bipyramidal and rice. sds-page analysis of spore-crystal suspension of this strain reveals six major protein bands, which implies the presence of multiple parasporal crystal genes. bioassay ...201425197449
hs-spme-gc-fid method for detection and quantification of bacillus cereus atcc 10702 mediated 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.a rapid micro-scale solid-phase micro-extraction (spme) procedure coupled with gas-chromatography with flame ionized detector (gc-fid) was used to extract parts per billion levels of a principle basmati aroma compound "2-acetyl-1-pyrroline" (2-ap) from bacterial samples. in present investigation, optimization parameters of bacterial incubation period, sample weight, pre-incubation time, adsorption time, and temperature, precursors and their concentrations has been studied. in the optimized condi ...201425196224
phospholipase c from pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacillus cereus; characterization of catalytic activity.to study characteristics of phospholipases c (plcs), their importance for producing microorganisms as well as the potential of their use for industrial purposes.201425441984
influence of lysogeny of tectiviruses gil01 and gil16 on bacillus thuringiensis growth, biofilm formation, and swarming motility.bacillus thuringiensis is an entomopathogenic bacterium that has been used as an efficient biopesticide worldwide. despite the fact that this bacterium is usually described as an insect pathogen, its life cycle in the environment is still largely unknown. b. thuringiensis belongs to the bacillus cereus group of bacteria, which has been associated with many mobile genetic elements, such as species-specific temperate or virulent bacteriophages (phages). temperate (lysogenic) phages are able to est ...201425261525
terpenoids, flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives from salvia viridis l. cvar. blue jeans.three diterpenoids, 1-oxomicrostegiol (1), viroxocin (2), viridoquinone (3), were isolated from the roots of salvia viridis l. cvar. blue jeans. five known diterpenoids, microstegiol (4), 7α-acetoxy-14-hydroxy-8,13-abietadiene-11,12-dione (5; 7-o-acetylhorminone tautomer), 7α,14-dihydroxy-8,13-abietadiene-11,12-dione (6; horminone tautomer), ferruginol and salvinolonyl 12-methyl ether (7) were also found in the roots together with 1-docosyl ferulate (8), and a mixture of 2-(4'-alkoxyphenyl) ethy ...201425256822
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