Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| htra is a major virulence determinant of bacillus anthracis. | we demonstrate that disruption of the htra (high temperature requirement a) gene in either the virulent bacillus anthracis vollum (pxo1(+) , pxo2(+) ), or in the δvollum (pxo1(-) , pxo2(-) , nontoxinogenic and noncapsular) strains, affect significantly the ability of the resulting mutants to withstand heat, oxidative, ethanol and osmotic stress. the δhtra mutants manifest altered secretion of several proteins, as well as complete silencing of the abundant extracellular starvation-associated neut ... | 2011 | 21801240 |
| grp78(bip) facilitates the cytosolic delivery of anthrax lethal factor (lf) in vivo and functions as an unfoldase in vitro. | anthrax toxin is an a/b bacterial protein toxin which is composed of the enzymatically active lethal factor (lf) and/or oedema factor (ef) bound to protective antigen 63 (pa63) which functions as both the receptor binding and transmembrane domains. once the toxin binds to its cell surface receptors it is internalized into the cell and traffics through rab5- and rab7-associated endosomal vesicles. following acidification of the vesicle lumen, pa63 undergoes a dynamic change forming a beta-barrel ... | 2011 | 21797942 |
| fluorescent detection of an anthrax biomarker based on pva film. | due to the dangerous nature of anthrax, the development of a cost-effective, sensitive and field-portable sensor for the anthrax biomarker-calcium dipicolinate (cadpa)-is of exceptional significance for both military and civilian use. herein, a flexible polymer-film-based ratiometric sensor for detecting cadpa was demonstrated. a reference dye and a probe ligand were covalently immobilized onto the film surface through a highly selective and efficient "click chemistry" reaction. the reference dy ... | 2011 | 21796290 |
| lethal factor is not required for bacillus anthracis virulence in guinea pigs and rabbits. | the major virulence factor of bacillus anthracis is the tripartite anthrax toxin, comprising the protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef). the lf of b. anthracis is a metalloprotease that has been shown to play an important role in pathogenicity. deletion of this gene (lef) in the sterne strain was reported to dramatically reduce the pathogenicity of this strain in mice, and was reported to be as dramatic as the deletion of pa. we evaluated the effect on pathogenicity of ... | 2011 | 21791242 |
| the development of a silica nanoparticle-based label-free dna biosensor. | a silica nanoparticle-based dna biosensor capable of detecting bacillus anthracis bacteria through the use of unlabelled ss-oligonucleotides has been developed. the biosensor makes use of the optical changes that accompany a nanoparticle-immobilized cationic conjugated polymer (polythiophene) interacting with single-stranded vs. hybridized oligonucleotides, where a fluorescence signal appears only when hybridized dna is present (i.e. only when the ss-oligonucleotide interacting with the polymer ... | 2011 | 21789325 |
| molecular epidemiological study of bacillus anthracis isolated in mongolia by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for 8 loci (mlva-8). | the incidence of anthrax, which is caused by bacillus anthracis, in the human and animal population of mongolia has increased recently, and control of this infection is a nationwide concern. in this study, 29 isolates obtained from animals and various regions in mongolia from 2001 to 2007 were analyzed by performing multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for 8 loci (mlva-8) to understand the genetic relationship between the mongolian b. anthracis isolates. we found that all the mo ... | 2011 | 21788715 |
| environmental and biofilm-dependent changes in a bacillus cereus secondary cell wall polysaccharide. | bacterial species from the bacillus genus, including bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis, synthesize secondary cell wall polymers (scwp) covalently associated to the peptidoglycan through a phospho-diester linkage. although such components were observed in a wide panel of b. cereus and b. anthracis strains, the effect of culture conditions or of bacterial growth state on their synthesis has never been addressed. herein we show that b. cereus atcc 14579 can synthesize not only one, as previous ... | 2011 | 21784857 |
| new inhibitors of colony spreading in bacillus subtilis and bacillus anthracis. | we have recently characterized sliding motility in bacillus subtilis strains that lack functional flagella, and here describe the discovery of inhibitors of colony spreading in these strains as well as the aflagellate pathogen, bacillus anthracis. aflagellate b. subtilis strains were used to screen for new types of antibacterials that might inhibit colony spreading on semi-solid media. from a diverse set of organic structures, p-nitrophenylglycerol (npg), an agent used primarily in clinical labo ... | 2011 | 21784632 |
| biological terrorism and the allergist's office practice. | during the anthrax outbreak and threat in trenton (2001), our allergy practice experienced increased visits from approximately 50 of our regular patients with symptoms they believed resulted from anthrax exposure. in all cases, their symptoms were caused by a combination of an exacerbation of their underlying allergic disease and anxiety because of possible exposure to anthrax. our objective is to present an orderly approach to the allergist's outpatients presenting with possible exposure to a b ... | 2011 | 21781403 |
| bacillus anthracis tubulin-related protein ba-tubz assembles force-generating polymers. | pathogenecity of bacillus anthracis depends on the faithful inheritance of plasmid pxo1, in a process that requires the plasmid encoded tubulin-related protein ba-tubz. here we show, using heterologous expression in schizosaccharomyces pombe, that ba-tubz assembles into a dynamic polymer in the absence of other b. anthracis proteins and can generate force capable of deforming the fission yeast nuclear envelope. the polymer bundles contain 27 ± 15 protofilaments / µm assuming that each protofilam ... | 2011 | 21780309 |
| ultra-rapid flow-through polymerase chain reaction microfluidics using vapor pressure. | a novel flow-through polymerase chain reaction (pcr) microfluidic system using vapor pressure was developed that can achieve ultra-rapid, small-volume dna amplification on a chip. the 40-cycle amplification can be completed in as little as 120s, making this device the fastest pcr system in the world. the chip device is made of a pressure-sensitive polyolefin (psp) film and cyclo-olefin polymer (cop) substrate which was processed by cutting-work to fabricate the microchannel. the enclosed structu ... | 2011 | 21778045 |
| cutaneous manifestations of category a bioweapons. | the 2001 anthrax attacks on the united states brought bioterrorism to the forefront of the medical community. because many bioterrorist agents produce cutaneous disease, dermatologists will likely be first responders during a future attack. despite this, many dermatologists are not adequately prepared to deal with a bioterrorism attack. it is critical that all first responders be able to recognize symptoms of bioterrorism-related disease and prepared to respond to a bioterrorist attack to minimi ... | 2011 | 21777993 |
| 'bioluminescent' reporter phage for the detection of category a bacterial pathogens. | yersinia pestis and bacillus anthracis are category a bacterial pathogens that are the causative agents of the plague and anthrax, respectively (1). although the natural occurrence of both diseases' is now relatively rare, the possibility of terrorist groups using these pathogens as a bioweapon is real. because of the disease's inherent communicability, rapid clinical course, and high mortality rate, it is critical that an outbreak be detected quickly. therefore methodologies that provide rapid ... | 2011 | 21775956 |
| analysis of the binding forces driving the tight interactions between {beta}-lactamase inhibitory protein-ii (blip-ii) and class a {beta}-lactamases. | ß-lactamases hydrolyze ß-lactam antibiotics to provide drug resistance to bacteria. blip-ii is a potent proteinaceous inhibitor that exhibits low picomolar affinity for class a ß-lactamases. this study examines the driving forces for binding between blip-ii and ß-lactamases using a combination of pre-steady state kinetics, isothermal titration calorimetry and x-ray crystallography. the measured dissociation rate constants for blip-ii and various ß-lactamases ranged from 10-4-10-7 s-1 and are com ... | 2011 | 21775426 |
| glms riboswitch binding to the glucosamine-6-phosphate a-anomer shifts the pk(a) toward neutrality. | the glms riboswitch regulates gene expression through a self-cleavage activity. the reaction is catalyzed with the assistance of the metabolite cofactor glucosamine-6-phosphate (glcn6p), whose amino group is proposed to serve as the general acid during the reaction. this reaction is ph-dependent with a pk(a) that is lower than the observed pk(a) for the amine of glcn6p in solution. glcn6p, like other pyranose sugars, undergoes spontaneous and rapid interconversion between the a and ß anomers at ... | 2011 | 21770472 |
| humanized {theta}-defensins (retrocyclins) enhance macrophage performance and protect mice from experimental anthrax infections. | retrocyclins are humanized versions of the -defensin peptides expressed by the leukocytes of several nonhuman primates. previous studies, performed in serum-free media, determined that retrocyclins 1 and 2 could prevent successful germination of bacillus anthracis (ba) spores, kill vegetative ba cells, and inactivate anthrax lethal factor. we now report that retrocyclins are extensively bound by components of native mouse, human and fetal calf sera, that heat-inactivated sera show greatly enhanc ... | 2011 | 21768520 |
| improvement of a potential anthrax therapeutic by computational protein design. | past anthrax attacks in the united states have highlighted the need for improved measures against bioweapons. the virulence of anthrax stems from the shielding properties of the bacillus anthracis poly-?-d-glutamate capsule. in the presence of excess capd, a b. anthracis ?-glutamyl transpeptidase, the protective capsule is degraded and the immune system can successfully combat the infection. while capd shows promise as a next generation protein therapeutic against anthrax, improvements in produc ... | 2011 | 21768086 |
| quaternary structure, conformational variability, and global motions of phosphoglucosamine mutase. | phosphoglucosamine mutase (pngm) is a bacterial enzyme that participates in the peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway. recent crystal structures of pngm from two bacterial pathogens, bacillus anthracis and francisella tularensis, revealed key structural features of this enzyme for the first time. here, we follow up on several novel findings from the crystallographic studies, including the observation of a structurally conserved interface between polypeptide chains and conformational variability of ... | 2011 | 21767345 |
| rapid viability polymerase chain reaction method for detection of virulent bacillus anthracis from environmental samples. | in the event of a biothreat agent release, hundreds of samples would need to be rapidly processed to characterize the extent of contamination and determine the efficacy of remediation activities. current biological agent identification and viability determination methods are both labor- and time-intensive such that turnaround time for confirmed results is typically several days. in order to alleviate this issue, automated, high throughput sample processing methods were developed in which real-ti ... | 2011 | 21764960 |
| primary cutaneous infection with bacillus megaterium mimicking cutaneous anthrax. | 2011 | 21763557 | |
| sensitive fluorescence assay of anthrax protective antigen with two new dna aptamers and their binding properties. | a homogeneous assay of the protective antigen in anthrax toxin is reported using two new pa-specific aptamers for selective and sensitive detection, based on reduction in the fluorescence emission according to the formation of the aptamer-pa ternary complex. pa at 1 nm was readily detected using oligreen as a fluorophore in hepes buffer. we also demonstrated that the pa detection could be performed in blood serum. the binding interaction between the aptamer and pa was strong enough to dehybridiz ... | 2011 | 21743920 |
| anthrax attacks: lessons learned on the 10th anniversary of the anthrax attacks. | 2011 | 22003133 | |
| anthrax cleanup decisions: statistical confidence or confident response. | 2011 | 22029373 | |
| Detection of anthrax toxin genetic sequences by the solid phase oligo-probes. | Purpose: There is an urgent need to detect a rapid field-based test to detect anthrax. We have developed a rapid, highly sensitive DNA-based method to detect the anthrax toxin lethal factor gene located in pXO1, which is necessary for the pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis. Materials and Methods: We have adopted the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) so that instead of capturing antibodies we capture the DNA of the target sequence by a rapid oligo-based hybridization and then detect the ... | 2011 | 22120797 |
| evaluation of dna extraction methods for bacillus anthracis spores spiked to food and feed matrices at biosafety level 3 conditions. | the dna extraction efficiency from milk, whey, soy, corn gluten meal, wheat powders and heat-treated corn grain that were spiked with bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis spores was determined. two steps were critical: lysis of the spores and binding of the free dna to the dna binding magnetic beads in the presence of the interfering powders. for the guanidine-thiocyanate based nuclisens lysis buffer from biomerieux we found that between 15 and 30% of the spores survived the lysis step. ... | 2011 | 21864928 |
| Determination of the glycation sites of Bacillus anthracis neoglycoconjugate vaccine by MALDI-TOF/TOF-CID-MS/MS and LC-ESI-QqTOF-tandem mass spectrometry. | We present herein an efficient mass spectrometric method for the localization of the glycation sites of a model neoglycoconjugate vaccine formed by a construct of the tetrasaccharide side chain of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium and the protein carrier bovine serum albumin. The glycoconjugate was digested with both trypsin and GluC V8 endoproteinases, and the digests were then analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-CID-MS/MS and nano-LC-ESI-QqTOF-CID-MS/MS. The sequences of the unknown peptides analyzed by ... | 2011 | 22012665 |
| Mouse monoclonal antibodies to anthrax edema factor protect against infection. | Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, and the tripartite anthrax toxin is an essential element of its pathogenesis. Edema factor (EF), a potent adenylyl cyclase, is one of the toxin components. In this work, anti-EF monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were produced following immunization of mice, and four of the antibodies were fully characterized. MAb 3F2 has an affinity of 388 pM, was most effective for EF detection, and appears to be the first antibody reported to neutralize EF by bin ... | 2011 | 21911463 |
| Scanning surface potential microscopy of spore adhesion on surfaces. | The adhesion of spores of Bacillus anthracis - the cause of anthrax and a likely biological threat - to solid surfaces is an important consideration in cleanup after an accidental or deliberate release. However, because of safety concerns, directly studying B. anthracis spores with advanced instrumentation is problematic. As a first step, we are examining the electrostatic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is a closely related species that is often used as a simulant to study B. an ... | 2011 | 22196463 |
| bacillus anthracis interacts with plasmin(ogen) to evade c3b-dependent innate immunity. | the causative agent of anthrax, bacillus anthracis, is capable of circumventing the humoral and innate immune defense of the host and modulating the blood chemistry in circulation to initiate a productive infection. it has been shown that the pathogen employs a number of strategies against immune cells using secreted pathogenic factors such as toxins. however, interference of b. anthracis with the innate immune system through specific interaction of the spore surface with host proteins such as t ... | 2011 | 21464960 |
| developing an integrated proteo-genomic approach for the characterisation of biomarkers for the identification of bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, an acute and often fatal disease in humans. due to the high genomic relatedness within the bacillus cereus group of species it is a challenge to identify b. anthracis consistently. alternative strategies such as proteomics coupled with mass spectrometry (ms) provide a powerful approach for biomarker discovery. however, validating and evaluating these markers, particularly for genetically homogeneous species such as b. anthracis are challengin ... | 2011 | 22178189 |
| Persistent inhibition of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization by anthrax lethal toxin. | Purpose. To evaluate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) signaling in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) that mimics retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods. Postnatal day 7 mice were exposed to elevated oxygen for 5 days to induce retinopathy. Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx), an MKK inhibitor, was injected into the vitreous after restoration to normoxia, and its effects on vascular growth were analyzed by whole mount immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy ... | 2011 | 21989728 |
| Drug Interactions with Bacillus anthracis Topoisomerase IV: Biochemical Basis for Quinolone Action and Resistance. | Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is considered a serious threat as a bioweapon. The drugs most commonly used to treat anthrax are quinolones, which act by increasing the levels of DNA cleavage mediated by topoisomerase IV and gyrase. Quinolone resistance most often is associated with specific serine mutations in these enzymes. Therefore, to determine the basis for quinolone action and resistance, we characterized wild-type B. anthracis topoisomerase IV, the GrlA(S81F) and GrlA ... | 2011 | 22126453 |
| CodY regulation is required for full virulence and heme iron acquisition in Bacillus anthracis. | Capsule and toxin are the major virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis. The B. anthracis pleiotropic regulator CodY activates toxin gene expression by post-translationally regulating the accumulation of the global regulator AtxA. However, the role of CodY on B. anthracis capsulation and virulence of encapsulated strains has been unknown. The role of CodY in B. anthracis virulence was studied in mouse and guinea pig models. Spore outgrowth and dissemination of the vegetative cells was followed i ... | 2011 | 21911592 |
| suitability of commercial transport media for biological pathogens under nonideal conditions. | there is extensive data to support the use of commercial transport media as a stabilizer for known clinical samples; however, there is little information to support their use outside of controlled conditions specified by the manufacturer. furthermore, there is no data to determine the suitability of said media for biological pathogens, specifically those of interest to the us military. this study evaluates commercial off-the-shelf (cots) transport media based on sample recovery, viability, and q ... | 2011 | 22121364 |
| [changing the protective properties of the receptor domain of protective antigen anthrax exotoxin, depending on the orientation of the presentation on nanoparticles]. | polysterene particles bearing on its surface recombinant protein receptor domain of protective antigen anthrax exotoxin, exposed in different orientations have been constructed. particles with exposed cooh region of receptor domain induced the highest protective immunity in mice anthrax model (95%). we revealed that immunization with these particles causes a specific induction of th1-response, characterized by increased levels ofcytokine tnf-alpha and il-2. | 2011 | 22096993 |
| Nine years' review on preseptal and orbital cellulitis and emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus in a tertiary hospital in India. | Preseptal cellulitis is the commonest orbital disease which frequently needs to be differentiated from orbital cellulitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics can prevent vision loss and life-threatening complications of orbital cellulitis. | 2011 | 22011486 |
| monoclonal antibody therapies against anthrax. | anthrax is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis. it not only causes natural infection in humans but also poses a great threat as an emerging bioterror agent. the lethality of anthrax is primarily attributed to the two major virulence factors: toxins and capsule. an extensive effort has been made to generate therapeutically useful monoclonal antibodies to each of the virulence components: protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf) and edema ... | 2011 | 22069754 |
| CELLULAR IRON DISTRIBUTION IN BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. | Although successful iron acquisition by pathogens within a host is a pre-requisite for the establishment of infection, surprisingly little is known about the intracellular distribution of iron within bacterial pathogens. We have used a combination of anaerobic, native liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, principal component analysis and peptide mass fingerprinting to investigate the cytosolic iron distribution in the pathogen Bacillus anthracis. Our studies identi ... | 2011 | 22178968 |
| In situ gastrointestinal protection against anthrax edema toxin by single-chain antibody fragment producing lactobacilli. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and is regarded as one of the most prominent bioterrorism threats. Anthrax toxicity is induced by the tripartite toxin complex, composed of the receptor-binding anthrax protective antigen and the two enzymatic subunits, lethal factor and edema factor. Recombinant lactobacilli have previously been used to deliver antibody fragments directed against surface epitopes of a variety of pathogens, including Streptococcus mutan ... | 2011 | 22185669 |
| identification of a bacillus anthracis specific indel in the yeac gene and development of a rapid pyrosequencing assay for distinguishing b. anthracis from the b. cereus group. | bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a potential source of bioterrorism. the existing assays for its identification lack specificity due to the close genetic relationship it exhibits to other members of the b. cereus group. our comparative analyses of protein sequences from bacillus species have identified a 24 amino acid deletion in a conserved region of the yeac protein that is uniquely present in b. anthracis. pcr primers based on conserved regions flanking this indel in the ... | 2011 | 21907250 |
| Identification of a lead small-molecule inhibitor of anthrax lethal toxin by using fluorescence-based high-throughput screening. | Inhalational anthrax is caused by B. anthracis, a virulent sporeforming bacterium which secretes anthrax toxins consisting of protective antigen (PA ), lethal factor (LF ) and edema factor (EF ). LF is a Zn-dependent metalloprotease and is the main determinant in the pathogenesis of anthrax. Here we report the identification of a lead small-molecule inhibitor of anthrax lethal factor by screening an available synthetic small-molecule inhibitor library using fluorescence-based high-throughput scr ... | 2011 | 22189685 |
| Lethal factor toxemia and anti-protective antigen antibody activity in naturally acquired cutaneous anthrax. | Cutaneous anthrax outbreaks occurred in Bangladesh from August to October 2009. As part of the epidemiological response and to confirm anthrax diagnoses, serum samples were collected from suspected case patients with observed cutaneous lesions. Anthrax lethal factor (LF), anti-protective antigen (anti-PA) immunoglobulin G (IgG), and anthrax lethal toxin neutralization activity (TNA) levels were determined in acute and convalescent serum of 26 case patients with suspected cutaneous anthrax from t ... | 2011 | 21908727 |
| cAMP signaling by anthrax edema toxin induces transendothelial cell tunnels, which are resealed by MIM via Arp2/3-driven actin polymerization. | RhoA-inhibitory bacterial toxins, such as Staphylococcus aureus EDIN toxin, induce large transendothelial cell macroaperture (TEM) tunnels that rupture the host endothelium barrier and promote bacterial dissemination. Host cells repair these tunnels by extending actin-rich membrane waves from the TEM edges. We reveal that cyclic-AMP signaling produced by Bacillus anthracis edema toxin (ET) also induces TEM formation, which correlates with increased vascular permeability. We show that ET-induced ... | 2011 | 22100162 |
| The national framework and consequence management guidance following a biological attack. | Consequence management following a release of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores requires a high level of technical understanding and direction. National policies and regulations address the topics of preparedness goals and organizational structure, but they do not tell responders how to perform remediation. Essential considerations include determining what must be cleaned, evaluating health risks, ascertaining the priority of cleanup, and selecting appropriate decontamination technologies to ... | 2011 | 21882968 |
| laboratory contributions to public health. | 2011 | 21976158 | |
| the iron binding protein dps2 confers peroxide stress resistance on bacillus anthracis. | iron is an essential nutrient that is implicated in most of cellular oxidation reactions. however, iron is a highly reactive element that, if not appropriately chaperoned, can react with endogenously and exogenously generated oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide to generate highly toxic hydroxyl radicles. dps (dna-binding proteins from starved cells) proteins form a distinct class (the mini-ferritins) of iron-binding proteins within the ferritin superfamily. b. anthracis encodes two dps-like prote ... | 2011 | 22155779 |
| [Detection and identification of highly pathogenic bacteria within the framework of the EQADeBa project--Part I: Samples containing living pathogens]. | Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella sp., Bulkholderia mallei are B. pseudomallei are highly pathogenic bacteria of potential bioterrorism risk. To support the early warning and rapid response capacity to ensure an effective reaction to bioterrorist attacks the international project "Establishment of Quality Assurances for Detection of Highly Pathogenic Bacteria of Potential Bioterrorism Risk" (EQADeBa) has been established. The aim of the project was establishme ... | 2011 | 22184939 |
| Effects of terbium chelate structure on dipicolinate ligation and the detection of Bacillus spores. | Terbium-sensitized luminescence and its applicability towards the detection of Bacillus spores such as anthrax are of significant interest to research in biodefense and medical diagnostics. Accordingly, we have measured the effects of terbium chelation upon the parameters associated with dipicolinate ligation and spore detection. Namely, the dissociation constants, intrinsic brightness, luminescent lifetimes, and biological stabilities for several Tb(chelate)(dipicolinate)(x) complexes were dete ... | 2011 | 22071082 |
| Molecular epidemiology of anthrax cases associated with recreational use of animal hides and yarn in the United States. | To determine potential links between the clinical isolate to animal products and their geographic origin, we genotyped (MLVA-8, MVLA-15, and canSNP analysis) 80 environmental and 12 clinical isolates and 2 clinical specimens from five cases of anthrax (California in 1976 [n?=?1], New York in 2006 [n?=?1], Connecticut in 2007 [n?=?2], and New Hampshire in 2009[n?=?1]) resulting from recreational handling of animal products. For the California case, four clinical isolates were identified as MLVA-8 ... | 2011 | 22174783 |
| identification of the bacterial protein ftsx as a unique target of chemokine-mediated antimicrobial activity against bacillus anthracis. | chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that function in host defense by orchestrating cellular movement during infection. in addition to this function, many chemokines have also been found to mediate the direct killing of a range of pathogenic microorganisms through an as-yet-undefined mechanism. as an understanding of the molecular mechanism and microbial targets of chemokine-mediated antimicrobial activity is likely to lead to the identification of unique, broad-spectrum therapeutic ... | 2011 | 21949405 |
| New Developments in Vaccines, Inhibitors of Anthrax Toxins, and Antibiotic Therapeutics for Bacillus anthracis. | Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent responsible for anthrax infections, poses a significant biodefense threat. There is a high mortality rate associated with untreated anthrax infections; specifically, inhalation anthrax is a particularly virulent form of infection with mortality rates close to 100%, even with aggressive treatment. Currently, a vaccine is not available to the general public and few antibiotics have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of inhalation anthrax. With the th ... | 2011 | 22050756 |
| the mechanism of dna ejection in the bacillus anthracis spore-binding phage 8a revealed by cryo-electron tomography. | the structure of the bacillus anthracis spore-binding phage 8a was determined by cryo-electron tomography. the phage capsid forms a t=16 icosahedron attached to a contractile tail via a head-tail connector protein. the tail consists of a six-start helical sheath surrounding a central tail tube, and a structurally novel baseplate at the distal end of the tail that recognizes and attaches to host cells. the parameters of the icosahedral capsid lattice and the helical tail sheath suggest protein fo ... | 2011 | 22018785 |
| persistence of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in urban environments following spraying. | bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki is applied extensively in north america to control the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar. since b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki shares many physical and biological properties with bacillus anthracis, it is a reasonable surrogate for biodefense studies. a key question in biodefense is how long a biothreat agent will persist in the environment. there is some information in the literature on the persistence of bacillus anthracis in laboratories and historical test ... | 2011 | 21926205 |
| antibody responses to a spore carbohydrate antigen as a marker of nonfatal inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques. | the bacillus anthracis exosporium protein bcla contains an o-linked antigenic tetrasaccharide whose terminal sugar is known as anthrose (j. m. daubenspeck et al., j. biol. chem. 279:30945-30953, 2004). we hypothesized that serologic responses to anthrose may have diagnostic value in confirming exposure to aerosolized b. anthracis. we evaluated the serologic responses to a synthetic anthrose-containing trisaccharide (ats) in a group of five rhesus macaques that survived inhalation anthrax followi ... | 2011 | 21389148 |
| serologic surveillance of anthrax in the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania, 1996-2009. | bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, is responsible for varying death rates among animal species. difficulties in case detection, hazardous or inaccessible carcasses, and misdiagnosis hinder surveillance. using case reports and a new serologic assay that enables multispecies comparisons, we examined exposure to and illness caused by b. anthracis in different species in the serengeti ecosystem in tanzania during 1996-2009 and the utility of serosurveillance. high seroprevalence ... | 2011 | 21392428 |
| nature of allosteric inhibition in glutamate racemase: discovery and characterization of a cryptic inhibitory pocket using atomistic md simulations and pka calculations. | enzyme inhibition via allostery, in which the ligand binds remotely from the active site, is a poorly understood phenomenon and represents a significant challenge to structure-based drug design. dipicolinic acid (dpa), a major component of bacillus spores, is shown to inhibit glutamate racemase from bacillus anthracis , a monosubstrate/monoproduct enzyme, in a novel allosteric fashion. glutamate racemase has long been considered an important drug target for its integral role in bacterial cell wa ... | 2011 | 21395329 |
| secreted bacillus anthracis proteases target the host fibrinolytic system. | the fibrinolytic system is often the target for pathogenic bacteria, resulting in increased fibrinolysis, bacterial dissemination, and inflammation. the purpose of this study was to explore whether proteases nprb and inha secreted by bacillus anthracis could activate the host's fibrinolytic system. nprb efficiently activated human pro-urokinase plasminogen activator (pro-upa), a key protein in the fibrinolytic cascade. conversely, inha had little effect on pro-upa. plasminogen activator inhibito ... | 2011 | 21395696 |
| the effect of growth medium on b. anthracis sterne spore carbohydrate content. | the expressed characteristics of biothreat agents may be impacted by variations in the culture environment, including growth medium formulation. the carbohydrate composition of b. anthracis spores has been well studied, particularly for the exosporium, which is the outermost spore structure. the carbohydrate composition of the exosporium has been demonstrated to be distinct from the vegetative form containing unique monosaccharides. we have investigated the carbohydrate composition of b. anthrac ... | 2011 | 21396405 |
| subsite specificity of anthrax lethal factor and its implications for inhibitor development. | the lethal factor of bacillus anthracis is a major factor for lethality of anthrax infection by this bacterium. with the aid of the protective antigen, lethal factor gains excess to the cell cytosol where it manifests toxicity as a metalloprotease. for better understanding of its specificity, we have determined its residue preferences of 19 amino acids in six subsites (from p3 to p3') as relative k(cat)/k(m) values (specificity constants). these results showed that lethal factor has a broad spec ... | 2011 | 21396916 |
| isolation, kinetic analysis, and structural characterization of an antibody targeting the bacillus anthracis major spore surface protein bcla. | one method of laboratory- or field-based testing for anthrax is detection of bacillus anthracis spores by high-affinity, high specificity binding reagents. from a pool of monoclonal antibodies, we selected one such candidate (a4d11) with high affinity for tbcla, a truncated version of the b. anthracis exosporium protein bcla. kinetic analysis utilising both standard and kinetic titration on a biacore biosensor indicated antibody affinities in the 300 pm range for recombinant tbcla, and the a4d11 ... | 2011 | 21322055 |
| bacillus anthracis protease inha increases blood-brain barrier permeability and contributes to cerebral hemorrhages. | hemorrhagic meningitis is a fatal complication of anthrax, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. the present study examined the role of b. anthracis-secreted metalloprotease inha on monolayer integrity and permeability of human brain microvasculature endothelial cells (hbmecs) which constitute the blood-brain barrier (bbb). treatment of hbmecs with purified inha resulted in a time-dependent decrease in trans-endothelial electrical resistance (teer) accompanied by zonula occluden-1 (zo- ... | 2011 | 21437287 |
| the unfolding story of anthrax toxin translocation. | the essential cellular functions of secretion and protein degradation require a molecular machine to unfold and translocate proteins either across a membrane or into a proteolytic complex. protein translocation is also critical for microbial pathogenesis, namely bacteria can use translocase channels to deliver toxic proteins into a target cell. anthrax toxin (atx), a key virulence factor secreted by bacillus anthracis, provides a robust biophysical model to characterize transmembrane protein tra ... | 2011 | 21443527 |
| [immunogenicity of protective antigen extracted from asporogenic recombinant strain bacillus anthracis]. | to study the ability of recombinant protective antigen (pa) to stimulate adaptive immune response in laboratory animals. | 2011 | 21446166 |
| investigating the genome diversity of b. cereus and evolutionary aspects of b. anthracis emergence. | here we report the use of a multi-genome dna microarray to investigate the genome diversity of bacillus cereus group members and elucidate the events associated with the emergence of bacillus anthracis the causative agent of anthrax-a lethal zoonotic disease. we initially performed directed genome sequencing of seven diverse b. cereus strains to identify novel sequences encoded in those genomes. the novel genes identified, combined with those publicly available, allowed the design of a "species" ... | 2011 | 21447378 |
| anthrax investigation. army missed warning signs about alleged anthrax mailer. | 2011 | 21454766 | |
| biodefense: 10 years after. reinventing project bioshield. | 2011 | 21885752 | |
| [analyze and compare metabolic pathways of bacillus cereus group]. | a large number of data and information was obtained from genome sequencing and high-throughput genomic studies, use of the information to study metabolic networks become a new hotspot in biological research. this article compared different methods to reconstruct metabolic networks and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each methods, and then introduced some researches about carbohydrate metabolism pathways, amino acid metabolic pathways, and energy metabolism pathways of 9 strains of b ... | 2011 | 21993280 |
| The potential contributions of lethal and edema toxins to the pathogenesis of anthrax associated shock. | Outbreaks of Bacillus anthracis in the US and Europe over the past 10 years have emphasized the health threat this lethal bacteria poses even for developed parts of the world. In contrast to cutaneous anthrax, inhalational disease in the US during the 2001 outbreaks and the newly identified injectional drug use form of disease in the UK and Germany have been associated with relatively high mortality rates. One notable aspect of these cases has been the difficulty in supporting patients once shoc ... | 2011 | 22069762 |
| vaccination and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in active component u.s. military, 2002-2008. | to evaluate whether vaccination increases the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in active component u.s. military personnel. | 2011 | 22075092 |
| the challenge of determining the need for remediation following a wide-area biological release. | recovering from a biological attack is a complex process requiring the successful resolution of numerous challenges. the interagency biological restoration demonstration program is one of the first multiagency efforts to develop strategies and tools that could be effective following a wide-area release of b. anthracis spores. nevertheless, several key policy issues and associated science and technology issues still need to be addressed. for example, more refined risk assessment and management ap ... | 2011 | 21882967 |
| logistics modelling: improving resource management and public information strategies in florida. | one of the most time-sensitive and logistically-challenging emergency response operations today is to provide mass prophylaxis to every man, woman and child in a community within 48 hours of a bioterrorism attack. to meet this challenge, federal, state and local public health departments in the usa have joined forces to develop, test and execute large-scale bioterrorism response plans. this preparedness and response effort is funded through the us centers for disease control and prevention's cit ... | 2011 | 22130343 |
| european risk assessment guidance for infectious diseases transmitted on aircraft - the ragida project. | 2011 | 21527131 | |
| post-exposure therapy of inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset. | the aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ciprofloxacin as post-exposure therapy against inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with other non-human primate models in order to determine whether the marmoset is a suitable model to test post-exposure therapies for anthrax. pharmacokinetic (pk) and efficacy studies with ciprofloxacin were performed in the marmoset. ciprofloxacin plasma pharmacokinetics were determined in six animals in separ ... | 2011 | 21530184 |
| the cody pleiotropic repressor controls virulence in gram-positive pathogens. | cody is involved in the adaptive response to starvation in at least 30 different low g+c gram-positive bacteria. after dimerization and activation by cofactor binding, cody binds to a consensus palindromic dna sequence, leading to the repression of approximately 5% of the genome. cody represses the transcription of target genes when bound to dna by competition with the rna polymerase for promoter binding, or by interference with transcriptional elongation as a roadblock. cody displays enhanced a ... | 2011 | 21539625 |
| multivalent display of proteins on viral nanoparticles using molecular recognition and chemical ligation strategies. | multivalent display of heterologous proteins on viral nanoparticles forms a basis for numerous applications in nanotechnology, including vaccine development, targeted therapeutic delivery, and tissue-specific bioimaging. in many instances, precise placement of proteins is required for optimal functioning of the supramolecular assemblies, but orientation- and site-specific coupling of proteins to viral scaffolds remains a significant technical challenge. we have developed two strategies that allo ... | 2011 | 21545187 |
| recombinant expression and functional analysis of proteases from streptococcus pneumoniae, bacillus anthracis, and yersinia pestis. | abstract: background: uncharacterized proteases naturally expressed by bacterial pathogens represents important topic in infectious disease research, because these enzymes may have critical roles in pathogenicity and cell physiology. it has been observed that cloning, expression and purification of proteases often fail due to their catalytic functions which, in turn, cause toxicity in the e. coli heterologous host. results: in order to address this problem systematically, a modified pipeline of ... | 2011 | 21545736 |
| sensitive detection of an anthrax biomarker using a glassy carbon electrode with a consecutively immobilized layer of polyaniline/carbon nanotube/peptide. | sensitivity of anthrax protective antigen (pa) detection has been improved by directly immobilizing a pa-specific peptide onto a multi-wall carbon nanotube (mwcnt). the mwcnt was covalently immobilized onto a polyaniline (pani) electrode, which was prepared via electropolymerization of the aniline monomer onto a glassy carbon electrode (gce). then, the pa-specific peptide was covalently immobilized to the mwcnt layer for measurement. when comparing this technique to that of pa immobilization on ... | 2011 | 21550226 |
| symmetry requirements for the effective blocking of pore-forming toxins: comparative study with {alpha}-, {beta}-, and {gamma}-cyclodextrin derivatives. | we compared the ability of structurally related cationic cyclodextrins to inhibit bacillus anthracis lethal toxin and staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin. we found that both β- and γ-cyclodextrin derivatives effectively inhibited anthrax toxin action by blocking the trans-membrane oligomeric pores formed by the pa subunit of the toxin, whereas α-cyclodextrins were ineffective. in contrast, α-hemolysin was selectively blocked only by β- cyclodextrin derivatives, demonstrating that both symmetry and ... | 2011 | 21555769 |
| characterization of bacilli isolated from the confined environments of the antarctic concordia station and the international space station. | abstract bacillus and related genera comprise opportunist and pathogen species that can threaten the health of a crew in confined stations required for long-term missions. in this study, 43 bacilli from confined environments, that is, the antarctic concordia station and the international space station, were characterized in terms of virulence and plasmid exchange potentials. no specific virulence feature, such as the production of toxins or unusual antibiotic resistance, was detected. most of th ... | 2011 | 21563959 |
| ultrasensitive detection of botulinum neurotoxins and anthrax lethal factor in biological samples by alissa. | both botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) and anthrax lethal factor, a component of anthrax toxin, exhibit zinc metalloprotease activity. the assay detailed here is capable of quantitatively detecting these proteins by measuring their enzymatic functions with high sensitivity. the detection method encompasses two steps: (1) specific target capture and enrichment and (2) cleavage of a fluorogenic substrate by the immobilized active target, the extent of which is quantitatively determined by differential ... | 2011 | 21567315 |
| examination of bacillus anthracis spores by multiparameter flow cytometry. | the ability to rapidly differentiate bacillus anthracis spores from spores belonging to other bacillus spp. is potentially useful for combating the intentional release of this biothreat agent. furthermore, not all b. anthracis strains are fully virulent and the ability to determine the potential virulence of the endospore is also important. in this chapter, we describe a two-color flow cytometric assay capable of simultaneously identifying b. anthracis spores and the presence of spore-associated ... | 2011 | 21567316 |
| aluminum vaccine adjuvants: are they safe? | aluminum is an experimentally demonstrated neurotoxin and the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant. despite almost 90 years of widespread use of aluminum adjuvants, medical science's understanding about their mechanisms of action is still remarkably poor. there is also a concerning scarcity of data on toxicology and pharmacokinetics of these compounds. in spite of this, the notion that aluminum in vaccines is safe appears to be widely accepted. experimental research, however, clearly shows that a ... | 2011 | 21568886 |
| feasibility of selected prophylactic barriers in arrestance of airborne bacterial vegetative cells and endospores. | background: transmission of infection by airborne agents is a risk for health care personnel, patients, and visitors. this risk is heightened in regions without access to environmental controls and personal protective equipment. the ability of 2 prophylactic barriers (ie, semitransparent netting for insect control) to arrest bioaerosols was assessed for potential use within the malarial zones. methods: barriers (pore sizes of 0.8 mm and 0.25 mm) were challenged with bioaerosols of vegetative cel ... | 2011 | 21570738 |
| identification of an african bacillus anthracis lineage that lacks expression of the spore surface associated anthrose containing oligosaccharide. | the surface of bacillus anthracis endospores exposes a pentasaccharide containing the monosaccharide anthrose which has been considered as vaccine or target for specific detection of the spores. in this study b. anthracis strains isolated from cattle carcasses in african countries where anthrax is endemic were tested for their cross-reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for anthrose containing oligosaccharides. unexpectedly, none of the isolates collected in chad, cameroon and ma ... | 2011 | 21571994 |
| structure of the slh domains from bacillus anthracis surface array protein. | surface (s)-layers, para-crystalline arrays of protein, are deposited in the envelope of most bacterial species. these surface organelles are retained in the bacterial envelope through the non-covalent association of proteins with cell wall carbohydrates. bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive pathogen, produces s-layers of the protein sap, which uses three consecutive repeats of the surface-layer homology (slh) domain to engage secondary cell wall polysaccharides (scwp). using x-ray crystallograph ... | 2011 | 21572039 |
| gsk-3 activation is important for anthrax edema toxin induced dendritic cell maturation and antxr2 expression in macrophages. | anthrax edema toxin (et) is one of two binary toxins produced by bacillus anthracis that contributes to the virulence of this pathogen. et is an adenylate cyclase that generates high levels of camp causing alterations in multiple host-cell signaling pathways. we previously demonstrated that et increases cell surface expression of the anthrax toxin receptors (antxr) in monocyte-derived cells and promotes dendritic cell (dc) migration towards the lymph node homing chemokine mip-3β. in this work we ... | 2011 | 21576335 |
| bacillus cereus g9241 makes anthrax toxin and capsule like highly virulent b. anthracis ames but behaves like attenuated toxigenic nonencapsulated b. anthracis sterne in rabbits and mice. | bacillus cereus g9241 was isolated from a welder with a pulmonary anthrax-like illness. the organism contains two megaplasmids, pbcxo1 and pbc218. these plasmids are analogous to the b. anthracis ames plasmids pxo1 and pxo2 that encode anthrax toxins and capsule, respectively. here we evaluated the virulence of b. cereus g9241 as well as the contributions of pbcxo1 and pbc218 to virulence. b. cereus g9241 was avirulent in new zealand rabbits after subcutaneous inoculation and attenuated 100-fold ... | 2011 | 21576337 |
| [the development and testing of a molecular biological test system for dna detection of anthrax pathogen by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay]. | the paper presents the results of the development and testing of a molecular biological test system for dna detection of anthrax pathogen (bacillus anthracis) by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. the test system has shown high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of results of analysis, as exemplified by aqueous suspensions of daily agar cultures of bacillus anthracis strains, related and heterologous species of microorganisms, and clinical materials of experimental animals. th ... | 2011 | 21584969 |
| the slh-domain protein bslo is a determinant of bacillus anthracis chain length. | the gram-positive pathogen bacillus anthracis grows in characteristic chains of individual, rod-shaped cells. here, we report the cell-separating activity of bslo, a putative n-acetylglucosaminidase bearing three n-terminal s-layer homology (slh) domains for association with the secondary cell wall polysaccharide (scwp). mutants with an insertional lesion in the bslo gene exhibit exaggerated chain lengths, although individual cell dimensions are unchanged. purified bslo complements this phenotyp ... | 2011 | 21585566 |
| structural analysis of a putative aminoglycoside n-acetyltransferase from bacillus anthracis. | for the last decade, worldwide efforts for the treatment of anthrax infection have focused on developing effective vaccines. patients that are already infected are still treated traditionally using different types of standard antimicrobial agents. the most popular are antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. while aminoglycosides appear to be less effective antimicrobial agents than other antibiotics, synthetic aminoglycosides have been shown to act as potent inhibitors of anthrax ... | 2011 | 21601576 |
| mutually exclusive distribution of the sap and eag s-layer genes and the lytb/lyta cell wall hydrolase genes in bacillus thuringiensis. | recently, two bacillus thuringiensis strains were reported to synthesize parasporal inclusion bodies made not of the expected crystal (cry) proteins but rather of the surface layer proteins (slp) sap (encoded by sap) and ea1 (encoded by eag), respectively. whether the presence of the sap and eag genes is restricted to these two b. thuringiensis strains or ubiquitous in b. thuringiensis is unknown. we report here the distribution of the sap and eag genes in b. thuringiensis. strains in the bacill ... | 2011 | 21611767 |
| negatively charged liposomes show potent adjuvant activity when simply admixed with protein antigens. | liposomes have been investigated extensively as a vaccine delivery system. herein the adjuvant activities of liposomes with different net surface charges (neutral, positive, or negative) were evaluated when admixed with protein antigens, ovalbumin (ova, pi = 4.7), bacillus anthracis protective antigen protein (pa, pi = 5.6), or cationized ova (cova). mice immunized subcutaneously with ova admixed with different liposomes generated different antibody responses. interestingly, ova admixed with net ... | 2011 | 21615153 |
| anthrax lethal toxin disrupts the endothelial permeability barrier through blocking p38 signaling. | exposure to anthrax causes life-threatening disease through the action of the toxin produced by the bacillus anthracis bacteria. lethal factor (lf), an anthrax toxin component which causes severe vascular leak and edema, is a protease which specifically degrades map kinase kinases (mkk). we have recently shown that p38 map kinase activation leading to hsp27 phosphorylation augments the endothelial permeability barrier. we now show that treatment of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells ( ... | 2011 | 21618534 |
| reference genes for quantitative, reverse-transcription pcr in bacillus cereus group strains throughout the bacterial life cycle. | quantitative reverse-transcription pcr (rt-qpcr) has become a major tool to better understand the biology and pathogenesis of bacteria. one prerequisite of valid rt-qpcr data is their proper normalization to stably expressed reference genes. to identify and evaluate reference genes suitable for normalization of gene expression data in bacillus cereus group strains, mrna levels of eleven candidate reference genes (rpsu, nifu, udp (udp-n-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase), bt9727_5154/bc_5475, bt9727_ ... | 2011 | 21620905 |
| assembly of minicellulosomes on the surface of bacillus subtilis. | to cost-efficiently produce biofuels new methods are needed to convert lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. one promising approach is to degrade biomass using cellulosomes, which are surface displayed multi-cellulase containing complexes present in cellulolytic clostridium and ruminococcus species. in this study we created cellulolytic strains of b. subtilis that display one or more cellulase enzymes. proteins containing the appropriate cell wall sorting signal are covalently anchore ... | 2011 | 21622797 |
| A Review of Zoonotic Disease Surveillance Supported by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. | The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center (AFHSC), Division of Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System conducts disease surveillance through a global network of US Department of Defense research laboratories and partnerships with foreign ministries of agriculture, health and livestock development in over 90 countries worldwide. In 2010, AFHSC supported zoonosis survey efforts were organized into four main categories: (i) development of field assays for animal disease survei ... | 2011 | 22128834 |
| an active-site guanine participates in glms ribozyme catalysis in its protonated state. | active-site guanines that occupy similar positions have been proposed to serve as general base catalysts in hammerhead, hairpin, and glms ribozymes, but no specific roles for these guanines have been demonstrated conclusively. structural studies place g33(n1) of the glms ribozyme of bacillus anthracis within hydrogen-bonding distance of the 2'-oh nucleophile. apparent pk(a) values determined from the ph dependence of cleavage kinetics for wild-type and mutant glms ribozymes do not support a role ... | 2011 | 21936556 |
| new insights into the biological effects of anthrax toxins: linking cellular to organismal responses. | the anthrax toxins lethal toxin (lt) and edema toxin (et) are essential virulence factors produced by bacillus anthracis. these toxins act during two distinct phases of anthrax infection. during the first, prodromal phase, which is often asymptomatic, anthrax toxins act on cells of the immune system to help the pathogen establish infection. then, during the rapidly progressing (or fulminant) stage of the disease bacteria disseminate via a hematological route to various target tissues and organs, ... | 2011 | 21930233 |
| an in vitro survey on the apoptotic effects of uvb ray in bacillus anthracis. | objectives: bacillus anthracis as the bacterial agent of anthrax, is spread in different geographical zones around the world.the purpose of this survey was to observe eventual apoptotic reactions in total genomic dna of uvb irradiated colonies of bacillus anthracis.materials and methods: the colonies of bacillus anthracis were exposed to uvb ray for 10 minutes; then, the dna molecules of control and irradiated colonies were extracted. finally, the dna samples mixed in loading dye, were run in 1% ... | 2011 | 21977187 |
| impact of spores on the comparative efficacies of five antibiotics for the treatment of bacillus anthracis in an in vitro hollow fiber pharmacodynamic model. | background: bacillus anthracis (ba), the bacterium that causes anthrax, is an agent of bioterrorism. the most effective antimicrobial therapy for ba infections is unknown. methods: an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of ba was used to compare the efficacies of simulated clinically-prescribed regimens of moxifloxacin, linezolid, and meropenem with the "gold standards," doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. treatment outcomes for isogenic spore-forming and non-spore-forming strains of ba were compared. res ... | 2011 | 22155821 |