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association between domestic mould and mould components, and asthma and allergy in children: a systematic review.critical reviews over the past 10 yrs have found increased respiratory and allergic health outcomes for children living in damp and mouldy environments. however, recent studies have suggested that early childhood exposure to specific mould components may actually protect children from developing allergy. we conducted a systematic review of observational studies published in english from january 1980 to july 2010. this review was conducted according to systematic guidelines for meta-analyses of o ...201121540311
evidence of fixed capacity in visual object categorization.how is visual object perception limited by divided attention? whereas some theories have proposed that it is not limited at all (unlimited capacity), others have proposed that divided attention introduces restrictive capacity limitations or serial processing (fixed capacity). we addressed this question using a task in which observers searched for instances of particular object categories, such as a moose or squirrel. we applied an extended simultaneous-sequential paradigm to test the fixed-capac ...201121538202
are pediatric open access journals promoting good publication practice? an analysis of author instructions.several studies analyzed whether conventional journals in general medicine or specialties such as pediatrics endorse recommendations aiming to improve publication practice. despite evidence showing benefits of these recommendations, the proportion of endorsing journals has been moderate to low and varied considerably for different recommendations. about half of pediatric journals indexed in the journal citation report referred to the uniform requirements for manuscripts of the international comm ...201121477335
does smoking protect against osteoarthritis? meta-analysis of observational studies.to determine whether smoking is protective against the development of osteoarthritis (oa).201121474488
solute and particle retention in the digestive tract of the phillip's dikdik (madoqua saltiana phillipsi), a very small browsing ruminant: biological and methodological implications.morphological characteristics of the forestomach, as well as reports of a natural diet that mostly excludes monocots, suggest that dikdiks (madoqua spp.), among smallest extant ruminants, should have a 'moose-type' forestomach physiology characterised by a low degree of selective particle retention. we tested this assumption in a series of feeding experiments with 12 adult phillip's dikdiks (madoqua saltiana phillipsi) on three different intake levels per animal, using cobalt-edta as a solute ma ...201121457785
[the major problem and countermeasures of recent meta-analysis manuscripts in chinese journals].the present paper concerns on some distinct shortcomings of recent eye diseases related meta-analysis manuscripts in chinese literatures, then discusses the following important-aspects in meta-analysis procedures: addressing the purpose properly, providing a precise title, collecting relative literatures comprehensively, assessing the quality of enrolled studies systematically, evaluating the result of test for heterogeneity correctly, choosing the outcome indicators and effect indexes accuratel ...201121418920
secondhand smoke and adverse fetal outcomes in nonsmoking pregnant women: a meta-analysis.to determine the risk of adverse fetal outcomes of secondhand smoke exposure in nonsmoking pregnant women.201121382949
birthweight and mortality in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.small birth size may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (cvd), whereas large birth size may predict increased risk of obesity and some cancers. the net effect of birth size on long-term mortality has only been assessed in individual studies, with conflicting results.201121324938
jefferson's moose. 201121319548
the isle royale wolf-moose project (1958-present) and the wonder of long-term ecological research. 201121310487
effects of the september 11, 2001 disaster on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review.the terrorist explosions of the world trade center in new york city and the other events on the pentagon and in pennsylvania on 11 september 2001 were stressful events that affected people around the world. pregnant women and their offspring are especially vulnerable during and after such a terrorist attack. the objective was to systematically review the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes after the terrorist attacks on sept 11, 2001.201121275910
pulmonary embolism prophylaxis with inferior vena cava filters in trauma patients: a systematic review using the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (moose) guidelines.prophylactic inferior vena cava filters (pivcfs) for the prevention of pulmonary embolism (pe) are controversial. current practice guidelines (east and accp) are based on the critical appraisal of observational studies. as a result, their recommendations are conflicting and may account for practice pattern variation. the purpose of this study is to critically review the available literature and ascertain the level of evidence both for and against the use of pivcfs for pe prophylaxis in trauma pa ...201121221716
maternal underweight and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analyses.despite the current obesity epidemic, maternal underweight remains a common occurrence with potential adverse perinatal outcomes. our objective was to determine the relationship between maternal underweight and preterm birth (ptb) and low birth weight (lbw) in singleton pregnancies in developing and developed countries.201121097954
mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.to review the literature on mortality among dependent or regular users of opioids across regions, according to specific causes, and related to a number of demographic and clinical variables.201121054613
[appraisal of meta-analysis manuscripts on eye diseases published in chinese journals with quorom statement and moose guidelines].to assess the standardization of meta-analyses reports on eye diseases published in chinese journals in recent ten years.201122169614
type-specific hpv prevalence in cervical cancer and high-grade lesions in latin america and the caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis.cervical cancer is a major public health problem in latin america and the caribbean (la&c), showing some of the highest incidence and mortality rates worldwide. information on hpv type distribution in high-grade cervical lesions (hsil) and invasive cervical cancer (icc) is crucial to predict the future impact of hpv16/18 vaccines and screening programmes, and to establish an appropriate post-vaccinal virologic surveillance. the aim was to assess the prevalence of hpv types in hsil and icc in stu ...201121991313
body mass index and susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.excess bodyweight, expressed as increased body mass index, is associated with osteoarthritis risk, especially in weight bearing joints. however, the strength of the association was inconsistent. the study was conducted to quantitatively assess the association between body mass index and the risk of knee osteoarthritis and investigate the difference of the strength stratified by sex, study type and osteoarthritis definition.201221803633
major congenital malformations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.the risk of major congenital malformations (mcm) is increased in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus (pgdm). whether this risk is increased in gestational diabetes mellitus (gdm) is still debated. the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review (and meta-analysis) of major congenital malformations in women with gestational diabetes versus a reference population.201222052679
evaluation of two quantitative pcr assays using bacteroidales and mitochondrial dna markers for tracking dog fecal contamination in waterbodies.this study describes a comparative performance evaluation of two qpcr assays targeting a dog-associated bacteroidales 16s rrna genetic marker (canbac-ucd) and a dog mitochondrial dna (mtdna) marker. the same fecal and environmental samples were assayed for the two markers thereby allowing direct comparison. a wide range of non-target species including, human, pig, horse, deer, mountain goat, bison, caribou, and moose were tested. marker persistence was also monitored in freshwater microcosms. bo ...201223041493
polyaromatic hydrocarbons of smoked cured muscle foods prepared by canadian tl'azt'en and llheidli t'enneh first nation communities.tl'azt'en and lheidli t'enneh first nation communities have traditionally used smoking, drying, and salting of fish and game as preservation methods to enhance food security. our results showed that levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) were significantly higher in smoked salmon samples compared to moose meats, and further, that pah contents were also dependent on the duration of smoke processing. benzo[a]pyrene (bap) was not detected in fresh or partially smoked foods, but was pre ...201223030651
screening women for oral contraception: can family history identify inherited thrombophilias?screening for inherited thrombophilias with laboratory tests is impractical before starting women on combined oral contraceptives. as an alternative, some recommend eliciting a family history of venous thromboembolism. the validity of this approach, however, remains unclear.201222996107
current evidence on the associations of breastfeeding, infant formula, and cow's milk introduction with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.current evidence provides contradictory results in regards to the associations of breastfeeding or early introduction of cow's milk and formula with the development of type 1 diabetes (t1d). the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the type of feeding, duration of breastfeeding, time of introduction of formula or cow's milk, and the potential impact on developing t1d. the literature search was conducted based on the standards outlined in the moose guidelines for meta-analyses and system ...201222946851
racial/ethnic disparities in hiv infection among people who inject drugs: an international systematic review and meta-analysis.the ethnic minority meta-analysis (emma) aims to assess racial/ethnic disparities in hiv infection among people who inject drugs (pwid) across various countries. this is the first report of the data.201222823178
neuropsychological consequences of chronic opioid use: a quantitative review and meta-analysis.it is widely assumed within the accumulated literature that neuropsychological function is commonly impaired as a consequence of chronic opioid use.201222771335
linking trade-offs in habitat selection with the occurrence of functional responses for moose living in two nearby study areas.a species may modify its relative habitat use with changing availability, generating functional responses in habitat selection. functional responses in habitat selection are expected to occur when animals experience trade-offs influencing their habitat selection, but only a few studies to date have explicitly linked functional responses to the underlying trade-offs faced by the animals. we used data from 39 female moose fitted with gps telemetry collars in two nearby study areas in canada to inv ...201222729651
parasites in ungulates of arctic north america and greenland: a view of contemporary diversity, ecology, and impact in a world under change.parasites play an important role in the structure and function of arctic ecosystems, systems that are currently experiencing an unprecedented rate of change due to various anthropogenic perturbations, including climate change. ungulates such as muskoxen, caribou, moose and dall's sheep are also important components of northern ecosystems and are a source of food and income, as well as a focus for maintenance of cultural traditions, for northerners. parasites of ungulates can influence host healt ...201222726643
apparent diffusion coefficient restriction in the white matter: going beyond acute brain territorial ischemia.reduction of apparent diffusion coefficient (adc) values in white matter is not always ischaemic in nature.201222696041
influence of outdoor no2 exposure on asthma in childhood: meta-analysis.it has long been assumed that the development of childhood asthma is related to exposure to environmental chemicals, but it has thus far not been possible to unequivocally establish this suspected relationship using individual studies. moreover, studies of children have been scanty and unreliable due to the large diversity of research environments and subject cohorts. the aim of the current study was to clarify this relationship for one factor by means of a meta-analysis of studies investigating ...201222640481
male participation in prevention programmes of mother to child transmission of hiv: a protocol for a systematic review to identify barriers, facilitators and reported interventions.infection with the hiv and aids are leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women and children worldwide. prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hiv (pmtct) programs were developed to protect women and their babies from having hiv infection. however, knowledge on how male participation has been applied to these programs is limited. we present a research protocol for a review which seeks to determine the effects of male participation on female uptake of pmtct programs, and assess h ...201222588016
are peer reviewers encouraged to use reporting guidelines? a survey of 116 health research journals.pre-publication peer review of manuscripts should enhance the value of research publications to readers who may wish to utilize findings in clinical care or health policy-making. much published research across all medical specialties is not useful, may be misleading, wasteful and even harmful. reporting guidelines are tools that in addition to helping authors prepare better manuscripts may help peer reviewers in assessing them. we examined journals' instructions to peer reviewers to see if and h ...201222558178
outcomes of pregnancy following surgery for stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review.although few data have been published on the safety of childbearing after surgery for stress urinary incontinence, a large proportion of physicians recommend that women wait to complete childbearing before pursuing surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence. we systematically reviewed the available literature to examine the safety of pregnancy after stress urinary incontinence surgery, and to measure the effect of such pregnancy on continence outcomes.201222498223
traditional food consumption behaviour and concern with environmental contaminants among cree schoolchildren of the mushkegowuk territory.to investigate factors influencing consumption of traditional foods (e.g. wild game, fish) and concerns about environmental contaminants among schoolchildren of the mushkegowuk territory first nations (moose factory, fort albany, kashechewan, attawapiskat, and peawanuck).201222456047
systematic review of total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation for chronic pancreatitis.total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (tp/iat) is a treatment option in a subset of patients with chronic pancreatitis. a systematic review of the literature was performed to evaluate the outcome of this procedure, with an attempt to ascertain when it is indicated.201222434330
do psychiatric medications, especially antidepressants, adversely impact maternal metabolic outcomes?psychiatric illnesses, particularly depression, are some of the most common complications of pregnancy. accordingly, pharmacologic treatment of these illnesses is prevalent and increasing. systematic reviews on psychiatric medication use during pregnancy have shown effects on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes and non-systematic reviews of maternal outcomes suggest higher weight gain and an increased risk of gestational diabetes. however, to date there has not been a systematic review of the effe ...201222370064
systematic review and meta-analysis of "inside-out" versus "outside-in" transobturator tapes in management of stress urinary incontinence in women.to directly compare the current evidence for the efficacy, complications, quality of life and cost to health services of both transobturator tension free vaginal tape procedures - "inside-out" versus "outside-in" - in the surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.201222336229
managing moose harvests by the seat of your pants.moose populations are managed for sustainable yield balanced against costs caused by damage to forestry or agriculture and collisions with vehicles. optimal harvests can be calculated based on a structured population model driven by data on abundance and the composition of bulls, cows, and calves obtained by aerial-survey monitoring during winter. quotas are established by the respective government agency and licenses are issued to hunters to harvest an animal of specified age or sex during the ...201223316496
associations of glycemic index and load with coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts.glycemic index (gi) and glycemic load (gl) have been associated with coronary heart disease (chd) risk in some but not all cohort studies. we therefore assessed the association of gi and gl with chd risk in prospective cohorts.201223316283
surgical treatment of infected aortic grafts.an infection of an aortic prosthesis is a severe condition with high morbidity and mortality rates. surgical treatment of an infected aortic graft or infected aortic stent-graft focuses on treatment of the infection and maintaining or restoring perfusion of the lower limbs. over the years various reconstruction options have been introduced, each claiming to be the most successful in securing lower limb perfusion. consensus about the optimum treatment strategy is lacking. the frail patient popula ...201223207555
spatial genetic and morphologic structure of wolves and coyotes in relation to environmental heterogeneity in a canis hybrid zone.eastern wolves have hybridized extensively with coyotes and gray wolves and are listed as a 'species of special concern' in canada. however, a distinct population of eastern wolves has been identified in algonquin provincial park (app) in ontario. previous studies of the diverse canis hybrid zone adjacent to app have not linked genetic analysis with field data to investigate genotype-specific morphology or determine how resident animals of different ancestry are distributed across the landscape ...201223173981
surgical treatment of infected aortic grafts.an infection of an aortic prosthesis is a severe condition with high morbidity and mortality rates. surgical treatment of an infected aortic graft or infected aortic stent-graft focuses on treatment of the infection and maintaining or restoring perfusion of the lower limbs. over the years various reconstruction options have been introduced, each claiming to be the most successful in securing lower limb perfusion. consensus about the optimum treatment strategy is lacking. the frail patient popula ...201223138602
habitat quality influences population distribution, individual space use and functional responses in habitat selection by a large herbivore.identifying factors shaping variation in resource selection is central for our understanding of the behaviour and distribution of animals. we examined summer habitat selection and space use by 108 global positioning system (gps)-collared moose in norway in relation to sex, reproductive status, habitat quality, and availability. moose selected habitat types based on a combination of forage quality and availability of suitable habitat types. selection of protective cover was strongest for reproduc ...201221766188
from migration to nomadism: movement variability in a northern ungulate across its latitudinal range.understanding the causes and consequences of animal movements is of fundamental biological interest because any alteration in movement can have direct and indirect effects on ecosystem structure and function. it is also crucial for assisting spatial wildlife management under variable environmental change scenarios. recent research has highlighted the need of quantifying individual variability in movement behavior and how it is generated by interactions between individual requirements and environ ...201223210316
simulated moose (alces alces l.) browsing increases accumulation of secondary metabolites in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) along gradients of habitat productivity and solar radiation.we have addressed the impact of moose (alces alces l.) on accumulation of secondary metabolites, lignin, and nitrogen in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) along gradients of habitat productivity and solar radiation. the study was conducted within a long-term research project on direct and indirect impacts of moose on the ecosystem. in the experiment, browsing, defecation, and urination corresponding to four different moose densities were simulated for eight years before bilberry tissue was colle ...201223143636
sufentanil citrate immobilization of alaskan moose calves.free-ranging alaskan moose calves (alces alces gigas) were immobilized with 0.12 mg/kg sufentanil (s; n=16), 0.12 mg/kg sufentanil plus 0.27 mg/kg xylazine (sx; n=11), or 0.007 mg/kg carfentanil plus 0.36 mg/kg xylazine (cx; n=13). immobilants were antagonized with 1.2 mg/kg naltrexone (s) or 1.2 mg/kg naltrexone plus 2.4 mg/kg tolazoline (sx, cx). there were no differences in induction (p ≥ 0.29) or processing (p ≥ 0.44) times between groups. moose given either s or sx had significantly shorter ...201223060515
trophic cascades, invasive species and body-size hierarchies interactively modulate climate change responses of ecotonal temperate-boreal forest.as the climate warms, boreal tree species are expected to be gradually replaced by temperate species within the southern boreal forest. warming will be accompanied by changes in above- and below-ground consumers: large moose (alces alces) replaced by smaller deer (odocoileus virginianus) above-ground, and small detritivores replaced by larger exotic earthworms below-ground. these shifts may induce a cascade of ecological impacts across trophic levels that could alter the boreal to temperate fore ...201223007083
estimation of body-size traits by photogrammetry in large mammals to inform conservation.photography, including remote imagery and camera traps, has contributed substantially to conservation. however, the potential to use photography to understand demography and inform policy is limited. to have practical value, remote assessments must be reasonably accurate and widely deployable. prior efforts to develop noninvasive methods of estimating trait size have been motivated by a desire to answer evolutionary questions, measure physiological growth, or, in the case of illegal trade, asses ...201222834930
browsed twig environmental dna: diagnostic pcr to identify ungulate species.ungulate browsing can have a strong effect on ecological processes by affecting plant community structure and composition, with cascading effects on nutrient cycling and animal communities. however, in the absence of direct observations of foraging, species-specific foraging behaviours are difficult to quantify. we therefore know relatively little about foraging competition and species-specific browsing patterns in systems with several browsers. however, during browsing, a small amount of saliva ...201222813481
hematology and serum chemistry reference ranges of free-ranging moose (alces alces) in norway.baseline reference ranges of serum chemistry and hematology data can be important indicators for the status of both individuals or populations of wild animals that are affected by emerging pathogens, toxicants, or other causes of disease. frequently, reference ranges for these values are not available for wildlife species or subspecies. we present hematologic and serum chemistry reference ranges for moose (alces alces) adults, yearlings, and calves in norway sampled from 1992-2000. additionally, ...201222740520
lead concentration in meat from lead-killed moose and predicted human exposure using monte carlo simulation.lead-based hunting ammunitions are still common in most countries. on impact such ammunition releases fragments which are widely distributed within the carcass. in norway, wild game is an important meat source for segments of the population and 95% of hunters use lead-based bullets. in this paper, we have investigated the lead content of ground meat from moose (alces alces) intended for human consumption in norway, and have predicted human exposure through this source. fifty-two samples from dif ...201222651819
the effects of an abundant ectoparasite, the deer ked (lipoptena cervi), on the health of moose (alces alces) in finland.the deer ked (lipoptena cervi, diptera, hippoboscidae) is a haematophagous parasitic fly of the moose (alces alces) and other cervids, and it is very common in southern and central parts of finland. the aim of this study was to determine how the intensive parasitism caused by the deer ked affects the health and welfare of the moose. moose blood samples (n = 78) were collected from deer ked-infested and ked-free regions at 62-68° n and analysed for haematology and clinical chemistry. in addition, ...201222645032
polymorphisms and variants in the prion protein sequence of european moose (alces alces), reindeer (rangifer tarandus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in scandinavia.the prion protein (prp) sequence of european moose, reindeer, roe deer and fallow deer in scandinavia has high homology to the prp sequence of north american cervids. variants in the european moose prp sequence were found at amino acid position 109 as k or q. the 109q variant is unique in the prp sequence of vertebrates. during the 1980s a wasting syndrome in swedish moose, moose wasting syndrome (mws), was described. snp analysis demonstrated a difference in the observed genotype proportions of ...201222441661
spatial and temporal predictions of moose winter distribution.herbivores are usually distributed unevenly across the landscape often because of variation in resource availability. we used zero-inflated generalised additive models (to account for data with a high number of zeros) that include georeferences to predict winter distribution of a large herbivore (moose alces alces). moose distribution was analysed in relation to forage availability and distance to neighbouring sites. our results showed that the ability to explain moose distribution indexed by pe ...201222437909
physiological evaluation of free-ranging moose (alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in northern sweden.evaluation of physiology during capture and anesthesia of free-ranging wildlife is useful for determining the effect that capture methods have on both ecological research results and animal welfare. this study evaluates capture and anesthesia of moose (alces alces) with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in northern sweden.201223276208
evidence for distinct chronic wasting disease (cwd) strains in experimental cwd in ferrets.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an evolving prion disease of cervids (deer, elk and moose) that has been recognized in north america and korea. infection of non-cervid reservoir or transport species in nature is not reported. however, the ferret (mustela putorius furo) is susceptible to cwd after experimental inoculation. here, we report that infection of ferrets with either of two ferret cwd isolates by various routes of exposure has revealed biologically distinct strain-like properties distin ...201221918005
preoperative muscle weakness as defined by handgrip strength and postoperative outcomes: a systematic review.abstract: background: reduced muscle strength- commonly characterized by decreased handgrip strength compared to population norms- is associated with numerous untoward outcomes. preoperative handgrip strength is a potentially attractive real-time, non-invasive, cheap and easy-to-perform "bedside" assessment tool. using systematic review procedure, we investigated whether preoperative handgrip strength was associated with postoperative outcomes in adults undergoing surgery. methods: prisma and ...201222251661
giardia prevalence in wild cervids in poland.a total of 181 faecal samples were collected from wild cervids in two regions of poland. specimens were taken from 65 fallow deer (dama dama), 61 red deer (cervus elaphus), 50 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and five moose (alces alces). giardia cysts were detected in one faecal specimen from the red deer and in two samples from the roe deer. although this study has demonstrated that giardia infection is remarkably rare in wild cervids, it should be emphasized that there are large populations of ...201223914615
cannabis psychosis: examining the evidence for a distinctive psychopathology in a systematic and narrative review.background: the term "cannabis psychosis" has become ubiquitous in the psychiatric literature. few authors have described the precise psychopathology of this potentially distinct subtype of psychosis. specifically, little attention has been paid to exploring whether cannabis psychosis is characterized by a psychopathology which is different from that of other types of psychosis. objective: the purpose of this paper was to systematically review the literature for evidence of a specific constellat ...201223786516
insight into the bacterial gut microbiome of the north american moose (alces alces).the work presented here provides the first intensive insight into the bacterial populations in the digestive tract of the north american moose (alces alces). eight free-range moose on natural pasture were sampled, producing eight rumen samples and six colon samples. second generation (g2) phylochips were used to determine the presence of hundreds of operational taxonomic units (otus), representing multiple closely related species/strains (>97% identity), found in the rumen and colon of the moose ...201222992344
bartonella infections in deer keds (lipoptena cervi) and moose (alces alces) in norway.infections with bartonella spp. have been recognized as emerging zoonotic diseases in humans. large knowledge gaps exist, however, relating to reservoirs, vectors, and transmission of these bacteria. we describe identification by culture, pcr, and housekeeping gene sequencing of bartonella spp. in fed, wingless deer keds (lipoptena cervi), deer ked pupae, and blood samples collected from moose, alces alces, sampled within the deer ked distribution range in norway. direct sequencing from moose bl ...201223104416
factors affecting deer ked (lipoptena cervi) prevalence and infestation intensity in moose (alces alces) in norway.the deer ked (lipoptena cervi), a hematophagous ectoparasite of cervids, is currently spreading in scandinavia. in norway, keds are now invading the south-eastern part of the country and the abundant and widely distributed moose (alces alces) is the definitive host. however, key factors for ked abundance are poorly elucidated. the objectives of our study were to (i) determine deer ked infestation prevalence and intensity on moose and (ii) evaluate if habitat characteristics and moose population ...201223146387
serological evidence of besnoitia spp. infection in canadian wild ruminants and strong cross-reaction between besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia tarandi.bovine besnoitiosis, caused by besnoitia besnoiti, is considered to be emergent in europe and responsible for severe economic losses due to the chronic and debilitating course of the disease but has not been reported in north america. besnoitia tarandi is a related species and it has been reported in reindeer and caribou from different locations of the arctic pole, including north america. diagnosis of clinical besnoitiosis is largely based on the recognition of dermal grossly visible tissue cys ...201222795672
the role of genetics in chronic wasting disease of north american cervids.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a major concern for the management of north american cervid populations. this fatal prion disease has led to declines in populations which have high cwd prevalence and areas with both high and low infection rates have experienced economic losses in wildlife recreation and fears of potential spill-over into livestock or humans. research from human and veterinary medicine has established that the prion protein gene (prnp) encodes the protein responsible for transmi ...201222460693
occurrence, transmission, and zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal, transmissible prion disease that affects captive and free-ranging deer, elk, and moose. although the zoonotic potential of cwd is considered low, identification of multiple cwd strains and the potential for agent evolution upon serial passage hinders a definitive conclusion. surveillance for cwd in free-ranging populations has documented a continual geographic spread of the disease throughout north america. cwd prions are shed from clinically and preclin ...201222377159
[sacrocystis hjorti lesions in hunted red deer in switzerland].in meat samples from 2 hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) of different origins (region ilanz, region filisur) large-scale greenish tissue discolorations with a gelatinous change of fascia were observed and diagnosed as eosinophilic fasciitis. sarcocystis hjorti, a recently described sarcocystis species in red deer and moose in norway, was found as the causing agent. foxes are regarded as final hosts in the development cycle of this parasite. factors leading to such cases of eosinophilic fasciitis ...201223188766
eastern equine encephalitis in moose (alces americanus) in northeastern vermont.during fall 2010, 21 moose (alces americanus) sera collected in northeastern vermont were screened for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) antibodies using plaque reduction neutralization tests. six (29%) were antibody positive. this is the first evidence of eeev activity in vermont, and the second report of eeev antibodies in moose.201223060520
transmission of hepatitis c virus infection through tattooing and piercing: a critical review.tattoos and piercings are increasing, especially among youths, but the risk of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection from these practices has not been adequately assessed and there are conflicting findings in the literature. we evaluated the risk of hcv infection from tattooing and piercing using the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (moose) guidelines. studies that specified the venue of tattooing and/or piercing showed no definitive evidence for an increased risk of hcv infect ...201222291098
defining parasite biodiversity at high latitudes of north america: new host and geographic records for onchocerca cervipedis (nematoda: onchocercidae) in moose and caribou.onchocerca cervipedis is a filarioid nematode of cervids reported from central america to boreal regions of north america. it is found primarily in subcutaneous tissues of the legs, and is more commonly known as 'legworm'. blackflies are intermediate hosts and transmit larvae to ungulates when they blood-feed. in this article we report the first records of o. cervipedis from high latitudes of north america and its occurrence in previously unrecognized host subspecies including the yukon-alaska m ...201223110962
phylogenetic relationships among sarcocystis species in cervids, cattle and sheep inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene.coccidian parasites in the genus sarcocystis have a two-host life cycle, and have traditionally been identified on the basis of morphological features of the sarcocyst stage in their intermediate hosts. additional molecular species identification, delimitation and phylogeny of sarcocystis spp. have been based mainly on the nuclear ssrrna gene. this gene is well suited for discrimination between more distant species but less so for closely related species. the objective of this study was therefor ...201323542092
predicting shifts in parasite distribution with climate change: a multitrophic level approach.climate change likely will lead to increasingly favourable environmental conditions for many parasites. however, predictions regarding parasitism's impacts often fail to account for the likely variability in host distribution and how this may alter parasite occurrence. here, we investigate potential distributional shifts in the meningeal worm, parelaphostrongylosis tenuis, a protostrongylid nematode commonly found in white-tailed deer in north america, whose life cycle also involves a free-livin ...201323666800
surveillance for echinococcus canadensis genotypes in canadian ungulates.the geographic and host distribution, prevalence and genotypes of echinococcus canadensis in wild ungulates in canada are described to better understand the significance for wildlife and public health. we observed e. canadensis in 10.5% (11/105) of wild elk (wapiti; cervus canadensis) in riding mountain national park, manitoba, examined at necropsy, over two consecutive years (2010-2011). molecular characterization of hydatid cyst material from these elk, as well as three other intermediate wild ...201324533321
parasitic zoonoses: one health surveillance in northern saskatchewan.we report the results of a joint human-animal health investigation in a dene community in northern saskatchewan, where residents harvest wildlife (including moose, bear, elk, and fish), live in close contact with free roaming dogs, and lack access to permanent veterinary services. fecal analysis of owned and free-roaming dogs over two consecutive years (n = 92, 103) identified several parasites of public health concern, including toxocara canis, diphyllobothrium spp., echinococcus/taenia, crypto ...201323556025
congenital toxoplasmosis presenting with fetal atrial flutter after maternal ingestion of infected moose meat.consumption of undercooked game meat during pregnancy is considered a risk factor for congenital toxoplasmosis, but cases definitively linking ingestion of infected meat to clinical disease are lacking. we report a confirmed case of congenital toxoplasmosis identified because of atrial flutter in the fetus and linked to maternal consumption of toxoplasma gondii pcr-positive moose meat.201326043486
introducing a rigid loop structure from deer into mouse prion protein increases its propensity for misfolding in vitro.prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (prp(c)) into the disease-associated isoform (prp(sc)) that has increased β-sheet content and partial resistance to proteolytic digestion. prion diseases from different mammalian species have varying propensities for transmission upon exposure of an uninfected host to the infectious agent. chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a highly transmissible prion disease that affects free ranging an ...201323825561
experimental chronic wasting disease in wild type vm mice.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a naturally occurring prion disease in north american deer (odocoileus species), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces). the disease was first confirmed in the republic of korea in 2001, and subsequent cases were diagnosed in 2004, 2005 and 2010. the experimental host range of cwd includes ferrets, several species of voles, white-footed mice, deer mice and syrian golden hamsters. in addition, cwd was transmitted to the transgenic mous ...201323708962
strain characterization of the korean cwd cases in 2001 and 2004.chronic wasting disease (cwd) has been recognized as a naturally occurring prion disease in north american deer (odocoileus species), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces). the disease was confirmed only in elk in the republic of korea in 2001, 2004 and 2005. epidemiological investigations showed that cwd was introduced via importation of infected elk from canada between 1994 and 1997. in spite of the increasing geographic distribution and host range of cwd, little ...201322972463
prevalence and geographic distribution of canine and feline blastomycosis in the canadian prairies.this retrospective study reports patient signalment, method of diagnosis and geographic distribution, and examines trends in prevalence and seasonal distribution of blastomycosis cases submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in saskatchewan over a 21-year period. of the 143 cases that originated from saskatchewan and manitoba 137 were from canine and 6 from feline patients. signalment was similar to that previously reported. all cases originated in southern saskatchewan and manitoba, pri ...201324155475
biomass flow and scavengers use of carcasses after re-colonization of an apex predator.reestablishment of apex predators influences the availability and distribution of biomass for scavengers and can therefore be an important agent for structuring species communities. we studied how the re-colonization of the scandinavian peninsula by wolves (canis lupus) affected the amount and temporal variation in use of moose (alces alces) carcasses.201324194881
temporal and spatial variation in anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in swedish moose (alces alces).the occurrence of anaplasma phagocytophilum was investigated in spleen and serum samples from swedish moose (alces alces) in southern sweden (island and mainland). samples were analysed for presence of a. phagocytophilum dna by real-time pcr (n = 263), and for anaplasma antibodies with elisa serology (n = 234). all serum samples had antibodies against a. phagocytophilum. the mean dna-based prevalence was 26·3%, and significant (p < 0·01) temporal, and spatial variation was found. island moose ha ...201324001524
a gene transfer agent and a dynamic repertoire of secretion systems hold the keys to the explosive radiation of the emerging pathogen bartonella.gene transfer agents (gtas) randomly transfer short fragments of a bacterial genome. a novel putative gta was recently discovered in the mouse-infecting bacterium bartonella grahamii. although gtas are widespread in phylogenetically diverse bacteria, their role in evolution is largely unknown. here, we present a comparative analysis of 16 bartonella genomes ranging from 1.4 to 2.6 mb in size, including six novel genomes from bartonella isolated from a cow, two moose, two dogs, and a kangaroo. a ...201323555299
reproductive success and failure: the role of winter body mass in reproductive allocation in norwegian moose.a life history strategy that favours somatic growth over reproduction is well known for long-lived iteroparous species, especially in unpredictable environments. risk-sensitive female reproductive allocation can be achieved by a reduced reproductive effort at conception, or the subsequent adjustment of investment during gestation or lactation in response to unexpected environmental conditions or resource availability. we investigated the relative importance of reduced investment at conception co ...201323223863
seasonal foraging ecology of non-migratory cougars in a system with migrating prey.we tested for seasonal differences in cougar (puma concolor) foraging behaviors in the southern yellowstone ecosystem, a multi-prey system in which ungulate prey migrate, and cougars do not. we recorded 411 winter prey and 239 summer prey killed by 28 female and 10 male cougars, and an additional 37 prey items by unmarked cougars. deer composed 42.4% of summer cougar diets but only 7.2% of winter diets. males and females, however, selected different proportions of different prey; male cougars se ...201324349498
effects of inbreeding on fitness-related traits in a small isolated moose population.inbreeding can affect fitness-related traits at different life history stages and may interact with environmental variation to induce even larger effects. we used genetic parentage assignment based on 22 microsatellite loci to determine a 25 year long pedigree for a newly established island population of moose with 20-40 reproducing individuals annually. we used the pedigree to calculate individual inbreeding coefficients and examined for effects of individual inbreeding (f) and heterozygosity o ...201324324873
decomposing risk: landscape structure and wolf behavior generate different predation patterns in two sympatric ungulates.recolonizing carnivores can have a large impact on the status of wild ungulates, which have often modified their behavior in the absence of predation. therefore, understanding the dynamics of reestablished predator-prey systems is crucial to predict their potential ecosystem effects. we decomposed the spatial structure of predation by recolonizing wolves (canis lupus) on two sympatric ungulates, moose (alces alces) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus), in scandinavia during a 10-year study. we mon ...201324261051
fast and efficient dna-based method for winter diet analysis from stools of three cervids: moose, red deer, and roe deer.effects of cervid browsing on timber production, especially during winter, lead to economic losses in forest management. the aim of this study was to present an efficient dna-based method which allows qualitative assessment of the winter diet from stools of moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and red deer (cervus elaphus). the preliminary results of the diet composition of the three cervids from poland were also presented with a special emphasis on moose. the electropherograms o ...201324244041
complex patterns of population genetic structure of moose, alces alces, after recent spatial expansion in poland revealed by sex-linked markers.in recent years, human activity directly and indirectly influenced the demography of moose in poland. the species was close to extinction, and only a few isolated populations survived after the second world war; then, unprecedented demographic and spatial expansions had occurred, possibly generating a very complex pattern of population genetic structure at the present-day margins of the species range in poland. over 370 moose from seven populations were collected from poland, and partial sequenc ...201324244040
short-term digestible energy intake in captive moose (alces alces) on different diets.moose (alces alces) are regularly described as problematic animals in captivity, mainly because of their particular digestive physiology and resulting feeding demands. according to the literature, moose regularly reject non-browse forages offered in captivity, which may indirectly lead to an overproportional ingestion of easily digestible feeds and thus chronic acidosis, which may in turn be the cause of their low life expectancy in captivity. by feeding experiments in four animals, this study a ...201323801273
high elaeophorosis prevalence among harvested colorado moose.infection with elaeophora schneideri, a filarial parasite, occurs commonly in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), but seemingly less so in moose (alces alces). of 109 carotid artery samples from moose harvested throughout colorado, usa, in 2007, 14 (13%; 95% binomial confidence interval [bci]=7-21%) showed gross and 91 (83%; 95% bci=75-90%) showed histologic evidence of elaeophorosis. although neither blindness nor other clinical signs associated with elaeophorosis ...201323778618
behavioural responses to thermal conditions affect seasonal mass change in a heat-sensitive northern ungulate.empirical tests that link temperature-mediated changes in behaviour (activity and resource selection) to individual fitness or condition are currently lacking for endotherms yet may be critical to understanding the effect of climate change on population dynamics. moose (alces alces) are thought to suffer from heat stress in all seasons so provide a good biological model to test whether exposure to non-optimal ambient temperatures influence seasonal changes in body mass. seasonal mass change is a ...201323776584
multi-trophic resource selection function enlightens the behavioural game between wolves and their prey.1. habitat selection strategies translate into movement tactics, which reckon with the predator-prey spatial game. strategic habitat selection analysis can therefore illuminate behavioural games. cover types at potential encounter sites (i.e. intersections between movement paths of predator and prey) can be compared with cover types available (i) within the area of home-range-overlap (hro) between predator and prey; and (ii) along the path (mp) of each species. unlike the hro scale, cover-type a ...201323701257
ixodes ricinus infestation in free-ranging cervids in norway--a study based upon ear examinations of hunted animals.prevalence, abundance and instar composition of ixodes ricinus as found on one ear collected from 1019 moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus), shot during hunting (august-december) 2001-2003, are reported. the animals originated from 15 coastal municipalities (cm), seven municipalities bordering to coastal municipalities (bcm) and four inland municipalities (im), in norway, between latitudes 58-66° n. i. ricinus occurred endemically in all cm and bcm up ...201323541678
understanding scales of movement: animals ride waves and ripples of environmental change.animal movements are the primary behavioural adaptation to spatiotemporal heterogeneity in resource availability. depending on their spatiotemporal scale, movements have been categorized into distinct functional groups (e.g. foraging movements, dispersal, migration), and have been studied using different methodologies. we suggest striving towards the development of a coherent framework based on the ultimate function of all movement types, which is to increase individual fitness through an optima ...201323414218
assessment of doses to game animals in finland.a study was carried out to assess the dose rates to game animals in finland affected by the radioactive caesium deposition that occurred after the accident at the chernobyl nuclear power plant in ukraine in 1986. the aim of this assessment was to obtain new information on the dose rates to mammals and birds under finnish conditions. dose rates were calculated using the erica assessment tool developed within the ec 6th framework programme. the input data consisted of measured activity concentrati ...201323395135
effects of tree species richness and composition on moose winter browsing damage and foraging selectivity: an experimental study.the optimal foraging theory, the nutrient balance hypothesis, and the plant association theories predict that foraging decisions and resulting tree damage by large mammalian browsers may be influenced by the species richness and species composition of forest stands. this may lead to either associational susceptibility (increased damage on a focal plant in a mixed stand) or associational resistance (reduced damage in a mixed stand). better understanding of the mechanisms and the relative importan ...201323363076
gastrointestinal nematodes of moose (alces alces) in relation to supplementary feeding.winter supplementary feeding of wildlife is controversial because it may promote parasite and disease transmission by host aggregation. we investigated the effect of winter supplemental feeding of scandinavian moose (alces alces) on gastrointestinal (gi) parasite infection in two counties of southern norway by comparing fecal egg counts of moose using, and not using, feeding stations between january 2007 and march 2010. we identified three different gi nematodes based on egg morphology. all thre ...201323307373
the influence of winter severity, predation and senescence on moose habitat use.habitat use is widely known to be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors, such as climate, population density, foraging opportunity and predation risk. the influence of the life-history state of an individual organism on habitat use is less well understood, especially for terrestrial mammals. there is good reason to expect that life-history state would affect habitat use. for example, organisms exhibiting poor condition associated with senescence have an increased vulnerability to predation an ...201323205630
cryptic onchocerca species infecting north american cervids, with implications for the evolutionary history of host associations in onchocerca.parasites in the genus onchocerca infect humans, ruminants, camels, horses, suids, and canids, with effects ranging from relatively benign to debilitating. in north america, onchocerca cervipedis is the sole species known to infect cervids, while at least 5 onchocerca species infect eurasian cervids. in this study, we report the discovery of a cervid-parasitizing onchocerca only distantly related to o. cervipedis. to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the genus onchocerca, we used newly acq ...201323131549
methodological standards in medical reporting.published research findings are the basis for health care decisions or further medical research. however, reporting of research methods and findings is often incomplete and of insufficient quality. poor reporting hampers the assessment of reliability and validity of study results. strengths and weaknesses of the investigation cannot be completely evaluated and subsequently it can mislead decision making in health care or in further clinical research. transparent reporting can help minimize misin ...201323279950
meta-analysis: recurrence and survival following the use of sirolimus in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.the use of sirolimus (srl)-based immunosuppression protocols have been reported to reduce recurrence rates following liver transplantation (lt) for hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), although this is still a matter for debate.201323278125
prevalence and clinical features of multiple sclerosis in latin america.multiple sclerosis (ms) in latin america (la) is considered to have a low to medium prevalence. however, accurate information on ms in la is scarce. the aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics among la patients through a systematic review of the literature. a systematic search (spanish, portuguese and english) was done for all clinical studies of ms in humans (medline, pubmed, scielo, bireme, embase and lilacs) up to may 2011 being focused on a well-defined latin american popul ...201323273381
childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? a systematic review of recent epidemiologic evidence.asthma and overweight/obesity prevalence are both increasing worldwide. overweight/obesity has been suggested as a risk factor for developing asthma. the aim of this review is to present and evaluate recent publications that help answer the question: "is increased body weight (at least overweight status) related to asthma in children?" a systematic review of epidemiologic literature was carried out using the medline database. epidemiologic studies on young human subjects (ie, infants, children, ...201323260726
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