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recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing hepatitis a virus structural polypeptides: detection of an anti-vp0 response in convalescent-phase sera.we have generated a number of recombinant vaccinia viruses which expressed the hepatitis a virus (hav) structural polypeptides vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4, either alone or in combination. the relevant sequences encoding these polypeptides were amplified from cloned cdna by pcr and then cloned into the insertion vector pgs62. the presence of the hav structural polypeptide-encoding sequences in the recombinant viruses was confirmed by southern blot analysis, whilst their transcription and translation w ...19958574835
risk of hepatitis a in dutch hemophilia patients.recently, clotting factor preparations transmitted hepatitis a virus (hav) to hemophilia patients. to study the risk of hav infection in dutch hemophilia patients, serum samples of 341 patients with hemophilia were tested for hav antibodies (anti-hav). 197/341 patients (group 1) were treated with clotting factor concentrates produced from large plasma pools, 144/341 patients (group 2) were treated with small pool cryoprecipitate. the test results were compared to those of healthy blood donors (n ...19958584994
virosomes as carriers for combined vaccines.immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv) are liposomes which carry the two glycoproteins of the influenza virus on their surface. a hepatitis a vaccine using iriv as carrier has very good immunogenicity and is well tolerated. the objective of this study was to produce a fivefold combined vaccine against hepatitis a and b, diphtheria, tetanus and influenza a/b, and to show that in principle irivs can serve as carriers for multiple antigens which have good immunogenicity and are ...19958585285
antiviral activity of recombinant interferon-alpha on hepatitis a virus replication in human liver cells.human recombinant interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) was assayed for its antiviral effect on hepatitis a virus (hav) replication in the human hepatoma cell line plc/prf/5. ifn-alpha resulted in concentration-dependent reduction of hav antigen expression and hav replication. ifn-alpha had a prophylactic effect, but was still effective when it was added after the infection, even at the end of the first replication cycle. an important increase in 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in the ifn-treate ...19958585761
risk factors for hepatitis a, b and c virus infection among swedish expatriates.the influence of different risk factors for viral hepatitis a, b and c, particularly if sexual contact with the indigenous population was related to an increased risk of having hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers, was assessed by multivariate analysis in a logistic regression model in a prospectively enrolled series of 563 adult swedish expatriates. the most frequently reported recognised risk factors for the acquisition of viral hepatitis (as reported in a self-administered questionnaire) were havi ...19958586840
intragastric infection induced in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) by a brazilian hepatitis a virus (haf-203).several species of non-human primates have been used in studies on experimental infection with hepatitis a virus (hav). attempts to infect a south-american marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with a brazilian hav isolate (haf-203) are described here. four seronegative animals were inoculated intragastrically and one was sacrificed on day 11, 20, 47 and 62 after infection. one uninfected animal was included as control. liver, small intestine, lymph node, spleen and kidney samples were collected for his ...19958520524
anti-hepatitis a antibody titers after passive immunization with hepatitis a hyperimmune globulin. 19958525412
direct sequencing of hepatitis a virus strains isolated during an epidemic in france.direct sequencing of pcr products was used to study the vp1 region of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome (position 2199 to 2356) of nine strains isolated from human stools collected during a hepatitis a epidemic (western france, 1992), three strains from environmental samples (1990, 1991, and 1992), and two hav cell culture isolates (the french strain cf53/lyon and strain clf). these viruses differed from cf53/lyon (genotype i) by between 1 and 10.3%, and results indicated the existence of two g ...19958526512
use of digoxigenin-labeled rna probe to test hepatitis a virus antiviral drugs.a nucleic acid hybridization assay was used to evaluate inhibitory activity of antiviral compounds against hepatitis a virus (hav) in cell culture and compared to radioimmunoassay by analysis of variance procedure. the 5' genomic end of the hm-175 strain was used as digoxigenin-labeled rna probe. dot-blot examination showed a reduction of detectable hav rna in infected cells when treated with amphotericin b. an antiviral dose-effect was shown by statistical analysis of densitometric measures of ...19958532379
[serum hepatitis b markers: atypical patterns detected at the hospital insular de gran canaria].two atypical serological markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection were detected in 19 patients during a 18-month period study. pattern 1 (10 patients) was consistent with hbv-2 infection. reactivity of hbsag was confirmed by neutralization tests; the absence of other markers was also verified, included anti-hbcigm. three of the patients were classified in high risk groups and seven in the low risk groups for hepatitis b; in none of them was co-infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) detected. ...19958532922
role of the pyrimidine-rich tract on the translation of 'chimeric' polio-hepatitis a mrnas with engineered 5'-terminal untranslated regions.the 5'-terminal untranslated region (5'-utr) of picornavirus rna contains a series of cis-acting elements required for the internal initiation of translation, including a pyrimidine-rich tract (prt), which in entero- and rhinoviruses is located about 20 nts upstream from a silent aug triplet in the vicinity of the translation initiation site. in hepatitis a virus (hav) rna, the prt is only 12 nts upstream from the legitimate aug initiation codon, and a second, longer prt in a region far removed ...19958533464
trends in hepatitis a virus infection with reference to the process of urbanization in the greater madrid area (spain).hepatitis a is an infection transmitted by the fecal-oral route. endemicity within a specific country is directly related to sanitation and hygienic standards, while being inversely related to socioeconomic conditions. we studied how the process of urbanization witnessed in madrid had influenced the transmission of hepatitis a infection. in the madrid autonomous region, this process first began in the early sixties and was not brought to a close until the late seventies. catalytic models were us ...19958549732
an outbreak of hepatitis a among irish haemophiliacs.an outbreak of hepatitis a (hav) occurred in 1992 in irish haemophilia a patients treated with high purity solvent-detergent (sd) treated factor viii. similar outbreaks were reported in italy, germany and belgium. the aim of this study was to investigate the outbreak, and to test the hypothesis that it was caused by exposure to sd-treated factor viii.19958550281
pathogenesis of hepatitis a in orally inoculated owl monkeys (aotus trivirgatus).the pathogenesis of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was studied in owl monkeys following oral administration of the wild-type hm-175 strain of hav. stools were collected daily and blood and pharyngeal swabs twice weekly for viral isolation, and animals were necropsied at various intervals after inoculation. organs were examined for the presence of virus by isolation in cell culture and for viral antigens by immunofluorescence. monkeys excreted hav in the stools for 1-4 days after inoculation, ...19958551278
[hepatitis a: clinical course and serology]. 19958948769
immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine amongst singaporeans.the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine was studied in healthy singaporean adult volunteers. one hundred and forty healthy volunteers with normal alanine (alt) and aspartate (ast) transaminases and no previous exposure to hav, received three 1 ml doses (720 elisa units) of an inactivated hav vaccine (smithkline beechams biologicals) following a 0, 1, 6 months vaccination schedule. all subjects were asked to record and grade the severity of any reac ...19958629058
[hepatitis a vaccine]. 19958684338
[comparative study of the immunogenicity of the inactivated hepatitis a vaccine hep-a-in-vac from experimental and clinical data].comparative analysis of the specific activities of various batches of hep-a-in-vac vaccine showed that the immunologic efficacy of the agent directly depended on the content of hepatitis a virus antigen in the vaccine dose. the results of studying the immunogenicity of the agent on volunteers are compatible with the results of experimental studies and indicate that the test of guinea pigs adequately assesses this characteristic. assessment of the immunogenic properties of hep-a-in-vac prepared u ...19958686264
causes of acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis b.the authors analyzed acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis b in 24 chronic hbsag carriers (20 with positive hbeag, 4 with anti-hbe), more than half of whom were treated with glucocorticoids, by examining specific antigens and antibodies of the hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis delta virus (hdv), epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv). of 38 observed exacerbations of the disease they found in 7 (18%) deterioration after discontinuation of glucocorticoids, ...19958718791
risk factors and prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) in children from day-care centers, in goiania, brazil.a seroepidemiologic survey about hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was carried out in a group comprising 310 children, ranging in age from 3 months to 9 years, from day-care centers, in goiania, a middle sized city in the central region of brazil. the biomarkers employed in the investigation of previous infection include total igg and igm anti-hav antibodies, and for the detection of more recent infection, igm anti-hav antibodies were analyzed. the study was performed in 1991 and 1992. according ...19958729753
[specific and non-specific immune mechanisms against hepatitis a virus (hav)--research and recent progress]. 199512442484
determination of the inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus in human plasma products using a simple tcid50 assay.the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) associated with use of fviii concentrates has been reported in a number of european countries. all of these cases were associated with products inactivated by use of solvent detergent treatment. these reports have emphasized the necessity of evaluating virus inactivation methodologies for their ability to inactivate hav. such studies had previously been hampered by the difficulties associated with titration of hav, because of the minimal cytopathic eff ...19968732864
enterically transmitted hepatitis in saudi arabia: an epidemiological study.rates of exposure to two, enterically transmitted viruses, hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav), were investigated among the populations of two areas of saudi arabia: gizan (a rural area) and riyadh (an urban area, with relatively good sanitation). in riyadh, 24.7% and 1.2% of children were seropositive for hav and hev, respectively, by the age of 12 years. there was a sharp increase in exposure to hav between 13 and 20 years of age (to 63.5%) and most (80.0%) of the subjects aged ...19968762410
[seroepidemiologic study of the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in children in rome].the authors evaluated the incidence of infection by hepatitis a virus (hav) in a paediatric population through a seroepidemiological investigation in a group of 278 children (0-12 years old), apparently healthy. the determination of anti-hav antibodies was carried out by elisa-test. of the 287 examined sera, 27 cases turned out hav positive antibodies (9.7%), with the following distribution, according to the groups of age: 0-3 months: 2 of 6 children were positive (mother's antibodies); 3 months ...19968766776
hepatitis a-vaccines: a comparison between three methods of antigen determination. 19968785942
a virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by pcr and oligoprobe hybridization.this article reports the development of a method to purify and concentrate intact virions from oyster extracts to volume and quality compatible with viral genomic nucleic acid amplification by reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) and confirmation by oligonucleotide probe hybridization. fifty-gram oyster samples were processed by an adsorption-elution -precipitation method and then seeded with 10(1) to 10(5) pfu of poliovirus type 1 (pv1) or hepatitis a virus (hav). seeded viruses in oyster extract ...19968787405
anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination: guidelines for an immunization strategy in italy. workshop consensus conference--rome, may 2-3, 1995. 19968789832
hepatitis a: from epidemic jaundice to a vaccine-preventable disease.hepatitis a probably causes an identifiable illness in less than 5% of individuals who are infected with the virus. nonetheless, it has been an important cause of morbidity throughout history. hepatitis a remains endemic in some developing nations, and cyclical epidemics still occur in developed nations, including the united states. because infections are less common in children in developed nations, the pattern of infection has shifted toward older age groups. this shift is a concern because th ...19968792141
a novel cytopathic microtitre plate assay for hepatitis a virus and anti-hepatitis a neutralizing antibodies.the slow growth of hepatitis a virus (hav) has made tissue culture assay for infectious virus difficult. strains of the virus of greater cytopathogenicity have been selected for use in plaque cytopathic assays. however, in our hands, this assay has been difficult to reproduce consistently due to problems in maintaining intact cell monolayers over the long incubations involved. this report describes the development of a cytopathic tcid50 assay for hav. from the results of repeated assay of one pr ...19968793842
[adaptation of hepatitis a virus to nonprimate cells].hepatitis a virus (hav) was adapted to nonprimate bhk-21 cell line (syrian hamster kidney). enzyme immunoassay, immunoblotting, and slot hybridization demonstrated the capacity of hm175 culture strain to stable reproduction in this cell line. more than 50 passages of adapted hav were carried out, which showed no changes in the basic cultural characteristics of the virus. the data permit a conclusion on the possibility of hav reproduction in nonprimate cells.19968686273
hepatitis a vaccines. 19968691546
[an epidemiometric model of viral hepatitis a and its use].the mathematical model of viral hepatitis a has been developed. the model is the system of 7 boundary differential equations which describe changes occurring in the course of time in the main epidemiological groups of the population. on the basis of the proposed model quantitative experiments on the epidemiological effects of a hypothetic program of immunization at hypothetic power of infection have been carried out.19968701653
prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses in a healthy population in leon, nicaragua.a cross-sectional survey of the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), and e (hev) antibodies in a healthy population in leon, nicaragua was conducted and associated with demographic data. the overall prevalence of antibodies to hav was 94.6%, to hbv 6.5% and to hev between 4.6% and 8.0%, whereas none of 399 tested subjects showed confirmed seropositivity to hcv. a high hav seropositivity rate (72.7%) was observed even in the lowest age groups tested (2-4 years of age). in ...19968702016
supplementary statement on hepatitis a prevention. laboratory centre for disease control. 19968705911
prolonged fecal excretion of hepatitis a virus in adult patients with hepatitis a as determined by polymerase chain reaction.in hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, fecal excretion of the virus has been reported to cease shortly after symptoms occur. although there have been several reports on detection of hav in feces using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), the duration of fecal hav shedding in human adult hepatitis a has not been well described. in the present study, we applied the reverse-transcription (rt)-pcr system to the detection of fecal hav rna in 10 patients with sporadic hepatitis a. the viral genomic rna was ...19968707246
amplification of the full-length hepatitis a virus genome by long reverse transcription-pcr and transcription of infectious rna directly from the amplicon.the genetic study of rna viruses is greatly facilitated by the availability of infectious cdna clones. however, their construction has often been difficult. while exploring ways to simplify the construction of infectious clones, we have successfully modified and applied the newly described technique of "long pcr" to the synthesis of a full-length dna amplicon from the rna of a cytopathogenic mutant (hm 175/24a) of the hepatitis a virus (hav). primers were synthesized to match the two extremities ...19968633073
[seroprevalence of viral hepatitis a in france in homosexuals and intravenous drug users].in industrialized countries with a high level of sanitation, immunity against hepatitis a (hva) is not acquired during childhood, and infection typically occurs in adults, mainly in travelers returning from developing countries where infection is endemic. however, the introduction of hepatitis a virus (hav) among certain population groups, such as intravenous drug users (ivdu) or homosexual men, leads to a significant increase in the disease. we conducted a retrospective analysis of seroprevalen ...19968949605
chronic hepatitis a with persistent viral replication.hepatitis a virus (hav) usually causes an acute self-limited illness. this report describes a patient with hepatitis a whose serum aminotransferase activities remained above normal and whose serum was persistently positive for immunoglobulin (ig) m class anti-hepatitis a 31 months after the onset of hepatitis. liver biopsy carried out 11 months after the onset of hepatitis showed histological changes consistent with chronic hepatitis of moderate severity. hav rna was detected by polymerase chain ...19968950689
prevention of hepatitis a infections: guidelines for use of hepatitis a vaccine and immune globulin. american academy of pediatrics committee on infectious diseases.the licensing of two inactivated hepatitis a vaccines for persons 2 years or older necessitates development of recommendations for pediatric use, as well as a review of the current indications for immune globulin (ig) in hepatitis a prophylaxis. both vaccines are immunogenic and protective in children and adults. a single dose of vaccine induced antibody in 88% to 96% of subjects by 2 weeks and 97% to 100% by 1 month, and protected against subsequent hepatitis a virus (hav) disease occurring 21 ...19968951284
synthesis, lipophilic derivatization and interaction with liposomes of hav-vp3 (102-121) sequence by using spectroscopic techniques.hepatitis a virus (hav) is composed mainly of three structural capsid proteins: vp1, vp2 and vp3. our group has reported the synthesis and the immunogenic evaluation of vp3 (110-121) peptide sequence. in the present work, in order to stimulate a t-cell immune response, we have selected the hav-vp3 (102-121) peptide which has maximum amphipathicity. its synthesis was carried out manually in the solid phase and semipreparative hplc was used for purification of the crude peptide. finally the purifi ...19968952449
hepatitis a vaccination by intracutaneous low dose administration: a less expensive alternative.we investigated the immune response to three different intracutaneous (i.c.) doses of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: 72, 144, and 216 elisa units (eu). the response was measured using a quotient score derived from a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (havab abbott) and translated to iu per liter using a world health organization standard serum for hepatitis a virus antibody. the results were compared with the results obtained after an intramuscular (i.m.) full dose, i.e. 1,440 eu, at ...19968953668
[reactivity and immunogenicity of havrix 360 vaccine for hepatitis a].the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new vaccine against viral hepatitis a, under the name havrix, manufactured by smithkline beecham biologicals, belgium, was studied. a single dose of 1 ml contains not less than 360 elisa units of inactivated hav, strain hm175, cultivated on human diploid cells. the vaccine has been applied intramuscularly to 80 second-grade primary school children under the 0, 1 and 6-month schedule. postvaccinal reactions were followed for three days after each applica ...19968965633
[vaccination against hepatitis a].the epidemiology of hepatitis a, a disease endemic in various countries, is in a state of continuous change. adults are more exposed to infection and considering the frequent absence of immunity, in contrast to children in whom the disease is almost always asymptomatic, the disease is often serious and prolonged with a mortality of up to 2.5%. the mode of transmission of hav is predominantly the fecal-oral route; the virus is isolated during the prodromic period of the disease from the feces, bl ...19968966125
hepatitis vaccines.the past two decades have seen a series of breakthroughs in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of viral hepatitis. developed countries have an increasing number of adults who are susceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. the licensing of an effective hepatitis a vaccine presents new opportunities for prevention in persons at risk for hav infection. hepatitis b virus infection is an important cause of chronic liver disease throughout the world. although a hepatitis b vaccine has ...19968804380
a community prevalence study of antibodies to hepatitis a and e in inner-city london.the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) was determined in a community-based sample in innercity london where socioeconomic conditions were expected to result in a high prevalence of antibodies to hav, and in which the presence of immigrants from the developing world pose a risk of imported infection of both hav and hev. the seroprevalence of anti-hav was 45.1% in uk born subjects and 69.7% in non-uk born subjects and each group showed differing pat ...19968818970
prevalence of helicobacter pylori antibodies in normal children. 19968822294
risk of infection with hepatitis a, b or c, cytomegalovirus, varicella or measles among child care providers.employment as a child care provider has been suggested as an indication for hepatitis a virus (hav) immunization; however, whether this occupational group is at increased risk of hav infection is not well-defined.19968823851
supplementary statement on hepatitis a prevention.in a recent statement on the prevention of infections caused by hepatitis a virus (hav), naci described the usual indications for use of immune serum globulin (ig) and the newly available inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (havrix, smithkline beecham). subsequently, a more potent vaccine formulation was licensed, permitting a single dose primary immunization of adults. this supplementary statement addresses this development and comments on vaccine use in children.19968825660
detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by in vivo and in vitro amplification of nucleic acids.this study describes the detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis a virus in 31 naturally contaminated oyster specimens by nucleic acid amplification and oligonucleotide probing. viruses were extracted by adsorption-elution-precipitation from 50-g oyster samples harvested from an area receiving sewage effluent discharge. ninety percent of each extract was inoculated into primate kidney cell cultures for virus isolation and infectivity assay. viruses in the remaining 10% of oyster extract that wa ...19968837433
identification of a surface glycoprotein on african green monkey kidney cells as a receptor for hepatitis a virus.very little is known about the mechanism of cell entry of hepatitis a virus (hav), and the identification of cellular receptors for this picornavirus has been elusive. here we describe the molecular cloning of a cellular receptor for hav using protective monoclonal antibodies raised against susceptible african green monkey kidney (agmk) cells as probes. monoclonal antibodies 190/4, 235/4 and 263/6, which reacted against similar epitopes, specifically protected agmk cells against hav infection by ...19968861957
hepatitis a transmission by factor ix concentrates.factor ix concentrates unlike factor viii concentrates have not to date been associated with the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav). a retrospective study by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on a batch of factor ix concentrate used to treat two haemophilia b patients who developed jaundice and igm anti-hav antibodies within 50 days of factor ix administration in 1985 revealed the presence of hav rna. these findings indicate that factor ix concentrates can transmit hav and tha ...19968873425
new hepatitis a vaccines and their role in prevention.the hepatitis a virus (hav) accounts for 20 to 25% of clinically apparent hepatitis cases worldwide. it generally causes mild to moderately severe acute illness. the serological prevalence of this virus is high in underdeveloped countries where poor sanitary conditions facilitate the spread of the virus. the sentinel counties studies of the centers for disease control in the us have identified a number of factors associated with the acquisition of hav, including household members, homosexual men ...19968882375
immune response to hepatitis a virus capsid proteins after infection.this study was undertaken to determine the immune response of humans to viral capsid polypeptides of hepatitis a virus (hav) after natural infection, which is very important for vaccine development. antiviral capsids in 73 serum samples from patients with acute and chronic hav infections were analyzed by immunoblotting against individual hav capsid polypeptides (vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4) by using a cell culture-based hav antigen. for reference, total anti-hav immunoglobulin g (igg) and anti-hav ig ...19968904442
immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: a clinical trial with comparison of administration route.a bicentre, controlled, randomized, open trial was carried out in order to compare the immunogenicity and the reactogenicity of pasteur merieux sérums et vaccins inactivated hepatitis a vaccine on adults, when used with different routes of administration [intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.) and needless injection using a jet injector device]. vaccines were given at two doses 6 months apart to 147 seronegative subjects. anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) titres were performed at each visit by mod ...19968911009
the prevalence and direct costs of pre-immunization testing for hepatitis a in general practice.two hundred and twenty patients in one general practice travelling to destinations where immunization against hepatitis a virus (hav) is recommended were tested for their hav immune status before immunization. age-specific prevalence of prior immunity to hav was estimated. the relative costs of pre-immunization testing and immediate immunization were compared. the most cost-effective testing method for this practice was found to be total population testing prior to immunization with hav vaccine. ...19968917876
immunity to hepatitis a in paediatric and nursery nurses.a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of immunity to the hepatitis a virus (hav) was undertaken in paediatric and nursery nurses to ascertain whether these occupational groups were at an increased risk of infection with the virus. seropositivity to hav was measured in 33 surgical (control), 36 paediatric, 55 nursery and 29 specialist paediatric nurses in a district general hospital, community clinics and a children's hospital in the west midlands. igg antibodies to hav were found in 27% of su ...19968918151
haemolysis in hepatitis a virus infections coinciding with the occurrence of autoantibodies against triosephosphate isomerase and the reactivation of latent persistent epstein-barr virus infection.haemolysis has been observed frequently as a complication of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. however, the pathogenic mechanism has not been elucidated completely. in individual cases the detection of anti-erythrocyte antibodies of unknown specificity was described. the raised serum igm fraction was shown to consist partially of autoantibodies. previously, we detected autoantibodies of immunoglobulin class m directed against triosephosphate isomerase (igm anti-tpi) in patients with infec ...19968923293
immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a combined hepatitis a and b vaccine in young adults.the aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a combined vaccine against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in young healthy adults. a total of 150 subjects (20 +/- 1.4 years; 111 females and 39 males) negative for anti-hav, anti-hbs, anti-hbc and hbsag markers, were enrolled and randomized to received the study vaccine from one of the three lots under double blind conditions. three doses of the combined vaccine were administered by intramuscular r ...19968994314
two year old hepatitis a vaccine is as good as new.this was a randomized, controlled, double-blind study assessing the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of newly produced vs 2 year old hepatitis a vaccine. overall 215 non-immune volunteers, 18-39 years old were divided into four groups and administered vaccine at months 0, 1 and 6. three groups each received a different vaccine lot which had been stored at 4 degrees c for 2 years, and one group received recently produced vaccine as control. the mean local and general adverse reaction rates were ...19968994319
hepatitis a vaccination by havrix in the czech u.n. troops according to data of seroprevalence in 1991-1995.viral hepatitis a is a common disease, particularly in developing countries. all staff and troops of the u.n. (united nations) are vaccinated by the havrix vaccine. till 1995 we did not vaccinate czech troops which have operated in the area of former yugoslavia. the main goal of this study was to obtain data about the seroprevalence of hepatitis a antibody among the czech u.n. troops before their departure to the conflict area and to optimize the vaccination approach. the serum samples were exam ...19968996717
prevention of hepatitis a through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip)this report provides recommendations for use of the newly licensed hepatitis a vaccines (havrix, manufactured by smithkline beecham biologicals, and vaqta, manufactured by merck & company, inc.) in persons > or = 2 years of age and updates previous recommendations for use of immune globulin (ig) for protection against hepatitis a (superseding mmwr 1990;39[no. rr-2]:1-5). for preexposure protection, hepatitis a vaccine can now be used instead of ig in many circumstances; for postexposure prophyla ...19969005304
growth of hepatitis a virus in murine cells.in order to investigate the growth of hepatitis a virus (hav) in murine cells, l929 cells of the established mouse cell line were transfected with the virion rna or infected with the virions and examined for the formation of negative-strand rna and the rise of the viral infectivity titer. in both the transfected and infected cells, the formation of negative-strand hav rna was assayed by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). in the transfected cells, infectious hav of an a ...19969014010
acute viral hepatitis in hanoi, viet nam.a study of acute hepatitis was conducted in hanoi, viet nam, from january 1993 to february 1995; 188 sera from clinical hepatitis cases were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin (ig) m anti-hepatitis a virus (hav), igm anti-hepatitis b core antigen (hbc), igg anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv), igg anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) and igm anti-hev. additionally, 187 sera from control subjects, matched by age, sex and month of admission, with no recent history of hepatitis, were ...19969015503
[seroprevalence of hepatitis a in hemophiliacs].to study the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in haemophiliacs treated with factor viii/ix concentrates.19969026922
mutations within the 5' nontranslated rna of cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus which enhance cap-independent translation in cultured african green monkey kidney cells.mutations in the 5' nontranslated rna (5'ntr) of an attenuated, cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus (hav), hm175/p16, enhance growth in cultured african green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cells but not in fetal rhesus monkey kidney (frhk-4) cells (s. p. day, p. murphy, e. a. brown, and s. m. lemon, j. virol. 66: 6533-6540, 1992). to determine whether these mutations enhance cap-independent translation directed by the hav internal ribosomal entry site (ires), we compared the translational activities ...19968551562
changes ahead in childhood immunization. 19968594229
hepatitis a vaccine.hepatitis a continues to cause sporadic cases, epidemics, and occasional deaths in the united states. a killed virus vaccine for immunization against hepatitis a has recently been approved by the food and drug administration. one hundred percent seroconversion occurs after a series consisting of a primary dose and a second booster shot 6-12 months later. co-administration of immune-globulin and hepatitis a vaccine lowers ultimate antibody levels 50% compared with vaccine alone. targets for immun ...19968607483
active immunization against hepatitis a is now warranted in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient subjects. 19968607537
auxiliary liver transplantation: regeneration of the native liver and outcome in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure--a multicenter european study.auxiliary liver transplantation (lt) is a special procedure of lt which could be proposed to patients with fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) and has for aim that complete regeneration of the native liver (nl) left in place will allow the graft recipient to resume normal liver function after allograft withdrawal. we report 30 cases of auxiliary lt performed for fhf in 12 european centers. twenty-five of 30 patients were younger than 50 years. the cause of fhf was hepatitis a virus (hav) in 4 patien ...19968621143
a simian strain of hepatitis a virus, agm-27, functions as an attenuated vaccine for chimpanzees.the agm-27 strain of hepatitis a virus (hav) was originally isolated from an african green monkey with hepatitis and appears to represent a true simian strain. the virus caused acute hepatitis after intravenous inoculation into african green monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and marmosets. cynomolgus monkeys inoculated with the virus did not develop hepatitis, probably because of prior exposure to hav. chimpanzees inoculated with a high dose of the virus did not develop signs of hepatitis, although the v ...19968627022
identification of hepatitis a virus non-structural protein 2b and its release by the major virus protease 3c.the rna genome of hepatitis a virus (hav) encodes a giant polyprotein that is putatively cleaved proteolytically into four structural and seven non-structural proteins. so far, most of the proposed non-structural proteins and their respective cleavage sites have not been identified. a vaccinia virus recombinant (vrgorf) containing the complete hav orf under the control of the bacteriophage t7 promoter was used to express hav in recombinant animal cells (bt7-h) that constitutively expressed t7 dn ...19968627228
rna-protein interactions at the 3' end of the hepatitis a virus rna.the regulative cis-acting terminal rna structures and the proteins involved in the amplification of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome are unknown. by uv cross-linking/label transfer experiments, we have analyzed sequences of the 3'-nontranslated region (3'ntr) and preceding domains of the viral genome for their ability to interact with host proteins. a series of cdna constructs were used to create genomic- and antigenomic-sense transcripts. the results show that the 3'-ntr-poly(a) interacted wi ...19968627714
replication of hepatitis a viruses with chimeric 5' nontranslated regions.the role of the 5' nontranslated region in the replication of hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied by analyzing the translation and replication of chimeric rnas containing the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosome entry segment (ires) and various lengths (237, 151, or 98 nucleotides [nt]) of the 5'-terminal hav sequence. translation of all chimeric rnas, truncated to encode only capsid protein sequences, occurred with equal efficiency in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and was much enha ...19968627760
[expressing poliovirus (type i) and hepatitis a virus antigens by recombinant vaccinia virus].a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing pv-i and hav antigens was constructed. dot blot and southern blot confirmed that the recombinant virus genome contained pv-i cdna and hav cdna chimeric fragment. the result of if indicated that pv-i antigen and hav antigen were successfully expressed in the mammalian cells infected with the recombinant virus. the expressed pv-i and hav antigen showed one band which had both pv-i and hav antigenicities in western blot. the band was about 120,000(mw). when g ...19969388994
[the hepatitis a virus isolated and adapted in human diploid fibroblast cells (kmb17)].three hepatitis a virus (hav) strains (l8, h32 and h52) were isolated from stool specimens of hepatitis a patients during an epidemic in 1988 in shanghai and were adapted to grow in human diploid fibroblast cell strain (kmb17). the strains were serially carried through 10 passages in kmb17. the infectious titrations of these virus strains cultured for 28 days at the 10th passage were high up to 7.0-7.75 log tcid50/ml. the maximum virus yields occured in the 28th day after infection. immune elect ...19969208584
[the prevalence of anti-hepatitis c virus antibodies in children from social assistance units in the county of iaşi].the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-hcv antibody (ab) in association with specific markers for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). we investigated 127 children from two orphanages from iaşi district (77 males--60.6%). an elisa kit, iind generation (diagnostic pasteur) was used for anti-hcv determination. hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and anti-hav/total antibodies were diagnosed by elisa competitive and "sandwich" type respectively (wellcome-murex) ...19969455445
annulate lamellae and lytic hav infection in vitro.the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between viral infection and annulate lamellae (al) production by using quantitative and qualitative electron microscopy to document the size and numbers of al in bs-c-1 cells infected with a lytic strain of hepatitis a virus (hav). the progress of the hav infection was found to occur in two phases. in phase 1, cell proliferation and cell death were roughly the same as that of the mock infected control, but there was an increase with time in t ...19968650673
optimization of poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation of hepatitis a virus used to prepare vaqta, a highly purified inactivated vaccine.poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation has been successfully used to concentrate and purify hepatitis a virus from crude lysate preparations for production of vaqta, a highly purified, formalin-inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. initial results showed that nucleic acids present in the starting material were problematic for the performance of the poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation step. extensive experiments were carried out to identify processing conditions suitable for vaccine manufacture which wou ...19968652125
marrow transplantation for hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia: a follow-up of long-term survivors.between 1971 and 1989 we have treated 19 patients with hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia by marrow transplantation from their hla-identical siblings following conditioning with 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (cy) administered over a period of 4 days. one patient failed to engraft by day 34 and was given a second transplantation. he died from infection 15 days after the second transplantation. eighteen patients had sustained engraftment. six patients developed acute graft-vs.-host disease (gvhd) a ...19969118304
specific interaction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase with the 5'-nontranslated rna of hepatitis a virus.initiation of translation of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna occurs by internal entry and is likely to involve the interaction of trans-acting cellular protein factors with cis-acting structural elements of an internal ribosomal entry segment (ires) within the 5'-nontranslated rna. to characterize interactions between african green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cell proteins and the predicted stem-loop iiia (nucleotides 155-235) located at the 5' border of the hav ires, we utilized an electrophoresis mobil ...19968662893
single dose-inactivated hepatitis a vaccination schedule for susceptible youngsters.to investigate the feasibility of a single-dose primary hepatitis a vaccination for young travelers.19968677995
use of nuclease enzyme in the purification of vaqta, a hepatitis a vaccine.the development of the purification process for vaqta, which results in a highly purified inactivated hepatitis a vaccine, was driven by modifications in the cell-culture and harvest methods which permit hepatitis a virus propagation to support large-scale manufacture. the starting material for the purification was initially a concentrated cell pellet scraped from roller bottles. however, when the cell-culture method was scaled up to use high-surface-area nunc cell factories or costar cubes, the ...19968679106
[immune response to a single dose of a novel kind of hepatitis a vaccine following splenectomy].the immune response to parenteral antigens is reduced in persons without spleen. the seroconversion rate was measured after application of a new type of vaccine against hepatitis a (immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virus virosome [iriv]) in patients who had undergone a splenectomy after trauma.19968681712
[protection of adolescents against hepatitis a].in croatia, hepatitis a is still a considerable public health problem which, however, can be efficiently solved by vaccination. the study of vaccine immunogenicity and reactivity was performed in a random sample of 88 high school seniors, mean age 209 +/- 6.4 month (17 years and 5 months), from ivanić-grad and surrounding countyside. all the children were immunized by hav sorbate ssw inactivated vaccine, manufactured by sächsisches serumwerk gmbh, dresden. one 1-ml dose of the vaccine contains a ...19969132523
seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus antibody in primary school children in khon kaen province, northeastern thailand.hepatitis a is a disease commonly found in thai children. since 1984, there have been very few reports on the age specific prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection in the northeastern part of thailand, which has the largest population and is the poorest area of the country. we studied the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibody in 3 primary school children in different areas of khon kaen province, northeastern thailand. anti-hav level was assayed by elisa. four hundred and forty-one ...19969253861
response to hepatitis a vaccine in children after a single dose with a booster administration 6 months later.background: children are of an age group susceptible to infection by the hepatitis a virus (hav). active immunization of children against hav became reality in 1993, when the first pediatric hepatitis a vaccine was licensed. this initial vaccine required two injections to induce a full immune response in recipients. the purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of a single dose primary vaccine plus a booster after 6 months against hepatitis a in children. methods: a total of 60 healthy ...19969815444
age-specific anti-hepatitis a virus seroepidemiology in italian travelers: indications for anti-hepatitis a vaccination.background: hepatitis a virus (hav) circulation in the environment is decreasing in most industrialized western countries. this decrease has lead to low seroprevalence rates in adults. as a consequence, many nonimmune unprotected travelers from areas of low prevalence are considered at risk of acquiring hav infection when traveling to high hav endemic areas in developing countries. the recent hav inactivated vaccine has proved safe and effective, and its use in different geographic areas should ...19969815459
[construction of gene library of attenuated liver hepatitis a vaccine (h2 strain)].to determine the complete gene library of attenuated live hepatitis a vaccine (h2 strain) from cloned cdna by application of reverse transcription (rt) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique.19969206195
an outbreak of hepatitis a in puglia, italy, 1996.in the region of puglia, in the south east of italy (population: 4 million), the number of notifications of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection increases in a two yearly cycle. in 1992 a very large outbreak was observed, but no epidemiological investigation199612631838
day care setting ideal place for vaccination. pediatrics (hav).hepatitis a is highly endemic in developing countries. for example, in sao paulo, brazil, 100% and 40.3% of lower and middle socioeconomic level children aged 2-11 years, respectively, have antibodies to hepatitis a. 90.4% of voluntary middle class adult blood donors are infected with the virus. day care centers represent an important source of hepatitis a in several communities. richtmann et al. investigated the immunogenicity and safety of the hepatitis a virus (hav) strain gbm vaccine amo ...199612290904
optimization and scale-up of solvent extraction in purification of hepatitis a virus (vaqta).solvent extraction is a very powerful purification step in the preparation of vaqta, a highly purified, inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. extraction of an aqueous product-containing protein solution with chloroform through vigorous shaking causes irreversible denaturation of contaminant proteins at the interface. however, the hepatitis a virus (hav) remains viable and soluble in the aqueous phase. because three phases (air, aqueous, and organic) are involved, and the mixing is carried out in indi ...199718636612
in vitro and ex vivo inhibition of hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase by a peptidyl monofluoromethyl ketone.hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase is the enzyme responsible for the processing of the viral polyprotein. although a cysteine proteinase, it displays an active site configuration like those of the mammalian serine proteinases (malcolm, b. a. protein science 1995, 4, 1439). a peptidyl monofluoromethyl ketone (peptidyl-fmk) based on the preferred peptide substrates for hav 3c proteinase was generated by first coupling the precursor, n,n-dimethylglutamine fluoromethylalcohol, to the tripeptide, ...19979208091
hepatitis a infection: a seroepidemiological study in young adults in north-east italy.during the period from january to may 1994, the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus infection (anti-hav) was tested by immunoenzyme assay in the serum samples of 620 apparently healthy subjects (81% males, 19% females), from 10 to 29 years old, resident in north-east italy (pordenone and surrounding district). the overall prevalence of anti-hav was 3.7%. there was a significant lower prevalence in the group aged 10-19 than in the one aged 20-29 years (0.7% vs 6%; p < 0.001). moreover, ...19979476815
a www-accessible knowledge base for the interpretation of hepatitis serologic tests.hepaxpert is a knowledge-based system that interprets the results of routine serologic tests for infection with hepatitis a and b viruses. the following tests are included: hepatitis a virus anti-bodies (anti-hav), igm antibodies to the hepatitis a virus (igm anti-hav), hepatitis a virus (hav in stool, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and antibodies (qualitative anti-hbs, quantitative anti-hbs titre), antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc and igm anti-hbc), and hepatitis b envelope ...19979506393
interaction of hepatitis a virus (hav) precursor proteins 3ab and 3abc with the 5' and 3' termini of the hav rna.rna secondary structures within the terminal nontranslated regions of entero- and rhinoviral genomes interact specifically with viral nonstructural proteins and are required in cis for viral rna replication. here we show that recombinant hepatitis a virus (hav) polypeptide 3abc specifically interacts in vitro with secondary rna structures formed at both the 5' and 3' terminus of the viral genome. similar to protein 3ab, hav 3abc bound to the 3' terminal rna structure which did not interact with ...19979498613
use of silica as a carrier to recover and prepare waterborne enteric viruses for detection by rt-pcr.a rapid, efficient and inexpensive method was developed to concentrate poliovirus type 1 (pv1), rotavirus (rv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) from artificially spiked samples of tap and surface water. the method consists of adsorbing the viruses to silicon dioxide (sio2) in the presence of 0.5 mm alcl3 and adjustment of the ph to 3.5. the silica-adsorbed virus was collected by low speed centrifugation. viral rna was then extracted with guanidium thiocyanate (gt), and environmental nucleases and inh ...19979638882
risk of hepatitis a infection among young travelers to developing countries: the need for vaccination.in france, as in most industrialized countries, the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection decreases due to improvements in hygiene and sanitation, but is still frequent in developing countries.1 in a cohort of military recruits followed up in france, this rate fell from 50% in 1978 to 16% in 1994.2 it is likely, therefore, that young travelers from industrialized countries would not have prior immunity and would be more susceptible to hav infection when visiting endemic areas.3 how ...19979815516
hepatitis a virus subviral particles: purification, accumulation, and relative infectivity of virions, provirions and procapsids.virus-specific particles were isolated from hepatitis a virus (hav)-infected cells and the role of each particle type in the replicative cycle assessed. mature virions, provirions (immature virions) and empty capsids (procapsids) were detected in cell lysates, and both virions and provirions were found in the culture supernatant. particle types were separated by isopycnic caesium chloride gradient or linear sucrose density gradient-ultracentrifugation, and their capsid proteins characterised. vi ...19979672583
early interactions of hepatitis a virus with cultured cells: viral elution and the effect of ph and calcium ions.hepatitis a virus (hav) is less well-characterized than other picornaviruses due to its slow and inefficient replication. in order to gain a greater understanding of hav-receptor interactions we have used the recovery of cell-bound, infectious virus particles to measure the effects of temperature, ph and divalent cations on the binding of hav to susceptible cells. viral attachment to cultured cells proceeded at similar rates between 4 degrees c and 37 degrees c, with a slight increase in the tot ...19979672584
hepatitis a outbreak amongst intravenous amphetamine abusers in finland.this article describes a widespread outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection amongst drug abusers in finland. although attempts to demonstrate the virus in amphetamines failed, the infection was assumed to be linked to intravenous use of the drug. the unusual mode of transmission prompted us to analyse possible atypical clinical features as well as the spread of the virus to the general population, nowadays practically without protective immunity. serologically verified cases that occurred ...19979255876
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