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increased yield of porcine circovirus-2 by a combined treatment of pk-15 cells with interferon-gamma and inhibitors of endosomal-lysosomal system acidification.treatment of porcine kidney (pk-15) cells with either interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) or endosomal- lysosomal system acidification inhibitors increases replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). in the present study, the effect of a combination of these treatments on the number of infected cells and virus yield was tested. the number of pcv2 (stoon-1010)-infected pk-15 cells increased in cells treated with ammonium chloride (445 +/- 39% increase), ifn-gamma (446 +/- 8%), ammonium chloride + i ...200818080797
development and applications of a monoclonal antibody to a recombinant beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) capsid protein.the development of diagnostic assays for detecting beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) has traditionally been hampered by the difficulty associated with producing suitable reagents, namely purified virus and polyclonal antibodies. in an effort to develop a consistent and standardised source of antibody, a monoclonal antibody to a recombinant bfdv capsid protein has been developed and its use in western blotting, immunohistochemistry (ihc), elisa and haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assays cha ...200817942162
evidence for recombination between pcv2a and pcv2b in the field.genomic sequence analysis demonstrates that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) isolates are divided into distinct genotypes. historically, swine herds in the u.s. have been infected with the pcv2a genotype. in 2005, pcv2b was identified in north america and with it increased reports of porcine circovirus disease (pcvd). a differential pcr technique incorporating pcv2 genotype-specific primers was used in the clinical diagnosis of pcvd. a set of 97 diagnostic submissions showed that both pcv2a and ...200818061696
thermal stability of porcine circovirus type 2 in cell culture.international trade in pig meat has resulted in some countries placing restrictions on the importation of pig meat, with requirements for cooking of imported meat to destroy viral agents. this study investigated the in vitro resistance of an australian strain of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the causative agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), to heat treatment. the viability of the virus in cell cultures was determined by a combination of reverse transcriptase polymera ...200817889378
genomic analysis of pcv2 isolates from danish archives and a current pmws case-control study supports a shift in genotypes with time.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. pcv2, however, is found in both pmws-affected herds and non-affected herds. the objective of this study was to clarify if pcv2 genome nucleotide sequences isolated from pigs from pmws-affected herds and non-affected herds cluster phylogenetically in two separate groups. all isolates (45) belonged to pcv2 group 1 and shared a nucleotide sequence identity of 99.4-100% indicating a ve ...200817996404
immunogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein targeting to different subcellular compartments.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is known to be associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), an emerging disease in swine. the development of effective vaccines against pcv2 infection has been accepted as an important strategy in the prophylaxis of pmws, and a dna vaccine expressing the major immunogenic capsid (cap) protein of pcv2 is considered to be a promising candidate. however, recent studies have revealed that interferons (ifns), especially ifn-gamma, can enhance th ...200817709139
development of recombinant porcine parvovirus-like particles as an antigen carrier formed by the hybrid vp2 protein carrying immunoreactive epitope of porcine circovirus type 2.virus-like particles (vlps) are non-replicative vectors for delivery of heterologous epitopes and induction of immune responses. in this study, a self-assembled porcine parvovirus (ppv) vp2 capsid protein [ppv:vlp-(pcv2)] carrying immunoreactive epitopes, residues 165-200 from the porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) virus nucleoprotein was constructed. immunogenicity study was carried out with hybrid vlps derived from hek-293 cells infected with recombinant adenovirus vectors. to our knowledge, this stu ...200818378364
comparison of three template preparation methods for routine detection of beak and feather disease virus and avian polyomavirus with single and nested polymerase chain reaction in clinical specimens.direct comparisons are important when assessing the value of dna extraction methods for diagnostic virology as the inhibitors present and the efficiency of extraction vary with the target infectious agent as well as the species and the site from which the clinical sample was obtained. three dna extraction methods were compared for routine polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) in whole blood and feather samples and of avian polyomavirus (apv) in feathe ...200818393092
construction and immunogenicity of recombinant pseudotype baculovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice.baculovirus has emerged recently as a novel and attractive gene delivery vehicle for mammalian cells. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is known to be associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), an emerging swine disease which results in tremendous economic losses. in this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g) was used as a vector to express capsid (cap) protein, the most important immunogen of pcv2, under the transcriptional c ...200818394722
a piglet with concurrent polioencephalomyelitis due to porcine teschovirus and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.a piglet developed respiratory distress followed by difficulty in standing and unsteady gait. the lesions were characterized by polioencephalomyelitis with the predominant distribution in the brain stem, as well as lymphocyte depletion and histiocyte infiltration with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the lymphoid tissues throughout the body and interstitial pneumonia. porcine teschovirus (ptv) antigens were found in the former lesions and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) in the latter two lesions. ptv ...200818525174
[genome cloning and sequence analysis of duck circovirus].to reveal the molecular biological characteristics of genome of circovirus in infected ducks, two nucleotide fragments were amplified by overlapping pcrs using dna extracted from various tissues of ducks. after they had been assembled together, the nucleotide components, the genome organization and the phylogenetic scale of the sequence were analyzed. the results showed that the obtained sequence is a circular dna with a total length of 1995nt. it contains 6 open reading frames (orfs), and share ...200818533346
expression of the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 in lactococcus lactis for oral vaccination.diseases associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infections are becoming a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. the capsid protein (cap) of pcv2 is an antigen important for both early diagnosis and development of vaccines. in this study, lactococcus lactis was used as vehicle to deliver the pcv2 antigen in an attempt to develop oral vaccine. a cap gene with a deleted nuclear localization signal sequence (dcap) was cloned into an escherichia coli/l. lactis shuttle vector psec: ...200818406475
characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection in swine lymphocytes using mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy pcv2-carrier pigs.information regarding the susceptibility of swine lymphocytes to pcv2 is rather limited. to further explore and characterize the pcv2 infection in swine lymphocytes, an in vitro model using concanavalin a (con a)-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) obtained from clinically healthy pcv2-carrier pigs was introduced. it was found that the pcv2 antigen-containing rate was below 2% in pbls from healthy pcv2-free pigs following treated simultaneously with con a and pcv2. however, significan ...200818554727
increased porcine circovirus type 2 replication in porcine leukocytes in vitro and in vivo by concanavalin a stimulation.previously, it was shown that modulation of the immune system enhances porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) replication in pigs. in the present study, the effect of the mitogen concanavalin a (cona) on pcv2 replication was investigated. since cona induces t-lymphocyte activation and initiates the production of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), a cytokine that enhances pcv2 replication in porcine epithelial and monocytic cell lines in vitro, it was examined if the effects observed with cona were mediated ...200818556150
quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) within- and between-pen transmission in pigs.pcv-2 within- and between-pen transmission was quantified by estimating the daily transmission rate beta and the basic reproduction ratio (r(0)) using a stochastic seir (susceptible, exposed, infectious, removed) model fitted on experimental data. within-pen transmission was quantified by using four groups of eight spf (specific pathogen-free) pigs (four infected and four susceptible pigs having direct contact). between-pen transmission was studied in two groups of 16 spf pigs (eight infected an ...200818413131
porcine circovirus type 2 induces the activation of nuclear factor kappa b by ikappabalpha degradation.the transcription factor nf-kappab is commonly activated upon virus infection and a key player in the induction and regulation of the host immune response. the present study demonstrated for the first time that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), which is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, can activate nf-kappab in pcv2-infected pk15 cells. in pcv2-infected cells, nf-kappab was activated concomitantly with viral replication, which ...200818561971
postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in danish pig herds: productivity, clinical signs and pathology.a case-control study of 74 herds with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and 74 matched control herds was carried out. in the case herds the mortality rates of weaner and finisher pigs were 11.2 and 5.2 per cent respectively, compared with 3.1 and 3.2 per cent in the control herds. in most case herds, pmws developed within the first four weeks after weaning. wasting, diarrhoea and respiratory signs were observed in 10 per cent of the weaner pigs (7 to 30 kg) in the case herds comp ...200818424846
effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and pcv2 coinfection.the objectives were to determine if pcv2 vaccination is effective in reducing disease and lesions associated with prrsv and pcv2 coinfection and if there is a difference between intradermal (id) and intramuscular (im) route of pcv2 vaccination. seventy-four, 21-day-old pigs were randomly allocated into one of six groups. on day 0, pigs were vaccinated with 2ml suvaxyn pcv2 one dose (fort dodge animal health, inc.) by intramuscular (vac-m-coinf) or intradermal (vac-d-coinf) routes. on day 28, pig ...200818430525
systemic cytokine profiles of mice vaccinated with naked dnas encoding six open reading frame antigens of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).the objective of this study was to characterize the murine immune response to vaccination with dnas encoding each of six porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) open reading frames (orfs). after intramuscular vaccination with the naked dnas, blood was taken on days post-infection (dpi) 7 and 35 and subjected to bio-plex cytokine assays. orf3 elicited high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tnf-alpha (p<0.001) and decreased il-12 levels (p<0.001) on dpi 7, and was lethal for nine of the 15 vaccinat ...200818456294
pcv-2 genotype definition and nomenclature. 200818587066
porcine circovirus type 2 displays pluripotency in cell targeting.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of a multifactorial disease associated with immunocompromisation and co-infections. in vivo, viral dna and antigens are found in monocytic, epithelial and endothelial cells. of these, pcv2 replication has only been studied in monocytic cells, in which little or no replication was identified. accordingly, pcv2 infection was studied in the endothelial cell line pedsv.15, aortic endothelial cells, gut epithelial cells, fibrocytes and dendritic ...200818617215
post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and other pcv2-related problems in pigs: a 12-year experience.post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and other porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-related diseases have been reported throughout the world for about 10 years. the present paper reviews the knowledge acquired in different fields and is largely based on the authors' experience. the horizontal transmission of pcv2 is widely documented. contact between pigs is the main route of transmission for both pcv2 and pmws. however, experimental inoculation of pcv2 to pigs does not give consistent ...200818631230
the emergence of a new strain of porcine circovirus-2 in ontario and quebec swine and its association with severe porcine circovirus associated disease--2004-2006.in the late fall of 2004 more severe lesions of porcine circovirus-2 associated disease (pcvad) than usual occurred during an outbreak of porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) infection in ontario nursery and grower/finisher pigs. the lesions were of unprecedented severity and included diffuse bronchointerstitial pneumonia, granulomatous enteritis, vasculitis, interstitial nephritis, and new lesions of splenic infarction. some affected herds had up to 50% mortality. the outbreak correlated with the sudde ...200818505190
reduction of pmws-associated clinical signs and co-infections by vaccination against pcv2.the effects of a single-dose recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) open reading frame 2 (orf2) subunit vaccine were studied in a post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected pig herd. a total of 1519 3-week-old piglets were allocated randomly into two treatment groups and either vaccinated against pcv2 or treated with a placebo. study animals were followed from the time of vaccination until the end of finishing. onset of pcv2 viraemia and clinical signs of pmws (wasting, co ...200818513842
protective immunity against porcine circovirus 2 by vaccination with orf2-based dna and subunit vaccines in mice.the protective immune response against porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection in mice was characterized using flow cytometric analysis (fcm), assays of antibody (of different igg isotypes) and viraemia, and histopathological examination. an open reading frame 2 plasmid (porf2) and the capsid protein (cap) of pcv2 were used as dna and subunit vaccines, respectively. in fcm analysis, although porf2 and cap alone showed comparable efficacy in eliciting lymphoproliferative responses and cap-specific ...200818632956
detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs imported from indonesia.we have detected the presence of porcine circovirus (pcv) type 2 in indonesian pigs imported to singapore for food consumption. a total of three viral isolates were identified, and to genetically characterise them further, their full genomes were sequenced. each genome showed a typical organization of pcv type 2, with the three isolates sharing similar genome lengths of 1767 nucleotide (nt) at high nt identities of 99.8-100%, further indicating that the viral isolates were quite homogeneous. seq ...200818514439
unraveling the puzzle of human anellovirus infections by comparison with avian infections with the chicken anemia virus.current clinical studies on human annelloviruses infections are directed towards finding an associated disease. in this review we have emphasized the many similarities between human anellovirus and avian circoviruses and the cell and tissue types infected by these pathogens. we have done this in order to explore whether knowledge acquired from natural and experimental avian infections could reflect and be extrapolated to the less well-characterized human annellovirus infections. the knowledge ga ...200818656506
gastric zygomycosis in a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome--case report.a postweaning pig died in spite of antibiotic therapy showing wasting in a small herd. postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was diagnosed on the basis of gross pathological and histological lesions and the presence of moderate amounts of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) antigen in tissue samples. mycotic gastritis caused by zygomycetes spp. was found on round areas with a diameter of 1 to 3 cm in the glandular mucosa of the stomach. moderate amount of pcv2 viral antigen was detected almo ...200818669248
replication and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice.little information is known about infection, replication and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in species other than swine. two sets of animal experiments were carried out to investigate the susceptibility of mice to pcv2 and to study their possible role in maintaining and transmitting the virus. in the first experiment 14 mice were inoculated with pcv2 by the intraperitoneal route with 5 x 10(2) tcid50 of the pcv2-rom strain (cadar et al., 2007). in a second experiment 24 mice we ...200818828493
antibodies to selected viral disease agents in wild boars from the czech republic.blood samples were collected from wild boar (sus scrofa) shot during the hunting season from 1999 to 2005 in the czech republic. sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). indirect fluorescence antibody test was used for detection of antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and transmissible ...200818689671
experimental infection of domestic pigeons with pigeon circovirus.pigeon circovirus (picv) infection and young pigeon disease syndrome (ypds), associated with high morbidity and mortality, have been recognized in young racing pigeons from large portions of central europe. there exist a number of data indicating that ypds is a consequence of picv infection and subsequent immunosuppression. in order to prove picv to be one of the crucial factors of ypds, an experimental infection with picv was performed under controlled conditions. twenty-four domestic pigeons ( ...200818939623
porcine circovirus 2 inclusion bodies in pulmonary and renal epithelial cells.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the most common lesions of pmws are lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous lymphadenitis, interstitial pneumonia and interstitial nephritis, with intracytoplasmic amphophilic botryoid inclusion bodies in macrophages. in addition to these typical changes, intracytoplasmic botryoid inclusion bodies were observed in bronchial, bronchial glandular, and renal tubular epithelium of several pigs from 4 different ...200818725467
effect of different selenium sources and levels on porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been linked to several disease syndromes during the last decade. a deficiency in selenium has also been associated with the increases of virulence of some viruses and severity of infectious disease. in order to evaluate the effect of different selenium sources and levels on pcv2 replication in pk-15 cells, three selenium sources, i.e. sodium selenite, kappa-selenocarrageenan and dl-selenomethionine at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 micromol/l were used ...200818565426
a genetically engineered chimeric vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is genetically stable in vitro and in vivo.a vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), designated pcv1-2 chimera, was recently developed by replacing the capsid gene of the non-pathogenic pcv1 with that of pcv2. the pcv1-2 chimera virus is attenuated in pigs but induces protective immunity against pcv2. in this study, the genetic stability of the pcv1-2 chimera was evaluated for its potential use as a live vaccine. the pcv1-2 chimera virus was serially passaged 11 times in pk-15 cells and 3 times in pigs. the pcv1-2 chimera virus ...200818579262
rolling-circle amplification for the detection of active porcine circovirus type 2 dna replication in vitro.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infections in pigs have diverse clinical presentations and are considered economically important diseases worldwide. however, despite intensive research, the early pathogenesis of pcv2 and the primary target cells for pcv2 infections and replication are still unknown. rolling-circle amplification (rca) is an amplification technique for small, circular dna templates that essentially mimics rolling-circle replication in vitro. in this study, the amplification of pc ...200818606463
a meta-analysis on experimental infections with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).a meta-analysis was performed with the aim to identify factors with a relevant influence on the expression of clinical postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) under experimental conditions. data from 44 studies were included in the analysis. several variables were studied: number of pigs in the experiment, intake of colostrum, serological status against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), strain of pcv2 used for inoculation, the route and dose of inoculation, and use of potential trigger ...200818614300
genotypic change of porcine circovirus type 2 on japanese pig farms as revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been recognized as the causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and can be divided into two major genotypic groups. we developed a method of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of pcv2 open reading frame 2 for easy discrimination between the two major groups. genotyping of pcv2 isolates from 10 japanese commercial pig farms was performed, and the analysis revealed that both pcv2 groups and at least five rflp types of pcv ...200818628601
differences in virulence among porcine circovirus type 2 isolates are unrelated to cluster type 2a or 2b and prior infection provides heterologous protection.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is divided into two genetic clusters designated pcv2a and pcv2b. the objectives of this study were to determine whether isolates from different clusters vary in virulence and to determine whether infection with pcv2a isolates induces protective immunity against subsequent infection with a recent pcv2b isolate. one-hundred and thirteen conventional specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups and rooms: pigs inoculated with pcv2a cl ...200818796717
absence of transmission of potentially xenotic viruses in a prospective pig to primate islet xenotransplantation study.shortage of human donor organs for transplantation has prompted usage of animals as an alternative donor source. pigs are the most acceptable candidate animals but issues of xenozoonoses remain. despite careful monitoring of designated pathogen free pigs there is still a risk that their tissues may carry infectious agents. thus xenotransplantation requires extensive pre-clinical study on safety of the graft especially for those viruses that are either potentially oncogenic and/or immunosuppressi ...200818814261
development of two trichoplusia ni larvae-derived elisas for the detection of antibodies against replicase and capsid proteins of porcine circovirus type 2 in domestic pigs.the main aim of the present study was to describe new methods for the identification of antibodies against the pcv2 capsid (cap) and replicase (rep) proteins in pig sera. specifically, two new indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were developed based on recombinant pcv2 cap (rcap) and rep/rep' (rrep) proteins expressed in baculovirus and produced in trichoplusia ni insect larvae. both assays were validated by testing serum samples in a longitudinal study of 107 animals with differ ...200818773923
development and use of a multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus-2 genotypes 2a and 2b in an epidemiological survey.by the end of 2004, the canadian swine population had experienced a severe increase in the incidence of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad), a problem that was associated with the emergence of a new porcine circovirus-2 genotype (pcv-2b), previously unrecovered in north america. thus, it became important to develop a diagnostic tool that could differentiate between the old and new circulating genotypes (pcv-2a and pcv-2b, respectively). consequently, a multiplex real-time quantitative ...200818776085
reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs by prenatal porcine circovirus 2 infection and postnatal porcine parvovirus infection or immunostimulation.postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was reproduced in prenatally porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-infected pigs by either postnatal infection with porcine parvovirus (ppv) or by immunostimulation. twenty-four randomly selected piglets from 3 sows, which had been experimentally infected during gestation with pcv2, were randomly divided into 3 groups; group 1 (prenatal pcv2 infection, with postnatal ppv infection), group 2 (prenatal pcv2 infection, with postnatal keyhole limpet hemocyanin ...200818984787
detection of respiratory pathogens in air samples from acutely infected pigs.pathogens causing significant respiratory disease in growing pigs include porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus 2, swine influenza virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and bordetella bronchiseptica. the objective of this research was to characterize the respiratory excretion of these pathogens by acutely infected pigs. pigs were inoculated under experimental conditions with 1 pathogen. samples were collected from the upper respirator ...200818783027
complete nucleotide sequence of a novel porcine circovirus-like agent and its infectivity in vitro.a novel agent (hence termed as p2) was isolated from pig sera in china, which contained covalently bound circular genomic dnas of 993 nucleotides. sequence analyses indicated that the agent was closely related to the porcine circovirus (pcv). the molecular clone of p2 was constructed subsequently and used for the following studies. intracytoplasmic inclusions and intranuclear inclusions were only found in pk-15 cells transfected with the tandem dimer of p2 molecular dna clone. intracytoplasmic i ...200818785591
improving pig health through genomics: a view from the industry.health is one of the most important contributors to animal welfare, productivity and profitability in pig production today. for the past 30 years, pig breeders have focused on genetic improvement of lean growth, feed efficiency, meat quality and reproduction. however, in recent years, selection objectives have been broadened to include livability, robustness and disease resistance. a dna marker for selection of resistance to f18+ e. coli has been available for several years. this marker decrease ...200818817284
[construction of infectious dna clone of chimeric porcine circovirus type 1-2 and its immunogenicity in mice].to construct infectious dna clone of chimeric porcine circovirus type 1-2.200819062650
detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 2 isolates from the first cases of postweaning multisystemic and wasting syndrome in wild boars in greece.in 2002, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was diagnosed in a european female wild boar (sus scrofa), based on the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) dna in various organs, including the uterus, and on histopathologic lesions. this is the first detection of pcv2 dna in the uterus of a wild boar. three years later (2005), a wild boar < 6-8 mo of age was found moribund. it presented wasting and dyspnea and finally died. pcv2 dna was detected in tissue samples, and histopathol ...200818957642
lack of transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 to weanling pigs by feeding them spray-dried porcine plasma.an experiment was conducted to determine whether spray-dried porcine plasma containing 2.47 x 10(5) dna copies of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) could infect weanling pigs when fed to them. five specific pathogen-free (spf) weanling pigs were fed ad libitum for 45 days a control diet and six pigs were fed a test diet containing 8 kg sdpp per 100 kg feed. the two groups were housed in separate biosecurity level-3 rooms. none of the pigs in either group developed any clinical signs or became pc ...200818978366
[porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)--associations between sequence, function and virulence].presently, potential associations between pcv2 virulence and -sequence are discussed controversially. practitioners are rattled, whether and to which extent spatio-temporal variations in pcv2 associated diseases (pcvd) on farms might be attributed to distinct pcv2 strains, differing in virulence, and if this factor should be taken into account regarding diagnosis and prophylaxis. the present paper provides a review on known and discussed functional elements of the pcv2 genome and their significa ...200819113027
comparison of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2)-specific antibodies after vaccination or inoculation of pigs with distinct pcv-1 or pcv-2 isolates.porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) serology is frequently used to determine pcv-2 status and optimal timing of pcv-2 vaccination in the field. the objectives of the current study are to determine the diagnostic accuracy of 3 currently available commercial anti-immunoglobulin g (igg) pcv-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) and to compare the ability of the 3 assays to detect and differentiate between anti-pcv-2a and anti-pcv-2b antibodies, as well as anti-pcv-2 and anti-pcv-1 antibodies. fift ...200818987223
efficient production of type 2 porcine circovirus-like particles by a recombinant baculovirus.the capsid protein of pcv2 was expressed by using a recombinant baculovirus with insect tn5 cells. a large amount of 28-kda protein was released into the culture medium and self-assembled into pcv2-like particles (pcv2-lps) with a buoyant density of 1.365 g/cm(3) and a diameter of 20 nm. pcv2-lps were efficiently expressed, yielding 1 mg of purified particles per 10(7) tn5 cells. the pcv2-lps have antigenicity similar to that of authentic pcv2 particles, allowing us to develop a method for sensi ...200818998045
characterization of shedding patterns of porcine circovirus types 2a and 2b in experimentally inoculated mature boars.porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is an economically important swine pathogen and causes pcv-associated disease (pcvad) in pigs worldwide. currently, 2 genotypes of pcv-2, pcv-2a and -2b, are circulating in u.s. swine herds. the objectives of the current study were to evaluate the amount of pcv-2 dna present in semen over time, compare and correlate incidence and amount of pcv-2 present in semen samples to that present in serum samples and blood swabs, and determine if there are differences in sheddi ...200818987221
effect of coinfection with genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus on porcine circovirus type 2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs.to determine whether genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus (g1-ttv) can potentiate clinical disease associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).200819046008
[inhibition of porcine circovirus type 2 replication by the plasmid vector expressing sirnas].to develop sirna as a potential tool for control of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection.200819149167
efficacy of immunising pigs against porcine circovirus type 2 at three or six weeks of age.the efficacy of a porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) vaccine was tested in pigs vaccinated at three or six weeks of age. a total of 1106 weaned pigs were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: vaccinated at three weeks of age, vaccinated at six weeks of age, or not vaccinated. each pig was weighed at three, 10 and 22 weeks of age, and 48 pigs selected at random from each treatment group were serially blood sampled at three, six, 10, 14, 18 and 22 weeks of age. the mean weight of the ...200819103614
quantitative polymerase chain reaction for porcine circovirus-2 in swine feces in a porcine circovirus disease-affected commercial herd and a nonaffected commercial herd.this study examined if pigs in a porcine circovirus disease (pcvd)-affected herd (n = 100) had shed more porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) in their feces than pigs in a pcvd-nonaffected herd (n = 101), and if differences in shedding among production stages within and between the herds existed. the pcv-2 shedding was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. the highest median pcv-2 shedding was found in the nursery of the pcvd-affected herd and in the grower of the pcvd-nonaffected herd. the ...200819252710
evaluation of induction of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs with negative results for porcine circovirus type 2.to determine whether porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) could be experimentally induced in gnotobiotic swine.200819046009
fine mapping of antigenic epitopes on capsid proteins of porcine circovirus, and antigenic phenotype of porcine circovirus type 2.type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. in this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the capsid protein (cap) of pcv2, eight mabs to cap of type 1 porcine circovirus (pcv1) and five mabs specific for cap of both pcv1 and pcv2, were generated and used to finely map the antigenic sites of pcv1 and pcv2, and to identify the antigenic phenotype of pcv2 with different length of genome. five linear b-cell epitopes, including ...200919059648
real-time pcr to detect and analyze virulent ppv loads in artificially challenged sows and their fetuses.to establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction with sybr green for detection and quantification of porcine parvovirus (ppv) in porcine tissues, two primers specific for the non-structural protein 1 gene were designed. the detection limit of this assay was 3-23 gene copies/reaction, equivalent to 0.001 tcid(50)/ml. the assay was linear over a 10(6) dilution range of template concentrations. other porcine pathogens involved in reproductive disorders (porcine circovirus 2, porcine reproductive ...200919345523
porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine circovirus-associated disease.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) belongs to the viral family circoviridae and to the genus circovirus. circoviruses are small, single-stranded nonenveloped dna viruses that have an unsegmented circular genome. pcv2 is the primary causative agent of several syndromes collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). many of the syndromes associated with pcvad are a result of coinfection with pcv2 virus and other agents such as mycoplasma and porcine reproductive and respiratory ...200919780932
frequent detection of highly diverse variants of cardiovirus, cosavirus, bocavirus, and circovirus in sewage samples collected in the united states.untreated sewage samples from 12 cities in the united states were screened for the presence of recently characterized rna and dna viruses found at high prevalence in the stool specimens of south asian children. genetic variants of human cosaviruses and cardioviruses in the picornaviridae family and of dna circoviruses and human bocaviruses were detected, expanding the known genetic diversity and geographic range of these newly identified viruses. all four virus groups were detected in sewage sam ...200919794058
antigen-capture blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a baculovirus recombinant antigen to differentiate transmissible gastroenteritis virus from porcine respiratory coronavirus antibodies.a new commercially available antigen-capture, blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (antigen-capture b-elisa), based on baculovirus truncated-s recombinant protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and 3 specific monoclonal antibodies, was developed and evaluated by examining a panel of 453 positive porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcov), 31 positive tgev, and 126 negative field sera by using another commercially available differential coronavirus b-elisa as the reference techn ...200919737754
optimal probe size and fixation time for the detection of porcine circovirus-2 dna by in situ hybridization in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.probe size and fixation time for detecting porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) by in situ hybridization in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph nodes from experimentally infected pigs were optimized. in situ hybridization using a 169-base pair (bp) probe detected significantly fewer pcv-2-positive cells than when using 8 other larger probes (p < 0.05). the difference in hybridization intensity between smaller probes (169 and 225 bp) and larger probes (416, 473, 571, 631, 693, and 753 bp) was statist ...200919737760
prevalence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs sired by 13 hungarian landrace boars.between february 20 and october 31, 2003, 2034 sows were inseminated with semen collected from 13 hungarian landrace boars. altogether 16,013 piglets were born: 13,801 (86.2 per cent) alive, 796 (4.97 per cent) stillborn and 156 (0.97 per cent) mummified. a total of 1260 (7.87 per cent) of the pigs developed signs of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in the groups of sows inseminated with semen from each of the 13 boars, the percentages of farrowings producing piglets with signs ...200919648639
comparative study of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with different types of antibody (monoclonal vs. polyclonal, natural vs. synthetic) was compared to detect porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from pigs with experimentally and naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. pcv2 dna and antigen was detected in tissues from both experimentally and naturally infected pigs by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. statistical ...200919652494
heterologous expression of full-length capsid protein of porcine circovirus 2 in escherichia coli and its potential use for detection of antibodies.a capsid protein of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv 2) serves as a diagnostic antigen for the detection of pcv 2-associated disease known as a postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this report, a bacterial expression system was developed for the expression and purification of the full-length pcv 2 capsid (cap) protein from a codon-optimized cap gene. replacement of rare arginine codons located at the 5' end of the cap reading frame with codons optimal for e. coli was found to overcome ...200919664658
the optimized capsid gene of porcine circovirus type 2 expressed in yeast forms virus-like particles and elicits antibody responses in mice fed with recombinant yeast extracts.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated diseases are considered to be the biggest problem for the worldwide swine industry. the pcv2 capsid protein (cap) is an important antigen for development of vaccines. at present, most anti-pcv2 vaccines are produced as injectable formulations. although effective, these vaccines have certain drawbacks, including stress with concomitant immunosuppresion, and involve laborious and time-consuming procedures. in this study, saccharomyces cerevisiae was used ...200919664739
exploratory study on the transcriptional profile of pigs subclinically infected with porcine circovirus type 2.the aim of this exploratory work was to use a microarray-based approach to study the global transcriptome profile of caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (cdcd) piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). pcv2-inoculated piglets developed a subclinical infection, as confirmed by serology, in situ hybridization and quantitative pcr. total rna from mesenteric lymph nodes and lungs was obtained by duplicate from 2 control and 2 pcv2-inoculated piglets and was hybridized ...200919544206
regulator of g protein signalling 16 is a target for a porcine circovirus type 2 protein.interaction studies have suggested that the non-structural protein encoded by open reading frame 3 (orf3) of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) binds specifically to a regulator of g protein signalling (rgs) related to human rgs16 (hurgs16). the full-length clone of rgs16 was generated from porcine cells and sequence analysis revealed a close relationship to hurgs16 and murine rgs16. in vitro pull-down experiments verified an interaction between porcine rgs16 (porgs16) and orf3 from pcv2. using gs ...200919570954
diverse circovirus-like genome architectures revealed by environmental metagenomics.single-stranded dna (ssdna) viruses with circular genomes are the smallest viruses known to infect eukaryotes. the present study identified 10 novel genomes similar to ssdna circoviruses through data-mining of public viral metagenomes. the metagenomic libraries included samples from reclaimed water and three different marine environments (chesapeake bay, british columbia coastal waters and sargasso sea). all the genomes have similarities to the replication (rep) protein of circoviruses; however, ...200919570956
interference of porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 immunogenicity by orf1 and orf3 mixed dna immunizations in mice.little is known about the influences of other porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) proteins on the immunogenicity of cap protein. here we constructed plasmids expressing the orf1 (porf1) and orf3 (porf3) of pcv2, and mixed either of them with the plasmid expressing orf2 (porf2) as combined dna vaccines, to compare their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. our data revealed that porf1 reduced the cap-specific cd8(+)cell frequency, and both porf1 and porf3 attenuated the cap-specific th1 and post- ...200919709712
transmission of different variants of pcv2 and viral dynamics in a research facility with pigs mingled from pmws-affected herds and non-affected herds.post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) has been identified in most swine-producing countries worldwide. the disease has resulted in significant health challenges and economic damage to the swine industry. the aim of this study was to determine horizontal transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and to examine viral dynamics in pigs in a controlled pmws transmission study. in the study pigs from pmws-affected herds and non-affected herds were permitted to have close contact (s ...200919576705
pathogen exposure in feral swine populations geographically associated with high densities of transitional swine premises and commercial swine production.surveys for evidence of exposure to pseudorabies virus (prv), brucella suis, swine influenza virus (siv; human-like h1n1, reassortant type h1n1, h1n2-like h1n1 and h3n2), porcine circovirus 2 (pcv 2), and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) in feral swine (sus scrofa) were conducted in areas where feral swine were geographically associated with high densities of transitional swine premises in south carolina and high densities of commercial swine production in north caroli ...200919617481
interferon-mediated enhancement of in vitro replication of porcine circovirus type 2 is influenced by an interferon-stimulated response element in the pcv2 genome.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an economically important swine pathogen. it has been shown that treatment of pcv2-infected cells with interferon gamma (inf-gamma) or alpha (ifn-alpha) increases pcv2 replication in vitro, and that an interferon-stimulated response element (isre)-like sequence was identified in the pcv2 genome. to determine if the isre is involved in viral response to ifns, several isre mutants of pcv2 were created by serial mutations of the isre sequence. treatment of isre m ...200919631245
detection of a novel porcine boca-like virus in the background of porcine circovirus type 2 induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) has been found to be the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). however, pcv-2 is a ubiquitous virus in the swine population and a majority of pigs infected with pcv-2 do not develop the disease. different factors such as age, maintenance, the genetics of pcv-2, other pathogens, etc. have been suggested to contribute to the development of pmws. however, so far no proven connection between any of these factors and the disease develo ...200919748534
development of primer-probe energy transfer real-time pcr for the detection and quantification of porcine circovirus type 2.a real-time pcr assay, based on primer-probe energy transfer (priproet), was developed to improve the detection and quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 (pvc2). pcv2 is recognised as the essential infectious agent in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and has been associated with other disease syndromes such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) and porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). since circoviruses commonly occur in the pig populations and ther ...200919635716
porcine circoviruses--small but powerful.when porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) was isolated more than 40 years ago as a non-pathogenic contaminant of a porcine kidney cell line, enthusiasm and curiosity kept within reasonable limits. virologists became more interested, when a second variant was isolated and termed pcv2, because pcv2 is linked to postweaning multisystemic wasting disease (pmws), a new emerging multifactorial disease in swine. both pcv1 and pcv2 are small and rather simply organized and express only few proteins. therefo ...200919647885
phylogenetic and recombination analysis of genomic sequences of pcv2 isolated in korea.the complete genomic sequences of 13 pcv2 viruses obtained between 2005 and 2007 were analyzed in order to determine their phylogenetic relationship and identify possible recombination events between pcv2a and pcv2b. twelve pcv2b viruses and one pcv2a virus were identified by phylogenetic analysis. notably, two pcv2b viruses (pf163 and c7201-1) were shown to belong to the 1b subgroup of pcv2b, which had not been previously reported in korea. theses two viruses were also predicted to be possible ...200919693660
differential proteome analysis of host cells infected with porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which is an emerging swine immunosuppressive disease. to uncover cellular protein responses in pcv2-infected pk-15 cells, the comprehensive proteome profiles were analyzed utilizing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) coupled with maldi-tof/tof identification. multiple comparisons of 2-de revealed that the majority of changes in protein expression occurred at 48-96 h after pcv2 i ...200919708719
a genetically engineered chimeric vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) improves clinical, pathological and virological outcomes in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected farms.the present study describes the effects of a commercially available genetically engineered chimeric vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on clinical, pathological and virological features in three multi-site farms suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the vaccine product was able to reduce clinical signs, pcv2 viral load in lymphoid organs and/or sera, and overall mortality in nurseries and fattening units. this is the first time in which is shown that a p ...200919800439
insights into the evolutionary history of an emerging livestock pathogen: porcine circovirus 2.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is the primary etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), one of the most economically important emerging swine diseases worldwide. virulent pcv2 was first identified following nearly simultaneous outbreaks of pmws in north america and europe in the 1990s and has since achieved global distribution. however, the processes responsible for the emergence and spread of pcv2 remain poorly understood. here, phylogenetic and cophylogenetic inferen ...200919812157
immunogenicity of bacteriophage lambda particles displaying porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) capsid protein epitopes.phage lambda particles displaying four immunodominant regions of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) capsid protein (ldp-d-cap) was shown to be immunogenic in pigs. the immunodominant regions were fused to the carboxyl-terminal of lambda head protein d. expression of d-cap on lambda display particles was demonstrated by elisa and western blots. pigs receiving ldp-d-cap, without incorporating adjuvant, showed significant anti-pcv2 immune response following the primary vaccination. the ldp-d-cap preparati ...200919712770
evaluation of the safety of four porcine circovirus type 2 tissue homogenate vaccines in a pig bioassay.ten four-week-old porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) naive piglets were housed individually in a hepa-filtered isolator and were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups. each of the two pigs in groups 1 to 4 received two intramuscular doses of 2 ml of one of four different autogenous tissue homogenate vaccines (thvs) 14 days apart, and the other two pigs received 2 ml of pcv-2 virus or sterile phosphate buffered saline. when the piglets were euthanased 14 days after the second dose, the ...200919717831
influence of husbandry and control measures on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) dynamics within a farrow-to-finish pig farm: a modelling approach.we assessed, using a modelling approach, the influence of several management practices within a farrow-to-finish farm on the age of pcv-2 infection. the impact of pcv-2 vaccination with different vaccination schemes on infection dynamics, was also tested. a stochastic individual-based model describing the population dynamics in a typical french farrow-to-finish pig farm was built and coupled with an epidemiological model of pcv-2 infection. the parameters of the infectious model were mainly obta ...200919720410
detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) variants pcv2-1 and pcv2-2 in brazilian pig population.in the present study whole genome of six brazilian isolates of pcv2 were sequenced, analyzed and compared with 35 other sequences (24 from other countries and 17 from brazil). the phylogenetic analysis showed that mostly brazilian variants of pcv2 were grouped as pcv2-1. two isolates among the six analyzed here could not be grouped with any other pcv2-2 analyzed in this study. one of these isolates was from an aborted fetus with myocarditis and the other from a pmws affected pig. the results poi ...200919185892
protective immunity against porcine circovirus 2 in mice induced by a gene-based combination vaccination.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary cause of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, that is responsible for economic losses. to develop an effective vaccine for pcv2, we evaluated a heterologous prime-boost vaccine approach, using a gene gun-mediated naked dna vector as a priming and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) as a booster, in balb/c mice.200919194994
a multiplex pcr for rapid and simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus, porcine pseudorabies virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in clinical specimens.a multiplex pcr (mpcr) assay was developed and evaluated for its ability to simultaneously detect multiple viral infections of swine. specific primers were designed for each of the following four dna or rna viruses: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), pseudorabies virus (prv), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). each target produced a specific amplicon with a size of 353 bp (pcv2), 271 bp (ppv), 194 bp (prv), or 434 bp (prrsv). the assay was s ...200919214728
porcine circovirus type 2 replication is impaired by inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway.postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which is primarily caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), is an emerging and important swine disease. we have recently shown that pcv2 induces nuclear factor kappa b activation and its activation is required for active replication, but the other cellular factors involved in pcv2 replication are not well defined. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) which served as an important component of cellular signal transduction pathways has been ...200919215954
homologous recombination within the capsid gene of porcine circovirus type 2 subgroup viruses via natural co-infection.several studies had reported homologous recombination between two porcine circovirus (pcv) type 2 subgroup viruses, pcv2a and pcv2b. the recombination events described thus far mapped either within the rep gene sequences or the sequences flanking the rep gene region. previously, the presence of both pcv2a and pcv2b dna sequences in tissues of the same infected swine from the 2005 united states pcv-associated disease outbreak was reported, which indicates that the animal was co-infected with both ...200919234666
recombination of two porcine circovirus type 2 strains.pigs can be concurrently infected with different pcv2 strains. in this study, a cell-culture-adapted pcv2 strain, originating from a pmws-affected pig, was purified by limiting dilution. three different strains were obtained, and one of them was a perfect mosaic of the other two, with recombination breakpoints in orf1 and orf2. incongruence was observed between phylogenetic trees constructed with the whole genome, orf1 and orf2. amplification of orf1 and orf2 from original material, followed by ...200919365602
application of a protocol for the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in italy.samples of superficial inguinal and bronchial lymph nodes, ileum, tonsil and lung were taken from three to five pigs on each of 61 farms with a clinical history of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the samples were examined histologically and by immunohistochemistry for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). pmws was diagnosed in two stages: first, an evaluation of the haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections that identified the cases in which the characteristic pcv-2 cytoplasmic inc ...200919395716
reproductive failure experimentally induced in sows via artificial insemination with semen spiked with porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with reproductive failure in female pigs. however, the association of pcv2-positive semen in the pathogenesis has not been elucidated. the objectives of this study were to determine whether semen spiked with pcv2 causes infection in pcv2-naïve, mature female pigs and whether delivery of pcv2 via artificial insemination causes reproductive failure or fetal infection. nine sows were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 3 sows each and artificially inse ...200919276045
development and evaluation of an indirect in situ polymerase chain reaction for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens.taking advantage of the high sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and the cell-localizing ability of in situ hybridization (ish), an indirect in situ pcr (ispcr) method was developed for detecting the distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded inguinal lymph nodes obtained from clinically healthy pcv2-carrier pigs and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected pigs. comparisons of the relative sensitivity of indirect ispcr w ...200919414228
the index herd with pmws in sweden: presence of serum amyloid a, circovirus 2 viral load and antibody levels in healthy and pmws-affected pigs.postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is an emerging disease in pigs of multifactorial origin, but associated to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection. pmws was first diagnosed in sweden at a progeny test station that received pigs aged five weeks from 19 different nucleus herds on the day after weaning. the objective of this study was to examine, for the first time in an index outbreak of pmws, the relationship between pcv2 virus, antibodies to pcv2 and serum amyloid a (saa) in ...200919327135
ring tests to evaluate the performance of porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays used in north american diagnostic laboratories.two laboratory studies involving 11 laboratories were undertaken to assess the performance of north american porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays. laboratories received identical submissions containing randomly coded positive and negative control samples, and serially diluted pcv-2-spiked samples. in study 1 and 2, respectively, spiked samples contained measured amounts of pcv-2 virus or dna. all but 1 assay detected dna in the most concentrated spiked sample. ther ...200919337389
retrospective serological survey of porcine circovirus-2 infection in mexico.postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is considered a multifactorial emerging disease of which porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is the necessary infectious cause. however, retrospective studies have shown that pmws is not a new disease and that pcv-2 has been circulating in pig farms for years. most of these studies were performed in europe and asia; only a few were performed in north or south america. a pcv-2 retrospective serological survey was carried out with 659 serum samples collec ...200919337391
multiplex pcr and multiplex rt-pcr for inclusive detection of major swine dna and rna viruses in pigs with multiple infections.multiplex pcr and multiplex rt-pcr were developed to identify nine viruses in pigs with multiple infections. these viruses are: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), suid herpesvirus 1, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), japanese encephalitis virus, porcine rotavirus a (porv-a), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and getah virus. these methods were shown to be high specificity and sensitivity. in the ...200919467264
distribution of antibodies against porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv2) in single site and multi-site farrow-to-finish farms in brazil.a comparative serologic study was performed in seven single site (ss) farrow-to-finish farms and four multi-site (ms) farrow-to-finish farms, with or without post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in each farm, 30 blood samples were collected for each category of the production cycle: sows, farrowing crate, nursery, grower pigs, and finishing pigs. sera were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv2) via immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. serologic p ...200919467684
individual risk factors for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs: a hierarchical bayesian survival analysis.risk factors for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) at the pig level were identified using data from a longitudinal study in seven pmws-affected farms in france. in each farm, a representative sample of 120 pigs (180 in one farm) was randomly selected after farrowing and followed from birth to slaughter. individual information included serological status for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus, and porcine parvovirus (ppv) ...200919477031
genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 in korean pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome during 2005-2007.the comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence was conducted with 9 porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) strains isolated from pcv2-infected pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and 50 tissue samples obtained from pcv2-infected 50 pigs with pmws during 2005-2007. at amino acid positions 88-89 of the orf2 gene, 50 korean pcv2 had amino acids pr/l consistent with group 1 pcv2, whereas 9 korean pcv2 contained amino acids ki, characteristic of group 2 pcv2. phylogene ...200919346706
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