Publications

[Gene cloning and immunogenicity analysis of the structural proteins VP1-VP4 of enterovirus 71].	To clone the genes encoding the structural proteins VP1-VP4 of enterovirus 71 and investigate the immunogenicity of the expressed recombinant proteins.	2011	22126762
inhibitory properties of 2-substituent-1h-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide derivatives against enteroviruses.	a series of novel benzimidazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their activities against four kinds of enteroviruses, that is, coxsackie virus a16, b3, b6 and enterovirus 71 in vero cells. strong activities against enterovirus replication and low cytotoxicities were observed in these benzimidazoles generally. the most promising compound was (l)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-n-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)pentan-3-yl)-1h-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide (16), with a high antiviral potency (ic(50)=1. ...	2011	21441033
Lycorine reduces mortality of human enterovirus 71-infected mice by inhibiting virus replication.	Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes hand, foot and mouth disease in children under 6 years old and this infection occasionally induces severe neurological complications. No vaccines or drugs are clinical available to control EV71 epidemics. In present study, we show that treatment with lycorine reduced the viral cytopathic effect (CPE) on rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells by inhibiting virus replication. Analysis of this inhibitory effect of lycorine on viral proteins synthesis suggests that ...	2011	22029605
visual detection of human enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 and coxsackievirus a16 by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification with the hydroxynaphthol blue dye.	a sensitive reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for rapid visual detection of human enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 (ev71-c4) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) infection, respectively. the reaction was performed in one step in a single tube at 65°c for 60min with the addition of the hydroxynaphthol blue (hnb) dye prior to amplification. the detection limits of the rt-lamp assay were 0.33 and 1.58 of a 50% tissue culture infective dose (tcid(50)) ...	2011	21621554
serum microrna expression profile distinguishes enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus 16 infections in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease.	altered circulating microrna (mirna) profiles have been noted in patients with microbial infections. we compared host serum mirna levels in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus 16 (cva16) as well as in other microbial infections and in healthy individuals. among 664 different mirnas analyzed using a mirna array, 102 were up-regulated and 26 were down-regulated in sera of patients with enteroviral infections. expression levels of ten ...	2011	22087245
epidemics of enterovirus infection in chungnam korea, 2008 and 2009.	abstract: previously, we explored the epidemic pattern and molecular characterization of enteroviruses isolated in chungnam, korea from 2005 to 2006. the present study extended these observations to 2008 and 2009. in this study, enteroviruses showed similar seasonal prevalent pattern from summer to fall and age distribution to previous investigation. the most prevalent month was july: 42.9% in 2008 and 31.9% in 2009. the highest rate of enterovirus-positive samples occurred in children < 1-year- ...	2011	21668960
neutralizing antibody response in the patients with hand, foot and mouth disease to enterovirus 71 and its clinical implications.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a significant pathogen causing large outbreaks in china for the past 3 years. developing an ev71 vaccine is urgently needed to stop the spread of the disease; however, the adaptive immune response of humans to ev71 infection remains unclear. we examined the neutralizing antibody titers in hfmd patients and compared them to those of asymptomatic healthy children and young adults. we found that 80% of hfmd patients became positive for neutralizing antibodies ag ...	2011	21679417
transgenic expression of human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is not sufficient for enterovirus 71 infection in mice.	human psgl-1 is a receptor for ev71 that facilitates ev71 entry and replication in mouse cells. we have evaluated the role of human psgl-1 in ev71 infection in vivo using a transgenic mouse line. expression of human psgl-1 failed to enhance infectivity of clinical ev71 strains in mice; however, it promoted replication and symptom severity at an earlier stage in mice upon infection with a mouse-adapted ev71 strain. we therefore conclude that human psgl-1 alone is not sufficient to modulate infect ...	2011	22187102
A fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection with a single nucleotide variation in domain V of the 5' untranslated region.		2011	21997665
[the early diagnosis value of ev 71 igm class antibodies in the hand, foot and mouth disease].	assessment of detection of igm antibodies for human enterovirus 71 (ev 71) in early diagnosis for the hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd).	2011	21863642
?Fighting against infectious diseases in China.	Dr. Yin started his research on infectious disease prevention in the 1980s. In 1985, Dr. Yin sucessfully isolated the hepatitis A virus, after which, in 2002, he developed the first proprietary inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in China and soon launched it into the China market. Led by Dr. Yin, Sinovac successfully developed the vaccine prducts against SARS, H5N1, H1N1, hepatitis A and B and infleunza. Currently, Sinovac is working on the R&D of EV71 vaccine against hand, foot and mouth disease, ...	2011	22185808
annexin ii binds to capsid protein vp1 of enterovirus 71 and enhances viral infectivity.	enterovirus type 71 (ev71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), which is mostly self-limited but may be complicated with a severe to fatal neurological syndrome in some children. understanding the molecular basis of virus-host interactions might help clarify the largely unknown neuropathogenic mechanisms of ev71. in this study, we showed that human annexin ii (anx2) protein could bind to the ev71 virion via the capsid protein vp1. either pretreatment of ev71 with soluble recombinant anx2 ...	2011	21900167
Selection and characterization of vaccine strain for Enterovirus 71 vaccine development.	Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has recently emerged as an important neurotropic virus in Asia because effective medications and prophylactic vaccine against EV71 infection are not available. Based on the success of inactivated poliovirus vaccine, the Vero cell-based chemically inactivated EV71 vaccine candidate could be developed. Identification of EV71 vaccine strain which can grow to high titer in Vero cell and induce cross-genotype virus neutralizing antibody responses represents the first step in vac ...	2011	22142585
establishing china's national standards of antigen content and neutralizing antibody responses for evaluation of enterovirus 71 (ev71) vaccines.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a highly infectious agent that causes hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in humans. effective vaccination against ev71 infection is critically important, given the recent outbreak of hfmd in the asia-pacific region, where it has shown significant mortality and morbidity. there is currently no approved anti-viral therapy available to treat the disease. while several vaccine manufacturers are actively developing ev71 vaccines, there are no international reference standards ava ...	2011	22015395
external quality assessment for enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 detection by reverse transcription-pcr using armored rna as a virus surrogate.	three armored rnas (virus-like particles [vlps]) containing target sequences from enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and a pan-enterovirus (pan-ev) sequence were constructed and used in an external quality assessment (eqa) to determine the performance of laboratories in the detection of ev71 and ca16. the eqa panel, which consisted of 20 samples, including 14 positive samples with different concentrations of ev and either ev71 or ca16 armored rnas, 2 samples with all 3 armored r ...	2011	21865426
simple and rapid detection of human enterovirus 71 by reverse-transcription and loop-mediated isothermal amplification: cryopreservation affected the detection ability.	human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the primary pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). ev71 infection may lead to neurologic damage, with higher incidence of fatality compared with other hfmd pathogens. an effective drug or vaccine against ev71 infection is currently unavailable. it is desirable to determine the pathogen of hfmd accurately and quickly for early treatment. in the current study, reverse-transcription and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) technology were develo ...	2011	21899976
epidemic characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in shanghai from 2009 to 2010: enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 as the primary causative agent and a high incidence of mixed infections with coxsackievirus a16.	background: enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been the main causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks in recent years. a significant increase in the number of hfmd cases in china over the last 3 y has made the public prevention and therapy of this disease a critical issue. methods: a total of 3208 hfmd patients in shanghai during the period 2009 to 2010 were analyzed; 437 clinical specimens were collected for the determination of causative pathogens. eight of the isolated ev71 st ...	2011	22176514
characterization of an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in nanchang, china in 2010.	recent outbreaks of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection and ev71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in china have affected millions and potentially lead to life-threatening complications in newborns. furthermore, these outbreaks represent a significant global public health issue in the world. understanding the epidemiology of hfmd and ev71 infection and their transmission patterns in china is essential for controlling outbreaks. however, no studies on the outbreaks of hfmd and ev7 ...	2011	21980416
Rhombencephalitis / brainstem encephalitis.	Rhombencephalitis (RE) is a syndrome of multiple causes and multiple outcomes. Most authors now use the terms "rhombencephalitis" and "brainstem encephalitis" interchangeably even though anatomically they are slightly different. The etiologic categories of RE include infections, autoimmune diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS). Listeria is the most common cause of infectious RE. Listeria RE primary occurs in healthy young adults. It usually occurs as a biphasic time course with a flu-like ...	2011	21956758
Enterovirus 71 adsorption on metal ion-composite chitosan beads.	In this study, we developed composite chitosan beads combining various metal ions, including Ni(2+) , Cu(2+) , Zn(2+) , and Fe(2+) , for direct adsorption of enterovirus 71 (EV71). The metal-ion species had significant effects on the adsorption capacity of beads. Among these metal ion-composite chitosan beads, Ni(2+) -chitosan beads exhibited the best adsorption capacity of EV71. Using a concentration of 0.01-M Ni(2+) was found to best provide for bead formation and EV71 adsorption. The adsorpti ...	2011	21936063
[Complete genomic sequence analysis on human enterovirus 71 strain in Guangzhou, in 2008 and 2010].	To study the genomic genotypes and variation of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infected infants in Guangzhou city, in 2008 and 2010.	2011	21933544
molecular characterization and complete genome analysis of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 from children with hand, foot and mouth disease in thailand during 2008-2011.	hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) has mostly been caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). ca 16 was the most common cause of hfmd in 2010. ev71 had a high prevalence in 2008-2009 and has been identified with a higher frequency since 2011. nearly complete genome sequences of three ev71 strains (2008-2009 strains) and two ca16 strains (2010 strains) obtained from outbreaks in thailand in 2008 to 2010 were characterized. based on a phylogenetic tree of the complete vp1 regi ...	2011	21898187
[development of a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay for simultaneous differentiation of nine human hand food mouth disease pathogens].	a multiplex rt-pcr assay based on gexp system was developed in order to detect simultaneously human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and other coxsackieviruses (cva4, 5, 9 and 10, cvb1, 3 and 5). enterovirus detection was performed with a mixture of 12 pairs of oligonucleotide primers including one pair of published primers for amplifying all known pan-enterovirus genomes and eleven primer pairs specific for detection of the vp1 genes of ev71, c a16, cva4, cva5, cva9, cva10, ...	2011	21874901
[comparisons of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 and coxackievirus a16].	to compare the differences of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) caused by coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71).	2011	21849112
Enterovirus 71-related encephalomyelitis: usual and unusual magnetic resonance imaging findings.	INTRODUCTION: Most enterovirus (EV) 71 infections manifest as mild cases of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD)/herpangina with seasonal variations, having peak incidence during the summer. Meanwhile, EV 71 may involve the central nervous system (CNS), causing severe neurologic disease. In many cases, enteroviral encephalomyelitis involves the central midbrain, posterior portion of the medulla oblongata and pons, bilateral dentate nuclei of the cerebellum, and the ventral roots of the cervical spinal ...	2011	21861081
antigenicity, animal protective effect and genetic characteristics of candidate vaccine strains of enterovirus 71.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease. recently, several ev71 inactivated vaccine candidates have been development in mainland china. to compare the antigenicity and genetic characteristics of different candidate vaccine strains for ev71, the genomes of 11 ev71 strains were sequenced. the cross-protection capacities were determined by neutralizing antibody test and were further assessed in neonatal mice. the results showed 93.0%-99.8% genome h ...	2011	21984267
influence of vitamin a status on the antiviral immunity of children with hand, foot and mouth disease.	background & aims: vitamin a (va) deficiency has been shown to affect antiviral immunity and thus may be related to the progress and outcome of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in young children. our objective was to determine whether children with hfmd associated with va insufficiency displayed a decline in antiviral immunity. methods: 450 children with hfmd and 113 non-infected children were included in this study. dietary investigations were performed using a 24-h dietary questionnaire. th ...	2011	22197454
simultaneously typing nine serotypes of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease by a gexp analyzer-based multiplex reverse transcription-pcr assay.	hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a contagious enteroviral disease occurring primarily in young children and caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), and other serotypes of coxsackievirus and echovirus. in this study, a gexp analyzer-based multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay (gexp assay) consisting of chimeric primer-based pcr amplification with fluorescent labeling and capillary electrophoresis separation was developed to simultaneously identify nine serotyp ...	2011	22116146
Emergence and transmission pathways of rapidly evolving evolutionary branch c4a strains of human enterovirus 71 in the central plain of china.	Large-scale outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) occurred repeatedly in the Central Plain of China (Shandong, Anhui, and Henan provinces) from 2007 until now. These epidemics have increased in size and severity each year and are a major public health concern in mainland China.	2011	22125635
viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 in human abdomyosarcoma cells.	to characterise the viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 (ev71).	2011	22039330
the persistent circulation of enterovirus 71 in people's republic of china: causing emerging nationwide epidemics since 2008.	emerging epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) associated with enterovirus 71 (ev71) has become a serious concern in mainland china. it caused 126 and 353 fatalities in 2008 and 2009, respectively. the epidemiologic and pathogenic data of the outbreak collected from national laboratory network and notifiable disease surveillance system. to understand the virological evolution of this emerging outbreak, 326 vp1 gene sequences of ev71 detected in china from 1987 to 2009 were collected fo ...	2011	21980521
a flavobacterium lindanitolerans strain isolated from the ascites sample of a chinese patient with ev71 virus infection.	a strain of flavobacterium lindanitolerans isolated from a sick child's ascites was described. the 16s rrna gene of the strain was 100% identical to that of flavobacterium lindanitolerans which was first identified in india in 2008. it was first described that the isolate required x factor (hemin) for growth in the optimal conditions of 37 °c with 5% co(2). the isolate produced indole and h(2)s. it did not present hemolytic feature on blood agar.	2011	22365408
molecular analysis of virulent determinants of enterovirus 71.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the most important causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. in most cases, it is a self-limiting illness. however some ev71 infectious cases can develop severe clinical outcomes, such as encephalitis, meningitis, poliomyelitis like paralysis, and even death. to identify the determinants of virulence, the deduced amino acid sequence of polyprotein and nucleotide sequence of 5'-ntr and 3'-ntr in 25 sc-ev71 strains (strains from severe cases) and ...	2011	22039449
in vitro activity of paris polyphylla smith against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus b3 and its immune modulation.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) have resulted in severe pathogenesis caused by the host's immune response, including the cytokine cascade. paris polyphylla smith is a folk medicinal plant in asia traditionally prescribed for the reduction of pain and elimination of poisoning. in this study, we investigated the anti-ev71 and cvb3 activity of p. polyphylla smith as well as its immune modulation. the ic(50) for the p. polyphylla smith 95% ethanol extract against ev71 and cvb3 wer ...	2011	22083992
[analysis on detection of enterovirus nucleotides in feces samples of hand-foot-mouth disease patients after recovery].	to explore the duration of enterovirus (ev) nucleotides positive in feces samples of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) patients after recovery.	2011	22336339
[acute kidney injury in critically ill children infected with influenza a virus (h1n1) and enterovirus 71].	to analyze the clinical characteristics of acute kidney injury (aki) in critically ill childhood patients with influenza a virus (h1n1) and enterovirus 71 (ev71), and to study the significance of the serum creatinine and urine output in diagnosis of aki.	2011	22336307
comparing enterovirus 71 with coxsackievirus a16 by analyzing nucleotide sequences and antigenicity of recombinant proteins of vp1s and vp4s.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are two major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). ev71 is associated with severe cases but not ca16. the mechanisms contributed to the different pathogenesis of these two viruses are unknown. vp1 and vp4 are two major structural proteins of these viruses, and should be paid close attention to.	2011	22050722
[evaluation of immune responses and related patho-inflammatory reactions of a candidate inactivated ev71 vaccine in neonatal monkeys].	to evaluate the safety of enterovirus type 71 (ev71) inactivated vaccine (human diploid derived) for infection prevention in an animal model by investigating the immune responses and related patho-inflammatory reactions.	2011	22093894
[autophagy inhibitor 3-ma decreases the production and release of infectious enterovirus 71 particles].	to determine whether or not enterovirus 71 (enteroviurs 71, ev71) may induce autophagy and affect the production and release of ev71 after the treatment of autophagy inhibitor.	2011	21977584
[generation of recombinant human antibodies for ev71 virus].	to obtain recombinant human anti-ev71 antibodies from a ev71-associated hand-foot-and-mouth disease patient-derived antibody phage library.	2011	21977579
seroprevalence of enterovirus 71 and no evidence of crossprotection of enterovirus 71 antibody against the other enteroviruses in kindergarten children in taipei city.	background/purpose: enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection may cause severe neurological and cardiopulmonary complications, especially in preschool children. this study is to investigate the seroprevalence and seroconversion of ev71, and the crossprotection of ev71 antibody against other enteroviruses among kindergarteners. methods: overall 228 children in a public kindergarten were enrolled during two academic years, 2006 and 2007, in taipei, taiwan and we measured their ev71 neutralizing antibody. wh ...	2011	22154997
[Mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe hand-foot-mouth disease: a review].	Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by various enteroviruses. Recently, large HFMD outbreaks caused by enterovirus type 71 (EV71) have been frequently reported in China, posing great threats on children's health. There is no specific antiviral therapy for severe HFMD, and patient management mainly depends on supportive and symptomatic treatment. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a pharmaceutical preparation of human IgG that is pooled from thousands of healthy ...	2011	21845837
far upstream element binding protein 1 binds the internal ribosomal entry site of enterovirus 71 and enhances viral translation and viral growth.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is associated with severe neurological disorders in children, and has been implicated as the infectious agent in several large-scale outbreaks with mortalities. upon infection, the viral rna is translated in a cap-independent manner to yield a large polyprotein precursor. this mechanism relies on the presence of an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element within the 5'-untranslated region. virus-host interactions in ev71-infected cells are crucial in assisting this proce ...	2011	21880596
[recent advances in reverse genetics of enterovirus 71].		2011	22263276
detection and characterization of enterovirus associated with herpangina and hand, foot, and mouth disease in seoul, korea.	human enteroviruses (hevs) are a major cause of herpangina, hfmd (hand, foot, and mouth disease), and other neurological diseases in seoul, korea.	2011	22239028
The changing seroepidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection among children and adolescents in Singapore.	Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused recurrent epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease among children in Singapore. Between August 2008 and July 2010, we conducted a survey to estimate the seroprevalence of EV71 infection among children and adolescents aged 1-17 years. We compared our EV71 seroepidemiologic findings with a previous study conducted in 1996-1997.	2011	21988931
circulation of multiple enterovirus serotypes causing hand, foot and mouth disease in india.	hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common contagious disease that usually affects children, can be caused by enteroviruses. coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus (ev) 71(ev-71) are known to be the major etiological agents of hfmd. other ev serotypes- cv-a4-7, cv-a9-10, cv-b1-3, cv-b5, e-4 and e-19 have been also found associated with both sporadic infections and outbreaks of hfmd. in india, outbreaks of hfmd have been documented; however, molecular characterization of the etiological a ...	2011	22052995
evolution of re-emergent virus and its impact on enterovirus 71 epidemics.	enterovirus 71 (ev71), a member of the enterovirus genus in the picornaviridae family, has become an emergent infectious disease worldwide, most notably in asia. as a neurotropic virus, ev71 infection occasionally causes neurological diseases with pulmonary edema, which is fatal for children. in this review, we examine the epidemiology of ev71, with three waves of increased ev71 activity since the 1970s and discuss the genotypic changes in phylogeny between the outbreaks or epidemics. genetic ch ...	2011	21715436
a non mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain exhibits neurotropism causing neurological manifestations in a novel mouse model of ev71 infection.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurotropic pathogen that has been consistently associated with the severe neurological forms of hand, foot and mouth disease. the lack of a relevant animal model has hampered our understanding of ev71 pathogenesis, in particular the route and mode of viral dissemination. it has also hindered the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, making ev71 one of the most pressing public health concerns in southeast asia.here we report a novel mouse mo ...	2011	22130542
Dual-Color Fluorescence and Homogeneous Immunoassay for the Determination of Human Enterovirus 71.	We have developed a new fluorescent immune ensemble probe comprised of a conjugated lower toxic water-soluble CdTe:Zn(2+) quantum dots (QDs) and Ru(bpy)(2)(mcbpy-O-Su-ester)(PF(6))(2)- antibody complex (Ru-Ab) for the dual-color determination of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) in homogeneous solution. EV71 monoantibody was easily covalently conjugated with Ru(bpy)(2)(mcbpy-O-Su-ester)(PF(6))(2) to form a stable complex Ru-Ab, which acted both as an effective quencher of QDs fluorescence and the capt ...	2011	21838323
[construction and identification of a vector inserted with gene of t7 rna polymerase].	to develop a system to rescue virus by intracellular expression of t7 rna polymerase.	2011	21863644
Enterovirus 71 vaccine: when will it be available?		2011	21742245
exogenous interleukin-6, interleukin-13, and interferon-gamma provoke pulmonary abnormality with mild edema in enterovirus 71-infected mice.	neonatal mice developed neurological disease and pulmonary dysfunction after an infection with a mouse-adapted human enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain mp4. however, the hallmark of severe human ev71 infection, pulmonary edema (pe), was not evident.	2011	22054060
Development of a quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring the Enterovirus 71 vaccine manufacturing process.	Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the etiologic agent causes outbreaks with significant mortality in young children in Asia and currently there is no vaccine available. In this study, we report a quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Q-ELISA) to determine the concentration of the EV71 VP2 antigen. EV71 virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in the baculovirus expression system and used as the EV71 antigen reference standard. Antisera from both EV71-immunized chickens and rabbits were very effi ...	2011	21704080
hand foot and mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 in malaysia.	hand foot and mouth disease is a febrile sickness complex characterized by cutaneous eruption (exanthem) on the palms and soles with simultaneous occurrence of muco-cutanous vesiculo-ulcerative lesions (enanthem) affecting the mouth. the illness is caused by a number of enteroviruses with coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 as the main causative agents. human enterovirus 71 (ev71) belongs to the species human enterovirus a under the genus enterovirus within the family picornaviridae. ev71 has ...	2011	21847753
a single nucleotide in stem loop ii of 5'-untranslated region contributes to virulence of enterovirus 71 in mice.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a neuroinvasive virus responsible for several large outbreaks in the asia-pacific region while virulence determinant remains unexplored.	2011	22069490
[Epidemiological features of hand, foot and mouth disease in China, 2008 - 2009].	To clarify the seasonal and geographical difference and pathogen patterns so as to provide reference of prevention and control of the disease through analyzing the epidemical characteristics of reported hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in China, 2008 - 2009.	2011	21933538
[molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 strains in qingdao region, shandong province, 2007 - 2009.]	objective: to study the molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) isolated from patients with hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in qingdao region between 2007 and 2009. methods: throat swabs of hfmd were detected for total enterovirus (ev), ev71 and ca16 by fluorescence reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the vp1 region was amplified from positive ev71 specimens and 51 nucleotide sequences of vp1 gene were successfully sequenced. ev71 genotypes were characterized b ...	2011	21569671
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Yunnan Province, China, 2008-2010.	This study was done to assess the epidemic features of hand, foot and mouth disease in Yunnan Province. Surveillance data from the beginning of 2008 through the end of 2010 were analyzed to conduct the demographic data of patients and morbidity as well as the estimation between possible risk factors for severe or fatal cases. Of the 75109 cases reported, laboratory tests confirmed 3691 cases. Thus, the average annual incidence proportion was 55 per 100000 population with a total case fatality ra ...	2011	22199158
comparative proteome analyses of host protein expression in response to enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 infections.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common disease among children and had caused several outbreaks in the asia-pacific region. although being genetically close to each other, ev71 infection can cause serious and fatal neurological complications like encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid paralysis (afp) and aseptic meningitis, but not in ca16 infections. in this study, the cellular response of host cells ...	2011	21621020
[studies on anti-ev71 virus activity of traditional chinese medicine and its clinical application in treatment of hfmd].	hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by intestinal virus infection. the viruses coxsackie a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are the main pathogens. between them, the virus ev71 is more dangerous and easier to cause serious complications, which leads to death or disability. currently, there are no effective antiviral drugs to treat ev71 infection. therefore, developing an effective drug against ev71 virus activity is significant. it has a huge potency of screening the anti-ev71 components and ...	2011	22393752
enterovirus type 71 neutralizing antibodies in the serum of macaque monkeys immunized with ev71 virus-like particles.	enterovirus type 71 (ev71) is a virulent form of enteroviruses causing hospitalizations for children less than three years of age. currently there are no anti-viral therapies or vaccines available for ev71. due to the high risk of poliomyelitis-like paralysis and fatal encephalitis, an effective vaccine to ev71 could potentially prevent virus-induced morbidity and mortality. in this study, we first tested a potential ev71 vaccine candidate based on virus-like particles (vlp). we vaccinated macaq ...	2011	22214888
diffusion-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of enterovirus 71 encephalitis.	backgroundin the early phase of viral encephalitis, conventional mri may appear normal. diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi) is a sensitive tool for detecting early changes in cellular function in the central nervous system.purposeto investigate the usefulness of dwi in the diagnosis of enterovirus 71 (ev71) encephalitis, and to determine whether dwi is superior to conventional mr sequences.material and methodsmri scans in 26 patients were retrospectively evaluated for distribution of lesions on t1- ...	2011	22184685
[virologic and epidemiological characteristics of non-polio infection in croatia over a ten-year period (2000-2009)].	the aim of the present study was to show the virologic and epidemiological characteristics of non-polio enterovirus (npev) infection over a ten-year period in croatia.	2011	22359891
the association of recombination events in the founding and emergence of subgenogroup evolutionary lineages of human enterovirus 71.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is responsible for frequent large scale outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease worldwide, and represent a major aetiological agent of severe, sometime fatal neurological disease. ev71 variants have been classified into three genogroups (gga, ggb, ggc), the latter two further subdivided into subgenogroups, b1-b5 and c1-c5. to investigate the dual roles of recombination and evolution in the epidemiology and transmission of ev71 worldwide, we performed a large scale genetic ...	2011	22205739
prevalence of antibodies against enterovirus 71 in children from lu'an city in central china.	we performed preepidemic and postepidemic serologic surveys to elucidate the rate of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection in lu'an city, anhui province, central china. for the preepidemic study, a total of 472 healthy infants and children (age range, neonates to 15 years) were randomly selected before the 2008 outbreak of ev71 in the region. blood samples were collected and tested for neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against ev71 by performing a microneutralization assay. the results of preepidemi ...	2011	22116336
[etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in qingdao during 2008-2009].	an etiology study on hfmd in qingdao region during 2008-2009 was conducted. the virus rna were isolated from throat swabs of hfmd,the ev, ev71 and cva16 were detected by multiplex realtime rt-pcr. for those specimens with ev positive and both ev71 and cva16 negative,a reverese transcription-seminested polymerase chain reaction (rt-snpcr) was perfomed to amplify part sequence of the vp1 gene for sabsequent analysis to identify the serotype. the results indicated that ev71 and cva16 were the major ...	2011	21998955
[Construction and identification of attenuated Salmonella which harboring enterovirus 71 VP1 gene].	To develop attenuated Salmonella which harboring enterovirus 71 (EV71) VP1 gene.	2011	21863634
characterization of a monoclonal antibody against the 3d polymerase of enterovirus 71 and its use for the detection of human enterovirus a infection.	over the last decade, frequent epidemic outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease have been observed in the asia-pacific region. hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by different viruses from the enterovirus family, mainly coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 (ev71) from the human enterovirus a family. severe disease and neurological complications are associated more often with ev71 infection, and can lead occasionally to fatal brain stem encephalitis in young children. the rapid progression ...	2011	22226793
[a pathogen analysis within 174 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease in the summer of 2009].	to analyze the pathogen and characteristics of the serum types of enterovirus of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) in the summer, 2009.	2011	22338230
[advances in functional studies of nonstructural proteins and development of antiviral agents for enterovirus 71].	human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major etiological agents for the hand, foot, and month disease (hfmd) and is causing frequent, widespread occurrence in the mainland of china. the single positive-stranded rna genome of ev71 is translated into a single polyprotein which is autocleavaged into structural and nonstructural proteins. the functions of many nonstructural proteins characterized in the life cycle of virus are potential targets for blocking viral replication. this article reviews ...	2011	22010343
onychomadesis outbreak in valencia, spain associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enteroviruses.	this report evaluates the june 2008 onychomadesis outbreak in valencia, spain. the study sample consisted of 221 onychomadesis cases and 77 nonaffected individuals who lived close to those affected. we collected data on dietary variables, hygiene products, and individual pathological histories. feces and blood specimens were collected from 44 cases and 24 controls to evaluate exposure to infectious agents. pathological background data revealed a high frequency (61%) of hand, foot, and mouth dise ...	2011	20553401
biochemical characterization of enterovirus 71 3d rna polymerase.	an unusual enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic has begun in china since 2008. ev71 rna polymerases (3d(pol)) showed polymerase activity with an mn(2+). little activity was detected with co(2+), and no activity was detected with mg(2+), ca(2+), cu(2+), ni(2+), cd(2+), or zn(2+). it is a primer-dependent polymerase, and the enzyme functioned with both di- and 10-nucleotide rna primers. dna primer, dt15, increased primer activity, similar to other enterovirus 3d(pol). however, ev71 3d(pol) initiated de ...	2011	21220056
immunoprotection elicited by an enterovirus type 71 experimental inactivated vaccine in mice and rhesus monkeys.	a number of commonly recognized public health issues are associated with ev71 infection, including the induction of severe cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). because of such issues, research and development of ev71 vaccine candidates is of growing importance. in the present study, an experimental ev71 inactivated vaccine was prepared, and its corresponding immunogenicity was analyzed. the immune responses and immunoprotective effect induced by the vaccine in mice and rhesus monkeys are ...	2011	21722686
molecular diagnosis and clinical presentations of enteroviral infections in taipei during the 2008 epidemic.	in 2008, an epidemic of enterovirus (ev) infection caused hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina in children in taiwan, and some of them died. to establish an early detection and effective management for children with ev71 infection, sensitive molecular diagnostic methods were applied from may to july 2008.	2011	21524611
clinical and virological features of enterovirus 71 infections in denmark, 2005 to 2008.	abstract background: since the late 1990s enterovirus 71 (ev71) has caused epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease with fatal cases especially in the asian pacific region. the objective of this study was to describe the clinical and virological features of ev71 infections in denmark. methods: all enterovirus-positive samples in denmark are submitted to the national poliovirus laboratory for typing, and the ev71-positive samples are characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. clinica ...	2011	21526904
in vitro and in vivo characterization of a new enterovirus type 71-specific human intravenous immunoglobulin manufactured from selected plasma donors.	background: enterovirus type 71 (ev71) causes large outbreaks with significant mortality among young children, and no specific antiviral treatment is currently available. antibody-based therapy represents a promising alternative strategy for lethal ev71 infection. our previous data has shown that anti-ev71 neutralization antibodies were present in a significant proportion of blood donors in china. objectives: to produce a new human intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) product containing high titer ...	2011	21641277
the virology and developments toward control of human enterovirus 71.	enterovirus 71 (ev71), a member of the enterovirus genus in the picornaviridae family, was first recognized as a dermotrophic virus that usually cause mild, self-limiting hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). however, ev71 infection can sometimes induce a variety of severe neurological complications and even death. current large outbreaks of ev71 make this virus being a major public health issue. intense effort has been made to address its underlying pathogenesis and to develop effective means for ...	2011	21651436
cross-reactivity of anti-ev71 igm and neutralizing antibody in series sera of patients infected with enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a 16.	objectives: to evaluate the cross-reactivity of anti-ev71 igm and neutralizing antibody in series sera of patients infected with ev71 and ca16. methods: real-time rt-pcr, virus isolation, elisa and neutralization test were used to detect enteroviruses from clinical specimens and series sera of 79 hfmd patients. results: 27 ev71, 37 ca16, and 11 other enterovirus-infected patients were identified by rt-pcr. among ev71 infected patients, anti-ev71 igm positive ratios were 87.5% during 1-3 days aft ...	2011	21574094
purification and characterization of enterovirus 71 viral particles produced from vero cells grown in a serum-free microcarrier bioreactor system.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections manifest most commonly as a childhood exanthema known as hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) and can cause neurological disease during acute infection.	2011	21603631
a mouse muscle-adapted enterovirus 71 strain with increased virulence in mice.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections can usually cause epidemic hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), and occasionally lead to aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and polio-like illness. skeletal muscles have been thought to be crucial for the pathogenesis of ev71-related diseases. however, little is known about the virulence of mouse muscle-adapted ev71. the ev71 0805 were subjected to four passages in the mouse muscle to generate a mouse-adapted ev71 strain of 0805a. in comparison with the parental ...	2011	21612764
formalin-inactivated vaccine provokes cross-protective immunity in a mouse model of human enterovirus 71 infection.	human enterovirus 71 (hev71) has emerged as a major cause of epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with severe neurological sequelae in the asia-pacific region. in this study, a passive protection mouse model was used to evaluate the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated hev71 vaccines derived from a chinese c4 genotype strain. pregnant mice were immunised using a prime/boost strategy and ≥50u of vaccine protected five-day-old pups from lethal challenge with a mouse-adapted ...	2011	21550375
pathogenesis study of enterovirus 71 infection in rhesus monkeys.	enterovirus 71 (ev71), a major pathogen that is responsible for causing hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide, is a member of the human enterovirus species a, family picornaviridae. hfmd that is caused by ev71 is usually characterized by vesicular lesions on the skin and oral mucosa and high morbidity rates in children; additionally, occasional fatal cases have been reported involving brainstem encephalitis and myelitis associated with cardiopulmonary collapse. although viral pathogenesis ...	2011	21555996
[expression of vp0 protein of enterovirus 71 in escherichia coli and generation of the corresponding polyclonal antibodies in guinea pigs.]	aim: to obtain recombinant vp0 protein of enterovirus 71, and generate the corresponding vp0-specific polyclonal antibodies, for molecular detection and characterization of ev71. methods: the vp0 gene was amplified by pcr and cloned into vector pet26b to make pet-vp0 for the prokaryotic expression of vp0. the recombinant vp0 protein was expressed in e.coli bl21 harboring pet-vp0, purified from inclusion bodies, renatured, and subsequently used to immunize guinea pigs. the resultant antisera were ...	2011	21557912
inactivation of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackie virus a16 and hand, foot, and mouth disease.	human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the two major etiological agents in major outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease. transmission of these viruses is facilitated by prolonged environmental survival and their resistance to biocides, and effective disinfection is crucial to interrupt the cycle of environmental spread. we tested the virucidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite against both ev71 and cva16, performed according to the association of official analytical che ...	2011	21565426
crystal structures of enterovirus 71 3c protease complexed with rupintrivir reveal the roles of the catalytically important residues.	ev71 is the primary pathogen causing hfmd, however, the effective antiviral drug is currently unavailable. rupintrivir, an inhibitor against hrv, has potent antiviral activities against ev71. we determined high-resolution crystal structures of ev71 3c(pro)/rupintrivir complex, showing that although rupintrivir interacts with ev71 3c(pro) similarly as with hrv 3c(pro), the c-terminal of the inhibitor cannot accommodate in the leaving group pockets of ev71 3c(pro). our structures reveal that ev71 ...	2011	21813612
enterovirus 71 2c protein inhibits tnf-{alpha}-mediated activation of nf-{kappa}b by suppressing i{kappa}b kinase {beta} phosphorylation.	enterovirus 71 (ev71), a single, positive-stranded rna virus, has been regarded as the most important neurotropic enterovirus after the eradication of the poliovirus. ev71 infection can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina. cytokine storm with elevated levels of proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines, including tnf-α, has been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of ev71-induced disease. tnf-α-mediated nf-κb signaling pathway plays a key role in inflammatory response. we hypothe ...	2011	21810613
molecular detection and identification of enteroviruses in children admitted to a university hospital in greece.	although enteroviral infections occur frequently during childhood, the circulation of particular serotypes has never been studied in greece. the objectives of the present report were molecular detection and identification of human enteroviruses in children admitted with nonspecific febrile illness or meningitis to a university hospital during a 22-month period. a one-step real-time rt-pcr protocol was used for rapid enterovirus detection in genetic material extracted directly from clinical sampl ...	2011	21803150
circulating coxsackievirus a16 identified as recombinant type a human enterovirus, china.	to determine the relationship of coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) to prototype ca16-g10, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of circulating ca16 strains in china. complex recombinant forms of ca16-related viruses involving multiple human enteroviruses, subgroup a (ca4, ca16, and enterovirus 71), are prevalent among patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease.	2011	21801645
enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 3c proteases: binding to rupintrivir and their substrate, and anti-hfmd drug design.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the major causative agents of hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) which is prevalent in asia. thus far there are no prophylactic or therapeutic measures against hfmd. the 3c proteases from ev71 and cva16 play important roles in viral replication and are therefore ideal drug targets. by using biochemical, mutational and structural approaches, we broadly characterized both proteases. a series of high-resolution structures of the free or subst ...	2011	21795339
[the genetical evolution of the full length genes of 5 ev 71 strains from 5 shenzhen patients with hand-food-mouth disease associated with ev71 infection].	to investigate the characteristics of molecular epidemiology and molecular evolution of 5 ev 71 (enterovirus 71, ev71) strains from 5 shenzhen patients with hand-food-mouth disease associated with ev 71 infection.	2011	21789856
[enterovirus 71 induces apoptosis in a bax dependent manner].	to explore the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection.	2011	21789855
sumoylation-promoted enterovirus 71 3c degradation correlates with a reduction in viral replication and cell apoptosis.	enterovirus (ev) 71, a member of the picornaviridae family, may cause serious clinical manifestations associated with the central nervous system. enterovirus 3c protease is required for virus replication and can trigger host cell apoptosis via cleaving viral polyprotein precursor and cellular proteins, respectively. while the role of the 3c protease in processing viral and cellular proteins has been established, very little is known about the modulation of ev71 3c function by host cellular facto ...	2011	21784861
[seroepidemiology investigation of neutralizing antibody against enterovirus 71 among healthy people in tianjin].	to investigate the latent infection caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) among healthy people in tianjin and to provide evidence on prevention and control hand-food and mouth diseases (hfmd).	2011	21781473
[progress in research on enterovirus type 71].		2011	21774260
[sequence and antigenicity analysis for vp4s of ev71 strains isolated from children in beijing].	in order to learn about the correlation between the sequences of vp4 of ev71 and clinical symptoms of patients and analyze the antigenicity of vp4 of ev71, as well as the cross-reactivity with vp4 of ca16, the sequences of vp4 gene from 10 ev71 strains isolated from infants and children with hand, foot and mouth diseases (hfmd) during 2007 to 2009 were determined through standard molecular cloning protocols, and the results were analyzed by editseq and megalign of dnastar. full-length genes of v ...	2011	21774244
development and evaluation of reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of enterovirus 71.	abstract: background: hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) is very common in china. it is difficult to distinguish between ev71 and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) infections in clinical hfmd patients. routine laboratory diagnosis of ev71 infection is time-consuming and requires expensive instruments. in this study, we have developed a one-step, single tube, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for rapid and sensitive detection o ...	2011	21767352
the seroprevalence and seroincidence of enterovirus71 infection in infants and children in ho chi minh city, viet nam.	enterovirus 71 (ev71)-associated hand, foot and mouth disease has emerged as a serious public health problem in south east asia over the last decade. to better understand the prevalence of ev71 infection, we determined ev71 seroprevalence and seroincidence amongst healthy infants and children in ho chi minh city, viet nam. in a cohort of 200 newborns, 55% of cord blood samples contained ev71 neutralizing antibodies and these decayed to undetectable levels by 6 months of age in 98% of infants. th ...	2011	21765891
display of vp1 on the surface of baculovirus and its immunogenicity against heterologous human enterovirus 71 strains in mice.	human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a common cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in young children. it is often associated with severe neurological diseases and has caused high mortalities in recent outbreaks across the asia pacific region. currently, there is no effective vaccine and antiviral agents available against ev71 infections. vp1 is one of the major immunogenic capsid protein of ev71 and plays a crucial role in viral infection. antibodies against vp1 are important for virus neutral ...	2011	21747954
dids blocks a chloride-dependent current that is mediated by the 2b protein of enterovirus 71.		2011	21747413