Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| conservation of a gliding motility and cell invasion machinery in apicomplexan parasites. | most apicomplexan parasites, including the human pathogens plasmodium, toxoplasma, and cryptosporidium, actively invade host cells and display gliding motility, both actions powered by parasite microfilaments. in plasmodium sporozoites, thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (trap), a member of a group of apicomplexan transmembrane proteins that have common adhesion domains, is necessary for gliding motility and infection of the vertebrate host. here, we provide genetic evidence that trap is d ... | 1999 | 10579715 |
| heat shock response during development of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi (culicidae: diptera). | the pattern of synthesis of heat shock proteins (hsp) and thermotolerance to elevated temperatures during the development of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi normally reared at 28 +/- 2 degrees c was studied using sds-page. in total twelve heat shock proteins (i.e. 31, 33, 38, 43, 44, 51, 57, 62, 69, 71, 113 and 121 kd were induced by heat shock during various stages of development. eight polypeptides (hsp during one or other of the instars) appeared during normal development of the adult, ... | 1999 | 10581708 |
| targeted disruption of the plasmodium berghei ctrp gene reveals its essential role in malaria infection of the vector mosquito. | ctrp (circumsporozoite protein and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein [trap]-related protein) of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei (pbctrp) makes up a protein family together with other apicomplexan proteins that are specifically expressed in the host-invasive stage 1. pbctrp is produced in the mosquito-invasive, or ookinete, stage and is a protein candidate for a role in ookinete adhesion and invasion of the mosquito midgut epithelium. to demonstrate involvement of pbctrp in t ... | 1999 | 10587361 |
| observations on the life cycle of coelomomyces indicus (blastocladiales: coelomomycetaceae) in anopheline mosquitoes from the philippines and thailand. | the water mold coelomomyces indicus iyengar is a widespread pathogen of anopheline mosquitoes in asia and africa, and it infects the copepod microcyclops varicans sars as its crustacean alternate host. this was determined by direct observation of field-infected copepods, selective meiospore encystment on m. varicans, and experimental infections of the copepod with zoospores from both thick and thin-walled meiosporangia. the physiological conditions governing germination of the 2 sporangial types ... | 1999 | 10593068 |
| transmission-blocking immunity to plasmodium falciparum in malaria-immune individuals is associated with antibodies to the gamete surface protein pfs230. | malaria-immune human sera were tested for their ability to affect the infectivity of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. transmission-reducing effects of the sera were associated with the presence of antibodies to the gamete surface protein, pfs230. enhancement of transmission, manifest as elevated numbers of oocysts relative to controls, was observed for a number of sera, but was not found to be associated with antibodies against pfs230. these results confirm th ... | 1999 | 10599074 |
| blood digestion in the mosquito, anopheles stephensi: the effects of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis on midgut enzyme activities. | midgut proteases contribute to the success or failure of plasmodium infection of the mosquito. this paper examines the reciprocal effect of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis on midgut trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase in the mosquito anopheles stephensi. the total protein ingested and the rate of protein digestion were unaffected by the parasite, but more protein was ingested at the first than the second bloodmeal. all peptidases were unaffected by the presence of the parasi ... | 1999 | 10633914 |
| dipeptide derivatives of primaquine as transmission-blocking antimalarials: effect of aliphatic side-chain acylation on the gametocytocidal activity and on the formation of carboxyprimaquine in rat liver homogenates. | dipeptide derivatives of primaquine (pq) with reduced oxidative deamination to the inactive metabolite carboxyprimaquine were synthesized and evaluated as a novel class of transmission-blocking antimalarials. methods; antimalarial activity was studied using a model consisting of mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei anka 25r/10, balb c mice, and anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. metabolic studies were performed with rat liver homogenates, and the incubates were analyzed by hplc. | 1999 | 10397619 |
| detection and characterization of a mannan-binding lectin from the mosquito, anopheles stephensi (liston). | two lectins from the serum of the mosquito, anopheles stephensi (liston), with distinct characteristics, were detected by agglutination of various animal erythrocytes. the lectins were developmental stage-specific and/or sex-related. one adult female-specific lectin was identified as mannan-specific, and named mosquito mannan-binding lectin (mbl). mbl cross-reacted immunologically with antibodies against a previously characterized cockroach lectin, blaberus discoidalis lectin (bdl1), and its act ... | 1999 | 10406943 |
| buoyancy and diving behavior in mosquito pupae. | mosquito pupal diving behavior has been studied mostly in aedes aegypti and in this species pupal buoyancy varies relative to several factors. the research reported herein addresses the 2 following questions. does diving behavior vary among different mosquito genera and species? how is diving behavior influenced by variation in buoyancy? depth and duration of dive, and dive pattern, were compared among ae. aegypti, culex pipiens, anopheles stephensi, aedes albopictus, and aedes triseriatus. in r ... | 1999 | 10412114 |
| infectivity of plasmodium berghei sporozoites delivered by intravenous inoculation versus mosquito bite: implications for sporozoite vaccine trials. | plasmodium berghei sporozoites delivered by mosquito bite were more infectious to outbred cd-1 mice than were sporozoites delivered by intravenous inoculation. the route of challenge also affected vaccine efficacy. in view of these findings and the fact that mosquito bites are the natural mode of sporozoite delivery, infectious mosquito bites should be considered the challenge protocol of choice for sporozoite vaccine efficacy trials. | 1999 | 10417207 |
| the effect of chloroquine treatment on the infectivity of plasmodium chabaudi gametocytes. | the antimalarial drug chloroquine has been reported to increase the infectivity of the forms of blood-stage malaria parasites (gametocytes) that are capable of infecting mosquito vectors. this effect has been demonstrated convincingly in the short term (12 h post treatment), although several authors have suggested infectivity enhancement a week or more after treatment. we carried out experiments to investigate the effects of chloroquine on the longer-term infectivity of gametocytes of the rodent ... | 1999 | 10428639 |
| adaptation of the amru-1 strain of plasmodium vivax to aotus and saimiri monkeys and to four species of anopheline mosquitoes. | a chloroquine-resistant strain of plasmodium vivax (amru-1) from papua new guinea has been adapted to grow in 4 species of aotus monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus vaciferans, aotus nancymai, and aotus azarae boliviensis), hybrid aotus monkeys, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. whereas it was possible to infect saimiri monkeys with this parasite by inoculation of parasitized erythrocytes, only 42% of saimiri monkeys became infected, compared to 92% of aotus monkeys attempted. comparativ ... | 1999 | 10461947 |
| immunization of mice with dna-based pfs25 elicits potent malaria transmission-blocking antibodies. | immunological intervention, in addition to vector control and malaria chemotherapy, will be needed to stop the resurgence of malaria, a disease with a devastating impact on the health of 300 to 500 million people annually. we have pursued a vaccination strategy, based on dna immunization in mice with genes encoding two antigens present on the sexual stages of plasmodium falciparum, pfs25 and pfg27, to induce biologically important antibodies that can block development of the parasite in the anop ... | 1999 | 10085005 |
| induced immunity against the mosquito anopheles stephensi: reactivity characteristics of immune sera. | this study shows the progression of immune responses in mice during five sequential immunizations with anopheles stephensi mosquito extracts, characterized by elisa, western blot and immunohistochemistry. when exposed repeatedly to mosquito bites, control mice developed antibodies which reached titres of 1:10(5), reacted weakly in western blot analysis and were localized to the salivary glands. mice immunized with mosquito head plus salivary glands, midgut, ovary, fat body, midgut microvilli (mv ... | 1999 | 10194750 |
| antagonism between cry1ac1 and cyt1a1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis | most strains of the insecticidal bacterium bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. in this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of b. thuringiensis. in vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated cry1ac1 proteins from b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, cyt1a1 from b. thuri ... | 1999 | 10223999 |
| phagocytosis does not play a major role in naturally acquired transmission-blocking immunity to plasmodium falciparum malaria. | phagocytosis of plasmodium falciparum sexual stages in vitro and within the mosquito midgut was assayed in order to assess its role in transmission-blocking immunity to malaria. both monocytes/macrophages (mm) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) phagocytosed malarial gametes in vitro, but levels of phagocytosis were low. intraerythrocytic gametocytes were not susceptible to phagocytosis. in vitro phagocytosis was positively correlated with levels of antibodies against the gamete surface prot ... | 1999 | 10225892 |
| green fluorescent protein as a marker in plasmodium berghei transformation. | we present a new marker that confers both resistance to pyrimethamine and green fluorescent protein-based fluorescence on the malarial parasite plasmodium berghei. a single copy of the cassette integrated into the genome is sufficient to direct fluorescence in parasites throughout the life cycle, in both its mosquito and vertebrate hosts. erythrocyte stages of the parasite that express the marker can be sorted from control parasites by flow cytometry. pyrimethamine pressure is not necessary for ... | 1999 | 10225926 |
| gene structure and polymorphism of an invertebrate nitric oxide synthase gene. | nitric oxide synthases (noss) are ubiquitous in living organisms. however, little is known about the evolution of this large gene family. the first inducible nos to be described from an invertebrate regulates malaria parasite (plasmodium spp.) development in the mosquito anopheles stephensi. this single copy gene shows the highest homology to the vertebrate neuronal isoforms, followed by decreasing homology to endothelial and inducible isoforms. the open reading frame of 1247 amino acids is enco ... | 1999 | 10333518 |
| access of antibody or trypsin to an integral outer membrane protein (p66) of borrelia burgdorferi is hindered by osp lipoproteins. | the outer membrane of borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease agent, contains lipoproteins anchored by their lipid moieties and integral proteins with membrane-spanning regions. we used the techniques of in situ proteolysis, immunofluorescence, in vitro growth inhibition, and cross-linking with formaldehyde to characterize topological relationships between p66, an integral membrane protein, and selected osp lipoproteins of b. burgdorferi. protease treatment of intact spirochetes cleaved p66 and o ... | 1999 | 10338494 |
| prophylactic activity of atovaquone against plasmodium falciparum in humans. | the prophylactic antimalarial activity of atovaquone was determined in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of healthy volunteers who were challenged by the bite of plasmodium falciparum-infected anopheles stephensi. subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: six received seven daily doses of 750 mg of atovaquone, starting the day before challenge; six received a single dose of 250 mg of atovaquone the day before challenge; and four received placebo. polymerase chain ... | 1999 | 10344660 |
| production of cry11a and cry11ba toxins in bacillus sphaericus confers toxicity towards aedes aegypti and resistant culex populations. | cry11a from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and cry11ba from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan were introduced, separately and in combination, into the chromosome of bacillus sphaericus 2297 by in vivo recombination. two loci on the b. sphaericus chromosome were chosen as target sites for recombination: the binary toxin locus and the gene encoding the 36-kda protease that may be responsible for the cleavage of the mtx protein. disruption of the protease gene did not increase the ... | 1999 | 10388698 |
| effect of entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana on larvae of three species of mosquitoes. | beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, was evaluated for its potential against second and third instar larvae of culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti. conidiospores of this fungus were effective in causing infection leading to mortality of different larval instars. larvae of cx. quinquefasciatus were more susceptible to infection than an. stephensi and the second instar larvae of these two species were more susceptible than third instar larvae. larvae of ae. aeg ... | 1999 | 10783749 |
| [use of the recombinant bacterial strain to control blood-sucking mosquito larvae]. | the recombinant strain of methylobacillus flagellatum with the cloned synthesis gene cry 4b of the toxic bac. thuringiensis var. israelensis protein proved to be effective against larvae of the anopheles stephensi, an. atroparvus, an. pulcherrimus, an. superpictus, and an. sacharovi cultured in the laboratory. the use of m. flagellatum in combination with t. pyriformis may greatly expand the scope of use of the recombinant strain to control malaria mosquito larvae. their combined use shows a 6-f ... | 1999 | 11221007 |
| comparative susceptibility of different members of the anopheles culicifacies complex to plasmodium vivax. | three colonized species of the anopheles culicifacies complex (species a, b and c) were compared with anopheles stephensi (control) for susceptibility to plasmodium vivax. in feeding experiments involving over 400 paired comparisons, the mean number of oocysts, oocyst rate and sporozoite rate were found to be significantly different. of the test groups, species a had the highest percentage of mosquitoes with oocysts (> 60%) and sporozoites (> 50%). an. culicifacies species b were least susceptib ... | 1999 | 10717735 |
| plasmodium infection-induced changes in salivary gland proteins of malaria vector anopheles stephensi (diptera:culicidae). | parasitism by plasmodium yoelii yoelii induced 18 polypeptides in the salivary glands of aging malaria vector anopheles stephensi. a polypeptide of low molecular size (30 kda) could generally be induced at all infected stages. on day 5 post blood feeding (pbf), no new polypeptide could be found in the salivary glands. seven polypeptides of low molecular size and 3 of high molecular size could be induced on day 11 pbf, which inducibility coincided with the invasion of the salivary glands by the s ... | 1999 | 10680088 |
| susceptibility of larvae of culex fatigans (wiedmann), anopheles stephensi (liston) and aedes aegypti (linn.) to insecticides in pondicherry. | 1999 | 94038 | |
| toward anopheles transformation: minos element activity in anopheline cells and embryos. | the ability of the minos transposable element to function as a transformation vector in anopheline mosquitoes was assessed. two recently established anopheles gambiae cell lines were stably transformed by using marked minos transposons in the presence of a helper plasmid expressing transposase. the markers were either the green fluorescent protein or the hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene driven by the drosophila hsp70 promoter. cloning and sequencing of the integration sites demonstrated that ... | 2000 | 10681436 |
| genetics of mosquito vector competence. | mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality throughout the world. efforts to control mosquito-borne diseases have been impeded, in part, by the development of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, and environmental concerns over the application of insecticides. therefore, there is a need to develop novel disease control strategies that can complement or replace existing control methods. one such strategy is to generate pathogen-resi ... | 2000 | 10704476 |
| efficacy of aqueous suspension and granular formulations of bacillus thuringiensis (vectobac) against mosquito vectors. | the efficacy of aqueous suspension (as) and granular (g) formulation of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (vectobac) was tested against the immatures of mosquito vectors in the laboratory and under field conditions. laboratory tests showed that the aqueous suspension was relatively more effective against culex quinquefasciatus than aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, the respective lc(50) values being 0.046, 0.060 and 0.190 mg/l. in stream pools, with the application of vectobac as at 1 ... | 2000 | 10708664 |
| gammadelta t cells are a component of early immunity against preerythrocytic malaria parasites. | we tested the hypothesis that gammadelta t cells are a component of an early immune response directed against preerythrocytic malaria parasites that are required for the induction of an effector alphabeta t-cell immune response generated by irradiated-sporozoite (irr-spz) immunization. gammadelta t-cell-deficient (tcrdelta(-/-)) mice on a c57bl/6 background were challenged with plasmodium yoelii (17xnl strain) sporozoites, and then liver parasite burden was measured at 42 h postchallenge. liver ... | 2000 | 10722623 |
| bactericidal effects of sugar-fed antibiotics on resident midgut bacteria of newly emerged anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | a protocol was developed for significantly reducing resident midgut bacteria in newly emerged anopheline mosquitoes using a combination of antibiotics. pupa harvested from colony-reared anopheles gambiae s.l. giles and anopheles stephensi (liston) were placed in cages wiped previously with 70% alcohol and kept under uv light for 24 h. emerging adult mosquitoes were fed for 3 consecutive days on antibiotic solution, consisting of 0.4% gentamicin sulfate and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution in ... | 2000 | 10730495 |
| a subdominant cd8(+) cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope from the plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein induces ctls that eliminate infected hepatocytes from culture. | previous studies indicated that the plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (pycsp) 57-70 region elicits t cells capable of eliminating infected hepatocytes in vitro. herein, we report that the pycsp58-67 sequence contains an h-2(d) binding motif, which binds purified k(d) molecules in vitro with low affinity (3, 267 nm) and encodes an h-2(d)-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope. immunization of balb/c mice with three doses of a multiple antigen peptide (map) construct containing f ... | 2000 | 10816491 |
| anopheles stephensi dox-a2 shares common ancestry with genes from distant groups of eukaryotes encoding a 26s proteasome subunit and is in a conserved gene cluster. | the sequence of a cloned anopheles stephensi gene showed 72% inferred amino acid identity with drosophila melanogaster dox-a2 and 93% with its putative ortholog in anopheles gambiae. dox-a2 is the reported but herein disputed structural locus for diphenol oxidase a2. database searches identified dox-a2 related gene sequences from 15 non-insect species from diverse groups. phylogenetic trees based on alignments of inferred protein sequences, dna, and protein motif searches and protein secondary s ... | 2000 | 10835480 |
| immunization and infection change the number of recombination activating gene (rag)-expressing b cells in the periphery by altering immature lymphocyte production. | recombination activating gene (rag) expression in peripheral b cells increases after immunization with (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl coupled to chicken gamma globulin (np-cgg) in alum. this increase could result from reinduction of rag expression or, alternatively, from accumulation of rag-expressing immature b cells in the periphery. we have used mice that carry a green fluorescent protein (gfp) rag indicator transgene (rag2-gfp) to characterize the rag-expressing b cells in immunized spleen ... | 2000 | 10859336 |
| determination of mosquito bloodmeal ph in situ by ion-selective microelectrode measurement: implications for the regulation of malarial gametogenesis. | malarial gametocytes circulate in the peripheral blood of the vertebrate host as developmentally arrested intra-erythrocytic cells, which only resume development into gametes when ingested into the bloodmeal of the female mosquito vector. the ensuing development encompasses sexual reproduction and mediates parasite transmission to the insect. in vitro the induction of gametogenesis requires a drop in temperature and either a ph increase from physiological blood ph (ca ph 7.4) to about ph 8.0, or ... | 2000 | 10874717 |
| biocontrol of the sugarcane borer eldana saccharina by expression of the bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac7 and serratia marcescens chia genes in sugarcane-associated bacteria. | the cry1ac7 gene of bacillus thuringiensis strain 234, showing activity against the sugarcane borer eldana saccharina, was cloned under the control of the tac promoter. the fusion was introduced into the broad-host-range plasmid pkt240 and the integration vector pjff350 and without the tac promoter into the broad-host-range plasmids pml122 and pkmm0. these plasmids were introduced into a pseudomonas fluorescens strain isolated from the phylloplane of sugarcane and the endophytic bacterium herbas ... | 2000 | 10877771 |
| stable germline transformation of the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi. | anopheline mosquito species are obligatory vectors for human malaria, an infectious disease that affects hundreds of millions of people living in tropical and subtropical countries. the lack of a suitable gene transfer technology for these mosquitoes has hampered the molecular genetic analysis of their physiology, including the molecular interactions between the vector and the malaria parasite. here we show that a transposon, based on the minos element and bearing exogenous dna, can integrate ef ... | 2000 | 10879538 |
| cloning and characterization of a bacillus thuringiensis serovar higo gene encoding a novel class of the delta-endotoxin protein, cry27a, specifically active on the anopheles mosquito. | a novel gene encoding a 98-kda mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin protein, designated cry27a, was cloned from a bacillus thuringiensis serovar higo strain. the cry27a protein contained the five sequence blocks of amino acids commonly conserved in most b. thuringiensis cry proteins. relatively high homologies, ranging from 43.0% to 84.4%, existed between the cry27a protein and several established classes of mosquitocidal cry proteins (cry4a, cry10a, cry19a, cry19b, and cry20a) in the sequence of 51 n- ... | 2000 | 10879975 |
| parasporin, a human leukemic cell-recognizing parasporal protein of bacillus thuringiensis. | an unusual property, human leukemic cell-recognizing activity, associated with parasporal inclusions of a noninsecticidal bacillus thuringiensis soil isolate was investigated, and a protein (named parasporin in this study) responsible for the activity was cloned. the parasporin, encoded by a gene 2,169 bp long, was a polypeptide of 723 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 81, 045. the sequence of parasporin contained the five conserved blocks commonly found in b. thuringiensi ... | 2000 | 10882663 |
| mutations in plasmodium falciparum cytochrome b that are associated with atovaquone resistance are located at a putative drug-binding site. | atovaquone is the major active component of the new antimalarial drug malarone. considerable evidence suggests that malaria parasites become resistant to atovaquone quickly if atovaquone is used as a sole agent. the mechanism by which the parasite develops resistance to atovaquone is not yet fully understood. atovaquone has been shown to inhibit the cytochrome bc(1) (cyt bc(1)) complex of the electron transport chain of malaria parasites. here we report point mutations in plasmodium falciparum c ... | 2000 | 10898682 |
| laboratory evaluations of methylated soy oil and monoterpenes as mosquito larvicides. | the larvicidal toxicities of methylated soy oil (mso) and surfactant combinations were compared to 2 commercially available oil larvicides (golden bear oil 1111 and bonide) in standard laboratory bioassays of 4th-stage larvae of culex pipiens linn. the dose lethal to 50% of the test organisms (ld50) and the dose lethal to 95% of the test organisms (ld95) values are presented as microliters (microl) per beaker (treatment surface area of 54 cm2). the 2 surfactant-mso mixtures differed significantl ... | 2000 | 10901640 |
| comparison of two alpha-cyano pyrethroids when impregnated into bednets against a pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strain of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) and their f1 progeny. | the two alpha-cyano pyrethroid insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin were tested as bednet treatments at a target dose of 20 mg m-2. to establish their efficacy, female pyrethroid resistant and susceptible anopheles stephensi liston, and the f1-hybrids were allowed to fly freely in a room with a human subject under an impregnated net. both treatments provided good personal protection by significantly reducing the number of blood fed mosquitoes compared to an untreated control ne ... | 2000 | 10948371 |
| host-virus interactions during malaria infection in hepatitis b virus transgenic mice. | we have previously shown that hepatitis b virus (hbv) replication is abolished in the liver of hbv transgenic mice by inflammatory cytokines induced by hbv-specific cytotoxic t cells and during unrelated viral infections of the liver. we now report that intrahepatic hbv replication is also inhibited in mice infected by the malaria species plasmodium yoelii 17x nl. p. yoelii infection triggers an intrahepatic inflammatory response characterized by the influx of natural killer cells, macrophages, ... | 2000 | 10952722 |
| lipid utilization for ovarian development in an autogenous mosquito, culex pipiens molestus (diptera: culicidae). | during the first ovarian cycle, autogenous female mosquitoes develop their ovaries in the absence of blood feeding. in autogenous culex pipiens molestus (forskal), complete yolk deposition was observed 2 d after emergence, even when no feeding was allowed (starved). neutral lipids in cx. p. molestus increased during the pupal stage, abruptly declined after emergence, and again increased on day 3. in contrast, neutral lipids decreased in anautogenous anopheles stephensi (liston) and cx. p. pallen ... | 2000 | 11004785 |
| molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase cdna from the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi. | some refractory anopheline mosquitoes are capable of killing plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, by melanotic encapsulation of invading ookinetes. phenoloxidase (po) appears to be involved in the formation of melanin and toxic metabolites in the surrounding capsule. a cdna encoding anopheles stephensi prophenoloxidase (ans-propo) was isolated from a cdna library screened with an amplimer produced by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with degenerate primers designed ... | 2000 | 10762420 |
| invasion in vitro of mosquito midgut cells by the malaria parasite proceeds by a conserved mechanism and results in death of the invaded midgut cells. | using an in vitro culture system, we observed the migration of malaria ookinetes on the surface of the mosquito midgut and invasion of the midgut epithelium. ookinetes display constrictions during migration to the midgut surface and a gliding motion once on the luminal midgut surface. invasion of a midgut cell always occurs at its lateral apical surface. invasion is rapid and is often followed by invasion of a neighboring midgut cell by the ookinete. the morphology of the invaded cells changes d ... | 2000 | 11027351 |
| molecular interactions between anopheles stephensi midgut cells and plasmodium berghei: the time bomb theory of ookinete invasion of mosquitoes. | we present a detailed analysis of the interactions between anopheles stephensi midgut epithelial cells and plasmodium berghei ookinetes during invasion of the mosquito by the parasite. in this mosquito, p. berghei ookinetes invade polarized columnar epithelial cells with microvilli, which do not express high levels of vesicular atpase. the invaded cells are damaged, protrude towards the midgut lumen and suffer other characteristic changes, including induction of nitric oxide synthase (nos) expre ... | 2000 | 11080150 |
| laboratory evaluation of trichophyton ajelloi, a fungal pathogen of anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. | trichophyton ajelloi, a fungus isolated from soil, caused high larval mortality in anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus in the laboratory. the efficacy and toxicity of t. ajelloi against an. stephensi and cx. quinquefasciatus were evaluated at 6 different concentrations. at different concentrations of t. ajelloi, chitin synthesis in larval cuticle was adversely affected. larvae of 3rd-stage an. stephensi were more susceptible to t. ajelloi than were larvae of 1st, 2nd, and 4th stages a ... | 2000 | 11081656 |
| anopheles gambiae salivary gland proteins as putative targets for blocking transmission of malaria parasites. | anopheles gambiae is the primary vector of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. invasion of anopheles salivary glands by plasmodium sporozoites is a necessary step in the transmission of malaria and is likely to be mediated by specific receptor-ligand interactions. we are interested in identifying putative an a. gambiae salivary gland receptor or receptors for sporozoite invasion as a possible target for blocking malaria transmission. by using monoclonal antibodies against female-specific a. gam ... | 2000 | 11087838 |
| ribosomal rna of nosema algerae and phylogenetic relationship to other microsporidia. | microsporidia are intracellular parasites that are common in invertebrates. taxonomic classification is mostly restricted to morphologic and physiologic data. limited data are available about taxonomic classification using dna-sequence data for analysis. we examined the small-subunit (ssu) rdna, the intergenic spacer (its) region, and a part of the large-subunit (lsu) rdna of nosema algerae, a parasite of mosquitoes, taken from a laboratory colony of anopheles stephensi. target gene amplificatio ... | 2000 | 10669131 |
| insecticide susceptibility status of anopheles stephensi (liston) in calcutta, west bengal. | 2000 | 11820082 | |
| short report: failure to select for chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei through drug pressure in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | we investigated whether chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei could be selected through drug pressure applied during continuous cyclical transmission in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. mosquitoes were infected by feeding them on mice previously inoculated with a drug-sensitive clone of p. berghei anka. mosquitoes ingested mefloquine or chloroquine with the infectious blood-meal, or by feeding on a drug-treated (uninfected) mouse 4 or 10 days after the infectious blood-meal. twe ... | 2000 | 11388501 |
| [relationship between hemolymph phenol oxidase and melanization of oocysts of plasmodium yoelii in anopheles stephensi]. | to explore the relationship between the hemolymph phenol oxidase and melanization of oocysts. | 2000 | 12567462 |
| [effect of anti-mosquito-midgut antibodies on the development of oocysts of plasmodium yoelii in anopheles stephensi]. | to study the effect of anti-mosquito-midgut antibodies on the development of p. yoelii in a. stephensi. | 2000 | 12567656 |
| susceptibility of species a, b, and c of anopheles culicifacies complex to plasmodium yoelii yoelii and plasmodium vinckei petteri infections. | the comparative susceptibilities of colonized species a, b, and c of anopheles culicifacies complex and anopheles stephensi were determined for 2 rodent malaria parasites plasmodium vinckei petteri and plasmodium yoelii yoelii. all the 3 members of the complex were found to support complete sporogony with varying success. controls, a. stephensi, become readily infected, with >70% developing oocysts. of the test groups, species a had the highest percentage of mosquitoes with oocysts (>25%) and sp ... | 2000 | 11191914 |
| a new module for quantitative evaluation of repellent efficacy using human subjects. | a new module for quantitative evaluation of arthropod repellents in human subjects was designed, constructed, and protocols for use of the module were developed. doses of 3 arthropod repellents, 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine (ai3-35765), 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine (ai3-37220), and n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), were evaluated using the mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston. biting responses to varied doses of the repellents on human skin were quantified, an ... | 2000 | 15218924 |
| curcuma raktakanda is a potential larvicide for mosquito control. | the leaves and tuber of curcuma raktakanda were investigated as a mosquito larvicide against the early fourth instar larvae of four mosquito species, viz., culex quinquefasciatus , culex sitiens , aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi . the petroleum ether extract of the leaves and tuber exhibited toxicity towards all the test species. the lc 90 values of leaf extract for cx. quinquefasciatus , cx. sitiens , ae. aegypti and an. stephensi were 46.77, 27.45, 58.75 and 45.81 mg/l,respectively. the ... | 2000 | 21214456 |
| effect of feronia limonia on mosquito larvae. | bioassay guided fractionation of the acetone extract of feronia limonia dried leaves afforded a potent mosquito larvicide, identified as n-hexadecanoic acid and found to be effective against fourth instar larvae of culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti, with lc50 of 129.24, 79.58 and 57.23 ppm, respectively. | 2000 | 11449505 |
| [morphologic study of larval development of foleyella candezei in anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti]. | 2000 | 5431905 | |
| dna-binding proteins of the malaria vector anopheles stephensi: purification and characterization of an endonuclease. | dna-binding proteins present in fourth instar larvae of anopheles stephensi were isolated by affinity chromatography on native and denatured dna cellulose columns and analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. a denatured dna-specific protein with an approximate molecular weight of 30 kda was the predominant dna binding protein of larvae. this protein was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by phosphocellulose chromatography. the purified 3 ... | 2000 | 10790184 |
| optically active arthropod repellents for use against disease vectors. | optically inactive 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine and 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine are repellents against blood-feeding arthropods. pure stereoisomers of these compounds were synthesized and characterized for use in bioassays. initial laboratory tests with the malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston showed that this species was repelled differentially by the stereoisomers of 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine. two stereoisomers were twice as repellen ... | 2000 | 15218925 |
| [morphological study of the larval development of foleyella furcata in anopheles stephensi]. | 2000 | 5372128 | |
| [mechanism of the passage through the stomach wall by microfilariae in anopheles stephensi and simulium damnosum. demonstration of the sojour of microfilariae in the digestive epithelium]. | 2000 | 4395663 | |
| dramatic developmental changes in larval knockdown response enhance genetic sexing based on ddt resistance in anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | genetic sexing systems based on a conditional lethal require good discrimination between the different phenotypes. ddt resistance in the early instars of anopheles stephensi liston is not a good candidate when based on mortality, but this study shows that the knockdown response gives exceptional discrimination between heterozygous resistant and homozygous susceptible individuals. one- and two-day-old larvae of the dlddt strain showed high (417-fold) resistance to knockdown by ddt, but very low r ... | 2001 | 11818042 |
| partial characterization of oligosaccharides expressed on midgut microvillar glycoproteins of the mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston. | midguts of the malaria-transmitting mosquito, anopheles stephensi, were homogenized and microvillar membranes prepared by calcium precipitation and differential centrifugation. oligosaccharides present on the microvillar glycoproteins were identified by lectin blotting before and after in vitro and in situ treatments with endo- and exo-glycosidases. twenty-eight glycoproteins expressed a structurally restricted range of terminal sugars and oligosaccharide linkages. twenty-three glycoproteins exp ... | 2001 | 11483430 |
| the role of saliva of anopheles stephensi in inflammatory response: identification of a high molecular weight neutrophil chemotactic factor. | mosquito bites can elicit dermal hypersensitivity reactions, but little is known about the chemotactic factors for host leukocytes in mosquito saliva. in this study, we determined that saliva from a malarial vector mosquito, anopheles stephensi, possesses intense neutrophil chemotactic activity. in contrast, the midgut extract had only marginal neutrophil chemotactic activity. eosinophil chemotactic activity was detected in the midgut but not in the saliva. according to the results of size-exclu ... | 2001 | 11403380 |
| a sensitive and rapid assay for homologous recombination in mosquito cells: impact of vector topology and implications for gene targeting. | recent progress in insect transgenesis has been dramatic but existing transposon-based approaches are constrained by position effects and potential instability. gene targeting would bring a number of benefits, however progress requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved. much can be learned in vitro since extrachromosomal recombination occurs at high frequency, facilitating the study of multiple events and the impact of structural changes among the recombining molecules. we have i ... | 2001 | 11801182 |
| gene targeting in mosquito cells: a demonstration of 'knockout' technology in extrachromosomal gene arrays. | gene targeting would offer a number of advantages over current transposon-based strategies for insect transformation. these include freedom from both position effects associated with quasi-random integration and concerns over transgene instability mediated by endogenous transposases, independence from phylogenetic restrictions on transposon mobility and the ability to generate gene knockouts. | 2001 | 11513755 |
| the role of as60a, a tgf-beta homolog, in anopheles stephensi innate immunity and defense against plasmodium infection. | we have examined the constitutive and induced expression of as60a in anopheles stephensi females. as60a is expressed throughout the body of a. stephensi, including the midgut, fat body and developing eggs. we discovered that as60a is induced in the midgut and carcass of a. stephensi in response to plasmodium infection. induction of as60a correlates with periods of parasite motility and reproduction. further, induction is dependent on the intensity of parasite infection: low numbers of parasites ... | 2001 | 12798028 |
| adaptation of a strain of plasmodium vivax from india to new world monkeys, chimpanzees, and anopheline mosquitoes. | a strain of plasmodium vivax from india was adapted to develop in splenectomized saimiri boliviensis, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, a vociferans, a. nancymai, a. azarae boliviensis, hybrid aotus monkeys, and splenectomized chimpanzees. infections were induced via the inoculation of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles stephensi and an. dirus mosquitoes to 12 aotus and 8 saimiri monkeys; transmission via the bites of infected an. stephensi was made to 1 aotus monkey and 1 c ... | 2001 | 11780828 |
| [partial sequence of sporogony stage-specific 18s ribosomal dna of plasmodium yoelii and its application for detection of parasites]. | to determine sequence of sporogony stage-specific (s type) 18s ribosomal rna gene of plasmodium yoelii (p. y) by265 strain, and by using it to detect the malaria parasites within vector mosquito. | 2001 | 12571939 |
| [enrichment and screening of up-regulated genes of the mosquito anopheles stephensi in response to malaria parasite]. | to isolate and identify genes related to malaria parasite infection in vector mosquito, and to explore the mechanisms. | 2001 | 12572060 |
| comparative toxicity of selected larvicidal formulations against anopheles stephensi liston and aedes aegypti linn. | toxicity of selected larvicidal formulations of bacillus sphaericus, bacillus thuringiensis h-14 israelensis (bti) and insect growth regulators was determined against anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti, the two major urban mosquito vectors of malaria and dengue fever in india respectively. the study revealed that the formulations of bacillus thuringiensis h-14 and igr compounds were highly toxic against both the mosquito species but bacillus sphaericus formulation was less toxic against aedes ... | 2001 | 12170930 |
| field evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bacticide) against anopheles stephensi breeding in calcutta city. | 2001 | 12170935 | |
| the influence of host haematocrit on the blood feeding success of anopheles stephensi: implications for enhanced malaria transmission. | two studies were carried out to determine the effect of the rodent malaria plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis on the blood feeding success of anopheles stephensi. initially, pairs of mice with similar packed cell volume (pcv) (measured by haematocrit) were selected. following infection of one of the pair its pcv gradually fell. at various times post-infection, a comparison was made of the bloodmeal size (haemoglobin content) of mosquitoes feeding on these mice. the bloodmeal sizes increased with para ... | 2001 | 11393821 |
| control of malaria in pakistan by applying deltamethrin insecticide to cattle: a community-randomised trial. | the standard method of malaria control in south asia, indoor spraying of houses with residual insecticide, is becoming prohibitively expensive to implement and new approaches are needed. since the region's vector mosquitoes feed predominantly on domestic animals and only secondarily on human beings, to apply insecticide to surfaces of cattle instead might be more costeffective. we aimed to investigate whether domestic livestock treated with deltamethrin (applied by a sponging method) would prove ... | 2001 | 11410192 |
| plasmodium malariae blood-stage dynamics. | we examine the dynamics of parasitemia, fever, and gametocytemia reflected in the preintervention charts of 180 malaria-naive u.s. neurosyphilis patients infected with the usphs strain of plasmodium malariae, for malariatherapy, focusing on the 84 charts for which more than 35 days of patency preceded intervention and daily records encompassed 92% or more of the duration of each infection. inoculum size did not influence any outcome variable. fevers (days with temperatures > or =101 f) followed ... | 2001 | 11426728 |
| effect of xanthurenic acid on infectivity of plasmodium falciparum to anopheles stephensi. | terminally differentiated malarial gametocytes remain in the vertebrate circulation in a developmentally arrested state until they are taken up by the mosquito. the gametocytes then undergo gametogenesis in the mosquito mid-gut within minutes after ingestion of the infected blood meal. the male gametogenesis (exflagellation) can be triggered by the combination of a decrease in temperature of at least 5 degrees c and a simultaneous increase in ph between 8.0 and 8.3. xanthurenic acid, which is pr ... | 2001 | 11429178 |
| interaction between host complement and mosquito-midgut-stage plasmodium berghei. | after ingestion by mosquitoes, gametocytes of malaria parasites become activated and form extracellular gametes that are no longer protected by the red blood cell membrane against immune effectors of host blood. we have studied the action of complement on plasmodium developmental stages in the mosquito blood meal using the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei and rat complement as a model. we have shown that in the mosquito midgut, rat complement components necessary to initiate the altern ... | 2001 | 11447187 |
| dendritic cells can initiate protective immune responses against malaria. | an understanding of the antigen presentation mechanisms that mediate induction of protective immune responses against malaria is essential for the development of successful immunization approaches. here we show that dendritic cells presenting plasmodium yoelii sporozoite antigens are able to activate specific cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells and initiate protective immune responses against malaria in mice. | 2001 | 11447201 |
| laboratory evaluation of fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, against adult anopheles (diptera: culicidae) and investigation of its possible cross-resistance with dieldrin in anopheles stephensi. | adult mosquitoes from two strains of anopheles gambiae and from three strains of anopheles stephensi were exposed to 0.25% fipronil-treated papers in who test kits or to 500 mg fipronil m-2 impregnated mosquito netting in bioassay spheres. for comparison, tests were also carried out with the pyrethroid permethrin, using the same methods and doses, and on papers treated with 0.4 and 4% of the cyclodiene insecticide dieldrin. compared with the same doses of permethrin, fipronil showed less and del ... | 2001 | 11455631 |
| chrysosporium tropicum efficacy against anopheles stephensi larvae in the laboratory. | the keratinophilic soil fungus chrysosporium tropicum was evaluated as a biological control agent against anopheles stephensi larvae in the laboratory. culture filtrates of c. tropicum were found to be toxic to an. stephensi larvae at various concentrations. the ranges of the 50% lethal concentration (lc50) values of fungal filtrates were 16.60-17.78, 12.02-12.88, and 34.67-35.48 microl/ml against 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-stage larvae, respectively. the ranges of lc99 values were 38.90-63.10, 12.02-2 ... | 2001 | 11480820 |
| concurrent control of mosquitoes and domestic pests by use of deltamethrin-treated curtains in the new delhi municipal committee, india. | a field trial was conducted in block f of the moti bagh area of new delhi municipal committee to demonstrate composite control of anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti by spraying deltamethrin at 100 mg/m2 on window and door curtains of habitations. results revealed drastic reduction (87.9-93.7%, p < 0.05) of target species in the experimental area. the impact of deltamethrin-treated curtains was also evident against nontarget species (67.9-85.7%. p < 0.05). treated curtains provided 100% kill o ... | 2001 | 11480821 |
| p25 and p28 proteins of the malaria ookinete surface have multiple and partially redundant functions. | the ookinete surface proteins (p25 and p28) are proven antimalarial transmission-blocking vaccine targets, yet their biological functions are unknown. by using single (sko) and double gene knock-out (dko) plasmodium berghei parasites, we show that p25 and p28 share multiple functions during ookinete/oocyst development. in the midgut of mosquitoes, the formation of ookinetes lacking both proteins (dko parasites) is significantly inhibited due to decreased protection against lethal factors, includ ... | 2001 | 11483501 |
| exploring the transcriptome of the malaria sporozoite stage. | most studies of gene expression in plasmodium have been concerned with asexual and/or sexual erythrocytic stages. identification and cloning of genes expressed in the preerythrocytic stages lag far behind. we have constructed a high quality cdna library of the plasmodium sporozoite stage by using the rodent malaria parasite p. yoelii, an important model for malaria vaccine development. the technical obstacles associated with limited amounts of rna material were overcome by pcr-amplifying the tra ... | 2001 | 11493695 |
| midgut specific immune response of vector mosquito anopheles stephensi to malaria parasite plasmodium. | innate immune-related polypeptides expression in midgut in the ageing vector mosquito a. stephensi following infection by malaria parasite, plasmodium yoelii yoelii has been studied. twenty polypeptides were induced by an infected blood meal during various stages of adult life. a 24 kda polypeptide was induced generally in most of the stages. maximum parasite induced polypeptides i.e. 22, 33, 111, 122, 127, 140, 143 and 146 kda were found in 5 days of post blood feeding (pbf) which coincides wit ... | 2001 | 11495292 |
| complete, long-lasting protection against malaria of mice primed and boosted with two distinct viral vectors expressing the same plasmodial antigen. | we report that complete protection against malaria and total inhibition of liver stage development and parasitemia was obtained in 100% of balb/c mice primed with a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus expressing the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium yoelii (adpycs), followed by a booster with an attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the same malaria antigen, vacpycs. we found increased levels of activated cs-specific cd8(+) and cd4(+) t cells, higher anti-sporozoit ... | 2001 | 11553779 |
| possibility of false-positive detection for sporozoites in mosquitos (diptera: culicidae) by nested polymerase chain reaction using plasmodium yoelii genomic dna. | anopheles stephensi liston and an. saperoi bohart and ingram infected with the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii nigeriense. they were examined 12 and 19 days after blood feeding for sporozoites in head with anterior thorax (ht) and oocysts in abdomen with posterior thorax (ab) by light microscopy and by the nested polymerase chain reaction (nested pcr-based on the amplification of the sequences of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene). the detection rate of parasite dna by nested pcr in ... | 2001 | 11556576 |
| characterization and identification of exflagellation-inducing factor in the salivary gland of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | gamete activation factor (gaf) induces exflagellation of plasmodium microgametes. we found gaf in the salivary glands of female mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi. the exflagellation was induced in a concentration-dependent manner in the supernatant of salivary gland's crude homogenate. the exflagellation-inducing activity in the salivary gland was higher than that in the midgut and the head. gaf in the salivary glands was found to be heat stable and low molecular weight (<3000 molecular weight). a ... | 2001 | 11573943 |
| malaria-induced apoptosis in mosquito ovaries: a mechanism to control vector egg production. | many insects are able to adjust their egg production according to physiological conditions such as nutrient supply and mating success. one way in which this is achieved is by resorption of some, or all, of the ovarian follicles at some stage during oogenesis. we have shown that the mosquito anopheles stephensi responds in this manner when ookinetes of the malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis first begin to invade the midgut. little is known about the initiation and regulation of follic ... | 2001 | 11683433 |
| targeting plasmodium ligands on mosquito salivary glands and midgut with a phage display peptide library. | despite vast efforts and expenditures in the past few decades, malaria continues to kill millions of persons every year, and new approaches for disease control are urgently needed. to complete its life cycle in the mosquito, plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has to traverse the epithelia of the midgut and salivary glands. although strong circumstantial evidence indicates that parasite interactions with the two organs are specific, hardly any information is available about the interacti ... | 2001 | 11687659 |
| anti-mosquito ovary antibodies reduce the fecundity of anopheles stephensi (diptera:insecta). | rabbit antibodies to five antigens (aj** 29, 35, 43, 64, and 80 kda) derived from the ovaries of anopheles stephensi tended to reduce the number of eggs produced. ingestion of anti-mosquito ovary antibodies did not show a detectable effect on the mortality of mosquitoes. antisera raised against an. stephensi ovaries showed cross-reactivity in other tissues and in the ovaries of other anopheles spp. by western blotting. the results indicate that anti-mosquito ovary antibodies have the potential t ... | 2001 | 11754155 |
| recent advances in insect olfaction, specifically regarding the morphology and sensory physiology of antennal sensilla of the female sphinx moth manduca sexta. | the antennal flagellum of female manduca sexta bears eight sensillum types: two trichoid, two basiconic, one auriculate, two coeloconic, and one styliform complex sensilla. the first type of trichoid sensillum averages 34 microm in length and is innervated by two sensory cells. the second type averages 26 microm in length and is innervated by either one or three sensory cells. the first type of basiconic sensillum averages 22 microm in length, while the second type averages 15 microm in length. ... | 2001 | 11754510 |
| isolation and characterization of as60a, a transforming growth factor-beta gene, from the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | we have isolated the first mosquito member of the tgf-beta superfamily, as60a. as60a is a single copy gene, approximately 5 kb in length and encodes eight exons. here we report the isolation and characterization of two of four transcripts produced from this gene. the transcripts as60a(1)and as60a(2)encode related 5'utr/exon 1 sequences. as60a is most similar to the 60a genes from drosophila and is thus a member of the dpp/bmp subfamily of the tgf-beta superfamily. the splice junction of intron 2 ... | 2001 | 11145845 |
| transcriptional complexity of the anopheles stephensi nitric oxide synthase gene. | anopheles stephensi nitric oxide synthase (asnos) is a single copy gene that shares significant structural homology with the three human nos genes and is inducibly expressed in plasmodium-infected mosquitoes. exon-specific northern analyses and exon-spanning polymerase chain reaction amplification were used to further characterize transcription from this gene. a total of 18-22 asnos transcripts, ranging in size from 1.0 to 7.5 kb, were detected in replicated northern blots from three separate co ... | 2001 | 11167094 |
| interleukin-12- and gamma interferon-dependent protection against malaria conferred by cpg oligodeoxynucleotide in mice. | unmethylated cpg dinucleotides in bacterial dna or synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) cause b-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion, monocyte cytokine secretion, and activation of natural killer (nk) cell lytic activity and gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) secretion in vivo and in vitro. the potent th1-like immune activation by cpg odns suggests a possible utility for enhancing innate immunity against infectious pathogens. we therefore investigated whether the innate immune response co ... | 2001 | 11179339 |
| lack of cross-resistance to cry19a from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan in culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) resistant to cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. | culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes with high levels of resistance to single or multiple toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis were tested for cross-resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan polypeptide cry19a. no cross-resistance was detected in mosquitoes that had been selected with the cry11a, cry4a and cry4b, or cry4a, cry4b, cry11a, and cyta toxins. a low but statistically significant level of cross-resistance, three to fourfold, was detected in the colony sel ... | 2001 | 11282656 |
| epidemiological profile of malaria in a university hospital in the eastern region of saudi arabia. | to study the epidemiological, clinical and hematological profile of laboratory-diagnosed malaria cases at king fahd hospital of the university, al-khobar, saudi arabia, during the period from january 1990 to december 1999, and to provide suitable recommendations accordingly. | 2001 | 11299407 |
| anti-mosquito midgut antibodies block development of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in multiple species of anopheles mosquitoes and reduce vector fecundity and survivorship. | the mosquito midgut plays a central role in the sporogonic development of malaria parasites. we have found that polyclonal sera, produced against mosquito midguts, blocked the passage of plasmodium falciparum ookinetes across the midgut, leading to a significant reduction of infections in mosquitoes. anti-midgut mabs were produced that display broad-spectrum activity, blocking parasite development of both p. falciparum and plasmodium vivax parasites in five different species of mosquitoes. in ad ... | 2001 | 11309510 |
| human antibodies against plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 3 cross-react with plasmodium yoelii preerythrocytic-stage epitopes and inhibit sporozoite invasion in vitro and in vivo. | the plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 3 (lsa3), a recently identified preerythrocytic antigen, induces protection against malaria in chimpanzees. using antibodies from individuals with hyperimmunity to malaria affinity purified on recombinant or synthetic polypeptides of lsa3, we identified four non-cross-reactive b-cell epitopes in plasmodium yoelii preerythrocytic stages. on sporozoites the p. yoelii protein detected has a molecular mass similar to that of lsa3. t-cell epitopes cross-r ... | 2001 | 11349050 |