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neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy cattle in central thailand.the seroprevalence, in dairy cattle, of antibodies to neospora caninum, the relationship between seropositivity and age (heifer versus cow), the relationship of herd infection with herd size and the relationship of herd infection with the presence of dogs on the farm were studied. the study involved 549 cows and 82 dogs in 59 dairy herds in nakhon pathom, thailand. a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) with nc-specific monoclonal antibody was used to detect the nc antibodies i ...200415135865
vertical transmission of neospora caninum in balb/c mice in both acute and chronic infection.to examine the frequency of congenital infection by neospora caninum, balb/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with tachyzoites of n. caninum either during pregnancy (group 1) or 4 weeks or more before pregnancy (group 2). further, the mice inoculated during pregnancy were bred at 4 weeks or more after delivery to form group 3. congenital transmission was observed in 76% of the neonates of the mice in group 1 and in 50% of the neonates of the mice in group 2. interestingly, congenital trans ...200415135873
identification and characterization of serine proteinase inhibitors from neospora caninum.two cdna clones obtained from the neospora caninum expressed sequence tag project were selected by their homology with the toxoplasma gondii serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) gene, tgpi-1 and tgpi-2. one of them, named ncpi-h, showed several premature stop codons. the other cdna, named ncpi-s, encoded a 79 amino acid protein containing a putative signal peptide and only one non-classical kazal domain. two other n. caninum est sequences (ncest1 and ncest2) and one from eimeria tenella (etpi-s) ...200415138071
economic considerations for diagnostic and control options for neospora caninum-induced abortions in endemically infected herds of beef cattle.to compare economic outcome for herds not exposed to neospora caninum with that for herds with various seroprevalences of n caninum infection and evaluate 3 control strategies.200415154728
cloning, expression, and characterization of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from neospora caninum.a gene encoding superoxide dismutase (sod) from neospora caninum, a causative agent of neosporosis, has been cloned and its gene product functionally expressed and characterized. the gene had an open reading frame of 606 bp and deduced 201 amino acids. sequence analysis showed that the gene had conserved metal-binding residues and conserved amino acid residues that were found in fe-sods. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme with previously reported fe-sod amino acid sequen ...200415165050
structure analysis of two toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum satellite dna families and evolution of their common monomeric sequence.a family of repetitive dna elements of approximately 350 bp-sat350-that are members of toxoplasma gondii satellite dna was further analyzed. sequence analysis identified at least three distinct repeat types within this family, called types a, b, and c. b repeats were divided into the subtypes b1 and b2. a search for internal repetitions within this family permitted the identification of conserved regions and the design of pcr primers that amplify almost all these repetitive elements. these prime ...200415170259
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis of neospora caninum tachyzoites.identification of expressed protein profiles and antigenic determination are some of the most challenging aspects of proteomics. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) combined with immunoblot analysis were employed to study the n. caninum proteome. protein sample preparation was carried out by first conducting sonication, followed by adding lysis buffer containing 7m urea plus 2m thiourea to the purified tachyzoites in order to complete disruption. a total of 335 differentially expressed pr ...200415192341
analysis of risk factors associated with seropositivity to neospora caninum in dogs. 200415200075
hammondia heydorni: evidence of genetic diversity among isolates from dogs.canine isolates of hammondia heydorni from argentina, brazil, and the united states were analysed for genetic diversity. a total of 14 isolates were tested for their ability to produce amplification using three pcr assays, one targeting the common toxoplasmatiid its-1 region and 2 amplifying novel, h. heydorni-specific loci, hhap7 and hhap10. while the its-1 fragments could be amplified from all isolates, only six isolates were capable of amplifying the fragments from the novel loci. the pcr pro ...200415208039
finding of neospora caninum in the wild brown rat (rattus norvegicus).nine rats (16.4%) out of 55 (rattus norvegicus) from cattle farms were seropositive to neospora caninum. two of the seropositive rats were also pcr positive but all were negative by immunohistochemistry and pas staining. the brains of all the captured rats were homogenized and initially inoculated intraperitoneally into nude mice or into spf icr mice, which had been immunosuppressed with prednisolone. one mouse that was inoculated with brain material from a seropositive rat became infected with ...200415210077
[stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome in dairy heifers: results of a pilot study].a pilot study of 10 dutch dairy herds was performed to investigate possible causes of stillbirth/perinatal weak calf syndrome in heifers. possible causes and advice for further investigations on farms affected by this syndrome are discussed based on the results of investigations of blood and urine from pregnant young stock, postmortem examination of still-born calves, and a questionnaire held among farmers. infections with neospora caninum, salmonella spp. or leptospira hardjo, or a deficiency o ...200415211907
neospora caninum infection does not affect early pregnancy in dairy cattle.this study was designed to evaluate the relationship between neospora caninum infection prior to pregnancy, as determined through maternal serology, and the subsequent occurrence of abortion in dairy cattle. special emphasis was placed on pregnancy losses in the first trimester of pregnancy. neospora caninum antibodies were analyzed by commercial elisa in 2773 pregnant animals (2022 parous cows and 751 heifers) from six herds. the mean seroprevalence of antibodies to n. caninum in the herds was ...200415226015
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in captive maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) from southeastern and midwestern regions of brazil.the main purpose of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of antibodies against t. gondii and n. caninum in captive maned wolves from brazil, considering that little information is available at the literature about infections by these parasites in this wild animal. serum samples were obtained from 59 maned wolves originated from six zoos and from one ecological reserve of the southeastern and midwestern regions of brazil. to detect igg antibodies against t. gondii, an elisa protoco ...200415262003
immune response and antigen recognition in non-pregnant ewes experimentally infected with neospora caninum tachyzoites.the cellular and humoral responses as well as the antigen recognition during the acute stage of a neospora caninum (nc) infection were investigated in non-pregnant ewes. the experimentally infected ewes developed specific lymphoproliferative and humoral responses within 2 weeks post-infection (pi). the magnitude of the cellular response showed large variations between animals. a significant decrease in the proliferative response to con a mitogen and n. caninum, toxoplasma gondii (tg) antigens wa ...200415262004
the use of pcr to detect neospora caninum dna in the blood of naturally infected cows.twelve 2-year old heifers in their fifth month of gestation when pregnancy tested were used in this study. six heifers aborted at approximately 4 months of gestation and had blood samples drawn less than 6 weeks after the abortions were identified. blood samples were also drawn from three sero-positive pregnant and three sero-negative pregnant heifers. dna was isolated from the samples and a 350 bp fragment of the nc-5 gene was pcr amplified using primer pair np21+ and np6+. also, the internal t ...200415262009
seroprevalence of neospora spp. in asymptomatic horses in italy.one hundred and fifty horses from italy were tested for serum antibodies to neospora caninum by indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat). antibodies were present in 42 horses (28%). the positive titres were: 1:50 (16/150-10.5%), 1:100 (26/150-17%), 1:200 (8/150-5.3%) and 1:800 (1/150-0.6%). no neurological anomalies were observed in the seropositive horses. this is the first serologic survey for neospora spp. antibodies performed on horses born and raised in italy.200415265566
comparison of three techniques for the serological diagnosis of neospora caninum in the dog and their use for epidemiological studies.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed in our laboratory and used to determine the seroprevalence of neospora caninum in three different dog populations in belgium: healthy dogs from cattle farms and urban dogs with or without various neurological disorders. the test was validated and compared with two other tests: an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa). the study showed a good correlat ...200415265568
prevalence of anti-neospora caninum antibodies in dogs from urban, periurban and rural areas of the city of uberlândia, minas gerais--brazil.in brazil there are few reports on the prevalence of anti-neospora caninum antibodies in dogs from urban, periurban and rural areas. serum samples from 450 dogs, 300 from urban, 58 from periurban and 92 from rural areas, were tested for the detection of anti-n. caninum igg antibodies using ifat: indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat, > or =50). antibodies were observed in 63 (14%) of the 450 serum samples analyzed, with 32 (10.7%) in dogs coming from the urban area, 11 (18.9%) from the periur ...200415265569
infection by neospora caninum associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from minas gerais state, brazil.neospora caninum is a canine parasite which is considered a significant cause of bovine abortion. two cattle herd groups were serologically studied with the objective of studying the prevalence of infection by n. caninum associated with bhv1 and bvdv infections. in group i, 15 dairy herds (476 samples) naturally infected by the three infectious agents were analyzed,. in group ii, three dairy herds (100 samples) of cows vaccinated for two viruses were analyzed, in order to determine the infection ...200414746970
effects of toltrazuril and ponazuril on hammondia heydorni (syn. neospora caninum) infections in mice.mice infected with tachyzoites of neospora caninum (syn.: hammondia heydorni) must be pretreated with cortisone in order to show disease symptoms. this indicates the status of an opportunistic agent of disease. toltrazuril was an effective curative agent.200414963771
effects of toltrazuril and ponazuril on the fine structure and multiplication of tachyzoites of the nc-1 strain of neospora caninum (a synonym of hammondia heydorni) in cell cultures.rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures were used to propagate tachyzoites of the nc-1 strain of neospora caninum (syn. hammondia heydorni). the infected cell cultures were incubated for 4-12 h in media containing 0, 1, 10 or 100 microg/ml of either toltrazuril or ponazuril. the effects were studied by light and electron microscopy. drug dosages of at least 30 microg/ml were needed to eliminate the parasites. ponazuril was found (with respect to the reduction of the number of parasites) to be less ef ...200414963772
inclusion of cpg adjuvant with plasmid dna coding for ncgra7 improves protection against congenital neosporosis.the present study showed that incorporation of cpg adjuvant into plasmid dna coding for ncgra7 antigen resulted in a twofold increase in the level of protection against congenital transfer of neospora caninum. the level of protection was considerably higher than that observed in pups born from dams immunized with nonrecombinant plasmid.200414977994
maternal and fetal immune responses of cattle inoculated with neospora caninum at mid-gestation.the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of pregnant cattle and their fetuses were examined at intervals after infection with neospora caninum tachyzoites at mid-gestation (day 140). all cattle seroconverted and interferon gamma was detected in supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with specific antigen. at day 14 post-inoculation (pi), specific cell proliferation responses were detected in the lymph node draining the site of inoculation and in the uterine lymph nod ...200415003463
comparison and standardisation of serological methods for the diagnosis of neospora caninum infection in bovines.various existing serological tests were compared with a standard panel of 523 sera in a multicentred study across europe. well characterised sera from animals that were experimentally or naturally infected with neospora caninum as well as sera from cattle deemed uninfected with n. caninum were provided by the participants of the study and analysed in several commercial (chekit dr. bommeli/intervet, civtest bovis neospora hipra, cypress diagnostics c.v., herd check idexx, mastazyme mast diagnosti ...200415019139
adaptation of a commercial elisa for the detection of antibodies against neospora caninum in bovine milk.the aim of the present study was to determine whether a commercially available elisa could be used to examine bovine milk for antibodies against neospora caninum. in an initial titration experiment, a milk dilution of 1:2 was found optimal to obtain milk results that were linearly correlated to those obtained with corresponding sera. this dilution was then used to examine 791 milk samples from n. caninum infected herds in the commercial elisa. milk results of individual animals were compared wit ...200415019143
seroepidemiology of neosporosis in dairy cattle in uruguay.a seroepidemiological survey of neospora caninum was done in a dairy farm in uruguay employing indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). sera from 217 cattle (155 cows, 31 heifers and 31 calves) were tested for n. caninum antibodies in july 2000 and it was found that abortions were significantly associated with the seropositivity of the cows by chi(2)-test (p = 0.025). the cows with an ifat titre of 1:3200 were at a significantly higher risk of abortion than seronegative cows (p = 0.0013). neos ...200415019151
the vertical transmission following the reactivation of a neospora caninum chronic infection does not seem to be due to an alteration of the systemic immune response in pregnant cba/ca mice.the factors responsible for the reactivation of a neospora caninum latent infection are unknown, but it is postulated that the maternal immune response could be altered during pregnancy. the immune response was investigated in n. caninum chronically infected mice during successive pregnancies as well as in non-pregnant infected mice and mice infected when pregnant. vertical transmission was demonstrated in chronically infected mice after the first pregnancy but the rate of foetal infection fell ...200415030002
effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on fertility of dairy heifers.a prospective field study in heifers from birth to first breeding was undertaken on two commercial dairies to assess the effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) congenital and post-natal infection (pni) on fertility. a high bvdv type 2 antibody titer (1:4096) at 10 months of age was associated with 32 more days to conceive, compared with a low titer (1:128). conversely, infection with bvdv by 5-6 months of age and high bvdv type 2 titers 1 month before conception or breeding was associated ...200415036997
coyotes (canis latrans) are definitive hosts of neospora caninum.four captive-raised coyote pups consumed tissues from neospora caninum-infected calves. faeces were examined from 4 days before to 28 days after infection. one pup shed n. caninum-like oocysts, which tested positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni using pcr tests. coyotes are the second discovered definitive host of n. caninum, after dogs. in north america, the expanding coyote ranges and population increase the probability of contact with domestic livestock. to reduce the ris ...200415037103
variation of the internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence within individual strains and among different strains of neospora caninum.small differences have been reported in the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) region among strains of neospora caninum. we compared its1 sequences among 6 n. caninum strains analyzed in our laboratory, including 2 strains that have not been examined previously (nc-illinois and nc-bahia). five sequences showed 100% similarity and also were identical to 7 of 11 sequences that were previously reported by others. in contrast, initial attempts to sequence the its1 of nc-bahia generated 12 nucleoti ...200415040677
determination of the seroprevalence of neospora caninum in feedlot steers in alberta.a study was conducted in alberta to determine the seroprevalence of neospora caninum in feedlot calves purchased from various auction markets throughout western canada. four feedlots (1 feedlot from each of the airdrie and high river areas and 2 feedlots from the strathmore area) were selected for sampling. at each feedlot, a random 10% sample of feedlot steer and bull calves entering the feedlot from september 2001 to december 2001 were enrolled in the study until there were a maximum of 500 an ...200415072193
comparative analysis of stress agents in a simplified in vitro system of neospora caninum bradyzoite production.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite identified as a major cause of abortion in cattle and neurological disease in various animal species. it is closely related to toxoplasma gondii, sharing the ability to persist indefinitely in latent stage within the host as a tissue cyst containing slow-dividing bradyzoites. in this study, we compared different stress methods to induce in vitro bradyzoite conversion, using marc-145 cells infected with nc-liverpool isolate. the tachyzoite-to-bradyzoit ...200415270086
characterization of pathology and parasite load in outbred and inbred mouse models of chronic neospora caninum infection.here, we analyzed histological findings and parasite burden in chronic neospora caninum infection in balb/c and icr mice and studied the correlation between lesion severity and parasite load in brain. to obtain a better understanding of the infection, we examined the influence of various host pathogen factors. groups of outbred (icr) and inbred (balb/c) mice were inoculated using several nc-1 parasite doses (4 x 10(5), 10(6), and 5 x 10(6) tachyzoites), inoculation routes (intraperitoneal and su ...200415270102
localization of a 56-kda antigen that is present in multiple developmental stages of neospora caninum.the purpose of the present study was to characterize the intracellular distribution of a native neospora caninum 56-kda protein that is recognized by sera from n. caninum-infected dairy cattle. the complementary dna coding for this protein was expressed in escherichia coli as a polyhis fusion protein to which antiserum was prepared and used to localize the antigen in n. caninum tachyzoites and bradyzoites. by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, antirecomb ...200415270121
identification and characterization of a neospora caninum microneme-associated protein (ncmic4) that exhibits unique lactose-binding properties.microneme proteins have been shown to play an important role in the early phase of host cell adhesion, by mediating the contact between the parasite and host cell surface receptors. in this study we have identified and characterized a lectin-like protein of neospora caninum tachyzoites which was purified by alpha-lactose-agarose affinity chromatography. upon separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this lactose-binding protein migrated at 70 and 55 kda under reduc ...200415271941
placental pathology associated with fetal death in cattle inoculated with neospora caninum by two different routes in early pregnancy.pregnant cattle were inoculated with n. caninum strain nc-1 tachyzoites intravenously (iv) (group 1, n = 8) or subcutaneously (sc) (group 2, n = 8) at 70 days' gestation. control animals (group 3; n = 8) received uninfected vero cells iv. two animals from each group were killed at 14, 28, 42 and 56 days post-inoculation (dpi). fetal mortality was 100% and 50%, respectively, in groups 1 and 2 from 28 dpi. in group 1 foci of degenerative fetal placental villi were observed at 14 dpi, with clusters ...200415276854
the role of b- and t-cell immunity in toltrazuril-treated c57bl/6 wt, micromt and nude mice experimentally infected with neospora caninum.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite predominantly known for causing abortion in cattle and neuromuscular disease in dogs. so far, no efficient metaphylactic chemotherapy has been developed. in preliminary studies, toltrazuril had been successfully used against experimental neosporosis in mice and calves. in the present study, we used immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse strains to address the role of immunity in supporting the chemotherapy of experimental n. caninum infection. wt, micr ...200415290254
investigations into shaking mink syndrome: an encephalomyelitis of unknown cause in farmed mink (mustela vison) kits in scandinavia.an apparently novel neurological disease clinically characterized by shaking, tremors, seizures, staggering gait, and ataxia was first observed in farmed mink kits in denmark in 2000 and subsequently in sweden, denmark, and finland in 2001, and again in denmark in 2002. lymphoplasmacytic encephalomyelitis was found in the affected kits. the lesions were most severe in the brainstem and cerebellum and consisted of neuronal degeneration and necrosis, neuronophagia, focal and diffuse gliosis, periv ...200415305741
agreement between three serological tests for neospora caninum in beef cattle.during 1999, serum samples were collected from beef cows on pastures in western canada. some of the herds had a history of confirmed abortions associated with neospora caninum infection. all these samples were initially analyzed using a single application of 1 common commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibodies to n. caninum. from these initial results, 239 positive and 250 negative samples were randomly selected for further testing. this group of samples was retested usin ...200415305742
sero-epidemiological survey of neospora caninum infection in dogs in north-eastern italy.risk factors associated with neospora caninum seroprevalence in north-eastern italy in healthy dogs were assessed. antibodies to n. caninum were found in 10.9% of 707 kennel and owned dogs by a commercial competitive elisa (vmrd inc.). all dogs were negative for leishmania infantum by indirect fluorescent antibody test indicating no cross reactivity or association between the two protozoa in this area. seroprevalence association with breed and age of dogs and other factors are discussed.200415325040
effect of a killed whole neospora caninum tachyzoite vaccine on the crude abortion rate of costa rican dairy cows under field conditions.a standard field trial was carried out to assess the effect of a commercial neospora-vaccine based on whole killed tachyzoites (bovilis-neoguard, intervet) on the abortion rate. eight hundred and seventy-six cows, over 2.5 months pregnant, belonging to 25 costa rican dairy herds, were used in the analysis. for each cow vaccinated, a cow of the same herd, breed and age category, was selected as control. the period of administration of treatments extended from june to november of 2000. the treatme ...200415325041
prevalence of anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-neospora caninum antibodies in ovine from são paulo state, brazil.serum samples from 597 sheep from são paulo state, in the southeastern region of brazil, were tested to determine the prevalence of antibodies directed against toxoplasma gondii (> or = 1:64) and neospora caninum (> or = 1:50) using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). the animals were divided into three groups based on their age: < or = 1 year, 1-4 years, and > or = 4 years. antibodies to t. gondii were observed in 34.7% of the samples with titers ranging from 64 to 16,384 and igg ant ...200415325042
detection of neospora caninum in an aborted goat foetus.in italy neospora caninum has been reported in cattle, in buffaloes and in dogs. no data are available about the infection in sheep and goats. in this paper, the authors report the detection of protozoan cysts, identified as n. caninum by pcr, in the brain of an aborted goat foetus.200415325053
detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in two species of wild canids, lycalopex gymnocercus and cerdocyon thous from brazil.domestic dog (canis domesticus) and the coyote (canis latrans) are the only known definitive hosts for the protozoan neospora caninum that causes abortion in dairy cattle. in the present study, antibodies to n. caninum were sought in three species of wild canids, cerdocyon thous, lycalopex gymnocercus and dusicyon vetulus from brazil. antibodies to n. caninum were assayed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and the neospora agglutination test (nat). n. caninum antibodies were found ...200415325054
prevalence of neospora caninum infection in dairy cows and its consequences for reproductive management.this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of neosporosis in an area of intensive dairy production, in portugal. sera samples were obtained in a random basis from 114 cows in 49 herds (group a), and from 1237 cows in 36 herds with a history of abortion outbreaks (group b). all sera samples were tested for neosporosis by direct agglutination test (dat). additionally, attempts to isolate neospora caninum in 42 aborted bovine fetuses from 38 dairy herds (group c) were carried out, utili ...200415325549
occasional detection of neospora caninum dna in frozen extended semen from naturally infected bulls.recently, the presence of neospora caninum dna in semen from naturally infected bulls was reported. in the present work, the presence and quantification of n. caninum by pcr techniques in frozen extended semen straws from naturally infected bulls was investigated. a total of 20 seropositive and five seronegative bulls raised for reproductive purposes in an ai centre were used. ten extended semen straws from each bull obtained at different time-points during the previous 2 years were selected for ...200415325558
udder health in dairy cattle infected with neospora caninum.blood samples were collected from 3449 cows on 57 representative ontario dairy herds during the summer of 1998 and analysed for antibody to neospora caninum using an elisa. forty-eight herds (2742 cattle) contained at least one n. caninum-seropositive animal. two composite milk samples were collected from all cattle: the first on the day of blood collection and the second 68 to 365 days later. all milk samples were submitted for bacteriological culture. ontario dairy herd improvement corporation ...200415325765
prevalence of neospora caninum antibodies and factors associated with their presence in dairy cattle of the north of paraná state, brazil.to determine the prevalence of neospora caninum antibodies and associated factors, blood sera from 623 female dairy cattle from 23 farms in the north of the state of paraná, brazil, were analyzed by means of the indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test (ifat > or = 25). serum samples from 134 dogs living on the same farms also were tested for n. caninum antibodies (ifat > or = 50), and the presence of dogs was associated with the prevalence of n. caninum antibodies in cattle. the overall seropre ...200415350656
neospora caninum infection in breeder bulls: seroprevalence and comparison of serological methods used for diagnosis.to investigate the seroprevalence of neospora caninum infection in breeder bulls. in addition, the level of agreement of serological methods used was evaluated.200415350658
first isolation of neospora caninum from an aborted bovine fetus in spain.neospora caninum was isolated from the brain of a 6-mo-old aborted bovine fetus from galicia, spain. the fetal brain homogenate was inoculated intraperitoneally into cortisonized mice. the peritoneal exudate from the infected mice, along with mouse sarcoma cells (tg180), was inoculated into a second group of mice, and parasites were harvested from the peritoneal exudate. the parasites were adapted to in vitro growth in vero monolayers. the tachyzoites from the peritoneal exudate reacted positive ...200415357083
first report of neospora caninum infection in adult alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama).neospora caninum is a cyst-forming coccidian that mainly affects bovines, although neospora infection has also been described in other domestic and wild ruminant species. serum samples from 78 alpacas (vicugna pacos) and 73 llamas (lama glama) at a unique dilution of 1:50 tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) were further analyzed serologically by ifat and western blot in both ruminant species to avoid cross-reactions with closely related coccidian parasites and to confirm the exis ...200415357084
recognition patterns of neospora caninum tachyzoite antigens by bovine igg at different ifat titres.this study describes qualitative and quantitative antibody response in cows naturally infected with neospora caninum. the study was carried out with 269 serum samples obtained from 24 cows over a period of 15 weeks. prior to sample collection, the cows were tested with elisa. the 269 samples were screened with ifat and categorized into seven ifat titre groups (< 1 : 80, 1 : 80, 1 : 200, 1 : 600, 1 : 1000, 1 : 2000, > 1 : 2000). the samples were finally analysed by western blotting. seven immunod ...200415367295
biologic, morphologic, and molecular characterisation of neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs.isolation and biologic and molecular attributes of neospora caninum from three littermate dogs are described. tissue cysts were confined to the brain and striated muscles. n. caninum was isolated (isolates nc-6, nc-7, and nc-8) in rodents and cell culture that had been inoculated with brain tissue from the dogs. schizont-like stages reactive with n. caninum antibodies were seen in cell cultures seeded with bradyzoites released from percoll-isolated n. caninum tissue cysts from the brain of one d ...200415380687
shedding of neospora caninum oocysts by dogs fed tissues from naturally infected water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) from brazil.attempts were made to isolate neospora caninum from naturally infected water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) from brazil. brains from six buffaloes with indirect fluorescent antibodies (>1:100) to n. caninum were used to isolate the parasite by bioassay in dogs and gerbils followed by in vitro culture. shedding of neospora-like oocysts was noticed in dogs fed brains from three buffaloes (isolate designation ncbrbuf-1, 2 and 4). two more isolates (ncbrbuf-3 and 5) were obtained by in vitro culture of ...200415381294
serological prevalence of neospora caninum in healthy and aborted dairy cattle in mashhad, iran.a total of 810 dairy cattle were blood sampled and used to evaluate serological screening for neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle herds in mashhad (khorasan province, iran). in 4 herds, of the 810 cattle, 123 (15.18%) were seropositive by ifa test (vmrd inc., pullman, wa 99163, usa) with titer 1:200 and range of prevalence per herd from 9.92 to 19.60%. seroprevalence was not significantly different between holstein breed (14.88%) and brown swiss breed (19.60%). comparison of n. caninum se ...200415381300
identification of antigenic proteins from neospora caninum recognized by bovine immunoglobulins m, e, a and g using immunoproteomics.antigenic proteins of neospora caninum (n. caninum) against bovine immunoglobulins m, e, a, and g were investigated by using immunoproteomics. proteins of n. caninum (kba-2) tachyzoite lysates separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (pvdf) membranes, probed with different bovine immunoglobulin class and classified. antigenic spots recognized were also identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry ...200415449377
potential risk factors for bovine neospora caninum infection in germany are not under the control of the farmers.in the german state of rhineland-palatinate, herds were identified that were likely to have a neospora caninum sero-prevalence > or = 10% by using a bulk milk elisa. individual herd data were obtained by a questionnaire. univariate logistic regression showed that bulk milk positive farms had a significantly higher chance to report an increased abortion rate than negative farms (p(wald)<0.1). the chance to have a bulk milk positive herd increased with the minimum number of years a farm had report ...200415471005
anti-protozoal efficacy of high performance liquid chromatography fractions of torilis japonica and sophora flavescens extracts on neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii.we previously reported that alcoholic extracts of sophora flavescens and torilis japonica from south korea demonstrated good efficacy in reducing replication of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. to characterize the chemical component associated with anti-protozoal activity, specific fractions were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and used for in vitro testing. these fractions were evaluated in vitro against t. gondii and n. caninum. fractions of the herb extracts w ...200415482896
genetic susceptibility to neospora caninum infection in holstein cattle in ontario.neospora caninum has been reported to be an important cause of endemic fetal loss and occasional abortion epidemics in cattle around the world. this study examined 12,016 sera collected from 9723 holstein cows on 125 herds across ontario in 1998, 1999, and 2000. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to examine the sera for antibodies to n. caninum. the overall prevalence of n. caninum antibodies in the cattle was 11.2% and the prevalence in individual herds varied from 0 to 70.4%. among ...200415483182
meningoencephalomyelitis caused by neospora caninum in a juvenile fallow deer (dama dama).neosporosis, caused by the protozoan parasite neospora caninum, is a serious cause of bovine abortion, stillbirth and perinatal death. this paper reports a clinical neosporosis in a 3-week-old fallow deer (dama dama). the fawn was full term and appeared normal at birth. histological lesions consisted of a multifocal necrotizing and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, with intralesional protozoal cysts. positive immunohistochemical staining and characteristic pcr products confirmed the diagno ...200415485563
establishment of neospora caninum antigen-specific t cell lines of primarily cd4 t cells.neosporosis is an important cause of pregnancy loss in cattle worldwide. protective immunity against neospora caninum infection may include both cell-mediated (cmi) and humoral immune responses. this study was to establish short-term antigen-specific t cell lines composed of primarily cd4(+)t cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) of infected cows, which may be used to identify immunodominant antigens for the development of n. caninum vaccines. crude n. caninum tachyzoite antigen was prep ...200415491474
detection of the protozoan neospora caninum using in situ polymerase chain reaction.a new method to detect the protozoan neospora caninum using indirect in situ polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is described. in situ pcr combines the advantages of the extraordinarily high sensitivity and specificity of pcr and the in situ representation of immunohistochemical methods. we describe an indirect in situ pcr, whereby the amplified products were detected using a primed in situ (prins) reaction with hapten-labeled nucleotides and visualized using fluorochrome-labeled antibodies. this te ...200415513712
canine inflammatory myopathies: a clinicopathologic review of 200 cases.a retrospective study was performed on 200 randomly selected cases of inflammatory myopathy in dogs from diagnostic muscle biopsies received at the comparative neuromuscular laboratory, university of california, san diego. the most common clinical signs in dogs diagnosed with an inflammatory myopathy were generalized weakness, stilted gait, dysphagia, masticatory or generalized muscle atrophy, inability to open the jaw, megaesophagus, and dysphonia. myalgia was rarely described. age of onset ran ...200415515585
evaluation of vaccination with neospora caninum protein for prevention of fetal loss associated with experimentally induced neosporosis in sheep.to evaluate the immunologic response of a killed tachyzoite vaccine against neospora caninum and its effectiveness in preventing fetal loss associated with experimentally induced neosporosis in sheep.200415524328
neospora-associated abortion episode over a 1-year period in a dairy herd in north-east spain.this report describes a retrospective study based on serological screening, performed on a neospora-associated abortion episode over a 12-month period in a dairy herd in north-east spain. during the 1-year study period, the overall abortion rate for the herd was 23.2% (38 abortions of 164 diagnosed pregnancies). the data analysed were those derived from blood samples collected from the whole herd (n = 237) and from diagnosed pregnancies. antibodies to neospora caninum were found in 35.4% of the ...200415525363
tissue culture and explant approaches to studying and visualizing neospora caninum and its interactions with the host cell.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite first mentioned in 1984 as a causative agent of neuromuscular disease in dogs. it is closely related to toxoplasma gondii and hammondia heydorni, and its subsequent description in 1988 has been, and still is, accompanied by discussions on the true phylogenetical status of the genus neospora. n. caninum exhibits features that clearly distinguish this parasite from other members of the apicomplexa, including distinct ultrastructural properties, genetic ...200415525434
alternative mechanism of eimeria bovis sporozoites to invade cells in vitro by breaching the plasma membrane.in vitro eimeria bovis sporozoites invade a wide range of cell types, and in the case of bovine cells, they may develop to first-generation schizonts. often, however, they subsequently leave their host cell to invade a new one, which seems contrary to the classical way of infecting a cell by forming a parasitophorous vacuole. using a standard, "cell wound assay," we show that e. bovis can invade bovine endothelial cells by breaching the plasma membrane and may again leave the surviving cell. eim ...200415562619
molecular and biological characterization of hammondia heydorni-like oocysts from a dog fed hearts from naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).neospora caninum and hammondia heydorni are morphologically and phylogenetically related coccidians that are found in dogs. although there is serological evidence of n. caninum infection in the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), the parasite has not been yet isolated from the tissues of this host. in an attempt to isolate n. caninum from deer, hearts from 4 deer with antibodies to n. caninum were fed to 2 dogs. one of these dogs shed unsporulated oocysts 12-14 microm in diameter. sporul ...200415562623
evaluation of a pcr based on primers to nc5 gene for the detection of neospora caninum in brain tissues of bovine aborted fetuses. 200415563105
an interlaboratory comparison of immunohistochemistry and pcr methods for detection of neospora caninum in bovine foetal tissues.seven european laboratories contributed to a multi-centre evaluation of detection techniques for neospora caninum in bovine foetuses. six laboratories participated in immunohistochemistry (ihc) testing. all seven laboratories participated in pcr testing, but the results from one laboratory were not included in the analysis, because of contamination problems in the preparation of the samples. a coded panel of tissue sections from 36 infected and non-infected foetuses was used to evaluate the ihc ...200415567040
elaboration of a crude antigen elisa for serodiagnosis of caprine neosporosis: validation of the test by detection of neospora caninum-specific antibodies in goats from sri lanka.the protozoan parasite n. caninum is a major pathogen in cattle and dogs. however, clinical symptoms are occasionally described for other potential hosts. natural abortion in goats due to n. caninum has been rarely reported and only little data is available on the seroprevalence of n. caninum in this species. in the present study, 486 goats from sri lanka were tested in a crude antigen elisa for the presence of serum antibodies against n. caninum. additionally, the sera were analysed by n. canin ...200415567589
isolation of neospora caninum from a calf in malaysia.in order to attempt isolate the protozoan parasite neospora caninum, an n. caninum seropositive pregnant sahiwal friesian cross heifer from a large-scale dairy farm in malaysia was kept for observation until parturition at the veterinary research institute, ipoh. the heifer gave birth to a female calf that was weak, underweight and unable to rise. precolostral serum from the calf had an n. caninum indirect fluorescent antibody test titre of 1:3200. it died 12 h after birth and necropsy was perfo ...200415567590
cross-sectional survey in pig breeding farms in hesse, germany: seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis spp. and neospora caninum in sows.a cross-sectional survey was performed to estimate the prevalences of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii (elisa, ifat), sarcocystis spp. (elisa, using s. miescheriana as antigen) and neospora caninum (elisa, immunoblotting) in sows from breeding farms in southern hesse, germany. a total of 2041 plasma samples of sows from 94 randomly selected farms was examined. data on farm profiles, husbandry management and sows were collected by a questionnaire and exploratively analysed. for t. gondii the elisa ...200415567591
monoclonal antibodies preventing invasion of neospora caninum tachyzoites into host cells.twelve monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against neospora caninum tachyzoites were produced to specify the antigens related to the invasion of tachyzoites into host cells. in the assay to evaluate the inhibition activity, all these mabs prevented the cultured vero cells from the invading by the tachyzoites. these mabs recognized approximately a 73 kda antigen in western blot analysis. immunofluorescence assay and immune electron microscopy revealed that this 73 kda antigen is a part of the surface an ...200415585948
cross-reactivities with cryptosporidium spp. by chicken monoclonal antibodies that recognize avian eimeria spp.in a previous study, we have developed several chicken monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against eimeria acervulina (ea) in order to identify potential ligand molecules of eimeria. one of these mabs, 6d-12-g10, was found to recognize a conoid antigen of ea sporozoites and significantly inhibited the sporozoite invasions of host t lymphocytes in vitro. furthermore, some of these chicken mabs showed cross-reactivities with several different avian eimeria spp. and the mab 6d-12-g10 also demonstrated cro ...200415725532
antibodies to neospora caninum in the blood of european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.) living in poland.the prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum was examined in european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.) living in free and fenced areas in poland. sera of 320 european bison, different ages and sexes, from breeding areas in poland were tested for n. caninum antibodies using elisa test. positive antibody responses were found in 23 bison (prevalence 7.3%). additionally, all positive sera were tested by western blot to verify the elisa results. the western blot results confirmed the presence of ...200415725547
incidence of abortion and association with putative causes in dairy herds in new zealand.to estimate the distribution and causes of abortion in dairy herds across new zealand during the 2001/2002 breeding season.200415768103
isolation and molecular characterisation of neospora caninum in cattle in new zealand.to isolate neospora caninum from the brains of naturally infected cattle and use molecular techniques to characterise the isolates.200415768137
serological survey of selected pathogens of free-ranging foxes in southern argentina, 1998--2001.a serological survey was conducted in the patagonia region of argentina to estimate the prevalence of nine disease agents within the populations of free-ranging culpeo (dusicyon culpaeus) and grey (dusicyon griseus) foxes. the disease agents were aujeszky's disease virus (adv), brucella, canine adenovirus (cav), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), encephalitozoon cuniculi, leptospira, neospora caninum, and toxoplasma gondii. a total of 84 foxes were sampled (28 culpeo and 56 g ...200415861875
expression of major histocompatibility complex class i and ii in a case of neospora caninum myositis in a dog.neosporosis was diagnosed in a 2-month-old dog by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat) and confirmed by means of histopathology and immunohistochemistry. the associated myositis was characterized by major histocompatibility complex expression on some muscle fibres. this finding indicates an immunological activation, of the muscle cells that, acquiring major histocompatibility complex expression, may, in some way, contribute to antigen presentation. a possible role of these glycoprote ...200415938572
seronegative conversion in four neospora caninum-infected cows, with a low rate of transplacental transmission.four neospora-seropositive pregnant cows (prebreeding indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) titers between 1:400 and 1:1600) were confined and observed until parturition. all cows gave birth to normal calves. selected tissues were tested for nc by histopathology, immunohistochemical (ihc) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). parasite isolation was attempted in vero cell cultures. at parturition, all cows were seronegative at 1:200 and two of four cows had a titer of 1:100 when further tested. thre ...200515939537
evaluation of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in bulk milk.three elisas for the detection of antibodies against neospora caninum in bulk milk were evaluated in 162 dutch dairy herds. the first elisa was the dutch animal health service (ahs) in-house elisa, developed from the routine in-house serum elisa. the other two elisas were commercial milk elisas from idexx and lsi. blood samples of all lactating cows in 162 dairy herds were tested using the ahs in-house serum elisa. based on previous studies in the netherlands a within-herd n. caninum seroprevale ...200515970385
hplc purification of recombinant ncgra6 antigen improves enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of bovine neosporosis.the gene for a dense granule protein (ncgra6) of neospora caninum was expressed in escherichia coli as a his-tag fusion protein and purified by ninta affinity chromatography. in a preliminary study, high binding of antibodies from n. caninum-negative cows was observed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using ninta-purified ncgra6. analysis of ninta eluates revealed a significant number of e. coli proteins that co-purified with recombinant ncgra6. in an attempt to improve the relative s ...200515970387
effects of seropositivity for bovine leukemia virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and neospora caninum on culling in dairy cattle in four canadian provinces.the purpose of this research was to determine the effects of seropositivity for exposure to bovine leukemia virus (blv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) and neospora caninum (nc) on overall and reason-specific culling in canadian dairy cattle. serum samples from, approximately, 30 randomly selected cows from 134 herds were tested for antibodies against blv, map and nc using commercially available elisa test kits, while 5 unvaccinated cat ...200515970402
culture of neospora caninum in the presence of a mycoplasma removal agent results in the selection of a mutant population of tachyzoites.mycoplasmas are common contaminants of eukaryotic cells grown in tissue culture. a commercially available mycoplasma removal agent (mra) was therefore assessed for its effect on tachyzoites of neospora caninum, in order to determine its suitability for further use in parasite cell cultures. analyses of tachyzoite and excreted-secreted proteins and antigens by sds-page and western blotting show that mra treatment results in the rapid selection of a mutant population that differs from the control ...200515977896
confirmed clinical neospora caninum infection in a boxer puppy from argentina.generalized neosporosis was diagnosed in a 2-month-old boxer puppy. the dog had a history of progressive paralysis and muscle atrophy, followed by cervical weakness, stiff jaws and dysphagia. the dog had a 1:12,800 antibody titer for neospora caninum and was negative for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). after euthanasia a complete necropsy was carried out. the puppy had a megaesophagus. microscopically, tachyzoites and tissue cysts were observed i ...200515978728
recombinant nhsag1 elisa: a sensitive and specific assay for detecting antibodies against neospora hughesi in equine serum.neospora hughesi is a recently identified cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. however, the significance of this parasite is poorly understood. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with a recombinant form of the n. hughesi 29-kda surface antigen (rnhsag1) was developed for serodiagnosis of equine n. hughesi infections. parallel elisa analysis showed that animals immunized or infected with n. hughesi exhibited greater antibody reactivity with rnhsag1 than with the neospora caninum ...200515986623
identification and characterization of cross-reactive antigens from neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii.murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against neospora caninum tachyzoites were produced to identify the cross-reactive antigens between n. caninum and toxoplasma gondii. ten mabs recognizing cross-reactive antigens of both parasites were obtained and tentatively classified into 6 different groups based on their reactivity patterns in an indirect fluorescent antibody test and western blot analysis. three mabs in group 1 recognized antigens located on the surface of parasites with molecular masses ...200515991490
development of rapid immunochromatographic test with recombinant ncsag1 for detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in cattle.an immunochromatographic test (ict) with recombinant surface antigen 1 of neospora caninum (ncsag1) was developed for the rapid detection of antibodies to n. caninum in cattle. the ict was used to clearly discriminate between immunofluorescent-antibody test (ifat)-positive bovine sera and ifat-negative bovine sera. serum samples collected from cattle in yanbian, china, were examined by the ict. of the 96 serum samples, 23 (24.0%) were positive by the ict, and 19 (19.8%) samples were positive by ...200516002641
cutaneous manifestations of disseminated toxoplasmosis in an immunosuppressed dog.a 3.5-year-old, castrated male, giant schnauzer was presented with alopecic pustular dermatitis. immune-mediated hemolytic anemia had been diagnosed 45 days previously. at the time of presentation, the dog was receiving prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclosporine. cutaneous protozoosis was diagnosed, and postmortem examination revealed protozoa within cutaneous, cardiac, pancreatic, and pulmonary tissues. the protozoa divided by endodyogeny, had the morphology of toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) tac ...200515870255
relationship between rainfall and neospora caninum-associated abortion in two dairy herds in a dry environment.the possible direct relationship between climate variations and abortion in neospora caninum-infected cows has not been studied. the objective of this study was to determine whether climate changes could be a risk factor for abortion in n. caninum-infected cows, and was based on yearly serological screening for neosporosis and on the confirmation of n. caninum infection on aborted fetuses in two high-producing dairy herds with a mean 27% seroprevalence of n. caninum antibodies. the final populat ...200515876229
a review of neospora caninum in dairy and beef cattle--a canadian perspective.neospora caninum is one of the most important causes of abortion in cows. the occurrence of n. caninum infection in beef and dairy cattle has been reported worldwide, and in most provinces in canada. the objective of this review is to summarize our current understanding of n. caninum in dairy and beef cattle for canadian bovine practitioners. the review covers the life cycle of the agent, its mechanisms of transmission, clinical signs, and tests for diagnosing the infection. data on the prevalen ...200515884645
reduction in transplacental transmission of neospora caninum in outbred mice by vaccination.infection with the protozoan parasite neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in cattle. a major source of infection is transplacental transfer of the parasite from mother to offspring during pregnancy. this study describes investigations on the immunisation of outbred qs mice before pregnancy with live or a crude lysate of n. caninum (nc-nowra isolate) to prevent transplacental transfer of a challenge infection administered during pregnancy. parasites present in the brains of pups fr ...200515885695
seroprevalence of neospora caninum in dairy and beef cattle with reproductive disorders in japan.serum samples from 145 dairy and 65 beef cattle with reproductive disorders and 54 normally calving dairy cattle (controls) in japan were tested for presence of neospora caninum antibodies by use of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat, titer 1:200). overall, seroprevalence of n. caninum was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in dairy cattle (20.0%, 29/145) than in beef cattle (1.5%, 1/65). in cattle which aborted, seroprevalence of n. caninum was significantly higher (p = 0.041) in dairy c ...200515893065
immune response to neospora caninum in naturally infected heifers and heifers vaccinated with inactivated antigen during the second trimester of gestation.the objective of this study was to compare the immune response to neospora caninum in naturally infected heifers and heifers inoculated with a killed whole n. caninum tachyzoite preparation during the second trimester of gestation. nine holstein heifers were used in this study; three naturally infected heifers were born from seropositive dams, and six seronegative heifers were born from seronegative dams. four seronegative heifers were subcutaneously vaccinated with a killed whole n. caninum tac ...200515893067
serologic immunoreactivity to neospora caninum antigens in dogs determined by indirect immunofluorescence, western blotting and dot-elisa.neospora caninum, is a coccidian protozoan known as a major cause of bovine abortion and canine neuropathies. the aim of the present study was to develop a reliable and quick test to detect antibodies to n. caninum in dog sera. sixty-five serum samples from dogs, including 35 positive and 30 negative for n. caninum antibodies were used for standardization of the test. in parallel, immunoreactivity of the sera to toxoplasma gondii antigens was investigated using a passive agglutination test. a do ...200515893072
detection of specific antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpacas (lama pacos), llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (lama vicugna) from peru and germany.sera of an experimentally neospora caninum infected llama and a non-infected control llama were used to establish an immunoblot, an elisa and an ifat to detect antibodies against n. caninum tachyzoites. subsequently, serum samples collected from a total of 871 south american camelids (sac: lama glama, lama pacos, lama vicugna) of two farms in peru and from 32 sac of a farm in central germany were examined for antibodies against n. caninum and toxoplasma gondii. based on the recognition of specif ...200515893073
prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasmagondii and neosporacaninum in red foxes (vulpesvulpes) from around the uk.the purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in a random sample of red foxes from around the uk. lung fluid from over 500 foxes was examined using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. reciprocal titres of specific antibodies to t. gondii or n. caninum ranged from < 1:16 to 1:1024. a titre of 1:128 or greater was deemed indicative of exposure to the parasite. one hundred and eleven (20%) of the 549 foxes tested were seropositi ...200515893084
serological status for n. caninum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus at pregnancy testing and reproductive performance in beef herds.neospora caninum, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) are important differentials for the diagnosis of infectious reproductive loss in beef herds. the objective of this study was to describe the serological status of both pregnant and non-pregnant beef cows from herds with varying levels of reproductive success. the study provided an opportunity to examine whether there were any associations between serological status for bvdv, ibr, and n. caninum and ...200515893892
protective efficacy of vaccination with neospora caninum multiple recombinant antigens against experimental neospora caninum infection.protective efficacy of vaccination with neospora caninum multiple recombinant antigens against n. caninum infection was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. two major immunodominant surface antigens (ncsag1 and ncsrs2) and two dense granule proteins (ncdg1 and ncdg2) of n. caninum tachyzoites were expressed in e. coli, respectively. an in vitro neutralization assay using polyclonal antisera raised against each recombinant antigen showed inhibitory effects on the invasion of n. caninum tachyzoites int ...200515793355
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