Publications

transmission of norwalk virus during football game.	during a college football game in florida, diarrhea and vomiting developed in many of the members of a north carolina team. the next day, similar symptoms developed in some of the players on the opposing team.	2000	11071673
norwalk virus strikes in pocahontas county.		2000	11077545
norwalk-like virus sequences detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in mineral waters imported into or bottled in switzerland.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) is a genus belonging to the caliciviridae. nlvs are transmitted by the fecal-oral and the aerosol route and are the most common cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. nlvs are responsible for an estimated 67% of all illnesses caused by known foodborne pathogens and for 96% of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the united states. many outbreaks could be associated with the consumption of primarily or secondarily contaminated foods. to our knowledge, no epidem ...	2000	11079703
interaction of recombinant norwalk virus particles with the 105-kilodalton cellular binding protein, a candidate receptor molecule for virus attachment.	norwalk virus (nv), responsible for outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, comprises the species of the genus norwalk-like viruses in the family caliciviridae. although the study of the molecular biology of nv has been hampered by a lack of culture systems or small experimental animal models, virus-like particles (vlps) generated with recombinant baculoviruses harboring the capsid protein gene of nv provide a useful tool for investigating nv-cell interactions. in this study, the attachment of the r ...	2000	11090157
complete nucleotide sequence of the chiba virus genome and functional expression of the 3c-like protease in escherichia coli.	we cloned the genome rna of the chiba virus (chv; hu/nlv/chiba 407/1987/jp) and determined its complete nucleotide sequence. the genome is predicted to be a positive-sense, single-stranded rna of 7697 bases, excluding a poly(a) tract. comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences with those of other members of the species norwalk virus (nv) revealed that chv belongs to genogroup i nv. the chv genome contains three open reading frames (orfs). a large 5'-terminal orf (orf1) encodes a polyp ...	2000	11118371
an improved method for the detection of norwalk-like caliciviruses in environmental samples.	an original magnetic beads rna capture was developed for the detection of norwalk-like virus by rt-pcr. the same oligonucleotide was used both for capture and reverse transcription of the viral rna. the optimization studies showed that the most important parameter for sensitivity is the biotin-binding capacity of the beads. this method was found to be efficient for eliminating inhibitors in sewage samples compared with the classic rt-pcr. moreover, the sensitivity was greatly enhanced, allowing ...	2000	11123547
characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated against norwalk virus gii capsid protein expressed in escherichia coli.	the norwalk virus (nv) causes outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. the virus capsid is composed of a single 60 kda protein. the capsid protein of nv36 (genogroup ii, mexico virus type) was expressed in an escherichia coli system and ten monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated against it. the reactivity of these mabs was characterized using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot (wb) analysis towards 20 overlapping fragments of the nv36 capsid protei ...	2000	11145271
prevalence and genomic variation of norwalk-like viruses in central australia in 1995-1997.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) have now been found to be important causes of gastroenteritis amongst infants and young children as well as older children and adults. although detected, such viruses appeared not to be a major cause amongst infants and young children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in alice springs, central australia over the period january 1995-december 1997. nine nlv-positive cases were identified amongst stools from 360 different patients. from the nine cases however, eight diff ...	2000	11252671
mutation analysis of the gdd sequence motif of a calicivirus rna-dependent rna polymerase.	the rna-dependent rna polymerase from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, a calicivirus, is known to have a conserved gdd amino acid motif and several additional regions of sequence homology with all types of polymerases. to test whether both aspartic acid residues are in fact involved in the catalytic activity and metal ion coordination of the enzyme, several defined mutations have been made in order to replace them by glutamate, asparagine, or glycine. all six mutant enzymes were produced in esc ...	2000	10729164
outbreaks of norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis--alaska and wisconsin, 1999.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in the united states, resulting in illness in approximately 23 million persons each year . persons of all ages are affected because previous infection confers only short-term immunity. most nlv gastroenteritis outbreaks involve foodborne or person-to-person transmission. this report presents investigations of a foodborne nlv outbreak in alaska and person-to-person transmission in wisconsin.	2000	10738840
evaluation of f-specific rna bacteriophage as a candidate human enteric virus indicator for bivalve molluscan shellfish.	escherichia coli is a widely utilized indicator of the sanitary quality of bivalve molluscan shellfish sold for human consumption. however, it is now well documented that shellfish that meet the e. coli standards for human consumption may contain human enteric viruses that cause gastroenteritis and hepatitis. in this study we investigated using f-specific rna bacteriophage (frna bacteriophage) to indicate the likely presence of such viruses in shellfish sold for consumption. frna bacteriophage a ...	2000	10742200
selective accumulation may account for shellfish-associated viral illness.	from 1991 through 1998, 1,266 cases of shellfish-related illnesses were attributed to norwalk-like viruses. seventy-eight percent of these illnesses occurred following consumption of oysters harvested from the gulf coast during the months of november through january. this study investigated the ability of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) to accumulate indicator microorganisms (i.e., fecal coliforms, escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, and f(+) coliphage) from estuarine water. one-w ...	2000	10742214
seroprevalence and seroincidence of norwalk-like virus infection among brazilian infants and children.	to determine the importance of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) as pediatric pathogens in a developing country, the seroprevalence and seroincidence of this group of viruses in a cohort of children less than 4 years of age in an urban shantytown in northeastern brazil was examined. serum samples were collected approximately every 6 months from 135 children who were surveyed three times each week for diarrhea and vomiting. nlv igg was measured by an enzyme immunosorbent assay (eia) with recombinant no ...	2000	10745243
identification of an epitope common to genogroup 1 "norwalk-like viruses".	a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to recombinant norwalk virus (nv) capsid protein were tested in competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. patterns of competition indicated that these mabs recognize six to eight epitopes covering five nonoverlapping regions of the capsid protein. a single epitope, recognized by nv mabs nv3901, nv3912, and nv2461 was found to occur in the majority of genogroup 1 (g1) but not genogroup 2 (g2) "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs). this observation supports ...	2000	10747162
genetic polymorphism across regions of the three open reading frames of "norwalk-like viruses".	genomic characterization of norwalk-like human caliciviruses (nlvs) originating from outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis has revealed surprisingly high levels of diversity, even in the rna polymerase gene, which is anticipated to be highly conserved. since information on antigenic relationship is limited, due to the lack of a tissue culture system for these viruses, strains mostly are described on the basis of their genetic relatedness. however, the lack of uniformly applied cr ...	2000	10752550
a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses: first molecular traceback to deli sandwiches contaminated during preparation.	in march 1998, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred among students at a texas university. overall, 125 ill students sought medical care. case-control studies revealed that illness was significantly associated with eating foods from the university's main cafeteria deli bar on 9 and 10 march. stool specimens from 9 (50%) of 18 ill students and samples of deli ham showed evidence of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) by reverse-transcriptase (rt) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. a food hand ...	2000	10753727
immunohistochemical localisation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus vp-60 antigen in early infection of young and adult rabbits.	this study evaluated the time course distribution of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) structural protein vp60 in tissues from experimentally infected rabbits from three different age groups. viral vp60 antigen could not be detected in tissue samples from animals under four weeks, and only a few hepatocytes (0.01 to 0.2 per cent) were stained in the 6-week-old animals. a 6-week-old rabbit euthanised at 72 hpi showed vp60-labelling in hepatocytes and macrophages close to areas of inflammat ...	2000	10756137
norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis outbreak in u.s. army trainees.	an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis hospitalized 99 (12%) of 835 u. s. army trainees at fort bliss, el paso, texas, from august 27 to september 1, 1998. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests for norwalk-like virus were positive for genogroup 2. gastroenteritis was associated with one post dining facility and with soft drinks.	2000	10756159
the new genotypic human calicivirus isolated in seoul.	a new type of human calicivirus (hucv) showing the classic cup-shaped surface morphology was identified in the stool sample from a child with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in seoul, korea (sk virus). genomic rna was extracted directly from the stool sample, and the nucleotide sequence of 3.2 kb of the 3' end of sk virus was determined from cdna. this region spanned sequences from the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) region in the open reading frame 1 (orf1) to the 3' poly a tail. the non- ...	2000	10762055
a series of outbreaks of food poisoning?	a series of independently occurring episodes which were notified individually as 'food poisoning' were, after investigation, linked to a common source water supply.	2000	10777225
an isolated epizootic of hemorrhagic-like fever in cats caused by a novel and highly virulent strain of feline calicivirus.	an isolated epizootic of a highly fatal feline calicivirus (fcv) infection, manifested in its severest form by a systemic hemorrhagic-like fever, occurred over a 1-month period among six cats owned by two different employees and a client of a private veterinary practice. the infection may have started with an unowned shelter kitten that was hospitalized during this same period for a severe atypical upper respiratory infection. the causative agent was isolated from blood and nasal swabs from two ...	2000	10781727
molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round structured viruses in germany in 1997/98.	the molecular epidemiology of small round structured viruses (srsvs) in germany was studied using fecal specimens from 16 srsv-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in different parts of germany during 1997/1998 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and by sequencing of the orf1 and orf3 amplicons. the majority of the isolates clustered in one subtype and were closely related to published srsv sequences of genogroup ii.	2000	10795514
safety and efficacy of a recombinant felv vaccine combined with a live feline rhinotracheitis, calicivirus and panleukopenia vaccine.		2000	10803986
introduction: human enteric caliciviruses-an emerging pathogen whose time has come.		2000	10804132
summary of the first international workshop on human caliciviruses.		2000	10804133
the epidemiology of enteric caliciviruses from humans: a reassessment using new diagnostics.	in the united states, acute gastroenteritis is one of the most commonly noted illnesses on hospital discharge records and death certificates, yet few of these cases have an etiologic diagnosis. the application of new molecular diagnostic methods has shown caliciviruses (previously referred to as the norwalk family of viruses or small round structured viruses) to be the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (age) outbreaks in the united states, and they may emerge as a common cause of sporad ...	2000	10804134
molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in the netherlands.	in the netherlands, illness due to norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) of the family caliciviridae is quite common. nlvs cause >80% of the outbreaks of gastroenteritis reported to municipal public health centers and at least 5% of the cases of gastroenteritis for which a general practitioner is consulted. in addition, up to 18% of community cases of gastroenteritis in the 1998/1999 winter season have been attributed to nlvs. patterns of disease activity differ remarkably, with "normal years, when outbre ...	2000	10804135
surveillance of viral gastroenteritis in japan: pediatric cases and outbreak incidents.	surveillance results from pediatric cases and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in japan are presented. in winter, both small round structured virus (srsv, or norwalk-like viruses) and rotavirus were detected from infants with gastroenteritis; however, in recent years, the prevailing time of srsv infection has preceded that of rotavirus infection. most nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks were related to srsv infection, and >60% of the outbreaks were caused by contaminated food. in small-size ...	2000	10804136
epidemiology of calicivirus infections in sweden, 1994-1998.	outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis are frequently caused by caliciviruses. electron microscopy was used to search for these viruses in fecal samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis. of 5800 samples collected and analyzed from november 1994 to june 1998, 3700 were associated with outbreaks. a total of 676 outbreaks were analyzed, and viruses were found in 67%. caliciviruses, usually norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), were found in 407 (89%) of 455 outbreaks, while sapporo-like viruses were ide ...	2000	10804137
the impact of foodborne calicivirus disease: the minnesota experience.	the first outbreaks of norwalk virus gastroenteritis in minnesota were confirmed in 1982. since then, norwalk-like caliciviruses have been recognized to be the most common cause of foodborne disease outbreaks, accounting for 41% of all confirmed foodborne outbreaks in minnesota from 1981-1998. although laboratory confirmation of caliciviruses in stool samples was not attempted in most of these outbreaks, all conformed to epidemiologic criteria for defining outbreaks of norwalk virus. since 1996, ...	2000	10804138
cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults, but little is known about their seasonality. the lack of specific diagnostic tools impeded study of these viruses in the past, and surveys using electron microscopy often grouped nlvs with other unrelated viruses. a search of the scientific literature found eight surveys of gastroenteritis, which were conducted for at least 1 year, that specifically identified nlvs. unpublished data from labora ...	2000	10804139
human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community.	episodes of acute gastroenteritis in prospectively followed children between 2 months and 2 years of age were examined for rotaviruses, enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, and human caliciviruses, including both norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) and sapporo-like viruses (slvs), using pcr and reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. a virus was identified in 60% (502/832) of all episodes and in 85% of the moderately severe or severe episodes. human caliciviruses were as common as rotaviruses, both being ...	2000	10804140
sapporo virus: history and recent findings.	morphologically distinct caliciviruses of human origin were first found in stools of children with gastroenteritis in 1976. sapporo virus, or human calicivirus sapporo, with typical surface morphology was first detected during a gastroenteritis outbreak in a home for infants in sapporo, japan, in 1977. since then, morphologically and antigenically identical virus has been detected frequently in the same institution in association with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. sapporo virus is widely distrib ...	2000	10804142
organization and expression of calicivirus genes.	the application of molecular techniques to the characterization of caliciviruses has resulted in an extensive database of sequence information. this information has led to the identification of 4 distinct genera. the human enteric caliciviruses have been assigned to 2 of these genera. this division is reflected not only in sequence diversity but in a fundamental difference in genome organization. complete genome sequences are now available for 5 enteric caliciviruses and demonstrate that human a ...	2000	10804143
taxonomy of the caliciviruses.	the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present caliciviridae study group. these proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated lagovirus, vesivirus, "norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), and "sapporo-like viruses (slvs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. the genera have been further divided into the following species: ...	2000	10804145
immunity to calicivirus infection.	the evolution of our understanding of immunity to calicivirus infection, using norwalk virus as the prototype, is discussed in three stages: (1) "ancient times (1972-1978), when human volunteer studies prevailed, (2) the "middle ages (1978-1990), which were characterized by the development and implementation of solid-phase immunoassays based on native viral antigens, and (3) "modern times (1990 to present), which began with the cloning of the genome of the noncultivatable 8fiia strain of norwalk ...	2000	10804146
genetic classification of "norwalk-like viruses..	reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction has been used worldwide for the diagnosis of norwalk-like virus (nlv) infection, yet a commonly accepted genetic classification scheme has not been established. amino acid sequences from four regions of open-reading frame 2 (orf2) were used to analyze 101 nlv strains, including 2 bovine strains. on the basis of this analysis, a genetic classification scheme is proposed that differentiates 99 human strains into 2 major genetic groups consisting of 5 ...	2000	10804147
diagnosis of human caliciviruses by use of enzyme immunoassays.	the application of molecular technologies, such as the expression of viral proteins in baculovirus, has provided a powerful approach to the diagnosis of human calicivirus (hucv) infections. the baculovirus-expressed hucv capsid protein self-assembles into virus-like particles, providing excellent reagents for immunologic assays, such as enzyme immunoassays (eias). following the expression of the capsid protein of norwalk virus, the capsid proteins of 8 other hucv strains have been expressed in b ...	2000	10804148
norwalk virus vaccines: challenges and progress.	human caliciviruses (hucvs) are the major cause of outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis throughout the world. an increasing recognition of the clinical significance of these viruses as human pathogens causing foodborne and waterborne disease indicates that an effective vaccine would be useful. this article reviews the current challenges that exist for the development of a vaccine for the hucvs as well as the status of development of a candidate vaccine. hucvs are viruses that exhibit ...	2000	10804150
norwalk-like virus infection in military forces: epidemic potential, sporadic disease, and the future direction of prevention and control efforts.	the impact of norwalk-like virus (nlv) infection on military forces is evaluated in this report. nlvs were a major cause of both outbreaks and sporadic disease among crowded us ground troops in the 1991 war with iraq. nlvs also have been found to be a cause of acute gastroenteritis in other ground and shipboard deployments. four large outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were investigated aboard us navy aircraft carriers between 1992 and 1997. in these outbreaks, nlvs were identified as the probab ...	2000	10804153
susceptibility of piglets to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus following experimental infection.	the possibility exists that rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) can be transmitted to swine, through lapinized hog cholera virus (hcv) vaccine. to investigate the infectivity of rhdv in swine, 16 four- to six-week-old piglets were inoculated subcutaneously with rhdv, and samples of liver, lung, spleen, kidney, bile, adrenal gland, tonsil, mesenteric lymph node, thymus, urine, buffy coat, and feces were collected from each of 2 animals on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 post infection. usin ...	2000	10805254
possible community immunity to small round structured virus gastroenteritis in a rural aboriginal community.	in april 1998 an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected visitors, but none of the aboriginal residents, at a territory health services luncheon in a rural aboriginal community in central australia. the epidemiological features and identification of small round structured virus (srsv) from two participants suggest that this was an outbreak caused by a srsv. the attack rate in the visitors who ate or drank food at the luncheon was 73% (11 of 15). seventeen aboriginal residents were interviewed, none ...	2000	10812750
management of hospital outbreaks of gastro-enteritis due to small roundstructured viruses.	small round structured viruses (srsvs, norwalk-like viruses, nlvs) are the most common cause of outbreaks of gastro-enteritis in hospitals and also cause outbreaks in other settings such as schools, hotels, nursing homes and cruise ships. hospital outbreaks often lead to ward closure and major disruption in hospital activity. outbreaks usually affect both patients and staff, sometimes with attack rates in excess of 50%. for this reason, staff shortages can be severe, particularly if several ward ...	2000	10833336
members of the family caliciviridae (norwalk virus and sapporo virus) are the most prevalent cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among infants in japan.	norwalk virus (nv) and sapporo virus (sv) were approved as type species of the genus norwalk-like viruses and the genus sapporo-like viruses, respectively, within the family caliciviridae. to clarify the importance of nv and sv as causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks in infants, stool samples obtained from 36 outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis that occurred during 1976-1995 in an infant home in sapporo, japan, were examined for diarrhea viruses using electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassay ...	2000	10837186
the heteroduplex mobility assay (hma) as a pre-sequencing screen for norwalk-like viruses.	molecular epidemiological studies of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), previously known as small round structured viruses (srsvs), are dependant currently on dna sequencing of pcr amplicons, which is expensive and time consuming. the heteroduplex mobility assay (hma) was evaluated as a method for identification of pcr amplicons from the commonly circulating nlv strains without dna sequencing. the procedure was developed for use with two reference strains, a mexico virus-like strain (mxv-like; hu¿nlv¿ ...	2000	10856763
experimental infections of rabbits with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus monitored by polymerase chain reaction.	adult and 4-5-week-old rabbits were inoculated subcutaneously with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). samples were prepared from various tissues at intervals postinoculation (pi) for the detection of viral rna and antigens. using a haemagglutination test (hat), viral antigens were detected in the liver, bile and spleen of the adult rabbits at and after 36 h pi. the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt - pcr) showed that rhdvrna was present in the liver, bile and spleen as e ...	2000	10877972
simultaneous detection and genotyping of "norwalk-like viruses" by oligonucleotide array in a reverse line blot hybridization format.	"norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) are the most common cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. to date, the method most widely used for typing of nlv strains is sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of reverse transcription (rt)-pcr products, which has revealed the existence of stable distinct lineages (genotypes). this typing method is rather costly, not routinely used in clinical laboratories, and not very suitable for the analysis of large numbers of samples. theref ...	2000	10878050
major change in the predominant type of "norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in osaka city, japan, between april 1996 and march 1999.	in osaka city, japan, between april 1996 and march 1999, a total of 350 fecal specimens from 64 outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis were examined to investigate infection by "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs). by reverse transcription (rt)-pcr, 182 samples (52.0%) from 47 outbreaks (73.4%) were nlv positive. during those three years, the incidence of nlv-associated outbreaks showed seasonality, being higher during january to march (winter to early spring). the ingestion of contaminated oy ...	2000	10878058
evaluation of nine sets of pcr primers in the rna dependent rna polymerase region for detection and differentiation of members of the family caliciviridae, norwalk virus and sapporo virus.	norwalk virus and sapporo virus were approved as type species of the genus "norwalk-like viruses" and the genus "sapporo-like viruses," respectively, in the family caliciviridae. a total of 116 stool specimens containing norwalk virus (nv) or sapporo virus (sv) were tested by rt-pcr and southern hybridization to evaluate nine sets of pcr primers and seven internal oligonucleotide probes in the rna dependent rna polymerase region of nv and sv for detection and differentiation of viruses in the nv ...	2000	10888362
infantile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis.	the development of sensitive new molecular genetic techniques has led to the detection of rotavirus in cerebrospinal fluid, stools and throat swabs from patients with gastroenteritis with accompanying clinical symptoms similar to infantile benign convulsions. small round structured virus (srsv) has also been found in stools of patients with similar clinical symptoms by a new procedure. however, the mechanism by which these viral infections induce benign convulsions remains to be elucidated. the ...	2000	10891637
development of methods to detect "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and hepatitis a virus in delicatessen foods: application to a food-borne nlv outbreak.	"norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for the detection of nlvs and hav in foodstuffs. although reverse transcription (rt)-pcr methods have been useful in detecting nlvs and hav in bivalve mollusks implicated in outbreaks, to date such methods have not been available for other foods. to a ...	2000	10618226
horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease by using a recombinant myxoma virus.	we have developed a new strategy for immunization of wild rabbit populations against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) that uses recombinant viruses based on a naturally attenuated field strain of myxoma virus (mv). the recombinant viruses expressed the rhdv major capsid protein (vp60) including a linear epitope tag from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) nucleoprotein. following inoculation, the recombinant viruses induced specific antibody responses against mv, rhdv, ...	2000	10627521
seroprevalence against norwalk-like human caliciviruses in beijing, china.	serum specimens from 1,109 individuals at different ages in beijing, china, were collected between april 1996 and march 1997 and tested for igg antibodies against human caliciviruses using enzyme immune assays (eias). baculovirus-expressed recombinant norwalk virus (rnv) and mexican virus (rmxv) capsid proteins were used as antigens. the seroprevalence was 89% for rnv and 91% for rmxv. similar seroprevalence between the two antigens was observed in individual age groups and both genders. infants ...	2000	10568770
a serological survey of antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rabbit calicivirus disease) in two rural central otago communities.	to determine whether individuals from two rural communities with heavy exposure to the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) developed antibodies to this virus.	2001	11280425
high level excretion of norwalk-like virus following resolution of clinical illness.	we report the case of an elderly woman excreting high levels (about 5 x 10(5) virions per gram of faeces) of norwalk-like virus (nlv) in the absence of any clinical symptoms of gastroenteritis. analysis by reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing was carried out on a 342-nucleotide region of open reading frame 1. this indicated that the nlv belonged to genogroup 2 and was more closely related to the camberwell subgroup, the most common circulating in southeast australi ...	2001	11280609
expression and self-assembly in baculovirus of porcine enteric calicivirus capsids into virus-like particles and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody detection in swine.	porcine enteric calicivirus (pec) causes diarrhea and intestinal lesions in pigs. pec strain cowden grows to low to moderate titers in cell culture but only with the addition of intestinal contents from uninfected gnotobiotic pigs (w. t. flynn and l. j. saif, j. clin. microbiol. 26:206--212, 1988; a. v. parwani, w. t. flynn, k. l. gadfield, and l. j. saif, arch. virol. 120:115--122, 1991). cloning and sequence analysis of the pec cowden full-length genome revealed that it is most closely related ...	2001	11283075
molecular epidemiology of 'norwalk-like viruses' associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in new zealand.	outbreaks of gastroenteritis are a major public health problem in new zealand. the introduction of molecular detection methods has now shown that the 'norwalk-like viruses' (nlvs) are the major cause of food and waterborne nonbacterial gastroenteritis. reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) were used to determine the presence of nlvs in faecal specimens from 83 nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in new zealand between august 1995 and july 1999. further charact ...	2001	11285570
when dna research menaces diversity.		2001	11298407
[outbreak of human calicivirus infection in a hospital department].	human caliciviruses (hucv)--such as norwalk-like and sapporo-like viruses--members of the family caliciviridae, are a major cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in persons of all ages worldwide. they are important pathogens in food- and waterborne diseases in which the transmission can often be traced to fecally contaminated water or foods, and spread by person-to-person contact, vomitus or airborne droplets. hucv-associated outbreaks involving large numbers of people usually occur in se ...	2001	11301905
effect of rotavirus vaccine on sapporo virus gastroenteritis in finnish infants.	sapporo-like viruses (slvs) occur worldwide, but there is limited information about the slv-associated gastroenteritis outside japan.	2001	11303833
identification of the amino acid residue involved in rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus vpg uridylylation.	the virus genome-linked protein (vpg) coding region from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) (isolate ast/89) was expressed in escherichia coli by using a glutathione s-transferase-based vector. the recombinant polypeptide could be purified in good yields and was uridylylated in vitro from [alpha-32p]utp in a reaction catalyzed by the recombinant rna-dependent rna polymerase from rhdv in the absence of added template rna. the use of deletion and point mutants allowed the identification of ty ...	2001	11369764
molecular epidemiology of viral pathogens and tracing of transmission routes: hepatitis-, calici- and hantaviruses.	background: the need to rapidly identify new therapeutic drugs and vaccines for clinically important viral infections has resulted in intensive study of the molecular properties of viruses. modern molecular techniques have provided tools for tracing infections and studying the evolution of viruses. objective study and design: two examples illustrating how modern molecular techniques can be used in clinical virology and molecular epidemiology (hepatitis and caliciviruses), and one example documen ...	2001	11397654
heminested multiplex reverse transcription-pcr for detection and differentiation of norwalk-like virus genogroups 1 and 2 in fecal samples.	the present study describes a heminested multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay which enables simultaneous detection and differentiation of norwalk-like virus (nlv) genogroups from clinical fecal samples without the need to perform sequencing or hybridization. the assay developed was able to detect concentrations of fewer than 100 viral particles per 5 microl of clarified fecal extract and could differentiate the two genogroups with a specificity of 100%. although the multiplex rt-pcr as ...	2001	11427598
molecular detection of human calicivirus in young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in melbourne, australia, during 1999.	reverse transcription-pcr and sequence analysis identified calciviruses in 32 of 60 stool specimens (negative for other enteric pathogens) obtained from children admitted to our hospital with acute gastroenteritis. the overall annual incidence rate for calcivirus was 9% (32 of 354 children). molecular analysis identified 30 "norwalk-like virus" genogroup ii (predominantly lordsdale cluster) and 2 "sapporo-like virus" strains.	2001	11427606
university outbreak of calicivirus infection mistakenly attributed to shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7--virginia, 2000.	on february 21-22, 2000, the virginia department of health (vdh) was notified by a university student health center of two suspected cases of escherichia coli o157:h7. at a local hospital laboratory, stool specimens from the two ill students tested positive for shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (eia) kit. further investigation revealed that the outbreak of gastrointestinal illness was caused by a norwalk-like virus (nlv), a member of the calic ...	2001	11428728
an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis in a mother-and-child health clinic.	an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease in a modern mother-and-child health clinic prompted the health authorities to initiate a retrospective cohort study in order to assess the scope of the outbreak and to identify possible risk factors. the management of the clinic had been rather concerned because four similar outbreaks had occurred during the last two years. a total of 151 guests, i.e. mothers with their children, who had arrived some days before the peak of the outbreak for a three-week-stay and ...	2001	11434217
the molecular biology of human caliciviruses.	within the last decade molecular analyses of the genome of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) have confirmed that this important group of infectious agents belongs to the caliciviridae family. nlvs have a positive-sense, single-stranded rna genome of approximately 7700 nucleotides excluding the polyadenylated tail. the genome encodes three open reading frames: orf 1 is the largest (approximately 1700 amino acids) and is expressed as a polyprotein precursor that is cleaved by the viral 3c-like protease; ...	2001	11444026
molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in the netherlands.	caliciviruses are among the most common causes of gastroenteritis in people of all age groups. these antigenetically and genetically diverse viruses have been grouped into two genera within the family caliciviridae, designated norwalk-like viruses (nlv) and sapporo-like viruses (slv). to gain more insight in their epidemiology, we have developed a tentative genotyping scheme, which was used to differentiate the viruses detected in a set of epidemiological studies. nlvs and slvs were detected by ...	2001	11444027
gastroenteritis viruses: an overview.	acute gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses of humankind, and its associated morbidity and mortality are greatest among those at the extremes of age, children and the elderly. in developing countries, gastroenteritis is a common cause of death in children < 5 years that can be linked to a wide variety of pathogens. in developed countries, while deaths from diarrhoea are less common, much illness leads to hospitalization or doctor visits. much of the gastroenteritis in children is ca ...	2001	11444035
outbreak of norwalk virus in a caribbean island resort: application of molecular diagnostics to ascertain the vehicle of infection.	in 1998, an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected at least 448 persons including 122 staff at a resort hotel in bermuda. a survey among staff indicated that gastroenteritis was associated with eating or drinking at the hotel (or = 60, 95% ci = 2.4-15.1). multiple specimens of drinking water had elevated faecal coliform levels and escherichia coli present, suggestive of faecal contamination. stools from 18 of the 19 persons with gastroenteritis that were tested were positive for genogroup-ii norwa ...	2001	11467799
nucleotide sequence analysis and development of consensus primers of rt-pcr for detection of norwalk-like viruses prevailing in japan.	a total of 177 different nucleotide sequences of the rna polymerase region of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) genomes, collected via a nation-wide survey project in japan between 1989 and 1998, were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) employing various primer pairs. the nucleotide sequences of different strains showed great diversity, with a range of 57 to 100% identities among strains. the strains could be classified into five clusters: norwalk (nv), snow mountain a ...	2001	11468745
clinical spectrum and transmission characteristics of infection with norwalk-like virus: findings from a large community outbreak in sweden.	a large foodborne outbreak caused by norwalk-like virus (nlv) among children and staff at 30 day care centers provided an opportunity to study symptomatology and attack rates among patients in different age groups, as well as secondary transmission rates in centers and households. a retrospective cohort study of 775 subjects from 13 randomly chosen centers was performed. diarrhea was more common in adults than in children (p=.001), whereas the reverse was noted with regard to vomiting (p=.003). ...	2001	11477530
"norwalk-like viruses" as a cause of foodborne disease outbreaks.	while outbreaks of foodborne disease remain an important public health concern, their aetiology is not identified in a majority of instances. in targeted studies, the application of newly developed molecular assays has demonstrated that a large proportion of these outbreaks may be caused by the "norwalk-like viruses" (nlv), a genus of genetically related viruses belonging to the family caliciviridae. nlv outbreaks associated with consumption of faecally contaminated oysters are frequently report ...	2001	11479930
immunocapture-rt-pcr assay for detection and molecular epidemiology studies of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and european brown hare syndrome viruses.	rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and european brown hare syndrome virus are two members of the genus lagovirus in the family caliciviridae. they are the causative agents of highly contagious and fatal diseases of rabbits and hares respectively. we adjusted one assay for the detection and the genomic characterisation of each virus, based on viral purification by immunocapture and genomic amplification by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ic-rt-pcr). it is carried out directly with ...	2001	11483216
endemic infection of a cat colony with a feline calicivirus closely related to an isolate used in live attenuated vaccines.	we have typed three feline calicivirus (fcv) isolates obtained over a 5-month-period from an endemically infected cat colony. sequence analysis from variable region e of the capsid gene from these isolates strongly suggests they are minor variants of a single fcv strain, and that this strain is closely related to the one used in many live-attenuated fcv vaccines. such a vaccine was last used approximately 2 months before the first of the isolates in this study was obtained. sequence differences ...	2001	11483259
first field trial of a transmissible recombinant vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease.	as a novel approach for immunisation of wild rabbits, we have recently developed a transmissible vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) based on a recombinant myxoma virus (mv) expressing the rhdv capsid protein [j. virol. 74 (2000) 1114]. the efficacy and safety of the vaccine have been extensively evaluated under laboratory conditions. in this study, we report the first limited field trial of the candidate vaccine that was undertaken in an island of 34 has containing ...	2001	11483281
raw oyster consumption and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in new zealand: evidence for risk to the public's health.	to investigate the relationship between consumption of raw pacific half shell oysters and outbreaks of norwalk-like virus (nlv) gastroenteritis in auckland in the last third of 1999.	2001	11494991
antibody response of dogs inoculated with a large number of cultured canine monocytes adsorbed with a calicivirus in advance.	five conventional beagle dogs were intravenously injected with ten million canine monocyte cells (cn/k99) cultured in vitro (kadoi, 2000) adsorbed with a strain of calicivirus originally isolated from lions (kadoi et al., 1997). another two beagle dogs were injected similarly with the virus suspension solely as control. serum samples were collected from these dogs at intervals and specific seroneutralizing antibody production against the virus was measured in vitro. a significantly higher antibo ...	2001	11497089
gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with norwalk-like viruses and their investigation by nested rt-pcr.	norwalk-like viruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks and sporadic cases of vomiting and diarrhoea. in healthy individuals infection is often mild and short-lived but in debilitated patients infection can be severe. it is essential that the virus laboratory can offer a sensitive and specific test, delivered in a timely manner.	2001	11511325
the emergence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus: will a non-pathogenic strain protect the uk?	rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus emerged in china in 1984, and has killed hundreds of millions of wild rabbits in australia and europe. in the uk there appears to be an endemic non-pathogenic strain, with high levels of seroprevalence being recorded, in the absence of associated mortality. using a seasonal, age-structured model we examine the hypothesis that differences in rabbit population demography differentially affect the basic reproductive rates (r(0)) of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic ...	2001	11516386
comparative pathogenesis of tissue culture-adapted and wild-type cowden porcine enteric calicivirus (pec) in gnotobiotic pigs and induction of diarrhea by intravenous inoculation of wild-type pec.	porcine enteric calicivirus (pec/cowden) causes diarrhea in pigs, grows in cell culture, and is morphologically and genetically similar to the sapporo-like human caliciviruses. genetic analysis revealed that the tissue culture-adapted (tc) cowden pec has one distant and three clustered amino acid substitutions in the capsid region and 2 amino acid changes in the rna polymerase region compared to wild-type (wt) pec (m. guo, k.-o. chang, m. e. hardy, q. zhang, a. v. parwani, and l. j. saif, j. vir ...	2001	11533186
molecular detection and sequencing of "norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in ireland.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are now established as the most important causative agents of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. the overall objective of this study was to determine the molecular epidemiology of irish nlv isolates for the first time by obtaining sequence data from specimens originating from outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. eight samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis and nine isolates from separate nlv outbreaks were examined. of the sporadic isolates, six w ...	2001	11536249
sensitive detection and differentiation of sapporo virus, a member of the family caliciviridae, by standard and booster nested polymerase chain reaction.	norwalk virus and sapporo virus (sv) were approved as type species of the genus norwalk-like viruses and the genus sapporo-like viruses, respectively, in the family caliciviridae. nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr), using newly designed primers in the rna-dependent rna polymerase region, was developed to detect and differentiate viruses in the three genetic groups of sv based on the relative size of the pcr products obtained. in addition, a booster nested pcr that performs nested pcr in a si ...	2001	11536253
biological control of the rabbit in australia: lessons not learned?	the story of the spread of the european rabbit across australia, and of the two viruses used to control it, is an interesting way to look at some of the issues associated with biological control. what can be learned from the way this system developed, and what has been learned, or not learned, from the mistakes made? here, we look at these events and examine what insights can be gained from this history.	2001	11553459
the genome of hawaii virus and its relationship with other members of the caliciviridae.	hawaii virus (hu/nlv/gii/hawaii virus/1971/us), a member of the genus 'norwalk-like viruses' (nlvs) in the family caliciviridae, has served as one of the reference strains for the fastidious caliciviruses associated with epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. the consensus sequence of the rna genome of hawaii virus was determined in order to establish its relatedness with other members of the family. the rna genome is 7,513 nucleotides (nts) in length, excluding the 3'-end poly (a) tract, and is or ...	2001	11556401
recombinant norwalk virus-like particles administered intranasally to mice induce systemic and mucosal (fecal and vaginal) immune responses.	recombinant norwalk virus-like particles (rnv vlps) were administered to balb/c mice by the intranasal (i.n.) route to evaluate the induction of mucosal antibody responses. the results were compared to systemic and mucosal responses observed in new and previous studies (j. m. ball, m. e. hardy, r. l. atmar, m. e. connor, and m. k. estes, j. virol. 72:1345-1353, 1998) after oral administration of rnv vlps. immunizations were given in the presence or absence of a mucosal adjuvant, mutant escherich ...	2001	11559804
efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry, lettuce, and a food-contact surface.	norwalk and norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are important causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in restaurant-related outbreaks. efficacy of common disinfection methods against these viruses on food-contact surfaces and fresh produce is not known partially because of their nonculturability. seven commercial disinfectants for food-contact surfaces and three sanitizers for fruits and vegetables were tested against cultivable feline calicivirus (fcv). disks of stainless steel, strawberry, and lettuce wer ...	2001	11563523
from the centers for disease control and prevention. norwalk-like virus outbreaks at two summer camps--wisconsin, june 2001.		2001	11575312
outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses in campus settings.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are transmitted by fecally contaminated food, water, fomites, and person-to-person contact. they are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis epidemics in industrialized countries. nlv outbreaks are characterized by a 12- to 48-hour incubation period; nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea for 24 to 72 hours; and high secondary attack rates. nlv infections spread rapidly on college and university campuses because of close living quarters, shared bathrooms and common rooms, ma ...	2001	11590984
enteric virus contamination of foods through industrial practices: a primer on intervention strategies.	hepatitis a and e viruses, rotaviruses, norwalk-like caliciviruses, and astroviruses are among the enteric viruses known to cause food- and waterborne illness. these viruses are spread by the fecal-oral route and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. foods may be contaminated at any time pre- or post-harvest; however, many outbreaks are associated with foods handled by infected restaurant workers. produce may be contaminated by improper irrigation or fertilization practices, by ...	2001	11641770
prevalence of norwalk viruses in southern and northern parts of hiroshima prefecture, japan in 2000/2001 season.		2001	11684786
molecular analysis of isolates of feline calicivirus from a population of cats in a rescue shelter.	two visits, six weeks apart, were made to a cat rescue shelter and single oropharyngeal swabs were taken from all the compliant cats. feline calicivirus was isolated from 14 of 45 swabs (31 per cent) taken on the first visit and 12 of 46 swabs (26 per cent) taken on the second visit. nucleotide sequences were obtained for nine isolates from the first visit, six isolates from the second visit, and for the vaccine virus used in the cattery. distance analysis showed that the majority of the isolate ...	2001	11700925
a field trial to assess the effect of vaccination against feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus and feline panleucopenia virus in 6-week-old kittens.	a trivalent (feline panleucopenia, feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus), modified live, commercially available cat vaccine was used at either 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age (early schedule) or 9 and 12 weeks of age (conventional schedule), and the serological response to vaccination was assessed. the level of maternally derived antibody present at 6 weeks of age was also established. the use of early vaccination at 6 weeks of age induced an antibody response to each virus by 9 weeks of age in a sig ...	2001	11716626
multistate outbreak of norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis associated with a common caterer.	in february 2000, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among employees of a car dealership in new york. the same meal was also supplied to 52 dealerships nationwide, and 13 states reported illness at dealerships where the banquet was served. a retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with the illness. stool samples were collected to detect norwalk-like virus, and sera were drawn and tested for immunoglobulin a antibodies to the outbreak strain. by univariat ...	2001	11724717
characterization of capsid genes, expressed in the baculovirus system, of three new genetically distinct strains of "norwalk-like viruses".	"norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs), members of a newly defined genus of the family caliciviridae, are the most common agents of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the united states. two features of nlvs have hindered the development of simple methods for detection and determination of serotype: their genetic diversity and their inability to grow in cell culture. to assess the immune responses of patients involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis resulting from infection with nlvs, we previously used reco ...	2001	11724834
clinical severity of norwalk virus and sapporo virus gastroenteritis in children in hokkaido, japan.	to clarify the clinical significance and etiologic impact of norwalk virus (nv) and sapporo virus (sv) in viral gastroenteritis in japanese children.	2001	11734762
diagnosis of noncultivatable gastroenteritis viruses, the human caliciviruses.	gastroenteritis is one of the most common illnesses of humans, and many different viruses have been causally associated with this disease. of those enteric viruses that have been established as etiologic agents of gastroenteritis, only the human caliciviruses cannot be cultivated in vitro. the cloning of norwalk virus and subsequently of other human caliciviruses has led to the development of several new diagnostic assays. antigen detection enzyme immunoassays (eias) using polyclonal hyperimmune ...	2001	11148001
stability of feline caliciviruses in marine water maintained at different temperatures.	since human caliciviruses are responsible for viral gastroenteritis transmitted by contaminated foods and the viruses barely propagate in cell culture, feline caliciviruses were employed as a model for the measurement of their stability in marine water. survival of four strains of feline calicivirus in marine water was measured when the seed viruses were diluted 1/10 with marine water and maintained at 4 degrees c, 10 degrees c, and 20 degrees c respectively. among the virus strains studied, a c ...	2001	11209839
multiple outbreaks of norwalk-like virus gastro-enteritis associated with a mediterranean-style restaurant.	the role of diverse infectious agents, particularly norwalk-like viruses (nlv), in three successive gastro-enteritis outbreaks in one setting (a restaurant) was evaluated. methods included standard bacteriological tests, specific tests for escherichia coli, tests for verocytotoxins, electron microscopy (em) for viruses and reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) methodology for nlv. no pathogenic bacteria were detected. verocytotoxin genes, although detected by pcr in the first outbreak, could not be ...	2001	11211221
distribution of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus rna in experimentally infected rabbits.	adult rabbits were inoculated with liver homogenate from a rabbit that died in a japanese outbreak of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd). all experimentally infected rabbits died with typical clinical, gross and histological findings of rhd. distribution of rhd virus in tissues of the infected rabbits was studied by non-isotopic in-situ hybridization. both viral plus- and minus-strand rnas were detected within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, kupffer cells and splenic and alveolar macrophages, mainl ...	2001	11222010