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practical application of nucleic acid techniques to avian disease problems.a workshop in which 17 practicing scientists participated was intended to address primarily people who use or could use biotechnology in their work and was confined to five techniques. endonuclease fingerprinting and mapping involved cleaving nucleic acid with a specific restriction enzyme and separating the nucleic acid fragments by electrophoresis. field and vaccine isolates of pasteurella multocida could be distinguished; salmonella enteritidis could be divided into three groups; chlamydia co ...19892559697
comparison of egg-yolk and serum antibody titers to four avian viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using paired field samples.eggs and blood were collected from 11 hens in each of nine broiler-breeder flocks in quebec. serum and egg-yolk extracts were assayed for antibody titers to infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), and reovirus (rv) by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit. comparison was made between egg-yolk and serum antibody titers by a regression analysis. a high correlation was observed between serum and yolk antibody tit ...19892559700
pathogenicity of escherichia coli in aerosols for young chickens.the relative pathogenicity of esherichia coli isolates from poultry was determined by aerosol exposure of young chickens. evidence of colisepticemia with airsacculitis and/or pericarditis and perihepatitis was evaluated. a system was devised that included the intratracheal (it) inoculation of strain se-17 infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) of chicks at 7 days of age followed by their aerosol exposure to e. coli culture suspensions 2 days later. each experiment was terminated 6 days later. for com ...19892559703
protection afforded infectious bronchitis virus-vaccinated sentinel chickens raised in a commercial environment.the protective efficacy of three infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines for sentinel chickens raised with commercial delmarva broiler chickens was evaluated during winter 1987. specific-pathogen-free leghorn sentinel chickens were vaccinated with massachusetts (mass) alone, mass and jmk, or mass and arkansas (ark) combination live vaccines, or they remained unvaccinated. four weeks post-vaccination, sentinels were placed on broiler farms at weekly intervals for 3 weeks corresponding to weeks ...19892559707
an outbreak of nephropathogenic h13 infectious bronchitis in commercial broilers.a nephropathogenic massachusetts strain of infectious bronchitis virus, designated h13-ib virus, was isolated from the kidneys of broilers in a commercial flock. respiratory distress, diarrhea, depression, and high mortality were present. gross renal lesions consisted of pale coloration, mottling, urate deposition, and swelling. the trachea contained a serous to catarrhal exudate. microscopically, renal changes were primarily associated with the medullary region. lesions included an interstitial ...19892559709
molecular biology of avian infectious bronchitis virus. 19892560396
comparisons of the structural proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus as determined by western blot analysis.the antigenic diversity of ten strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was examined by western blot analyses using polyclonal antisera specific for the massachusetts 41 (m41), gray, arkansas dpi (ark dpi), connecticut (conn) and australian t (aust t) serotypes. although antigenic variation was found in all three structural viral proteins, the matrix protein appeared to be antigenically the most highly variable. four distinct antigenic groups, which did not correspond to virulence or p ...19892560918
identification and location of the structural glycoproteins of a tissue culture-adapted turkey enteric coronavirus.the minnesota strain of turkey enteric coronavirus (tcv) was grown on a human rectal tumor (hrt-18) cell line in the presence of radiolabeled amino acids and glucosamine to analyse virion structural proteins. in addition to the 52,000 unglycosylated nucleocapsid protein, three major glycoprotein species were found to be associated with the viral envelope. a predominant glycosylated protein with a molecular weight of 22-24,000 represented the transmembrane matrix protein. larger glycoproteins wit ...19892673155
virulence and transmissibility of mycoplasma gallisepticum.the virulence of 4 low passage strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum obtained from different sources within australia was studied by experimental infection of chickens. strain ap3as, originally isolated from the air sac of a broiler chicken, produced severe air sac lesions following injection into the abdominal air sacs of 2-week or 3-week-old chickens, and adult hens. strain 80083 which was isolated from a clinically normal broiler breeder hen was also capable of producing gross air sac lesions f ...19892712773
physiological evaluation of diuresis in commercial broiler breeders.a physiological investigation on an outbreak of diuresis syndrome in commercial broiler breeder hens was carried out. daily water consumption increased 4-fold and daily manure wet weight increased two-fold in affected hens. 2. the syndrome did not have a genetic basis. it was associated with kidney dysfunction which, once acquired, was not alleviated by changing the diet, the drinking water, or the environment. diuresis ceased when water intake was restricted and returned when water was again ma ...19892765979
sequence of the s gene from a virulent british field isolate of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.subgenomic mrna from a virulent field isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), strain fs772/70, was used to produce cdna. the cdna from three overlapping clones was sequenced by the chain termination method and two open reading frames (orfs) were identified. the largest orf, 4350bp, encoded a polypeptide of 1449 amino acids of relative molecular mass (mr) 159811, which contained 33 potential n-linked glycosylation sites, a cysteine-rich region, and a potential transmembrane ...19901964522
isolation and characterization of new infectious bronchitis virus variants in hungary.two agents not agglutinating chicken erythrocytes were isolated, one in each of two flocks, from organ samples and tracheal swabs taken from 4- to 7-week-old chicks of 8 broiler flocks experiencing respiratory signs. virus isolation was done in embryonated spf hen's eggs. morphological changes of the embryos, appearing as dwarfing or curling into a spherical form, usually occurred in the 3rd or 4th passage on postinoculation (pi) days 5-9. some embryos had swollen kidneys covered with urate. ele ...19901965995
the effects of three reproductive hormones and cortisone on the replication of avian infectious bronchitis virus in vitro.the in-vitro effects of three reproductive hormones (progesterone, oestrogen testosterone), and cortisone on the replication of infectious bronchitis (ib) virus strain g were investigated over a period of 36 hours using tracheal organ cultures as the culture system. the non-toxic concentration of each hormone for the culture system was first determined. these were found to be 3 micrograms/ml for progesterone, testosterone, and cortisone, and 1 micrograms/ml for oestrogen. the results were based ...19901966009
a ribosomal frameshift signal in the polymerase-encoding region of the ibv genome. 19901966412
products of the polymerase-encoding region of the coronavirus ibv. 19901966413
nucleotide sequence of the e2-peplomer protein gene and partial nucleotide sequence of the upstream polymerase gene of transmissible gas gastroenteritis virus (miller strain).the e2-peplomer protein gene of the virulent miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was sequenced from cdna clones and compared to the e2 gene sequence of the avirulent purdue strain. sequence comparisons indicate that most amino acid differences occur in the n-terminal half of the e2-peplomer which represents the most exposed region of the protein. in addition, analysis of an incompletely sequenced open reading frame (orf) to the immediate 5' side of the e2 gene indicates e ...19901966416
role of ph in syncytium induction and genome uncoating of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv).syncytium formation induced in vero cells by ibv-beaudette was optimal at ph 6.7 and absent at ph 7.5. reduction of ibv-beaudette replication by ammonium chloride, which raises the ph in endosomes, further indicated that uncoating of the virus genome probably occurred within the acidic environment of endosomes. however, this would not appear to apply to all ibv strains, since one was unaffected by the drug. it would appear that some strains of ibv have the capacity to fuse with the plasma membra ...19901966419
molecular basis of the variation exhibited by avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv).ibv serotype-specific, virus neutralising (vn) antibody is induced by the s1 subunit of the spike (s) glycoprotein. a portuguese isolate (port/322/85) is considered to be an in vivo recombinant. vn tests showed that it belongs to the massachussetts (mass) serotype. correspondingly, the sequence of s1 and s2 was extremely similar to that of older mass isolates. however, the matrix (m) glycoprotein and upstream gene sequences were atypical of these mass strains and more closely resembled other ser ...19901966424
sequence comparisons of the 3' end of the genomes of five strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus. 19901966426
selection of variants of avian infectious bronchitis virus showing tropism for different organs.avian infectious bronchitis virus strain kagoshima-34 isolated from the kidneys of a chicken that died of nephrosis/nephritis lost its nephropathogenicity during intratracheal passage in spf chickens. the resultant virus acquired stronger respirotropism but reduced tropism for kidneys. on the other hand strain tottori-2 isolated from the trachea of a chicken suffering from severe respiratory disease did not lose its respirotropism after serial intravenous passage in spf chickens. the serological ...19901966427
investigations into resistance of chicken lines to infection with infectious bronchitis virus.although nine inbred and partially inbred lines of chickens were equally susceptible initially to infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the outcome of that infection varied considerably between the lines. a more detailed study of a line which was resistant (line c) and one which was highly susceptible (line 15i) confirmed that both lines could be infected initially with ibv but showed that the respiratory tract epithelium of line c chicks recovered more rapidly than that of line 15i ...19901966442
comparison of persistence of seven bovine viruses on bovine embryos following in vitro exposure.the ability of seven cytopathic strains of bovine viruses to adhere to the zona pellucida of six-to-eight day-old bovine embryos were compared. embryos were exposed to virus by placing them either in virus suspensions or by culturing them on infected bovine turbinate cultures for 18-24 h. after exposure to bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibv), bluetongue virus (btv), pseudorabies virus (prv), vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), parainfluenza 3 virus (pi ...19902107070
safety of temperature sensitive mutant mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine.a temperature sensitive (ts) vaccine strain designated ts-11 was selected after exposure of a low passage culture of the immunogenic australian field isolate (strain 80083) of mycoplasma gallisepticum to 100 mg/ml of n-methyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine. viable counts (assayed as colour changing units (ccu)/25 microliters) of a thawed stock culture of ts-11 were typically log10 3 to log10 5 higher when incubated at 33 degrees c (the permissive temperature) than duplicate viable counts incubated a ...19902143067
identification of a new membrane-associated polypeptide specified by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.nucleotide sequences from the third open reading frame of mrna d (d3) of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were expressed in bacteria as part of a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase. antiserum raised in rabbits against this fusion protein immunoprecipitated from ibv-infected chick kidney or vero cells a polypeptide of 12.4k, the size expected for a d3-encoded product. the d3 polypeptide is apparently non-glycosylated, and appears to be associated with the membrane fraction of infected cells, ...19902154538
immune response to oil-emulsion vaccines with single or mixed antigens of newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious bronchitis.inactivated newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian influenza virus (aiv), and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) antigens were evaluated for immunological efficacy in monovalent and polyvalent vaccines. vaccinated broilers were bled for hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) tests at 1- or 2-week intervals. half of the chickens were challenged with the largo isolate of velogenic viscerotropic (vv) ndv at 8 weeks post-vaccination, and the remainder were challenged with the massachusetts 41 strain ibv at 9 ...19902157390
antigenic and genomic relationships among turkey and bovine enteric coronaviruses.antigenic and genomic relationships among tissue culture-adapted turkey enteric coronavirus (tcv) isolates, three strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and mammalian coronaviruses were investigated. immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation experiments using polyclonal antisera showed that the four major structural proteins of tcv cross-reacted with the four homologous proteins of bovine enteric coronavirus (bcv), the n and m proteins of mouse hepatitis virus serotype 3, and the n pro ...19902159566
the primary structure and expression of the second open reading frame of the polymerase gene of the coronavirus mhv-a59; a highly conserved polymerase is expressed by an efficient ribosomal frameshifting mechanism.sequence analysis of a substantial part of the polymerase gene of the murine coronavirus mhv-a59 revealed the 3' end of an open reading frame (orf1a) overlapping with a large orf (orf1b; 2733 amino acids) which covers the 3' half of the polymerase gene. the expression of orf1b occurs by a ribosomal frameshifting mechanism since the orf1a/orf1b overlapping nucleotide sequence is capable of inducing ribosomal frameshifting in vitro as well as in vivo. a stem-loop structure and a pseudoknot are pre ...19902159623
detection of antibody to avian viruses in human populations.the ability of three avian viruses to elicit antibody response in humans was surveyed for the purpose of identifying zoonotic diseases. antibody levels in people associated with poultry were compared to those in people having limited poultry association. antibody levels to three avian viruses: infectious bursal disease virus, a birnavirus; newcastle disease virus, a paramyxovirus; and avian infectious bronchitis virus, a coronavirus were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa). ...19902161349
nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the s1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of avian infectious bronchitis virus, strain d3896. 19902161519
a model for determining immunogenic relationships between avian infectious bronchitis viruses.a model for determining immunogenic relationships between strains of infectious bronchitis virus is described that is based upon the vaccinating dose required to induce prevention of multiplication of a standard challenge dose of an homologous strain in the lungs of specific-pathogen-free chickens. the model has been used to demonstrate that: (1) approximately 100 times the vaccinating dose must be used to produce immunity from one compared with two doses; (2) differences of immunogenicity of gr ...19902162161
detection of infectious bronchitis virus antigen from experimentally infected chickens by indirect immunofluorescent assay with monoclonal antibody.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay with a monoclonal antibody (mab-ifa). the monoclonal antibody was specific for the nucleocapsid protein of ibv strain m41. the mab-ifa clearly detected ibv with high specificity in infected chicken kidney cells. the assay furthermore detected ibv in tracheal smears and sliced tracheas from experimentally infected chickens. the positive reaction was found to be longer than that in the virus recovery test. these res ...19902164384
comparisons of the genomic rna of arkansas dpi embryonic passages 10 and 100, australian t, and massachusetts 41 strains of infectious bronchitis virus.the genomic ribonucleic acid (rna) of arkansas dpi at embryonic passages 10 and 100, australian t, and massachusetts 41 strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were compared using two-dimensional, 32ppcp-labeled oligonucleotide fingerprinting. the arkansas dpi strain embryonic passage 10 was pathogenic for chickens and had one oligonucleotide not present in the attenuated passage 100. the remaining arkansas dpi oligonucleotides had identical electrophoretic mobility. the fingerprint pattern ...19902164385
screening for antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus: specificity of the haemagglutination inhibition test.a screening of antibodies against strain m-41 and the dutch variant strains d-274 and d-1466 of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) using the haemagglutination inhibition test (hi) was carried out in chile. the presence of these variant strains has not been reported yet and therefore the probability of finding positive flocks is low. on this basis some statistical analysis were made with those data obtained in order to contribute to the problem of the specificity of the hi test for ibv diagnosis. ...19902166411
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) antigen with monoclonal antibody. 19902166855
the e1 glycoprotein of an avian coronavirus is targeted to the cis golgi complex.it was previously reported that the e1 protein of an avian coronavirus was targeted to the juxtanuclear region in cos cells expressing the protein from cloned cdna, suggesting that the protein contains information for targeting to the golgi complex. the first of three membrane-spanning domains was required for intracellular targeting, because a mutant e1 (delta m1,2) lacking this domain was delivered to the plasma membrane. we have used immunoelectron microscopy to localize the wild-type e1 prot ...19902169615
examination of sera from game birds for antibodies against avian viruses. 19902171182
detection of avian infectious bronchitis viral infection using in situ hybridization and recombinant dna.a recombinant dna probe with specificity for the 3' end of genomic rna from the ark 99 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was found to hybridize with extracted rna of three strains with the ark serotype, as well as the mass41, holl52, gray, jmk, conn, fla and se17 strains of ibv. viral infection was detected in the cytoplasm of chicken embryo kidney cells inoculated with mass41, ark99, se17 or two recent field isolates of ibv using in situ cytohybridization and a biotinylated probe. in ...19902175524
a method for the rapid purification of serum igm for the diagnosis of recent viral infections of chickens.the rapid purification of chicken igm from serum was achieved by affinity chromatography. igm immunoadsorbent gels were prepared using monoclonal antibodies specific to chicken igm. five different eluting agents were compared for the dissociation of the adsorbed igm; the most convenient for routine purposes was 2 m nacl, tris-hcl, edta (nte), as this enabled direct assay of eluents by elisa without requiring the intermediate step of dialysis, which the other eluting agents did. eluents prepared ...19902176659
early pathogenesis in chicks of infection with an enterotropic strain of infectious bronchitis virus.one-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were inoculated intranasally and intraocularly with infectious bronchitis virus (strain g). at days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 postinfection, three birds were euthanatized, and the virus contents of both enteric tissues and some non-enteric tissues were assayed. immunofluorescence and histopathological studies were also conducted. six of 30 chicks died of nephritis between days 5-10 postinfection. gross kidney lesions were the major pathological abnormalitie ...19902177973
tissue tropism of three cloacal isolates and massachusetts strain of infectious bronchitis virus.three virus isolates (ecv-1, -2, and -3) recovered from cloacae of chickens in flocks that experienced drops in egg production were identified as infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), based on characteristic embryo lesions, chloroform sensitivity, coronavirus morphology, and serology. because these isolates were recovered from the cloacae of the hens, their tissue tropism was compared with the prototype strain of ibv, massachusetts-41 (m-41), in experimentally inoculated chickens. during the 39-day ...19902177974
a monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase procedure for rapid detection of infectious bronchitis virus in infected tissues.a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based indirect immunoperoxidase (ip) procedure was applied to detect infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) antigen in frozen tissue sections. with this procedure, ibv antigen could be detected in chorioallantoic membranes (cams) within 15 hr postinoculation and in the respiratory tissues of chickens within 96 hr postinoculation. endogenous peroxidases in chicken tissues were removed by treatment with periodic acid. the ip technique was highly sensitive, convenient, and ec ...19902177975
serological and molecular characterization of three enteric isolates of infectious bronchitis virus of chickens.three coronaviruses isolated from the intestines of laying chickens were partially characterized. serological and molecular assays indicated that the enteric coronaviruses are infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates. although the three isolates were recovered from three unrelated chicken flocks, their rnase t1-resistant oligonucleotide fingerprints were almost identical. the three isolates were not neutralized by antisera specific to ibv serotype connecticut, but their rnase t1-resistant olig ...19902177976
pathogenesis of h13 nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus.a nephropathogenic massachusetts strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) designated h13-ibv was isolated from the kidneys of commercial broilers. h13-ibv caused respiratory distress, depression, and diarrhea in specific-pathogen-free chickens. gross renal lesions included pale coloration, swelling, and urate deposition. histologic renal changes were interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration and degeneration and necrosis of tubular epithelial cells. lesions in respiratory tissues included th ...19902177977
nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the spike glycoprotein of human coronavirus hcv 229e.the gene encoding the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus hcv 229e has been cloned and sequenced. this analysis predicts an s polypeptide of 1173 amino acids with an mr of 128,600. the polypeptide has 30 potential n-glycosylation sites. a number of structural features typical of coronavirus s proteins can be recognized, including a signal sequence, a membrane anchor, heptad repeat structures and a carboxy-terminal cysteine cluster. a detailed, computer-aided comparison with the s protein ...19902345367
antigenic domains on the peplomer protein of avian infectious bronchitis virus: correlation with biological functions.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against structural proteins of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were produced to analyse the antigenic structure of this virus. competitive binding of enzyme-labelled and unlabelled mabs to ibv peplomer protein was analysed in an antibody binding assay to test the relatedness of the epitopes defined by the mabs. based on the competition groups, eight epitope clusters were defined (s-a to s-h); six of these clusters (s1-a to s1-f) were located on the s1 subu ...19901698920
sequence evidence for rna recombination in field isolates of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.under laboratory conditions coronaviruses were shown to have a high frequency of recombination. in the netherlands, vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is performed with vaccines that contain several life-attenuated virus strains. these highly effective vaccines may create ideal conditions for recombination, and could therefore be dangerous in the long term. this paper addresses the question of the frequency of recombination of avian coronavirus ibv in the field. a method was s ...19901708184
binding of antibodies that strongly neutralise infectious bronchitis virus is dependent on the glycosylation of the viral peplomer protein. 19901715656
the nucleocapsid protein of ibv comprises immunodominant determinants recognized by t-cells. 19901715661
respiratory disease and immunity to challenge produced by australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus.six australian isolates of ib virus were compared as to the severity of respiratory disease they produced and the immunity to challenge they conferred to the respiratory system. only one isolate. vac g/15, produced significant disease. four viruses fully protected the respiratory system from challenge (vac a(3), vac 3, 2032, and vac 4) while two viruses partially protected this system (vac 3/10 and vac g/15). a comparison between tracheal organ culture, histopathology and virus isolation as a me ...199018679940
studies with a bivalent infectious bronchitis killed virus vaccine.haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralisation antibody responses of chickens given different vaccination programmes were compared. this was followed by a further experiment in which variously vaccinated laying hens were challenged at 30 weeks of age with two strains of infectious bronchitis virus of the "variant" dutch d207 serotype. chickens were given primary vaccinations to different strains of infectious bronchitis live virus during rearing and then injected at 16 weeks of age with i ...199018679956
comparison of the susceptibility to avian infectious bronchitis virus infection of two inbred lines of white leghorn chickens.two inbred lines of white leghorn chickens, line c which are highly resistant to infection with avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and line 151, which are highly susceptible, were challenged at 11 days of age with ibv massachusetts-41 (m41) strain. line 151 chickens showed more severe respiratory signs than line c and although similar amounts of virus were recovered from the tracheas of both lines for the first four days after inoculation, overall more virus was recovered from the respirat ...199018679958
characterisation of strains of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in chile.nine isolates of infectious bronchitis (ib)-like viruses were made from 23 flocks (broilers or layers) in chile experiencing the types of disease problems commonly associated with ibv. their identity as ib viruses was confirmed. the histological changes they caused in tracheal organ cultures (oc) are described. serum neutralisation tests performed in embryonated eggs (alpha-method) suggested that four of the isolates were serologically related to the massachusetts (mass) serotype of ibv and one ...199118680002
comparative study of respiratory lesions in two chicken lines of different susceptibility infected with infectious bronchitis virus: histology, ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was inoculated intranasally into line c and line 151 chickens, which were resistant and highly susceptible, respectively, to ibv infection, and the resulting respiratory lesions compared. histologically, damage to the mucociliary system of the respiratory tract in line 151 persisted longer than in line c. using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, ibv antigens were detected in histological sections of the tracheas of line 151 for a longer time than in li ...199118680019
use of an infectious bronchitis virus and escherichia coli model infection to assess the ability to vaccinate successfully against infectious bronchitis in the presence of maternally-derived immunity.using as challenge, a mixed infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and escherichia coli infection, specified pathogen-free (spf) chicks and chicks with maternally-derived immunity (mdi) could be protected by a single intra-nasal vaccination with a live-attenuated ib vaccine given at 1 day of age against intranasal challenge with either a homologous or a heterologous ibv strain for at least 7 weeks. however, protection was incomplete if challenge occurred within approximately 14 days of vaccination. v ...199118680059
detection of viral antigen following exposure of one-day-old chickens to the holland 52 strain of infectious bronchitis virus.one-day-old specific-pathogen-free single comb white leghorn chickens were inoculated by eyedrop with either 0.1 ml of phosphate buffered saline containing 10(4.3) eid50 of the holland 52 strain of infectious bronchitis virus or normal allantoic fluid. trachea, caecal tonsils and kidneys were removed from randomly selected birds at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days post-inoculation (pi) and the presence or absence of viral antigen was detected utilizing virus isolation (vi), an indirect fluorescent antibod ...199118680063
immunological relationship between the new zealand a and the australian t strains of infectious bronchitis virus as measured by cross-immunisation tests in tracheal organ cultures from immunised birds. 199116031634
localization of a t-cell epitope within the nucleocapsid protein of avian coronavirus.in a previous study, two murine t-cell hybridomas generated after immunization with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were shown to be responsive to the internally localized viral nucleocapsid protein. in the present study, the antigenic determinants were mapped using recombinant expression products and synthetic peptides. both hybridomas recognized the region spanning amino acid residues 71 to 78 of the nucleocapsid protein. the experimentally determined epitope corresponded with predicted moti ...19911718856
monoclonal antibodies to three structural proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus: characterization of epitopes and antigenic differentiation of australian strains.ten monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against three structural proteins of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv), the peplomer (s), membrane (m) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins, were characterized and used to determine the antigenic relationship between australian ibv strains. one mab (mab 5) was directed against an epitope on the s1 subunit of the peplomer, another (mab 2) against an epitope on the m glycoprotein and eight mabs (mabs 1, 7, 9, 16, 24, 26, 27 and 51) were directed against seven n ...19911722501
the complete sequence (22 kilobases) of murine coronavirus gene 1 encoding the putative proteases and rna polymerase.the 5'-most gene, gene 1, of the genome of murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), is presumed to encode the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. we have determined the complete sequence of this gene of the jhm strain by cdna cloning and sequencing. the total length of this gene is 21,798 nucleotides long, which includes two overlapping, large open reading frames. the first open reading frame, orf 1a, is 4488 amino acids long. the second open reading frame, orf 1b, overlaps orf 1a for 75 ...19911846489
mhc class ii-restricted t-cell hybridomas recognizing the nucleocapsid protein of avian coronavirus ibv.mice were immunized with purified infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), strain m41. spleen cells, expanded in vitro by stimulation with m41, were immortalized by fusion to obtain t-cell hybridomas, and two major histocompatability complex (mhc) class ii (i-e)-restricted t-cell hybridomas were selected with specificity for ibv. both hybridomas selectively recognized the internal nucleocapsid protein. the responses to 12 different strains of ibv varied markedly. this demonstrates antigenic variation ...19911847691
efficacy of coarse-spray administration of a reovirus vaccine in young chickens.coarse-spray (cs) administration of a commercial s1133 reovirus vaccine in chickens for prevention of clinical viral tenosynovitis (vt) infection was evaluated. in expt. 1, one-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) white leghorns were vaccinated with a combination of reovirus, newcastle disease (nd), and infectious bronchitis (ib) vaccines by cs and infectious bursal disease vaccine by the subcutaneous (sq) route. in expt. 2, one-day-old commercial broilers were vaccinated by cs with reovirus vac ...19911851416
polymerase chain reaction amplification of the genome of infectious bronchitis virus.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to amplify a portion of the genome of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). two synthetic primers that annealed to segments of the ibv genome in the matrix and nucleocapsid genes facilitated pcr amplification of a 1020-base sequence. amplification was successful using template dna from an ibv sequence-containing plasmid and using copy dna created by reverse transcription of ibv genomic rna. the pcr product was the expected size and had the expected nucle ...19911851417
variant serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial layer and broiler chickens.twenty infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) field isolates obtained from commercial layer and broiler chickens in 1987 and 1988 were serotyped using the virus-neutralization (vn) test. six different previously unrecognized variant serotypes were identified from a total of seven isolates from layer chickens. only two isolates, both from maine, were the same variant serotype. variant serotypes also were recovered from layer flocks in illinois and washington and the province of ontario, canada. two di ...19911851422
health survey of backyard poultry and other avian species located within one mile of commercial california meat-turkey flocks.a survey was conducted to characterize domestic and exotic bird populations, estimate seroprevalence to selected disease agents, and describe health management practices on 62 premises containing "backyard" flocks located within one mile of 22 commercial california meat-turkey flocks participating in national animal health monitoring system (nahms). chickens were present on 56 backyard premises and turkeys on seven. antibodies were identified against mycoplasma gallisepticum, m. synoviae, m. mel ...19911854324
association of the infectious bronchitis virus 3c protein with the virion envelope.a highly purified radiolabeled preparation of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was analyzed, by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antisera, for the presence of a series of small virus proteins recently identified as the products of ibv mrnas 3 and 5. one of these, 3c, a 12.4k protein encoded by the third open reading frame of the tricistronic mrna3 was clearly detectable and was found to cofractionate with virion envelope proteins on detergent disruption of virus particles. ...19911962461
x-ray microanalytical investigation of the response of chicken proximal tubule cells to infection with avian infectious bronchitis virus.the technique for x-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated bulk specimens was used to determine the intracellular and luminal fluid electrolyte concentrations in the proximal tubules of kidneys from chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus. eight days post-infection with this virus there were significant changes in the electrolyte composition when compared with values from normal control chickens. the intracellular sodium decreased from 43 to 36 mmol/l, the chloride fell from 41 to 31 mm ...19911645225
effect of in ovo bursectomy on the course of an infectious bronchitis virus infection in line c white leghorn chickens.white leghorn line c chicks were surgically bursectomised (bx) in ovo to eliminate antibody production. after inoculation with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) at 14 days after hatching, bx chicks experienced a more severe and longer lasting infection than intact chicks. the severity and duration of clinical infection in the bx chicks resembled that previously observed in the highly susceptible line 15i chicks, however no increase in mortality was observed, in contrast to the high levels of mor ...19911648896
variability in a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. i. assay variability.three experiments were conducted to characterize the variation in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). expt. 1 was carried out to determine the variation in assay results when the same pools of low-, medium-, and high-titered serum were assayed. significant variation occurred among separate lots and among test plates within the same lots for the ibv and ibdv assays. in most cases, variability between days ...19911649588
variability in a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. ii. laboratory variability.an experiment was conducted to determine the amount of variability that occurred in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays when samples from common serum pools were assayed in five different labs on three consecutive days. low- (approximately 1:2000), medium- (approximately 1:4000), and high-titered (approximately 1:8000) serum pools were distributed to five poultry industry laboratories that cooperated in the study. results varied significantly among different laboratories and among different days ...19911649589
effects of an arkansas strain of infectious bronchitis vaccine on the head-associated lymphoid tissue (halt).chicks were vaccinated with an arkansas strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccine when they were 1 day (trial 1) or 4 weeks old (trial 2). starting at 4 weeks 3 days of age, chicks in both trials were subjected to an assay that measures the immunofunctional response of the gland of harder (gh), one of the components of the head-associated lymphoid tissue (halt). the assay involved multiple ocular exposures to killed brucella abortus antigen, after which tears were collected and titered ...19911649590
viral pathogenesis of a nephrotropic infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial pullets.infectious bronchitis was diagnosed in 3-to-4-week-old pullets from an outbreak in a commercial flock in california. the disease was characterized by head swelling, watery discharge from the eyes and nostrils, and urates in kidneys. mortality ranged from 1.8% to 12.5% per week. the isolation of a coronavirus from a suspension of pooled kidneys from clinically ill chickens at the fifth passage in 10-day-old chicken embryos, gross and histologic renal lesions, and seroconversion by enzyme-linked i ...19911649594
a polycistronic mrna specified by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the third largest of the nested set of subgenomic mrnas (mrna3) from the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) contains three separate open reading frames (3a, 3b, and 3c) which are not present on the next smallest of the mrnas, suggesting that this mrna may be functionally polycistronic. however, although a protein product has been identified from the 3c open reading frame, to date the coding function of 3a and 3b has not been established. we present nucleotide sequence data suggesting ...19911653486
efficacy of australian vaccines against recent isolates of avian infectious bronchitis viruses. 19911653564
a golgi retention signal in a membrane-spanning domain of coronavirus e1 protein.the e1 glycoprotein from an avian coronavirus is a model protein for studying retention in the golgi complex. in animal cells expressing the protein from cdna, the e1 protein is targeted to cis golgi cisternae (machamer, c. e., s. a. mentone, j. k. rose, and m. g. farquhar. 1990. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa. 87:6944-6948). we show that the first of the three membrane-spanning domains of the e1 protein can retain two different plasma membrane proteins in the golgi region of transfected cells. both ...19911655802
safety and efficacy of the cell-associated vaccine prepared by an attenuated infectious laryngotracheitis virus.the safety and efficacy of the cell-associated (c-a) vaccine prepared by chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cells infected with the tissue-culture-modified strain of infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) virus were studied in chickens. over seventy percent of chickens inoculated with the c-a vaccine by the subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) route at 1 day of age was protected against challenge with a virulent strain of ilt virus without any clinical signs. chickens vaccinated with the c-a vac ...19911657213
protein pi alteration related to strain variation of infectious bronchitis virus, an avian coronavirus.viral proteins of two strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), which have different tissue trophism and serology, were separated on the basis of their isoelectric points (pi). the viruses have four structural proteins; the protein of greatest serological importance is found at the peplomer tip. the viral structural proteins separated by isoelectric focusing were identified by comparison to sds-page separations. three protein bands were identical in pi and one protein band showed a differenc ...19911658026
igm responses in chicken serum to live and inactivated infectious bronchitis virus vaccines.intramuscular (i.m.) administration of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) oil-emulsion vaccine (oev) to ibv-primed or unprimed chickens resulted in the production of zero or minimal concentrations of ibv-specific igm in the serum, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of gel chromatography fractions. live-attenuated infectious bronchitis (ib) vaccine given i.m. or by eyedrop stimulated the production of ibv-specific igm in similar amounts following inoculation by both routes. these lev ...19911659365
immunization of day-old chicks having maternally derived antibodies against infectious bronchitis: degree of protection as monitored by ciliary activity after intratracheal challenge.one-day-old chicks with maternally derived antibodies were vaccinated against infectious bronchitis (ib) with 3000 eid50 of the ib vaccine virus designated h120. the degree of protection induced by intranasal-eye drop (ie) vaccination was compared to that achieved by spray (s) vaccination. the protection afforded by vaccination was monitored by intratracheal challenge with ibv strain m-41 (clinical signs, ciliary activity in tracheal explants, virus isolation) and by serological tests (ovoneutra ...19911661062
cross-protection studies with vaccine strain h-120 of infectious bronchitis virus using ciliary activity.forty 3-day-old chickens were immunized intratracheally and another 40 intranasally-intraocularly with vaccine strain h-120 of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the chickens were divided into groups of five and each group was challenged intratracheally or intranasally-intraocularly with one of 8 different heterologous strains of ibv 4 weeks after vaccination. the vaccinated chickens were protected against challenge with three heterologous strains (massachusetts m41, b and aeg), showing 89, 86 a ...19911661063
action spectrum of antiviral factor from chicken sera.rous sarcoma virus infections of regressor line chickens stimulate the transient production of antiviral factors in the serum. earlier the present authors reported that a viral neutralization factor (vnf) inactivated rous sarcoma virus during a 3-h incubation. the vnf is likely to have a broad antiviral and antimicrobial spectrum because it is active against several unrelated pathogenic poultry viruses. the present study measured the activity of vnf against newcastle disease virus, infectious bu ...19911664518
effects of trypsin and sodium tauroglycocholate on an enterotropic variant of ib virus. 19911664553
attenuation of avian infectious bronchitis virus by cold-adaptation.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas-type dpi strain was passaged 10 times in specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryos incubated at 28 c and 37 c. virus grown at 28 c acquired cold-adapted (ca) and temperature-sensitive (ts) characteristics based on more-rapid growth at 28 c and a reduced ability to grown at 41 c, respectively, compared with non-cold-adapted (non-ca) virus grown at 37 c. the pathogenicity and immunogenicity were determined for ca and non-ca ibv in 1-day-old spf c ...19911664720
serological response in broiler chicks to different commercial newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis vaccines.broiler chicks were administered vaccines against newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (both arkansas and massachusetts strains) at 2 weeks of age as either primary or secondary vaccinations. the vaccine was administered as a spray at 2 weeks of age to chicks that had received newcastle disease vaccine alone, bronchitis vaccine alone, both vaccines in combination, or no vaccine at day 1 in the hatchery. the newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition response was significantly lower in ...19911664724
the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on re-excretion of infectious bronchitis virus strain g (correction of straing) in spf chickens.the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on the re-excretion of ib virus strain g in chickens infected at day-old was evaluated in this study. following infection of the chickens at day-old, the birds were swabbed regularly from the trachea and cloaca until no more virus was isolated from either site. between 10 and 14 weeks of age oestrogen and progesterone were administered by intramuscular injection to infected or control chickens. an infected but non-hormone injected group was maintained. a ...19911666637
pathobiology of cryptosporidiosis (c. baileyi) in broiler chickens.pathologic and clinicopathologic changes were examined in broiler chickens inoculated with cryptosporidium baileyi (cb) alone or in combination with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) or escherichia coli (ec). concurrent infections with cb and either ibv or ec resulted in a greater respiratory inflammatory response than either agent given alone. concurrent cb, ibv or ec infections resulted in a decreased density of respiratory cryptosporidial stages. no int ...19911667932
a new typing method for the avian infectious bronchitis virus using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism.two primers with the length of 22 bases each and 400 bases apart on the spike protein gene of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were prepared. using these primers, the genome rna from twelve strains of the various serotypes were reverse-transcribed to cdna and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). with all strains, 400 base dna was amplified, indicating that there were no apparent insertions or deletions in this region. however, the amplified dna showed different cleavage patterns ...19911672064
typing of recent infectious bronchitis virus isolates causing nephritis in chicken. 19911681795
bovine coronavirus spike glycoprotein: localization of an immunodominant region at the amino-terminal end of s2.we have identified the binding site of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the s2 subunit of the bovine coronavirus spike (s) glycoprotein. the location of this site was first investigated by using prokaryotic expression of dna restriction fragments covering the entire s gene. the amino acid sequence containing the antibody binding site was shortened from 70 to 20 amino acids by digestion of plasmid dna with exonuclease iii, followed by sequencing of the smallest digestion product encoding an i ...19921281870
identification of two new polypeptides encoded by mrna5 of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the second smallest subgenomic messenger rna, mrna5, of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus includes in its "5' unique region" two separate open reading frames (5a and 5b), whose coding function has not so far been established, and thus it may represent a dicistronic messenger rna. we report here that two polypeptides with the sizes expected for the 5a and 5b products can be synthesised by in vitro translation of a single artificial mrna containing both the 5a and 5b orfs. to establish w ...19921309280
coronavirus ibv-induced membrane fusion occurs at near-neutral ph.the lysosomotropic agent nh4cl caused a reduction of 80-95% in the number of chick kidney (ck) cells and vero cells infected by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain beaudette, as determined by immunofluorescence at the end of the first replication cycle. inhibition only occurred when nh4cl was present during the first 2 h after infection. syncytium formation was studied during replication of ibv-beaudette in vero cells. some cell-cell fusion occurred at ph 7.0 and ph 6.5 but it was optimal a ...19921309994
epithelia-damaging virus infections affect vitamin a status in chickens.the effect of infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and reovirus (rv) on vitamin a status was investigated in chickens with a normal or marginal intake of vitamin a. at the age of 4 wk, chickens were infected with either ibv or rv, primarily affecting the respiratory or intestinal tract, respectively. both viruses lowered plasma retinol levels significantly. the effect was more pronounced in chickens fed a diet marginally deficient in vitamin a than in those fed a diet adequate in vit ...19921310111
rapid detection and identification of avian infectious bronchitis virus.a rapid and sensitive method for the detection and unambiguous typing of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is described. rna was isolated from ibv-infected allantoic fluid and was transcribed into cdna. this cdna was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. the polymerase chain reaction products were subsequently analyzed on an agarose gel. the presence of ibv-specific rna in the allantoic fluid then allowed the amplification of a 438-bp dna fragment from the nucleocapsid (n) gene. for the ty ...19921310335
induction of anti-viral immune responses by immunization with recombinant-dna encoded avian coronavirus nucleocapsid protein.immune responses to the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) nucleocapsid protein were studied using a recombinant-dna expression product. in mice, a lymphocyte proliferative response and a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to ibv were induced upon immunization with this nucleocapsid protein. next, we studied the role of the expressed nucleocapsid protein in induction of a protective immune response to ibv in chickens. chickens were primed with nucleocapsid protein and subsequently boosted wit ...19921311490
antigen dependent adjuvant activity of a polydispersed beta-(1,4)-linked acetylated mannan (acemannan).the adjuvant properties of a polydispersed beta-(1,4)-linked acetylated mannan, acemannan (ace-m), were evaluated. day-old broiler chicks were randomly selected and allocated to four flocks (vac 1-4). the vac 1 flock was sham vaccinated with saline. the vac 2 flock was vaccinated with an oil-based vaccine (breedervac iii; newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and infectious bronchitis virus). the vac 3 flock was vaccinated with a vaccine-ace-m mixture, and the vac ...19921320308
molecular detection of infectious bursal disease virus by polymerase chain reaction.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was applied to the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). reverse transcription followed by the pcr was used to amplify a portion of ibdv genome. a set of primers that specify a 150-base-pair segment of ibdv genome was chosen from an australian strain of ibdv. standard challenge strain and variant strains a, d, e, g, and gls-5 of ibdv serotype 1 and oh strain of serotype 2 from infected bursae were subjected to reverse transcription, fo ...19921320861
relationship of common avian pathogen antibody titers in so-called chicken anemia agent (caa)-antibody-positive chicks to titers in caa-antibody-negative chicks.antibody titers for infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), infectious bronchitis virus, newcastle disease virus, and reovirus from chicks with chicken anemia agent (caa) antibodies were compared with antibody titers from their caa-antibody-negative counterparts. these comparisons were made in 396 chickens that were 1 day, 2 weeks, 8-9 weeks, 10 weeks, 17 weeks, or 29-32 weeks old. only one serum sample was collected from any given chick or chicken. there were no significant differences between ...19921320864
infectious bronchitis virus detection in allantoic fluid using the polymerase chain reaction and a dna probe.a rapid extraction procedure was developed to purify infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) rna from the allantoic fluid of inoculated embryonating eggs. reverse transcription of viral rna and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were used to amplify the viral genome from eight different strains of ibv comprising five different serotypes. a biotinylated dna probe, prepared to a sequence within the pcr amplification product of the beaudette strain of ibv, was used in a dot-hybridization assay; it detec ...19921320869
[detection of antibodies to infectious bronchitis of fowl using the elisa, hemagglutination-inhibition test and agar-gel precipitation test].chicks of a conventional poultry flock, shaver starcross 288 hybrid, were vaccinated with infectious bronchitis (ib) virus h 120 at the age of 21 days. three weeks later, the chicks were divided into three groups and separate groups were infected with infectious bronchitis viruses m 41 and d 274 or revaccinated with virus h 120. the content of specific antibodies to antigens prepared from homologous and heterologous viruses of infectious bronchitis used for chick vaccination and infection was in ...19921322578
a 'new' strain of infectious bronchitis virus infecting domestic fowl in great britain. 19921322579
neuraminidase treatment of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus reveals a hemagglutinating activity that is dependent on sialic acid-containing receptors on erythrocytes.the interaction of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) with erythrocytes was analyzed. the binding activity of ibv was not sufficient to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. however, it acquired hemagglutinating activity after treatment with neuraminidase to remove alpha 2,3-linked n-acetylneuraminic acid from the surface of the virion. pretreatment of erythrocytes with neuraminidase rendered the cells resistant to agglutination by ibv. susceptibility to agglutination was restored by resialylation of ...19921322604
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