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enhanced replication of orbiviruses in bovine testicle cells infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus.bovine testicle (bt) cells infected with non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) developed cytopathogenic effect (cpe) after superinfection with 7 orbiviruses, whereas no cpe was induced by them in the absence of ncp bvdv infection. the cpe was accompanied by the enhanced replication of orbiviruses. seven of 10 strains of ncp bvdv induced the enhanced replication of ibaraki virus, a member of orbivirus. these 7 strains of ncp bvdv were end phenomenon positive. in contrast, t ...19958519897
protection of the bovine fetus from bovine viral diarrhoea virus by means of a new inactivated vaccine.a model is described for the validation of vaccines designed to protect the bovine fetus from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv). the fetopathic nature of the challenge strain of virus was confirmed and the method used to test a commercial vaccine (bovidec) developed from a compton prototype. heifers were vaccinated two or three times about the time of impregnation and challenged when they were between 25 and 80 days of gestation. there was no evidence of a viraemia in the heifers after the cha ...19958533232
rapid and sensitive detection of the bovine viral diarrhea virus genome in semen.a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure was developed for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in cell culture supernatant and in bovine semen. several sets of primers, pcr conditions and extraction methods were examined to optimize the procedure. a set of primers designed to amplify a highly conserved portion of the p80 gene from bvdv (corresponding to nadl strain sequence from bp 6668 to 7107), was demonstrated to be the most effective. these oligonu ...19958537459
experimentally induced "late-onset" mucosal disease--characterization of the cytopathogenic viruses isolated.antigenic and genetic analyses were performed in order to establish relationships between the noncytopathogenic (ncp) and the cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (bvdv) involved in the induction of a case of experimentally induced "late-onset" mucosal disease (md) symptoms. the persistent ncpbvdv, the cpbvdv used for superinfection (strain tgac) and the virus isolates from faeces (cpx) were examined using an immunoplaque test (ipt) to distinguish between cp and ncp virus populatio ...19958545967
characterization of the hog cholera virus 5' terminus.hog cholera virus (hocv) 5' terminus of the ald and gpe(-) strains were analyzed by using rapid amplification of cdna end method (5'race). an additional nine nucleotides were found at the 5' termini of genomic rna in the ald and gpe(-) strains of hocv. these nine nucleotides were also conserved in bvdv and were suggested to form a hairpin structure at the 5' terminus by computer-assisted analysis. it seems possible that the secondary structure and/or the 5' terminus sequence has a significant ro ...19958560779
experimental mucosal disease in cattle: changes of lymphocyte subpopulations in peyer's patches and in lymphoid nodules of large intestine.changes in the number and distribution of lymphocyte subtypes were investigated in peyer's patches in the jejunum and ileum, and mucosa-associated lymphoid nodules in the proximal colon and rectum of cattle with end-stage mucosal disease. mucosal disease had been induced experimentally in seven of 13 animals by inoculation with cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (cp bvd-virus). for comparison, six clinically healthy, persistently viremic cattle were used. igm+, iga+, bocd4+, bocd8+ and g ...19958578683
a nested polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate pestiviruses.viruses that comprise the pestivirus genus cause significant losses to the livestock industry. based on sequence analysis, currently 4 distinct genotypes are identified of which 3 infect cattle and sheep. distinguishing between bovine and ovine isolates by serological tests has often been difficult because of a high degree of cross reactivity. in this study, a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed to identify and distinguish between bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type i, ...19958578861
comparison of detection methods for bovine viral diarrhea virus in bovine abortions and neonatal death.the objective of this study was to examine a monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical staining method for its efficacy in diagnosis of bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv)-induced abortion and neonatal calf death. this method was compared to viral isolation and immunofluorescence staining of frozen tissue sections. tissues from 105 cases, 53 fetuses and 52 neonates, were tested by the 3 methods. there were significant numbers of both false negatives and false positives with the immunofluoresc ...19958580161
molecular biology of bovine viral diarrhea virus and its interactions with the host.the contributions of pestivirus molecular biology research to our understanding of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) biology and disease have been remarkable. completion of nucleotide sequence information for genomes of ncp and cp-bvdv isolates was an important milestone. subsequent work on the protein map of bvdv and polyprotein processing pathways paved the way for the interpretation of many other virologic and immunologic studies. discovery of a correlation between genotype ii and virulence ...19958581855
the clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection.bvdv infections may result in a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from subclinical infections to a severe, highly fatal form referred to as md. in recent years, a better understanding of pathogenesis has been achieved that has allowed for a better understanding of the different clinical forms of bvdv infection. knowledge in this area continues to evolve. the clinical forms of bvdv infections are best understood by breaking them into categories that include infections in immunocompete ...19958581856
the pathologies of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. a window on the pathogenesis.pathologic lesions caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections comprise a wide spectrum of type, degree, and, by implication, pathogenesis, including congenital defects, necroticerosive lesions in mucosal epithelia and skin, and reactive as well as degenerative changes in lymphoid tissues. at least some of the pathology may not be solely due to bvdv replication per se, but rather caused by a host response to the virus, particularly the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.19958581857
pathogenesis of intrauterine infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus.bvdv shares with other pestiviruses the ability to cross the placenta of pregnant host animals. the effects of fetal infections are complex and depend on a number of factors, e.g., age of the zygote/embryo stage, no infection seems to occur. during the last one third of gestation the infection is terminated by the ontogeny of the fetal immune system. this leaves a window of susceptibility during early stages of fetal development allowing establishment of viral persistence and/or the development ...19958581858
the pathogenesis of mucosal disease.the pathogenesis of md is complex and remains somewhat obscure. clearly, the disease occurs in cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bvdv. it also is clear that cytopathic bvdv is associated with md, and is the likely trigger of the cellular destruction that leads to clinical disease. whether the cellular destruction is attributable directly to the cytopathic virus, or occurs as the result of other mechanisms remains unclear. although immunotolerance is involved in md, it can be broken ...19958581859
immunology of bovine viral diarrhea virus.often persistent and primary postnatal infections with bvdv result in immunosuppression in cattle, thereby enhancing the vulnerability of the latter to secondary infections. the evidence for and nature of impaired immunity in these animals is reviewed. our knowledge of the extent and nature of protective immunity induced by natural bvdv infections and vaccines is still in its infancy. significant new information on the bovine immune response to bvdv antigens, however, has been identified in rece ...19958581860
epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus.prevalence studies around the world show that bvdv is widespread in most cattle raising countries. there are significant differences, however, in prevalence between areas, probably the result of differences in cattle population structure and management practice. direct contact with pi animals is probably the most important method of transmission of infection; however, field studies have shown that some limited spread of infection also occurs in the absence of pi animals. this may be due to conta ...19958581861
diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections.because of complex pathogenesis and insidious nature of bvdv infections, the laboratory diagnosis is an essential component of developing measures for the control and prevention of bvdv infections. the positive isolation of bvdv from animal submissions or from aborted fetuses should provide a strong indication for further epidemiologic investigations within the identified infected herds. in these situations, the ultimate goal should be the establishment of sound control and prevention methods by ...19958581862
control of bovine viral diarrhea infection by use of vaccination.vaccination with either inactivated or modified live virus vaccines is beneficial for control of bvd in cattle. the advantages and/or disadvantages of each type of vaccine often influence vaccine selection. the frequency of vaccination depends on the herd management system, regional prevalence of bvdv, and required duration of protection. vaccines for bvd likely will change in content as knowledge of bvdv increases and as new technologies are adapted for vaccine production.19958581866
control of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection without vaccines.successful control and eradication of bvdv infection presuppose sufficient knowledge of its epidemiology, particularly sources of infection and ways of transmission. furthermore, it is crucial to have tests that can be trusted to give the true infection of individual animals and indicate the infection status of herds. pi animals are considered to be the main source of infection. in preliminary experiments in denmark, it was found that eradication in herds could be based on the identification and ...19958581867
isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus-like pestiviruses from roe deer (capreolus capreolus).cytopathogenic pestiviruses were isolated from two seronegative free-ranging roe deer (capreolus capreolus) from northern germany (schleswig-holstein): an adult female and a young buck collected on 6 december 1990 and 26 july 1991, respectively. the two isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction as pestiviruses. however, they were negative when primers specific for bovine virus diarrhea virus or classical swine fever virus were used, indicating that the two isolates might belong to a ...19958583645
bovine virus diarrhea and mucosal disease in free-ranging and captive deer (cervidae) in germany.from 1990 until 1992, 355 blood samples of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) (n = 123), red deer (cervus elaphus) (n = 60), fallow deer (dama dama) (n = 87) and other cervid species (n = 85) from three different habitats (n = 180) and 11 wildlife parks or zoos (n = 175) in germany were tested for prevalence of pestivirus antibodies. seventeen samples were seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv); only one animal had antibodies for border disease virus. microneutralization test titers ran ...19958583646
diagnosis of naturally occurring bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in ruminants using monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemistry.formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 50 spontaneous cases (39 bovine, nine ovine, two caprine) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection diagnosed by virus isolation were retrospectively examined for bvdv antigen by immunohistochemistry using anti-bvdv gp-43 monoclonal antibody (mab 15c5). the cases were separated into enteric disease syndrome, respiratory disease syndrome, and abortion/weak calf syndrome based upon clinical disease. the purposes of the study were to 1) compare ro ...19958592795
attempt to discriminate between bovine viral-diarrhoea virus strains using polymerase chain reaction.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied to detect bovine viral-diarrhoea mucosal-disease virus (bvdv). by the use of properly prepared primers, cytopathogenic nadl, oregon c24v, nose, t-20 and ks86-1(+) strains, and non-cytopathogenic new york-1, no. 12, and ks86-1(-) strains could be detected. the pcr system was applied to field isolates of the viruses. all the viruses were detected by the pcr. four patterns of the pcr amplification were recognized, and it was possible to discriminate b ...19958592900
variation in neuropathogenicity in sheep fetuses transplacentally infected with non-cytopathogenic and cytopathogenic biotypes of bovine-virus diarrhoea virus.pregnant merino ewes were inoculated intravenously between days 63 and 65 of gestation with a non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine-virus diarrhoea-virus (bvdv) isolate (experiment a). the histomorphological findings and the distribution of viral antigen, as revealed by immunohistochemistry in brains of fetuses from experiment a, were compared with those seen in fetal brains from a previous study (experiment b), in which pregnant ewes had been intravenously infected between days 65 and 68 of gestation ...19958592912
reverse transcription combined with polymerase chain reaction as a detection method for pestiviral infections.an assay based on reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used for the detection of hog cholera virus (hcv) and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in cell culture. in this study, a precipitate of the supernatants derived from cell cultures infected with hcv and bvdv was used in rt reactions, in place of extracted viral rna. both rt and pcr were performed using recombinant thermus thermophilus (rtth) dna polymerase. the specificity of the rt-pcr products was ...19958593411
brain malformations in ovine fetuses associated with the cytopathogenic biotype of bovine viral-diarrhoea virus.a total of six ewes were intravenously inoculated at between 65 and 68 days of gestation with the indiana strain of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), containing both non-cytopathogenic (ncp) and cytopathogenic (cp) biotypes. eight transplacentally infected fetuses were sequentially removed from the infected ewes and were found to have inflammatory lesions and malformations of the brain. bvdv rna was isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue sections and detected by nested p ...19958594858
pestivirus ns3 (p80) protein possesses rna helicase activity.the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) p80 protein (referred to here as the ns3 protein) contains amino acid sequence motifs predictive of three enzymatic activities: serine proteinase, nucleoside triphosphatase, and rna helicase. we have previously demonstrated that the former two enzymatic activities are associated with this protein. here, we show that a purified recombinant bvdv ns3 protein derived from baculovirus-infected insect cells possesses rna helicase activity. bvdv ns3 rna ...19957853509
six antigenic groups within the genus pestivirus as identified by cross neutralization assays.antigenic differences between pestivirus isolates of ruminant and porcine origin were characterized by neutralization assays. first, six different clusters of pestiviruses were identified by clustering cross-neutralization results of 13 pestivirus strains tested against 23 sera. cluster i consisted of four strains of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) of bovine origin and two bvdv isolates of porcine origin. cluster ii consisted of one sheep isolate and two porcine bdv isolates. cluster iii con ...19958748547
demonstration and genotyping of pestivirus rna from mammalian cell lines.we examined 20 cell lines of various animal origins for the presence of pestivirus contamination by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and found 15 (75%) cell lines were positive. the rt-pcr products of the 5' untranslated region (utr) of pestivirus genome were sequenced and subjected to genotyping. stem-loop structures at three variable regions in the 5' utr render genotyping of the contaminated pestiviruses. bovine cell lines tested were all contaminated with genotyp ...19958789057
differentiation of classical swine fever virus (csfv) strains using monoclonal antibodies against structural glycoproteins.two panels of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the classical swine fever virus (csfv) envelope glycoproteins e2 (12 mabs) and e0 (11 mabs) were established and tested by immunoperoxidase binding assay against 135 pestivirus strains and isolates. variability of the binding pattern was demonstrated for csfv and also for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) strains and isolates. the panels of mabs against e2 and e0 led to very different reactivity patterns. particular mabs against e2 reacted with ...19958604543
ruminant pestiviruses.the ruminant pestiviruses, bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and border disease virus (bdv) are highly successful and important pathogens which infect ruminant species worldwide. although the serological relationships among ruminant pestiviruses require further clarification, there is growing evidence for two antigenic groups, one of which predominates in cattle and one in sheep. the success of pestiviruses stems from the ability of the non-cytopathic (ncp) biotype of the virus to cross the pl ...19958605577
detection of bovine-virus-diarrhoea-virus antibodies in cattle with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.the serum-neutralization (sn) and the indirect-immunofluorescence (iif) assays have invariably been used for detecting antibodies against bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in cattle sera. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was applied which has a sensitivity comparable with the sn and iif in detecting antibody to bvdv. a total of 472 bovine sera were assayed and a high prevalence of 79.2% was recorded. positive correlations between the elisa and the sn were found when certain sera we ...19958668322
comparison of the prevalence and incidence of infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in denmark and michigan and association with possible risk factors.based on 2 previous surveys on the occurrence of infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in danish and michigan dairy herds, the prevalence and incidence of the infection were compared. the presence of certain possible risk factors for the occurrence of infection in the 2 areas were summarized and it was investigated if any of these risk factors had significant effect on the presence of animals persistently infected (pi) with bvdv in the dairy herds. information on the cattle populati ...19958669379
sequence analysis of the 5' untranslated region of pestivirus rna demonstrated in interferons for human use.we examined 46 samples of human interferons for the presence of pestivirus rna by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and found 30.4% were contaminated with pestivirus rna. comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences in the 5' untranslated region (utr) of the pestivirus rna detected from the interferons indicated that the contaminants are derived from bovine viral diarrhea virus, and that there are at least three genotypes, i, ii and iii, among them. the incidence of genotypes ...19958825854
glycoprotein e2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus expressed in insect cells provides calves limited protection from systemic infection and disease.calves were vaccinated with a c-terminally truncated baculovirus expression product of e2 from the singer strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus. the expressed e2 was glycosylated and retained antigenic authenticity. after induction of viral neutralizing antibody, the calves were challenge exposed with either the homologous singer strain of virus or with the heterologous 890 strain of virus. vaccine-induced antibody titer of > or = 2 protected calves from clinical signs of disease induced by homo ...19968856027
identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus receptor in different cell types.anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) have been used successfully in studies on bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) receptor(s) in our laboratory. the anti-ids specifically bound to cultured cells and identified a 50 kda cellular membrane protein, which is thought to be a specific receptor for bvdv. in this study, flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that the anti-ids also specifically bound to different cell types, namely mdbk, ebk, bt, pk15, ma1o4, and vero. experiments on virus attachment and ...19968861644
noncytopathogenic and cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease viruses do not affect in vitro embryonic development into the blastocyst stage.bovine oocytes enclosed within follicular epithelial (fe) cells were exposed to noncytopathogenic or cytopathogenic strains of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus (bvd-mdv). after culture at 39 degrees c in humidified air with 5 percent co2 for 24 h, the oocytes matured and then in vitro fertilization was performed. some of the fertilized oocytes developed into blastocysts from day 8 to day 10 (day 1: date of insemination), and the rate of development to blastocysts was the same as for t ...19968861649
virus inactivation by pepsin treatment at ph 4 of igg solutions: factors affecting the rate of virus inactivation.igg preparations have rarely transmitted infectious diseases; however, because such transmission has occurred a few times, manufacturers are required to present experimental proof that their specific production process removes and/or inactivates viruses that may be present in the starting material.19968863772
epidemiologic association between antibody titres against bovine virus diarrhoea virus, rinderpest disease virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in a buffalo herd.the association between antibody titres against bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) and rinderpest disease virus (rpdv) in buffaloes was investigated in a cross-sectional study. thirty-six lactating buffaloes from a herd in landhi cattle colony, karachi were bled and serum samples subjected to a micro-neutralisation test at the plum island animal disease center, usa, to categorise each buffalo either as positive or negative against each of 3 viral ...19968888525
cytopathogenicity of a pestivirus correlates with a 27-nucleotide insertion.cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) strains are generated in cattle persistently infected with noncytopathogenic (noncp) bvdv.cp bvdv strains are considered crucial for the development of fatal mucosal disease. comparative analysis of cp and noncp bvdv strains isolated from one animal suffering from mucosal disease revealed that the genomes of the cp bvdv strain (cp7) and the corresponding noncp bvdv strain (ncp7) are highly homologous. however, only the genome of cp7 contains ...19968892907
bovine viral diarrhea virus: characterization of a cytopathogenic defective interfering particle with two internal deletions.molecular characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus pair 13 revealed that isolate cp13 is composed of a cytopathogenic (cp) defective interfering particle (di13) and a noncytopathogenic (noncp) helper virus. the di13 genome possesses two internal deletions of 1,611 and 3,102 nucleotides. except for a small fragment of the gene coding for glycoprotein e1, all structural protein genes are deleted together with most of the npro gene, the region coding for nonstructural proteins p7 and ns2. wh ...19968892949
experimental reproduction of respiratory disease in calves with non-cell-culture-passaged bovine respiratory syncytial virus.to reproduce experimentally clinical bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infections in cattle, we isolated brsv from a calf in the field that suffered from acute respiratory disease. cell culture passage of the virus was avoided to prevent any modification of the biological properties of the virus. the isolated brsv was passaged in specific-pathogen-free (spf) calves. lung lavage fluids of these calves, which contained at least 10(3) tcid50/ml brsv and which were found to be free of other ...19968903138
characterization of rna synthesis during a one-step growth curve and of the replication mechanism of bovine viral diarrhoea virus.the noncytopathic australian bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) trangie isolate was used to establish a one-step growth curve and to investigate previously uncharacterized aspects of pestivirus replication. the eclipse phase was found to be approximately 8 to 10 h and the first appearance of viral antigen assayed by immunofluorescence occurred around 6 h post-infection (p.i.). both positive- and negative-sense virus rnas were first detected at 4 h p.i. by northern blot hybridization using stran ...19968922466
immunohistochemical detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in skin biopsies: a reliable and fast diagnostic tool.skin biopsies from 184 cattle were immunohistochemically tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection. bvdv infection was detected sensitively and specifically by visceral organ immunohistochemistry or by standard virological methods.19968928576
expression and characterization of part of hog cholera virus non-structural proteins.in a preceding paper, the molecular cloning and partial nucleotide sequence of the alfort strain of hog cholera virus (hcv) was described. to study the genetic organization of the 3'-end of the hcv genome, which encodes some of the non-structural proteins, a cdna fragment (s2.20) of 849 nucleotides was subcloned into the bacterial expression vector pgex-3x and expressed in escherichia coli as a s2.20-glutathione-s-transferase fusion protein (s2.20-gst). this protein was used to produce hcv-speci ...19968928577
prevalence of hepatitis c virus in plasma pools and the effectiveness of cold ethanol fractionation.screening blood donations for antibodies against hepatitis c virus (hcv) greatly reduces the risk of transmitting hcv by transfusions. however, despite such screening programs, plasma pools still contain a high percentage of hcv ribonucleic acid as determined by polymerase chain reaction. this result would not be alarming if the procedures for producing blood products included steps to inactivate or remove hcv. although this appeared to be the case for all blood products, such as coagulation fac ...19968930442
contamination of commercially available fetal bovine sera with bovine viral diarrhea virus genomes: implications for the study of hepatitis c virus in cell cultures.the establishment of cell cultures for hepatitis c virus (hcv) is important for its study as a human pathogen. however, in reported cell lines, hcv demonstrates low levels of replication detected primarily by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays. in attempts to culture hcv, an additional complication was observed. from mock-infected cultures, cdna of appropriate size was obtained by rt-pcr with primers deduced from conserved domains of the 5' noncoding region of hcv. h ...19968940226
evaluation of nucleic acid amplification methods for the detection of hog cholera virus.a blind panel was tested in a diagnostic evaluation of a reverse transcription (rt) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for detecting hog cholera virus (hcv) from pig tissues. the capability of the rt-pcr test to discriminate between hcv and related pestiviruses, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and those viruses causing similar diseases in swine, including african swine fever virus (asfv) and pseudorabies virus (prv), was also considered. nucleic acid extraction involved either kit-based ...19968953524
evaluation of a gp 55 (e2) recombinant-based elisa for the detection of antibodies induced by classical swine fever virus.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv) based on the competition of the serum antibodies with a csfv-specific monoclonal antibody directed against the viral glycoprotein gp 55 (e2), has been evaluated. a total of 553 sera obtained from pigs experimentally infected in groups with different pestiviruses were included in this study. the elisa was applied to a group of sera collected from pigs prior to pestivirus inocula ...19968968126
recovery of cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea viruses from cdna constructs.after cdna cloning of the genome of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) isolate cp7, a full-length cdna clone was constructed. rna transcribed in vitro from this construct was shown to direct the generation of infectious bvdv upon transfection into bovine cells. to confirm the de novo generation of infectious bvdv from cloned cdna a genetically tagged virus was constructed. in comparison with parental bvdv, the recombinant virus was slightly retarded in growth. the ns2 coding region of the cp7 ge ...19968970985
[nanofiltration in production of beriplex p/n: increasing the capacity of virus elimination while maintaining product quality].for the manufacture of the pcc beriplex p/n, nanofiltration was introduced into the production process of beriplex hs providing an additional means to heat treatment for the clearance/inactivation of viruses. by nanofiltration, large enveloped viruses (hsv-1, hiv-1) were completely eliminated by a factor of more than 7 log10. while medium-sized enveloped viruses (hbv, bvdv) were cleared by a factor of approximately 4 log10, small non-enveloped viruses (poliovirus) were not removed. the product p ...19968974698
therapeutic factor xiii preparations and perspectives for recombinant factor xiii.with the increasing availability of human plasma this source was used to substitute for the production of factor xiii concentrate from placenta. prior to changing the source material, the virus safety in accordance with the committee for proprietary medicinal products (cpmp) guidelines and the half-life were investigated. concerning the virus safety, the following cumulative log 10 clearance factors were obtained: human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) > or = 18.9, herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) > or ...19968989827
[immunohistology as a reliable and efficient method for the diagnosis of bvdv infections].persistent infection with the bovine viral diarrhea/ mucosal disease virus (bvdv) can be detected using immunohistological methods. the experiments show that the lsab (labeled streptavidin biotin) peroxidase method is suitable to detect the bvdv in cryostat sections of unfixed tissue. for the diagnostic work up in living animals, skin biopsies give reliable results. in dead animals, organs such as thyroid gland, skin, mucosa of the mouth, esophagus and abomasum are well suitable for immunohistol ...19969011939
prevalence of antibodies to bluetongue, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease viruses in water buffaloes in minas gerais state, brazil.a serological survey to detect water buffaloes with antibodies to bluetongue virus (btv), bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv 1) and bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease virus (bvd/mdv) was performed in minas gerais state, brazil. precipitating antibodies against btv were detected by the agar gel immunodiffusion test (agid) in 54.4% of the serum samples tested. microplate serum-neutralization tests revealed that 14.7% and 52.7% of the water buffaloes had antibodies to bhv 1 and bvd/mdv, respectively. the ...19969091990
foetal infections with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in argentina.the frequency of isolation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) from primary tissue cultures and organs from bovine foetuses was studied between 1992 and 1994. around 25% of primary tissue cultures were bvdv positive. primary testis cultures were inoculated with homogenates of spleen, kidney, lung and liver from 52 foetuses. cells were passaged twice and bvdv antigen investigated by indirect immunofluorescence. non-cytopathic bvdv was detected in at least one organ in 11/52 foetuses (21.2%): 6 ...19968680840
[pcr: a look behind the scenes at bovine viral diarrhea virus].as indicated by their nucleotide sequences bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvd-virus) are genetically quite heterogenous. despite differences in the nucleotide sequence in the ns3 region, we found that the derived amino acid sequence of all viral strains analyzed was identical and differed from that of classical swine fever viruses, thus allowing differentiation between bovine and porcine pestiviruses. remarkably, the bvd viral strains were isolated over a time period of some 40 years in europe, ...19968720729
morphologic changes and immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen in ovaries from cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.to identify morphologic differences in ovaries from cows persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and determine ovarian cell types infected in these cows.19968725808
concurrent bovine viral diarrhoea virus and salmonella typhimurium dt104 infection in a group of pregnant dairy heifers.two days after being imported into the united kingdom one of a group of 30 pregnant dairy heifers showed clinical signs of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infection and subsequently died. before it died the heifer was bvdv antigen-positive and antibody-negative. the gross post mortem findings were suggestive of mucosal disease but in addition to noncytopathic bvd virus, salmonella typhimurium dt104 was cultured from tissues and gut contents. the other heifers were screened for s typhimurium ...19968736500
distribution of virus and viral antigen in specific pathogen-free calves following inoculation with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus.gross and microscopic lesions and distribution of virus were studied in specific pathogen-free calves (spf) 10 days post-inoculation (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). to investigate possible differences in tissue tropism between bcdv isolates, two clinically and antigenically different noncytopathic (ncp) isolates of bvdv were compared in the study. four calves were exposed to noncytopathic (ncp) bvdv 7937, and four to ncp-bvdv 126. two additional calves that were not exposed to viru ...19968740705
rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus in clinical samples and cell culture isolates, combined with a simultaneous differentiation with other genomically and/or symptomatically related viruses.reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction method (pcr) allowed the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), regardless of the serotype. a primer set corresponding to highly conserved regions of the 2b sequence was selected. by combining in a single reaction tube specific primer pairs for fmdv, swine vesicular disease virus, (svdv), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), all four viruses could be identified and differentiated in on ...19968634024
cytokine regulation by virus infection: bovine viral diarrhea virus, a flavivirus, downregulates production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in macrophages in vitro.bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages were infected in vitro with noncytopathic or cytopathic strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus. infection with both biotypes resulted in a decreased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha upon stimulation with heat-inactivated salmonella dublin or lipopolysaccharide. other macrophage functions were not downregulated, indicating that the observed effect was not due to a loss in macrophage viability. the downregulated production of tumor necrosis factor al ...19968642701
processing in the pestivirus e2-ns2 region: identification of proteins p7 and e2p7.the pestivirus genome encodes a single polyprotein which is subject to co- and posttranslational processing by cellular and viral proteases. the map positions of all virus-encoded proteins are known with the exception of a hypothetical peptide (p?) which interlinks the glycoprotein e2 and the nonstructural protein ns2-3 approximately between amino acid positions 1060 and 1130. expression studies with recombinant vaccinia viruses bearing a set of c-terminally truncated e2-p?-ns2-encoding sequence ...19968648755
bovine virus diarrhoea virus in semen from acutely infected bulls.the risk of spreading bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) from acutely infected animals to susceptible animals was investigated. ten bulls from a herd with no previous history of bvdv were used. the bulls were demonstrated free from bvdv and such antibodies. six of the bulls were inoculated intravenously with cytopathogenic virus, and 4 bulls were used as controls. semen samples were collected during a period of 66 days after inoculation. the samples were examined for bvdv, and spermatological p ...19968659345
genetic identification of pestivirus strain frijters as a border disease virus from pigs.a pig pestivirus isolate, the frijters strain, was characterized by using reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr), followed by rflp and direct sequencing of the amplicons. restriction endonuclease enzyme avai and bg/i digestion of 5' nc genomic region pcr products suggested that frijters strain belongs to the border disease viruses (bdv). this finding was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified part of the 5-nc genomic region, which revealed 94% and 95% nucleotide similarity between the f ...19968795011
fine mapping of a c-terminal linear epitope highly conserved among the major envelope glycoprotein e2 (gp51 to gp54) of different pestiviruses.envelope glycoprotein e2 (gp51 to gp54) is the major neutralizing antigen of pestiviruses, which include classical swine fever virus (csfv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), and border disease virus (bvd). previous studies carried out using a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against csfv strain brescia have revealed the existence of four antigenic domains, a to d, of the e2 protein, all of which are located at the n-terminal half of the molecule. here we report the detailed mapping, usi ...19968806512
antigenically different pestivirus strains induce congenital infection in sheep: a model for bovine virus diarrhea virus vaccine efficacy studies.to study the efficacy and safety of bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv) vaccines there is need for a valid challenge model. we investigated whether sheep can be used in such a challenge model. we intranasally inoculated six groups (a-f) of seronegative sheep at day 49 of gestation with either of five antigenically different bvdv strains and one border disease virus strain. a seventh group (g) was housed for 10 days with a persistently infected calf and an eighth group (h) served as control. from ...19968810006
cell death induced by cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus is mediated by apoptosis.cells infected with two closely related isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), one cytopathic (cp) and one non-cytopathic (ncp), were examined for signs of apoptosis. the results from labelling dna using terminal transferase and biotinylated dutp and by observing oligonucleosomal-sized dna fragmentation indicated that the cp strain of bvdv induced apoptosis in cell culture but the ncp strain did not. induction of apoptosis correlated with infected cells undergoing apoptosis rather than ...19968760414
serological responses in calves to vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and parainfluenza-3 viruses.the istituto superiore di sanità (iss), the national veterinary services laboratory in italy, is in charge of assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of veterinary vaccines before and after licensing. to evaluate the relative potency of several vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and parainfluenza-3 virus (pi3v), the serological responses in vaccinated calves were studied. vaccination w ...19968785944
immunodominant e2 (gp53) sequences of highly virulent bovine viral diarrhea group ii viruses indicate a close resemblance to a subgroup of border disease viruses.the genes for the e2 envelope protein, which elicits virus-neutralizing antibodies, from members of the newly described group ii of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdvs) were cloned and sequenced. these bvdvs included a thrombocytopenic strain from the united states, a fetal bovine serum contaminant, a strain from western canada, and two highly virulent strains, causing high mortality rates, from quebec. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of these e2s had only a 60-65% homology with group i ...19968599222
differentiation of classical swine fever virus from ruminant pestiviruses by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr).a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was designed to allow the differentiation of pestiviruses by the expected size of the amplified fragments. one oligonucleotide primer, conserved amongst pestiviruses, and two others specific for either classical swine fever virus (csfv) or bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), were designed from the 5' non-coding region of the genome. csfv infected cultures (10 strains) amplified a fragment of an expected size of 200 bp; bvdv culture ...19969054133
macrophages infected with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus release a factor(s) capable of priming uninfected macrophages for activation-induced apoptosis.bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with the cytopathic biotype of bovine viral diarrhea virus released an antiviral activity into the supernatant which was tentatively characterized as type i interferon because of its physicochemical properties. such supernatants primed both infected and uninfected macrophages for decreased nitric oxide production and apoptosis in response to lipopolysaccharide. this finding strongly suggests a role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of mucosal dis ...19979060690
immune suppression in calves with bovine immunodeficiency virus.the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of bovine immunodeficiency virus (biv) infection on immune functions and possible interactions between biv and other bovine viruses in calves. ten calves were inoculated intravenously with biv, and five served as controls. an increased lymphocyte proliferation to biv gag protein was demonstrated 2 to 6 weeks after biv inoculation (p < 0.05). lymphocyte subset differentiation revealed a decreased cd4/cd8 ratio (p < 0.05) during weeks 2 to 7, s ...19979067663
bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in bone marrow of experimentally infected calves.colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated with either a field isolate of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) containing cytopathogenic (cp) and noncytopathogenic (ncp) biotypes or with only the ncp biotype. paraffin wax-embedded sections of bone marrow from these calves, examined by means of an immunoperoxidase method, showed bvdv antigen in megakaryocytes and myeloid cells. infection of such cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and neutropenia, as reported i ...19979076604
immunohistochemical detection of hog cholera viral glycoprotein 55 in paraffin-embedded tissues.formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues obtained from 40 pigs inoculated with a field isolate of hog cholera virus were examined for the presence of gp55, a major structural protein of the virus envelope, using a monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical test with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. immunoreactivity was detected in hog cholera virus-infected tissues but not in control pigs tissues, african swine fever virus-infected tissues, or bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected ...19979087919
standardization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for quantitative estimation of antibodies specific for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus.commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for detection of serum antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 virus (pi3v), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) were standardized to give a quantitative result when testing was performed at a single optimum dilution. for each test, serum samples were titrated and their end point titers calculated by an algebraic method directly from a plot of each titration series a ...19979087921
diagnostic studies of abortion in danish dairy herds.diagnostic findings in 218 aborted bovine foetuses are reported. the materials were examined in a matched case-control study of 69 danish dairy herds with a sudden increase in the number of abortions and a corresponding 69 control herds. foetuses aborted during the subsequent 6-month period were examined to identify the cause of abortion if possible. a total of 186 specimens were submitted from case herds and 32 from control herds. a likely cause of abortion was diagnosed in 73 foetuses. the mos ...19979465775
level of viral antigen in blood leucocytes from cattle acutely infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus.blood samples from 24 calves undergoing experimental acute infection with a non-cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) were examined for viral antigen in peripheral leucocytes with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and for presence of virus in blood plasma in a cell culture assay. with the antigen elisa, low positive values were detected in leucocytes sampled on days 3-4 from two of eight animals inoculated intranasally, and on days 11-13 from three of 16 animals inoculat ...19979467300
comparison of rt-pcr assay and virus isolation in cell cultures for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in field samples.the virus isolation-immunoperoxidase test (ipx) on cell cultures and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay were compared for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) directly in serum samples. material for this study consisted of 403 sera originating from cattle in 41 bvdv-infected finnish dairy herds and one suckler cow herd. the presence of virus was demonstrated in 48 samples by both assays. in addition, two more samples were found to be positive by th ...19979491443
genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses isolated in southern africa.seventy three field isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), obtained from cattle in mozambique and south africa, were characterised by comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of part of the 5' non-coding region (5'ncr) of the viral genome. the target region was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the amplicons were cloned in puc 19 plasmid and both strands were sequenced by t7 polymerase dideoxynucleotide chain-termination sequencing or directly by cy ...19979495536
identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus nonstructural polypeptide ns4b/p38.the bovine pestivirus polyprotein is processed into at least 11 mature polypeptides. previous studies with polyprotein region-specific antiserum raised against beta-galactosidase fusion proteins or synthetic peptides allowed the assignment of viral non-structural proteins to specific segments of the bvdv genome. however, the gene product from the ns4b/p38 region of the viral genome remained to be demonstrated directly. bvdv cdna fragments predicted to encode part of ns4b/p38 (from codon 2521 to ...19979498617
organ and tissue distribution of the antigen of the cytopathogenic bovine virus diarrhea virus in the early and advanced phase of experimental mucosal disease.to study the development of lesions in mucosal disease, the spread of cytopathogenic (cp) bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv) to different organs was examined in relation to the time post inoculation (pi). mucosal disease was induced in 15 persistently viremic cattle from two herds by intranasal inoculation with antigenically similar cp bvdv strain. this strain reacted with one additional monoclonal antibody when compared to the corresponding herd-specific non cytopathogenic (ncp) isolate. twelve ...19979672623
[seroprevalence of viral infections in llamas (lama glama) in the republic of argentina].this study reports the seroprevalence of bovine viral infections in llamas (lama glama) in argentina. this is the first study made in the country including 390 llamas and testing antibodies against eight viruses. samples were collected from nine farms distributed in three different provinces: buenos aires, córdoba and jujuy. the samples were tested for antibodies against eight viruses known to infect cattle: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine adenovirus ...19979229724
[bovine diarrhea virus: an update].bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pathogen of cattle, member of the family flaviviridae, genus pestivirus, which also includes classical swine fever virus (csfv, or hog cholera virus), and border disease virus of sheep (bdv). it causes important economical losses associated mainly with reproductive failure. pestiviruses are small enveloped viruses, with a diameter of about 40 nm. the nucleocapsid is probably icosahedral . the genome consists of a single stranded positive rna, encoding appr ...19979229725
the use of a mass-action model to validate the output from a stochastic simulation model of bovine viral diarrhoea virus spread in a closed dairy herd.the spread of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in a closed dairy herd maintained under typical management conditions is studied using two approaches. in the first instance a stochastic computer model is used to simulate the month-to-month changes in the infection status of each animal. these results are contrasted with the results of a mass-action model which uses three differential equations. a comparison of the two approaches indicates that the results are in broad agreement. the stochastic ...19979234444
the use of bovine mhc class i allele-specific peptide motifs and proteolytic cleavage specificities for the prediction of potential cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes of bovine viral diarrhea virus.cell mediated immunity (cmi) is crucial for the defense against viruses. cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) play a major role in cmi. they recognize endogenous antigenic peptides presented by antigen presenting cells in association with the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules. the elucidation of the sequence of ctl epitopes of viruses should help in designing better vaccines. in this study, we have identified candidate epitopes restricted by five bovine mhc class i molecules tha ...19979237350
secondary structure of the 5'-noncoding region of border disease virus genome rnas.the computer predicted secondary structures from the 5'-nc genome region of four border disease virus (bdv) strains collected from sheep in england and scotland over a period 1976-1986 were prepared. the fold program from gcg sequence analysis software package was used for the analysis of a 243 bp rna fragment. two typical shapes of secondary structures were observed which contained multiple imperfect stem-loop motifs. the shape of those structures exactly fit with the grouping of bdv strains to ...19979238865
macrophages and respiratory viruses.this review highlights some of the interactions between alveolar macrophages and human/swine influenza a viruses, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), bovine parainfluenza type-3 (pi-3) virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv). in influenza a infection, macrophage-cytokines are believed to mediate the typical constitutional effects and inflammation in the respiratory tract. the same cytokines possibly play a role in influenz ...19979247041
distribution of cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus antigens in tissues of calves following acute experimental infection.the distribution of cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in the tissues of colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves was investigated. colostrum-fed (group a) and colostrum-deprived (group b) calves were experimentally infected with the bvdv isolate 80/1, which contains both bvdv biotypes. colostrum-deprived calves were also experimentally infected with a noncytopathic bvdv (group c) or with a cytopathic bvdv (group d) cloned from the 80/1 isolate. all ca ...19979249168
experimental infection of deer with bovine viral diarrhea virus.in order to determine the susceptibility of deer to infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), four mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns and one white-tailed deer (o. virginianus) fawn were inoculated intranasally with the new york-1 strain of bvdv originally isolated from cattle. none of the animals developed clinical signs of illness. virus was isolated from white blood cells from four fawns on one or more occasions from day 2 through day 15 post-inoculation (pi) indicating that infec ...19979249703
the development of early vs. late onset mucosal disease is a consequence of two different pathogenic mechanisms.bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus is the causative agent of fatal mucosal disease (md) of cattle. experimental induction of md can be achieved by superinfection of calves persistently viremic with a noncytopathic (ncp) bvd virus using an antigenically similar cytopathic (cp) bvd virus. here we describe the characterisation of bvd viruses isolated from three cases of experimentally induced md. one animal developed clinical symptoms two weeks after superinfection (early onset md), while the onset ...19979267447
comparison of the complete genomic sequence of the border disease virus, bd31, to other pestiviruses.the genus pestivirus is composed of hog cholera virus (hcv) [also known as classical swine fever virus (csfv)], bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and border disease virus (bdv). complete sequences have been published for hcv (or csfv) and the two genotypes of bvdv (bvdv1 and bvdv2). in this study the complete sequence of the border disease virus (bdv), bd31, was determined. bd31 was isolated from a lamb with hairy shaker syndrome and is the bdv type virus offered by atcc (atcc vr-996). the gen ...19979282788
a computer simulation of the transmission dynamics and the effects of duration of immunity and survival of persistently infected animals on the spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cattle.this paper describes a computer model that mimics the spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infection through a closed herd. the model is able to simulate the spread of infection when a persistently infected (pi) animal is introduced into an infection-free herd, and it is used to investigate the role of persistently infected animals, seroconverting animals, loss of pi calves and duration of immunity on the level of infection within the herd. under typical management conditions one persis ...19979287949
comparison of two different methods for inactivation of viruses in serum.in order to compare protocols for inactivation of viruses potentially present in biological specimens, three different model viruses were treated in bovine serum by two different inactivation methods: samples were subjected either to chemical inactivation with ethylenimine (el) at concentrations of 5 and 10 mm at 37 degrees c for periods up to 72 h or to electron-beam irradiation in frozen and liquid form with doses varying between 11 and 46 kgy. the chemical inactivation resulted in nonlinear t ...19979302195
analysis of human plasma products: polymerase chain reaction does not discriminate between live and inactivated viruses.the viral safety of human plasma products is based on the careful selection of donors and donations and the removal and inactivation of human pathogenic viruses that could potentially contaminate human plasma. for the analysis of the final products for potential virus contamination, the use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been proposed. to test whether this method can discriminate between infectious and inactivated viruses, the following studies were performed.19979308641
[diabetes mellitus in a cow persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus].a one-year-old holstein-frisian heifer, persistently infected with bvd virus, developed diabetes mellitus. clinical, virological and pathological findings are described and possible relations are discussed.19979312894
a congenital persistent infection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus in pigs: clinical, virological and immunological observations.we report on a lifelong 'carrier' state of non-cytopathic bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in an otherwise healthy pig. three out of 13 pigs of a litter congenitally infected with bvdv survived for more than 3 months. one pig was bvdv seropositive at 1 month, the second seroconverted between 6 and 8 months, and the third remained viraemic and bvdv-immunotolerant until slaughter at 26 months. the latter pig, a boar, excreted virus in oropharyngeal fluid, urine and semen. ejaculates, however, d ...19979323848
induction of procoagulant activity in virus infected bovine alveolar macrophages and the effect of lipopolysaccharide.three viruses known to be associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex were evaluated in vitro for potential impact upon the procoagulant activity (pca) of bovine alveolar macrophages (bam). cultures of bam were inoculated with bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (pi-3), cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (cpbvdv), non-cytopathic bvdv (ncpbvdv), or bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1) and incubated for several time periods (24, 48, 72, 96 h). bam were then exposed to e. coli lipopolysa ...19979343337
expression of non-cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) in oocytes and follicles of persistently infected cattle. 19979347623
validation of the heat treatment step used in the production of diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (dclhb) for viral inactivation--effect of crosslinking.two experiments were performed to assess viral inactivation during the crosslinking and heat treatment steps of the dclhb manufacturing process. stroma free hemoglobin (sfhb) collected from a large scale manufacturing lot was tested in a 1:680 scaled down system in which the key parameters used in the manufacturing process were replicated. in the first study porcine parvovirus (ppv), a non-enveloped virus, was used to assess inactivation, while in the second study bovine viral diarrhea virus (bv ...19979352057
characterization of a putative receptor protein for bovine viral diarrhea virus.in a previous communication, we reported a 50-kda cell surface protein from madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells as a putative receptor for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). the present study delineates further characterization of the receptor protein. protease treatment of cultured mdbk cells adversely affected the receptor, thus abolishing the binding of anti-d89 (bvdv anti-idiotypes) to the cells. however, pretreatment of the cells with either phospholipases or glycosidases did not signif ...19979355246
application of recombinant bovine viral diarrhea virus proteins in the diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea infection in cattle.the national animal disease laboratory (nadl) vaccine strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) genes for gp48 and p80 were expressed in escherichia coli. the bvdv-nadl gene for gp62 was integrated into a baculovirus genome for expression in spodoptera frugiperda (sf-9) insect ovarian cells. the antigenicity of baculovirus expressed bvdv protein was detected by anti-bvdv specific antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa) and radio-immun ...19979355247
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