Publications

determination of serum organic acids in puppies with naturally acquired parvoviral enteritis.	the purpose of the present study was to investigate the acid-base status and the serum concentration of organic acids in puppies with naturally occurring canine parvoviral enteritis. between july 1999 and july 2000, 25 client-owned puppies admitted to the st. louis animal emergency clinic south for treatment of enteritis caused by parvovirus infection were used in our study. control blood samples were collected from 22 healthy puppies less than 9 months of age. serum organic acid concentrations ...	2002	11858643
genetic analysis of canine parvovirus isolates (cpv-2) from dogs in italy.	genetic and antigenic properties of 62 field isolates of canine parvovirus (cpv-2) collected from 1994 to 2001 in italy were investigated. antigenic characterisation was conducted using specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs). the vp1\vp2 gene was amplified by pcr and characterised with restriction endonucleases to detect the 297 and 265 variant. the vp2 gene of 16 isolates was sequenced and molecular genetic analysis was conducted. the antigenic type prevalent among our isolates is type 2a as wel ...	2002	11864747
role of recycling endosomes and lysosomes in dynein-dependent entry of canine parvovirus.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is a nonenveloped virus with a 5-kb single-stranded dna genome. lysosomotropic agents and low temperature are known to prevent cpv infection, indicating that the virus enters its host cells by endocytosis and requires an acidic intracellular compartment for penetration into the cytoplasm. after escape from the endocytotic vesicles, cpv is transported to the nucleus for replication. in the present study the intracellular entry pathway of the canine parvovirus in nlfk (nord ...	2002	11932407
influence of long-term treatment with tetracycline and niacinamide on antibody production in dogs with discoid lupus erythematosus.	to evaluate the effect of long-term treatment with tetracycline and niacinamide on antibody production in dogs by measuring postvaccinal serum concentrations of antibodies against canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus.	2002	11939308
feline host range of canine parvovirus: recent emergence of new antigenic types in cats.	since the emergence of canine parvovirus (cpv-2) in the late 1970s, cpv-2 has evolved consecutively new antigenic types, cpv-2a and 2b. although cpv-2 did not have a feline host range, cpv-2a and 2b appear to have gained the ability to replicate in cats. recent investigations demonstrate the prevalence of cpv-2a and 2b infection in a wide range of cat populations. we illustrate the pathogenic potential of cpv in cats and assess the risk caused by cpv variants.	2002	11971764
species-specific differences in organization of orthopoxvirus kelch-like proteins.	organization of orthopoxvirus proteins of the kelch superfamily and their genes were analyzed and compared. complete genomic sequences of variola (var), monkeypox (mpv), vaccinia (vac), and species-specific regions of cowpox (cpv) viruses were used in the work. despite the multiplicity of kelch-like proteins in orthopoxviruses, their function is still vague. it has been discovered that the genes of orthopoxvirus kelch-like proteins are localized only to the terminal variable regions of the genom ...	2002	12018707
phylogenetic similarity of the canine parvovirus wild-type isolates on the basis of vp1/vp2 gene fragment sequence analysis.	biological material was taken from dogs with diarrhoea. faecal samples were taken from within live animals and intestinal tract fragments (i.e. small intestine, and stomach) were taken from dead animals. in total, 18 specimens were investigated from dogs housed alone or in large groups. to test for the presence of the virus, latex (on site biotech, uppsala, sweden) and direct immunofluorescence tests were performed. at the same time, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with primers complementary to ...	2002	12019945
molecular cloning and characterization of antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus genome segment 9.	genome segment 9 of the 11-segment rna genomes of three cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv) isolates from antheraea mylitta (amcpv), antheraea assamensis (aacpv) and antheraea proylei (apcpv) were converted to cdna, cloned and sequenced. in each case, this genome segment consists of 1473 nucleotides with one long orf of 1035 bp and encodes a protein of 345 amino acids, termed nsp38, with a molecular mass of 38 kda. secondary structure prediction showed the presence of nine alpha-helices in the ...	2002	12029164
characterization of the immune response to canine parvovirus induced by vaccination with chimaeric plant viruses.	nih mice were vaccinated subcutaneously or intranasally with chimaeric cow pea mosaic virus (cpmv) constructs expressing a 17-mer peptide sequence from canine parvovirus (cpv) as monomers or dimers on the small or large protein surface subunits. responses to the chimaeric virus particles (cvps) were compared with those of mice immunized with the native virus or with parvovirus peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (klh). the characteristics of the immune response to vaccination were e ...	2002	12034099
chromatographic removal combined with heat, acid and chaotropic inactivation of four model viruses.	the virus removal of protein a affinity chromatography, inactivation capacity, acid ph and a combination of high temperature with a chaotropic agent was determined in this work. the model viruses studied were sendaivirus, human immunodeficency virus (hiv-iiib), human poliovirus type-ii, human herpesvirus i and canine parvovirus. the protein a affinity chromatography showed a maximum reduction factor of 8 logs in the case of viruses larger than 120 nm size, while for small viruses (18-30 nm) the ...	2002	12044553
[cytopathology of plants infected with viruses. ultrastructure of the leaf cells of cereals affected by rhabdoviruses].	ultrathin sections of oat, wheat, and ryegrass leaves from healthy plants and plants infected with rhabdoviruses by leafhoppers laodelphax striatellus fallen were studied under the electron microscope. the bacilliform virions often surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes, viroplasm, and tubular structures conforming, in diameter and structure, to the rhabdovirion nucleocapsid were observed in the cytoplasm of leaf cells of the diseased plants. the cereal pseudorosette virus [(165-200) ...	2002	12068435
rna 2 of citrus psorosis virus is of negative polarity and has a single open reading frame in its complementary strand.	citrus psorosis virus (cpsv) causes a citrus disease occurring worldwide. isolate cpv 4 has a genome with three single-stranded rnas. the complete sequence of rna 2 (1643 nucleotides) is reported here. northern blot hybridization with strand-specific probes showed that most of the encapsidated rna 2 is of negative polarity, although a small amount of the complementary strand may also be present in particles. the rna 2 complementary strand contained a single open reading frame encoding a protein ...	2002	12075099
clinical and serological response of wild dogs (lycaon pictus) to vaccination against canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and rabies.	wild dogs lycaon pictuis (n = 8) were vaccinated 4 times against canine distemper (n = 8) (initially with inactivated and subsequently with live attenuated strains of canine distemper) and canine parvovirus infection (n = 8) over a period of 360 days. four of the wild dogs were also vaccinated 3 times against rabies using a live oral vaccine and 4 with an inactivated parenteral vaccine. commercially-available canine distemper, canine parvovirus and parenteral rabies vaccines, intended for use in ...	2002	12088076
the virucidal spectrum of a high concentration alcohol mixture.	the virucidal spectrum of a high concentration alcohol mixture (80% ethanol and 5% isopropanol) was determined for a broad series of lipid-enveloped (le) and non-lipid-enveloped (nle) viruses covering all relevant blood-borne viruses. le viruses were represented by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), a specific model virus for hepatitis c virus (hcv), pseudorabies virus (prv), and vaccinia virus. for the nle viruses hepatitis a virus, canine parvovirus (a mod ...	2002	12090799
molecular interactions and viral stability revealed by structural analyses of chemically treated cypovirus capsids.	cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv, genus cypovirus) is a unique member of the family reoviridae which lacks the outer protective shells that exist in all other members, yet exhibits unusual stability. we have analyzed the effects of different acidic, basic, detergent, and urea treatments on cpv capsids. the integrity of the cpv capsids was unaffected under high-ph conditions that disrupted the orthoreovirus inner core, consistent with its ability to maintain structural integrity in extremely a ...	2002	12093172
imirs: a high-resolution 3d reconstruction package integrated with a relational image database.	recent advances in electron cryomicroscopy instrumentation and single particle reconstruction have created opportunities for high-throughput and high-resolution three-dimensional (3d) structure determination of macromolecular complexes. however, it has become impractical and inefficient to rely on conventional text file data management and command-line programs to organize and process the increasing numbers of image data required in high-resolution studies. here, we present a distributed relatio ...	2002	12096897
the vp1 n-terminal sequence of canine parvovirus affects nuclear transport of capsids and efficient cell infection.	the unique n-terminal region of the parvovirus vp1 capsid protein is required for infectivity by the capsids but is not required for capsid assembly. the vp1 n terminus contains a number of groups of basic amino acids which resemble classical nuclear localization sequences, including a conserved sequence near the n terminus comprised of four basic amino acids, which in a peptide can act to transport other proteins into the cell nucleus. testing with a monoclonal antibody recognizing residues 2 t ...	2002	11799183
structural comparisons of empty and full cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. protein-rna interactions and implications for endogenous rna transcription mechanism.	viruses in the family reoviridae are capable of transcription within the intact capsids. as the only single-shelled and thus the simplest member of the reoviridae, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv) provides an attractive system for studying endogenous transcription. we report the structures of the full and empty cpv determined at 13-a resolution by electron cryomicroscopy. the structure of the empty cpv reveals a density attributed to the transcription enzyme complex, which is attached to the ...	2003	12401805
the natural host range shift and subsequent evolution of canine parvovirus resulted from virus-specific binding to the canine transferrin receptor.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is a host range variant of a feline virus that acquired the ability to infect dogs through changes in its capsid protein. canine and feline viruses both use the feline transferrin receptor (tfr) to infect feline cells, and here we show that cpv infects canine cells through its ability to specifically bind the canine tfr. receptor binding on host cells at 37 degrees c only partially correlated with the host ranges of the viruses, and an intermediate virus strain (cpv type ...	2003	12525605
diagnosis of canine parvovirus by rapid immunomigration on a membrane.	rapid immunomigration on a membrane was applied to the diagnosis of canine parvovirus (cpv) in 128 samples of faeces containing four strains of parvovirus (two cpv-2a strains, including one vaccine strain, and two cpv-2b strains). the results were compared with the results of haemagglutination and elisa sandwich techniques. the new test was quick and easy to use, and made it possible to identify both the cpv-2a and cpv-2b strains. its detection thresholds per gram of faeces corresponded to speci ...	2003	12553581
treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon-omega in a placebo-controlled field trial.	the clinical efficacy of a recombinant feline interferon (ifn) (type omega) was evaluated under field conditions for the treatment of dogs with parvoviral enteritis. in this multicentric, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 94 dogs from one to 28 months old were randomly assigned to two groups which were treated intravenously either with ifn (2.5 million units/kg) or placebo once a day for three consecutive days, and monitored for clinical signs and mortality for 10 days. each dog received i ...	2003	12572939
chronological antigenic survey of canine parvovirus in japan.		2003	12585603
plasma membrane localization and fusion inhibitory activity of the cowpox virus serpin spi-3 require a functional signal sequence and the virus encoded hemagglutinin.	the cowpox virus (cpv) glycoprotein serpin spi-3, a functional protease inhibitor, and the viral hemagglutinin (ha) are required to prevent fusion of wt cpv infected cells. spi-3 and ha from cpv infected cells co-localize to the plasma membrane and are found in extracellular enveloped virus (eev). we also show that an n-terminal spi-3 signal sequence, but not glycosylation, is required for membrane localization and fusion inhibition. in the absence of ha (cpvdeltaha), no spi-3 is found on the me ...	2003	12642102
heat sensitivity of human parvovirus b19.	to date there has been no published report on a systematic evaluation of the heat sensitivity of human parvovirus b19 (b19) and the related safety of the plasma-derived fractionated products. in this study, we examined the heat sensitivity of b19 by using the infectivity assay with cultured cells.	2003	12670364
effect of priming/booster immunisation protocols on immune response to canine parvovirus peptide induced by vaccination with a chimaeric plant virus construct.	expression of a 17-mer peptide sequence from canine parvovirus expressed on cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) to form chimaeric virus particles (cvps) creates vaccine antigens that elicit strong anti-peptide immune responses in mice. systemic (subcutaneous, s.c.) immunisation and boosting with such cvp constructs produces igg(2a) serum antibody responses, while mucosal (intranasal, i.n.) immunisation and boosting elicits intestinal iga responses. combinations of systemic and mucosal routes for priming ...	2003	12744877
virus inactivation by high intensity broad spectrum pulsed light.	the inactivation of a range of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses by treatment with high intensity broad spectrum pulsed light (purebright) has been investigated. in phosphate buffered saline, a dose of 1.0 j/cm2 was sufficient to effectively inactivate, i.e. >4.8->7.2 log of all the viruses tested, i.e. sindbis, hsv-1, vaccinia, polio-1, emc, hav, cpv, bpv and sv40. however, in the presence of protein, i.e. 5% v/v foetal-calf serum (0.2% w/v protein), virus inactivation was less effective. at ...	2003	12757921
evaluation of a dot elisa kit for measuring immunoglobulin m antibodies to canine parvovirus and distemper virus.	a dot elisa for the detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdc) and canine parvovirus (cpv) was assessed. the titres of igm antibodies to cdv and cpv in 100 dogs were measured by the immunocomb elisa kit and compared with the results derived from the immunofluorescence assay (ifa). there was a strong correlation between the results of the dot elisa technique and the ifa (p < 0.001). the dot elisa kit was also used to assess the changes in the levels of immunogl ...	2003	12762487
genetic variability of porcine parvovirus isolates revealed by analysis of partial sequences of the structural coding gene vp2.	the 3'-terminal 853 nt (and the putative 283 aa) sequence of the vp2-encoding gene from 29 field strains of porcine parvovirus (ppv) were determined and compared both to each other and with other published sequences. sequences were examined using maximum-parsimony and statistical analyses for nucleotide diversity and sequence variability. among the nucleotide sequences of the ppv field strains, 26 polymorphic sites were encountered; 22 polymorphic sites were detected in the putative amino acid s ...	2003	12771420
cpv, a stable and symmetrical machine for mrna synthesis.	the structure of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv), an insect pathogen from the reoviridae family of double-strand rna viruses, has been determined at 8 a by electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction. it provides new information about the functions of these viral particles as stable machines for mrna synthesis.	2003	12791245
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus structure at 8 a by electron cryomicroscopy: structural basis of capsid stability and mrna processing regulation.	the single-shelled cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv) is a unique member of the reoviridae. despite lacking protective outer shells, it exhibits striking capsid stability and is capable of endogenous rna transcription and processing. the 8 a three-dimensional structure of cpv by electron cryomicroscopy reveals secondary structure elements present in the capsid proteins csp, lpp, and tp, which have alpha+beta folds. the extensive nonequivalent interactions between csp and lpp, the unique csp pr ...	2003	12791254
cell-mediated cytotoxicity in recovery from poxvirus infections.	the availability of mutant and gene targeted knockout mice with defects in components of cellular cytotoxicity mediated by either the fas or the exocytosis pathway permitted an analysis of their role in recovery from poxvirus infections. ectromelia (ev), a natural mouse pathogen causing mousepox, the closely related orthopoxviruses cow pox (cpv) and vaccinia virus (vv), each encode serpins that inhibit fas mediated apoptosis and lysis of target cells. nevertheless, distinct differences were seen ...	2003	12820184
molecular characterization of segments 7-10 of dendrolimus punctatus cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus provides the complete genome.	the nucleotide sequences of genomic segments s7-s10 from dendrolimus punctatus cypovirus strain hunan (dpcpv-hn) have been determined. this provides the complete genome sequences of dpcpv-hn. each segment of s7-s10 possess a single segment each. homology searches showed that the nucleotide sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences of dpcpv s7-10 had high level of identities with those of bombyx mori cypovirus (bmcpv) s7-10, respectively. while the amino acid sequences of the proteins encode ...	2003	12837553
speaking out.		2003	12873020
residues in the apical domain of the feline and canine transferrin receptors control host-specific binding and cell infection of canine and feline parvoviruses.	canine parvovirus (cpv) and feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) capsids bind to the transferrin receptors (tfrs) of their hosts and use these receptors to infect cells. the binding is partially host specific, as fpv binds only to the feline tfr, while cpv binds to both the canine and feline tfrs. the host-specific binding is controlled by a combination of residues within a raised region of the capsid. to define the tfr structures that interact with the virus, we altered the apical domain of the fel ...	2003	12885908
evidence of parvovirus replication in cerebral neurons of cats.	the correlation between parvovirus infections and lesions in the central nervous system other than cerebellar hypoplasia was studied in 100 cats. the animals were necropsied with a history of various diseases, one third showing typical clinical and pathomorphological signs of panleukopenia. in 18 cats polyclonal antiserum against canine parvovirus consistently labeled neurons mainly in diencephalic regions, whereas the cerebellar cortex remained negative in all cases. in situ hybridization with ...	2003	12904392
serologic survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from two ecologically distinct areas of utah.	the influence of habitat and associated prey assemblages on the prevalence of canine diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) has received scant attention. from december 1997 through december 1999, we captured 67 coyotes in two ecologically distinct areas of utah (usa): deseret land and livestock ranch and us army dugway proving ground. these areas differ in habitat and prey base. we collected blood samples and tested for evidence of various canine diseases. prevalence of antibodies against canine pa ...	2003	12910777
parvovirus host range, cell tropism and evolution.	the past few years have seen major advances in our understanding of the controls of evolution, host range and cell tropism of parvoviruses. notable findings have included the identification of the transferrin receptor tfr as the cell surface receptor for canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus, and also the finding that specific binding to the canine tfr led to the emergence of canine parvovirus as a new pathogen in dogs. the structures of the adeno-associated virus-2 and porcine parvov ...	2003	12941411
combinations of two capsid regions controlling canine host range determine canine transferrin receptor binding by canine and feline parvoviruses.	feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) and its host range variant, canine parvovirus (cpv), can bind the feline transferrin receptor (tfr), while only cpv binds to the canine tfr. introducing two cpv-specific changes into fpv (at vp2 residues 93 and 323) endowed that virus with the canine tfr binding property and allowed canine cell infection, although neither change alone altered either property. in cpv the reciprocal changes of vp2 residue 93 or 323 to the fpv sequences individually resulted in mode ...	2003	12941920
[the study of orthopoxvirus genes for kelch-like proteins. ii. construction of cowpox virus variants with targeted gene deletions].	integrative plasmids p delta c, p delta d, and p delta g were designed to contain a selective marker beyond the region of homology to virus dna and to allow construction of recombinant cowpox viruses (cpv) that lack c18l, d11l, or g3l coding for kelch-like proteins. cpv mutants lacking one (c18l, d11l, or g3l), two (d11l/g3l or c18l/d11l), or three (d11l/g3l/c18l, that is, all) kelch-like protein genes of the left variable region of the virus genome were obtained. impaired reproduction was obser ...	2003	12942630
exploitation of microtubule cytoskeleton and dynein during parvoviral traffic toward the nucleus.	canine parvovirus (cpv), a model virus for the study of parvoviral entry, enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, escapes from endosomal vesicles to the cytosol, and then replicates in the nucleus. we examined the role of the microtubule (mt)-mediated cytoplasmic trafficking of viral particles toward the nucleus. immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed that capsids were transported through the cytoplasm into the nucleus after cytoplasmic microinjection but that in the ...	2003	12970411
the pathogenicity of canine parvovirus type-2b, fp84 strain isolated from a domestic cat, in domestic cats.	canine parvovirus type-2a (cpv-2a) and type-2b (cpv-2b) have recently been isolated from domestic cats. the pathogenicity of cpv-2b in domestic cats is still unclear. in this study, we performed infection tests to examine the pathogenicity of cpv-2b, fp84 strain, isolated from a domestic cat. the results demonstrated that the cpv strain fp84 is able to infect and replicate well in domestic cats. two of the 3 cats used in the test died. they showed loss of appetite, diarrhea, leukopenia and dehyd ...	2003	14532700
characterization of an avianpox virus isolated from an andean condor (vultur gryphus).	a novel pox virus, condorpox virus (cpv) isolated from the spleen of an andean condor (vultur gryphus) by inoculation of chorioallantoic membranes (cam) of specific pathogen free (spf) chicken embryos was compared biologically, antigenically and genetically with fowlpox virus (fpv), the type species of the genus avipoxvirus. susceptible chickens inoculated with cpv developed only mild localized lesions but were not protected against subsequent challenge with fpv. based on western blotting, in ad ...	2003	14559171
structures of host range-controlling regions of the capsids of canine and feline parvoviruses and mutants.	canine parvovirus (cpv) and feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) differ in their ability to infect dogs and dog cells. canine cell infection is a specific property of cpv and depends on the ability of the virus to bind the canine transferrin receptor (tfr), as well as other unidentified factors. three regions in the capsid structure, located around vp2 residues 93, 300, and 323, can all influence canine tfr binding and canine cell infection. these regions were compared in the cpv and fpv capsid stru ...	2003	14581558
[an experimental infection caused by the ep-2 strain of cowpox virus in mice of different ages].	the specificity of lethal infection was studied in noninbred white mice (age--15 to 20 and 25 to 30 days) infected intraperitoneally with the ep-2 strain of cowpox virus (cpv) in doses 10(5), 10(6) and 10(7) pfu. the virus caused the lethal infection in the 15-20-day mice; while the 25-30-day mice remained healthy and survived. virologic, immunologic-and-histochemical and electron-microscopy examinations of the 15-20-day mice revealed a replication of the ep-2 strain in tissues bordering on the ...	2003	14598479
monoclonal antibodies that distinguish antigenic variants of canine parvovirus.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is classified as a member of the feline parvovirus (fpv) subgroup. cpv isolates are divided into three antigenic types: cpv type 2 (cpv-2), cpv-2a, and cpv-2b. recently, new antigenic types of cpv were isolated from vietnamese leopard cats and designated cpv-2c(a) or cpv-2c(b). cpv-2c viruses were distinguished from the other antigenic types of the fpv subgroup by the absence of reactivity with several monoclonal antibodies (mabs). to characterize the antigenicity of cpv- ...	2003	14607871
release of canine parvovirus from endocytic vesicles.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is a small nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded dna genome. cpv enters cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and requires an acidic endosomal step for productive infection. virion contains a potential nuclear localization signal as well as a phospholipase a(2) like domain in n-terminus of vp1. in this study we characterized the role of pla(2) activity on cpv entry process. pla(2) activity of cpv capsids was triggered in vitro by heat or acidic ph. pla(2) inhibitors ...	2003	14644609
effect of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability, intestinal protein loss, and outcome in dogs with severe parvoviral enteritis.	a randomized, controlled clinical trial investigated the effect of early enteral nutrition (en) on intestinal permeability, intestinal protein loss, and outcome in parvoviral enteritis. dogs were randomized into 2 groups: 15 dogs received no food until vomiting had ceased for 12 hours (mean 50 hours after admission; npo group), and 15 dogs received early en by nasoesophageal tube from 12 hours after admission (een group). all other treatments were identical. intestinal permeability was assessed ...	2003	14658714
the use of meconia to nondestructively detect sublethal infections in heliothines (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the utility of using meconia to nondestructively detect entomopathogens of lepidopterous heliothines was examined. early-instar tobacco budworm [heliothis virescens (f.)] or cotton bollworm [helicoverpa zea (boddie)] larvae were inoculated with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv), serratia marcescens bizio, or nosema heliothidis lutz and splendor, and the presence of each of the entomopathogens in adults and the meconia discharged during adult eclosion was determined. as the dose of cpv occlusi ...	2003	14994790
canine parvovirus enteritis, canine distemper, and major histocompatibility complex genetic variation in mexican wolves.	the endangered mexican wolf (canis lupus baileyi) was recently reintroduced into arizona and new mexico (usa). in 1999 and 2000, pups from three litters that were part of the reintroduction program died of either canine parvovirus or canine distemper. overall, half (seven of 14) of the pups died of either canine parvovirus or canine distemper. the parents and their litters were analyzed for variation at the class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) gene drb1. similar mhc genes are related ...	2003	14733289
an update on aspects of viral gastrointestinal diseases of dogs and cats.	viruses commonly cause gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs and cats that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to malignant neoplasia. perpetual evolution of viruses is reflected in changing disease patterns, so that familiar viruses are sometimes discovered to cause new or unexpected diseases. for example, canine parvovirus (cpv) has regained the ability to infect felids and cause a panleucopenia-like illness. feline panleucopenia virus (fpv) has been shown to cause fading in young kittens and h ...	2003	16032339
evaluation of lactogenic immunity to canine parvovirus in pups.	maternally-derived antibodies (mda) transferred to pups through colostrum and milk are known as lactogenic immunity. in this report, we describe the kinetics of transfer of lactogenic immunity to canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) from two bitches (a and b) to their offspring. at day 7 before parturition, bitches a and b had high serum antibody titers, which decreased rapidly within a few hours after parturition, in concomitance with the appearance of high hi titers in colostrum. subsequently, the ...	2004	15646052
canine parvovirus outbreaks.		2004	15648929
serologic survey for selected disease agents in wolves (canis lupus) from alaska and the yukon territory, 1984-2000.	wolves (canis lupus) were captured in several geographic areas of alaska (usa) and the yukon territory (canada) during 1984-2000. blood was collected from 1,122 animals. sera were tested for antibodies against infectious canine hepatitis virus (ich), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), francisella tularensis, and serovars of leptospira interrogans. antibody prevalence for ich was >84% for all areas. area-specific prevalences of antibodies ranged from 12% to 70% for cpv, from 0 ...	2004	15650081
serologic survey for canine infectious diseases among sympatric swift foxes (vulpes velox) and coyotes (canis latrans) in southeastern colorado.	swift foxes (vulpes velox) and coyotes (canis latrans) are sympatric canids distributed throughout many regions of the great plains of north america. the prevalence of canid diseases among these two species where they occur sympatrically is presently unknown. from january 1997 to january 2001, we collected blood samples from 89 swift foxes and 122 coyotes on the us army piñon canyon maneuver site, las animas county, se colorado (usa). seroprevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv) ...	2004	15650093
serological survey of selected pathogens of free-ranging foxes in southern argentina, 1998--2001.	a serological survey was conducted in the patagonia region of argentina to estimate the prevalence of nine disease agents within the populations of free-ranging culpeo (dusicyon culpaeus) and grey (dusicyon griseus) foxes. the disease agents were aujeszky's disease virus (adv), brucella, canine adenovirus (cav), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), encephalitozoon cuniculi, leptospira, neospora caninum, and toxoplasma gondii. a total of 84 foxes were sampled (28 culpeo and 56 g ...	2004	15861875
do canine parvoviruses affect canine neurons? an immunohistochemical study.	in cats (most of which died from panleukopenia), cerebral neurons have recently been shown to be susceptible to canine parvovirus infection. in addition to positive immunostaining and distinct in situ hybridization signals, signs of neurodegeneration were identified by histopathology, mainly in the diencephalic area. similar histological lesions of the diencephalic regions in dogs have also attracted attention; therefore, an immunohistochemical study was initiated to determine the possible infec ...	2004	15894025
high rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is an emerging dna virus that was first observed to cause disease in canines in 1978 and has since become a ubiquitous pathogen worldwide. cpv emerged from feline panleukopenia parvovirus (fplv) or a closely related virus, differing at several key amino acid residues. here we characterize the evolutionary processes underlying the emergence of cpv. although fplv has remained an endemic infection in its host populations, we show that, since the 1970s, the newly emerged cpv ...	2004	15626758
high-yield expression of a viral peptide animal vaccine in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts.	the 2l21 peptide, which confers protection to dogs against challenge with virulent canine parvovirus (cpv), was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts as a c-terminal translational fusion with the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) or the green fluorescent protein (gfp). expression of recombinant proteins was dependent on plant age. a very high-yield production was achieved in mature plants at the time of full flowering (310 mg ctb-2l21 protein per plant). both young and senescent plants accumulated lower ...	2004	17147606
rapid detection and differentiation of human pathogenic orthopox viruses by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer real-time pcr assay.	the orthopox viruses that are pathogenic for humans include variola major virus (var), monkeypox virus (mpv), cowpox virus (cpv), and to a lesser extent, camelpox virus (cml) and vaccinia virus (vac). pcr is a powerful tool to detect and differentiate orthopox viruses, and real-time pcr has the further advantages of rapid turnaround time, low risk of contamination, capability of strain differentiation, and use of multiplexed probes.	2004	14962998
[a study of neutralizing activity and cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to ectromelia virus with orthopoxviruses pathogenic for man].	an extensive collection of 125 rat hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to ectromelia virus (ev) polypeptide (poxviridae family, orhtopoxvirus genus) was set up. a significant portion of mabs (37 types) recognized epitopes of the 14 kda polypeptide as well as the 37 and 35 kda polypeptides. however, a majority of mabs interacted with conformation-dependent epitopes, which were destroyed in immunoprecipitation. one hundred and thirteen of mabs cross-interacted with antigenic determin ...	2004	15455686
viruses adsorbed on musculoskeletal allografts are inactivated by terminal ethylene oxide disinfection.	in 1987 it was anticipated that unsterilized tissues would transmit virus diseases such as hepatitis and hiv-1 from infected donors so a freeze-drying process for musculoskeletal tissue was developed to include terminal ethylene oxide (eo) exposure for 14 h. we found no studies of eo efficacy when viruses were associated with human allografts so we studied the antiviral effect of terminal eo disinfection using all but the final freeze-drying phase of this clinical processing protocol (cpp). spec ...	2004	15475221
the canine parvovirus wild-type strains infections in dogs--epidemiological and diagnostic aspects.	biological material was taken from dogs with diarrhea. faecal samples were taken from live animals white intestinal tract fragments (i.e. small intestine, and stomach) were taken from dead animals. in total, 18 specimens were investigated from dogs housed alone or in large groups. the samples were examined for presence of viral infections and concurrent bacterial and parasitic infestations. to test for the presence of the viral infection, latex (on site biotech, sweden) and direct immunofluoresc ...	2004	15478865
a novel antigenic variant of canine parvovirus from a vietnamese dog.	nine isolates of canine parvovirus (cpv) were obtained from vietnamese dogs and cats. one canine isolate showed a unique antigenic property which indicates a novel antigenic variant of cpv-2b when examined with hemagglutination inhibition tests using our monoclonal antibodies, 21c3 and 19d7, which were recently developed. this isolate had an amino acid substitution of residue 426, asp to glu, and the same substitution has recently been found in cpv from italian dogs. this study first showed that ...	2004	15503211
sequence analysis of an asian isolate of minute virus of canines (canine parvovirus type 1).	minute virus of canines (mvc), also known as canine parvovirus (cpv) type 1, is an autonomous parvovirus that infects domestic dogs worldwide and responsible for clinical problems of neonates and pregnant bitches. it was preliminary described that mvc is antigenically as well as genetically different from cpv type 2 that emerged later. however, much of mvc is still obscure since only a limited number of mvc isolates have been available for the study. mvc infections of japanese and korean dogs we ...	2004	15550767
oral activity of a methylenecyclopropane analog, cyclopropavir, in animal models for cytomegalovirus infections.	we reported previously that purine 2-(hydroxymethyl)methylenecyclopropane analogs have good activity against cytomegalovirus infection. a second-generation analog, (z)-9-[[2,2-bis-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropylidene]methyl]guanine (zsm-i-62, cyclopropavir [cpv]), has particularly good activity against murine and human cytomegaloviruses (mcmv and hcmv) in vitro. to determine the oral activity of this compound in vivo, balb/c or severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice infected with mcmv and two mo ...	2004	15561852
budding of alphaviruses.	alphaviruses are small highly ordered enveloped rna viruses, which replicate very efficiently in the infected cell. they consist of a nucleocapsid (nc) and a surrounding membrane with glycoproteins. in the nc the positive single stranded rna genome of the virus is enclosed by a t=4 icosahedral shell of capsid (c) proteins. the glycoproteins form a second shell with corresponding symmetry on the outside of the lipid membrane. these viruses mature by budding at the plasma membrane (pm) of the infe ...	2004	15567491
evaluation of the efficacy and duration of immunity of a canine combination vaccine against virulent parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, and distemper virus experimental challenges.	the results of this study confirmed that dogs vaccinated subcutaneously with a commercially available multivalent vaccine containing modified-live canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, canine parvovirus type 2b, and canine parainfluenza virus antigens were protected against sequential experimental challenge 55 to 57 months after initial vaccination given at 7 to 8 weeks of age. all 10 vaccinates were protected against clinical diseases and mortality following parvovirus and infectiou ...	2004	15578450
a real-time pcr assay for rapid detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 in the feces of dogs.	we describe a rapid, sensitive and reproducible real-time pcr assay for detecting and quantifying canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) dna in the feces of dogs with diarrhea. an exogenous internal control was added to control the assay performance from extraction to amplification. the method was demonstrated to be highly specific and sensitive, allowing a precise cpv-2 dna quantitation over a range of eight orders of magnitude (from 10(2) to 10(9) copies of standard dna). the reproducibility of the ...	2004	15607080
a canine parvovirus mutant is spreading in italy.	by antigenic and genetic characterization of canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) strains collected in 2001 and 2002 in italy, it was possible to observe the spread of viruses with an unusual mutation, glu-426, affecting a major antigenic epitope of cpv-2. out of 67 strains analyzed, 49 (73.13%) were characterized as cpv-2a, 6 (8.95%) were characterized as cpv-2b, and 12 (17.91%) were characterized as the glu-426 mutant.	2004	15004112
structure of adeno-associated virus serotype 5.	adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (aav5) requires sialic acid on host cells to bind and infect. other parvoviruses, including aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv), canine parvovirus (cpv), minute virus of mice, and bovine parvovirus, also bind sialic acid. hence, structural homology may explain this functional homology. the amino acids required for cpv sialic acid binding map to a site at the icosahedral twofold axes of the capsid. in contrast to aav5, aav2 does not bind sialic acid, but rathe ...	2004	15016858
[evolution and host variation of the canine parvovirus: molecular basis for the development of a new virus].	canine parvovirus (cpv) evolved as a new pathogen in dogs between 1976 and 1978 from feline panleukopenia virus (fpv). the new virus hit an unprotected population, caused a dramatic pandemic and infected virtually all populations of domestic and wild carnivores worldwide. the great similarity between the two viruses and their differences in host range, both in vivo as well as in vitro, make it a good model system for emerging diseases and host range shifts of viruses. recent results showed that ...	2004	15046459
comparison of one-step rt-pcr and a nested pcr for the detection of canine distemper virus in clinical samples.	to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of canine distemper virus (cdv) by nested pcr using clinical specimens.	2004	15088966
cowpox virus crma, myxoma virus serp2 and baculovirus p35 are not functionally interchangeable caspase inhibitors in poxvirus infections.	cowpox virus (cpv) expresses the serpin (serine proteinase inhibitor) crma, an anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic protein required for production of red pocks on chicken chorioallantoic membranes (cams). in vitro, crma inhibits several caspases and granzyme b. altering the critical p1-aspartate in the crma reactive centre loop to alanine resulted in a virus (cpv-crma-d303a) that resembled cpv deleted for crma (cpvdeltacrma : : lacz); on cams it produced white, inflammatory pocks with activated ca ...	2004	15105544
serum antibody titres to canine parvovirus, adenovirus and distemper virus in dogs in the uk which had not been vaccinated for at least three years.	antibody titres to canine distemper (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine adenovirus (cav) were measured in 144 adult dogs that had not been vaccinated for between three and 15 years. protective antibodies to cpv were present in 95 per cent of the population, to cdv in 71.5 per cent and to cav in 82 per cent. the prevalence of protective titres did not decrease with increasing time interval from the last vaccination for any of the three diseases studied. booster vaccination increased the dog ...	2004	15119729
antibodies to canine and feline viruses in spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) in the masai mara national reserve.	spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) are abundant predators in the serengeti ecosystem and interact with other species of wild carnivores and domestic animals in ways that could encourage disease transmission. hyenas also have a unique hierarchical social system that might affect the flow of pathogens. antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), feline panleukopenia virus/canine parvovirus (fplv/cpv), feline coronavirus/ feline infectious peritonitis virus (fecv/ ...	2004	15137483
exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in california.	exposure of bobcats (lynx rufus) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) to a range of common canine and feline pathogens was assessed in urban and rural zones of golden gate national recreation area, a national park in the san francisco bay area, (california, usa) from 1992 to 1995. testing included serology for canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus (cpv), canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, feline calicivirus (fcv), feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, feline enteric co ...	2004	15137484
parvovirus infection of cells by using variants of the feline transferrin receptor altering clathrin-mediated endocytosis, membrane domain localization, and capsid-binding domains.	the feline and canine transferrin receptors (tfrs) bind canine parvovirus to host cells and mediate rapid capsid uptake and infection. the tfr and its ligand transferrin have well-described pathways of endocytosis and recycling. here we tested several receptor-dependent steps in infection for their role in virus infection of cells. deletions of cytoplasmic sequences or mutations of the tyr-thr-arg-phe internalization motif reduced the rate of receptor uptake from the cell surface, while polar re ...	2004	15140957
a 9 angstroms single particle reconstruction from ccd captured images on a 200 kv electron cryomicroscope.	sub-nanometer resolution structure determination is becoming a common practice in electron cryomicroscopy of macromolecular assemblies. the data for these studies have until now been collected on photographic film. using cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv), a previously determined structure, as a test specimen, we show the feasibility of obtaining a 9 angstroms structure from images acquired from a 4 k x 4 k gatan ccd on a 200 kv electron cryomicroscope. the match of the alpha-helices in the pr ...	2004	15193640
the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery is essential for nuclear translocation of incoming minute virus of mice.	minute virus of mice (mvm) infection is disrupted by proteasome inhibitors. here, we show that inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway did not affect viral entry and had influence neither on the natural proteolytic cleavage of vp2 to vp3 nor on the externalization of the n terminal of vp1. in both mg132-treated and untreated cells, mvm particles accumulated progressively in the perinuclear region. however, in mg132-treated cells, mvm was not able to penetrate into the nuclei, remaining bl ...	2004	15207621
characterization and potential use of a cryptosporidium parvum virus (cpv) antigen for detecting c. parvum oocysts.	the purpose of this study was to characterize the viral symbiont (cpv) of cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites and evaluate the cpv capsid protein (cpv40) as a target for sensitive detection of the parasite. recombinant cpv40 was produced in escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and used to prepare polyclonal rabbit sera specific for the viral capsid protein. anti-rcpv40 recognized a 40 kda and a 30 kda protein in c. parvum oocysts and appeared to localize to the apical end of the ...	2004	15234516
assembly of fluorescent chimeric virus-like particles of canine parvovirus in insect cells.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is a small non-enveloped ssdna virus composed of the viral proteins vp1, vp2, and vp3 with a t=1 icosahedral symmetry. vp2 is nested in vp1 and the two proteins are produced by differential splicing of a primary transcript of the right orf of the viral genome. the vp2 protein can be further proteolytically cleaved to form vp3. previous studies have shown that vp1 and vp3 are unnecessary for capsid formation and consequently, that vp2 alone is sufficient for assembly. we h ...	2004	14706624
duration of serologic response to five viral antigens in dogs.	to determine whether vaccinated dogs either remained seropositive or responded serologically to revaccination for 5 key viral antigens after extended periods since their last vaccination.	2004	14710876
poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis.	the evolutionary relationships of 26 sequenced members of the poxvirus family have been investigated by comparing their genome organization and gene content and by using dna and protein sequences for phylogenetic analyses. the central region of the genome of chordopoxviruses (chpvs) is highly conserved in gene content and arrangement, except for some gene inversions in fowlpox virus (fpv) and species-specific gene insertions in fpv and molluscum contagiosum virus (mcv). in the central region 90 ...	2004	14718625
blood protein purification and simultaneous removal of nonenveloped viruses using tangential-flow preparative electrophoresis.	gradiflow is new technology allowing purification of important blood proteins from viral contaminated plasma. protein purification is based on unique scalable tangential-flow preparative electrophoresis, and is distinct from current technology because protein purification and virus removal are performed in the same step. this one-step removal and purification exploits both the size and charge of target proteins. the medically important blood proteins, immunoglobulin g (igg) and alpha-1-antitryps ...	2005	15624167
the complete nucleotide sequence of a spanish isolate of citrus psorosis virus: comparative analysis with other ophioviruses.	the complete genomic sequence (11278 nt) of citrus psorosis virus (cpsv), isolate p-121 from spain, was determined and compared with those from isolate cpv-4 and from other ophioviruses. the three rnas of p-121 had similar size and identical organization as those of cpv-4. the 24k and the rdrp proteins were potentially encoded in the viral complementary (vc) strand of rna 1, the 54k protein potentially encoded in vcrna 2 and the coat protein encoded in vcrna 3. these four proteins from p-121 and ...	2005	15449144
expression and subcellular targeting of canine parvovirus capsid proteins in baculovirus-transduced nlfk cells.	a mammalian baculovirus delivery system was developed to study targeting in norden laboratories feline kidney (nlfk) cells of the capsid proteins of canine parvovirus (cpv), vp1 and vp2, or corresponding counterparts fused to egfp. vp1 and vp2, when expressed alone, both had equal nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution. however, assembled form of vp2 had a predominantly cytoplasmic localization. when vp1 and vp2 were simultaneously present in cells, their nuclear localization increased. thus, conf ...	2005	15642348
the role of feral mammals on wildlife infectious disease prevalence in two nature reserves within mexico city limits.	wild and feral medium-sized mammals were live trapped at two natural protected areas within the mexico city limits to determine antibody prevalence for the most common infectious diseases (rabies, toxoplasmosis, and canine parvovirus) in dogs and cats. mammals were trapped during the dry (march-april) and rainy seasons (july-august) of 1996 and 1997. a total of 68 individuals were captured, representing 8 species: opossums (didelphis virginiana), ringtails (bassariscus astutus), spotted skunks ( ...	2005	17312768
exposure of free-ranging maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) to infectious and parasitic disease agents in the noël kempff mercado national park, bolivia.	maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) are neotropic mammals, listed as a cites appendix ii species, with a distribution south of the amazon forest from bolivia, through northern argentina and paraguay and into eastern brazil and northern uruguay. primary threats to the survival of free-ranging maned wolves include habitat loss, road kills, and shooting by farmers. an additional threat to the conservation of maned wolves is the risk of morbidity and mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseas ...	2005	17323558
three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus.	a challenge-of-immunity study was conducted to demonstrate immunity in dogs 3 years after their second vaccination with a new multivalent, modified-live vaccine containing canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine parvovirus (cpv), and canine distemper virus (cdv). twenty-three seronegative pups were vaccinated at 7 and 11 weeks of age. eighteen seronegative pups, randomized into groups of six dogs, served as challenge controls. dogs were kept in strict isolation for 3 years following the vaccina ...	2005	15906266
the role of supplementary dietary antioxidants on immune response in puppies.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementary antioxidants (aox) and whey protein on the immune function health of puppies. four groups of 10 puppies were fed a control and 3 different test foods (control + antioxidants (aox), control + aox + 1% whey protein, and a grocery brand (low aox)) for 6 weeks. a standard vaccination protocol with a combination canine parvovirus (cpv) and distemper (cdv) vaccine was carried out at 2 and 4 weeks. the results showed that animals o ...	2005	15906269
incidence of neutralizing antibodies to chandipura virus in domestic animals from karimnagar and warangal districts of andhra pradesh, india.	in order to determine the possible role of domestic animals in the outbreak of acute encephalitis associated with chandipura virus (cpv) among children in andhra pradesh in 2003, a serological survey of domestic animals was carried out during the epidemic in july 2003. out of 180 animal sera from highly affected areas of the karimnagar and warangal districts of andhra pradesh 33 (18.3%) had virus neutralizing (vn) antibodies to cpv. the positive animals consisted of pigs (30.6%), buffalos (17.9% ...	2005	15929402
virological and molecular characterization of a mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 strain isolated from a dog in italy.	a mammalian orthoreovirus (mrv) strain was isolated from a pup with fatal diarrhea, which had a concurrent infection by canine parvovirus type 2. the reovirus isolate showed an atypical hemagglutination pattern and a retarded electrophoretic mobility of the s1 segment, which is characteristic of mrv type 3 (mrv-3). assignment of the isolated virus to mrv-3 was confirmed by type-specific rt-pcr assays, targeting the s1 gene, and by subsequent sequence analysis of the pcr product. by phylogeny bas ...	2005	15964158
morphological and molecular characterization of a cypovirus (reoviridae) from the mosquito uranotaenia sapphirina (diptera: culicidae).	a novel cypovirus has been isolated from the mosquito uranotaenia sapphirina (uscpv) and shown to cause a chronic infection confined to the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the gastric ceca and posterior stomach. the production of large numbers of virions and inclusion bodies and their arrangement into paracrystalline arrays gives the gut of infected insects a distinctive blue iridescence. the virions, which were examined by electron microscopy, are icosahedral (55 to 65 nm in diameter) with a c ...	2005	16014906
phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus vp2 gene in taiwan.	canine parvovirus (cpv) is a non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded dna genome and causes infectious enteritis in dog. in this study, 36 isolates of cpv infection were obtained in taichung, taiwan from 2003 to 2004. using primers that can distinguish subtypes of cpv, we amplified part of viral vp2 gene by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and the pcr product was sequenced; results demonstrated that two isolates could be classified as type 2a of cpv and the others were type 2b. the complete cod ...	2005	16025242
vp2 gene of a canine parvovirus isolate from stool of a puppy.	vp2 gene of a canine parvovirus (cpv) isolate from the feces of a puppy which was diagnosed to be cpv infection was analysed. the result indicated that this clinical isolate was phylogenetically close to the isolate of wild-type cpv (strain cpv-t37) prevailing in taiwan rather than isolates from japan.	2005	15699614
preparation of monoclonal antibodies cross-reactive with orthopoxviruses and their application for direct immunofluorescence test.	variola virus (smallpox virus), vaccinia virus (vv), cowpox virus (cpv) and ectromelia virus (ev) belong to the genus orthopoxvirus of the family poxviridae. to establish the possible diagnosis for smallpox infection, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against vv and cpv were produced. the cross-reactivity of seven mabs with cells infected with various strains of the orthopoxviruses (cpv, vv and ev) was confirmed by an immunofluorescence (if) test and other immunological analyses. four and three mabs ...	2005	15781995
clinical and virological findings in pups naturally infected by canine parvovirus type 2 glu-426 mutant.	an outbreak of canine parvovirus type 2 infection caused by the glu-426 mutant in 2 litters of pups is reported. the infected pups (n = 6) were monitored daily for evidence of clinical signs and hematological changes and for the evaluation of viral shedding in the feces. the disease induced by the glu-426 mutant was mild in all the infected pups. vomiting and hemorrhagic diarrhea were not observed; however, the pups developed mucoid diarrhea (3.5 median days), depression (1.5 median days), and r ...	2005	15825493
epizootiologic investigations of parvovirus infections in free-ranging carnivores from germany.	to assess if wild carnivores in germany play a role in the epizootiology of canine parvovirus (cpv) infection, seroprevalences against cpv in free-ranging carnivores (n=1,496) from selected urban and rural areas were compared. antibodies against cpv were found in sera from red foxes (vulpes vulpes; 136 of 1,442; 9%), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonides; two of 33; 6%), stone martens (martes foina; four of 13; 31%), and pine martens (martes martes; one of two) using the hemagglutination-inhibit ...	2005	15827228
canine parvovirus infection: which diagnostic test for virus?	five laboratory tests for diagnosis of canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) infection were employed to test 89 faecal samples collected from dogs with diarrhoea. the tests analysed were immunochromatography (ic), haemagglutination (ha), virus isolation (vi), conventional and real-time pcr. ic, ha, vi and conventional or real-time pcr were able, respectively, to detect cpv-2 antigen or nucleic acid in 41, 50, 54, 68 and 73 of the samples. the best correlation was found between conventional and real-t ...	2005	15847935
ab initio crystal structure determination of spherical viruses that exhibit a centrosymmetric location in the unit cell.	ab initio phasing by non-crystallographic symmetry averaging coupled with solvent flattening has previously been used to determine the structure of canine parvovirus. as cpv particles were located at general positions, initial phases were generated with a spherical shell deviating from the centre of symmetry. in many virus crystals, the viral particles are located at positions with a centre of symmetry in the unit cell. thus, the initial phases calculated with a spherical shell model have a cent ...	2005	16041075