Publications

what is your diagnosis? multiple pathological fractures in a lion caused by nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.		1995	7657567
complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial african lions.	female lions (panthera leo) showed persistent individual differences in the extent to which they participated in group-territorial conflict. when intergroup encounters were simulated by playback of aggressive vocalizations, some individuals consistently led the approach to the recorded intruder, whereas others lagged behind and avoided the risks of fighting. the lead females recognized that certain companions were laggards but failed to punish them, which suggests that cooperation is not maintai ...	1995	7652573
cowardly lions confound cooperation theory.		1995	7652566
the academic medical center - will the lion wake up?		1995	10887033
a fatality and the american mountain lion: bite mark analysis and profile of the offending lion.	attacks on humans by mountain lions have been infrequent in the history of the united states. of the 64 authenticated attacks since 1890 in north america, there have been 13 fatalities. this paper reports a case of an adult mountain lion which attacked and killed a female jogger during the spring of 1994 in california. the lion left an imprint of its teeth on the victim's chin. the authors used this bite mark to aid authorities in profiling the approximate age and gender of the attacking animal. ...	1995	7782754
'the lion of africa'. interview by jonathan spencer jones.		1995	7638702
susceptibility to memory interference effects following frontal lobe damage: findings from tests of paired-associate learning.	abstract patients with frontal lobe lesions were adminstered tests of paired-associate learning in which cue and response words are manipulated to increase interference across two study lists. in one test of paired-associate learning (ab-ac test), cue words used in one list are repeated in a second list but are associated with different response words (e.g., lion-hunter, lion-circus). in another test (ab-abr test), words used in one list are repeated in a second list but are rearranged to form n ...	1995	23961820
gastrointestinal endoscopy: roar lion, roar.		1996	8979075
the time-course of metaphor comprehension: an event-related potential study.	erps were recorded while subjects were reading short familiar metaphors (e.g., those fighters are lions), unfamiliar metaphors (those apprentices are lions), or literal control sentences (those animals are lions) presented in isolation or preceded by either an irrelevant or relevant context (e.g., they are not idiotic: ...." vs. "they are not cowardly: those fighters are lions"). the terminal word of metaphors elicited larger n400 components than did the terminal word of literal sentences (exper ...	1996	8954602
coccidioidomycosis in free-living california sea lions (zalophus californianus) in central california.	coccidioidomycosis is described in seven california sea lions (zalophus californianus) admitted to the marine mammal center, sausalito, california (usa), between january 1986 and december 1994. diagnoses were confirmed by histology in all seven cases, culture in three cases, and serology in one case. these are believed to be the first published cases of coccidioidomycosis in free-ranging california sea lions.	1996	9359077
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in ethiopians.	one hundred and two cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (cll) were seen at the tikur anbessa (black lion) hospital, in addis ababa, ethiopia, from january 1982 to december 1994. the age range was 35-91 (mean 55.6 +/- 11.08) years. the male to female ratio was 3.6:1. the commonest symptoms were weakness, weight loss, fever and sweating. the commonest signs were lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. fifty six per cent had rai stage iii and iv, only three patients were in stage 0. of t ...	1996	8997843
working with mexican midwives.	mavis smith is a midwife and a ph. d. (nursing) student at the university of wollongong. she was the recipient of a lions nurses scholarship award for an overseas project, which was an internship in a freestanding mexican birthing clinic on the texas-mexico border. here mavis shares her experience at the clinic which challenged and enhanced her midwifery skills.	1996	9313502
genetic diversity affects testicular morphology in free-ranging lions (panthera leo) of the serengeti plains and ngorongoro crater.	reduced genetic variability is known to adversely affect ejaculate quality in inbred lions (panthera leo) physically isolated in the ngorongoro crater compared with outbred lions inhabiting the adjacent serengeti plains in east africa. this study compared the histomorphology of testicular biopsies from these two lion populations. ngorongoro crater lions had fewer (p < 0.05) seminiferous tubules with spermiogenesis and fewer (p < 0.05) spermatids per seminiferous tubular cross-section than sereng ...	1996	8958822
summation of activation: evidence from multiple primes that converge and diverge within semantic memory.	six experiments addressed the combinatorial influence of multiple related primes in naming, lexical decision and relatedness judgment performance. primes either converged on a single semantic representation (e.g., lion-stripes-tiger) or diverged onto distinct semantic representations (e.g., kidney-piano-organ). the facilitatory influence of 2 related primes was well predicted by the sum of the influences from the single-related-prime conditions (a) for both convergent and divergent primes, (b) i ...	1996	8708602
cooperation among lions: an overlooked theory.		1996	21237830
evaluating data acquisition and smoothing functions of currently available videokeratoscopes.	to compare the accuracy of computerized videokeratography systems using identical, calibrated test objects.	1996	8733844
metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin in 66 free-living california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 1979 to 1994.	sixty-six (18%) cases of widely metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin were identified in 370 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded alive along the central california (usa) coast, between january 1979 and december 1994. live animals were usually emaciated and anorectic, with perineal edema and occasionally hind-flipper paralysis or paresis. large yellow caseous masses were observed in the sub-lumbar lymph nodes, often extending around the ureters resulting in ...	1996	8722262
effects of movies on children's emotional health.	parents are in a dilemma when it comes to deciding what films they should allow their children to see. they know intuitively that some viewing experiences are entertaining while others are potentially harmful. the authors have been viewing films and talking with parents, educators, and mental health professionals for several years to try to answer questions posed by these conscientious but frustrated parents. this article, the first published regarding our findings, describes the history of toda ...	1996	8868556
the silence of the lions.		1996	8724391
research note: the lions cancer institute and the western australian society of plastic surgeons skin cancer screening programme.	the lions cancer institute, perth, and the western australian society of plastic surgeons have been investigating the feasibility of community based skin cancer screening. members of the community responded to newspaper advertisements to attend free skin cancer screening events. this report presents preliminary results obtained from the methods development programme.	1996	8602803
cooperative lions escape the prisoner's dilemma.		1996	21237739
reproduction in captive lion tamarins (leontopithecus): seasonality, infant survival, and sex ratios.	diversity in reproductive and social systems characterizes the primate family callitrichidae. this paper contributes to our appreciation of this diversity by presenting the first detailed comparative analysis of captive breeding in three species of lion tamarins (leontopithecus chrysomelas, l. chrysopygus, and l. rosalia) housed at the centro de primatologia do rio de janeiro. the annual pattern of reproduction in all three species of leontopithecus was markedly seasonal, with births occurring d ...	1996	31918488
immigration in wild groups of golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia).	seventeen territorial groups of wild golden lion tamarins were monitored for periods of 10-76 months. immigration into established groups was rare (0.48 immigrating individuals per group per year) and occurred mostly in the context of replacement of breeding individuals. nonreplacement immigration events usually occurred in conjunction with some other change in group composition (e.g., an emigration or another immigration). aggression by resident tamarins toward potential immigrants appeared to ...	1996	31914716
habitat and the evolution of social and reproductive behavior in callitrichidae.	the numerous remarkable traits characterizing the ecology and behavior of callitrichids have inspired considerable research and discussion of the flexible mating system (cases of monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry), cooperative breeding, reproductive inhibition by dominant females, rapid reproductive rate, significance of dietary differences (gum feeding, frugivory, and insectivory), and demographics and social characteristics of the four genera, cebuella, callithrix, saguinus, and leontopithecus ...	1996	31914713
phylogenetic relationships within caniform carnivores based on analyses of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene.	the complete 12s rrna gene of 32 carnivore species, including four feliforms and 28 caniforms, was sequenced. the sequences were aligned on the basis of their secondary structures and used in phylogenetic analyses that addressed several evolutionary relationships within the caniformia. the analyses showed an unresolved polytomy of the basic caniform clades; pinnipeds, mustelids, procyonids, skunks, ailurus (lesser panda), ursids, and canids. the polytomy indicates a major diversification of cani ...	1996	8995061
leptospirosis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded along the central california coast, 1981-1994.	prevalence of leptospirosis was determined in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded live along the central california (usa) coast between january 1981 and december 1994. clinical signs of renal disease were seen in 764 (33%) of 2338 animals examined; 545 (71%) of these 764 animals died, with similar gross lesions of nephritis. in silver impregnation stains of sections of formalin-fixed kidney, numerous loosely coiled spiral organisms were observed. leptospira pomona kenniwicki w ...	1996	9359054
partial characterization of the genome of nine animal caliciviruses.	caliciviruses (cvs) include at least 42 distinct serotypes. seventeen cv serotypes have been isolated from marine sources and are called san miguel sea lion caliciviruses (smsvs). cvs also have been isolated from reptiles, primates, and other terrestrial animals. nucleotide sequences from portions of genome of prototype strains for six smsv serotypes, the reptile cv, cro-1, the cetacean cv, tur-1, and the primate cv, pan-1, are presented. cdna products of the polymerase (all strains characterize ...	1996	9526548
whole blood leukocyte counts of domestic cats and african lions utilizing a disposable hemacytometer.		1996	12660966
canine distemper virus infection in serengeti spotted hyenas.	clinical signs suggestive of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection were observed among a group of spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) in the serengeti, tanzania. virus antigen was detected immunohistologically in a brain sample from a diseased cub. the presence of virus rna could be demonstrated in this brain as well as in intestine and lymph node of the animal by rt-pcr. sequence comparison of brain-derived amplicons showed that the virus was related to recent cdv field isolates. the closest homo ...	1996	8861651
prevalence of antibodies to feline parvovirus, calicivirus, herpesvirus, coronavirus, and immunodeficiency virus and of feline leukemia virus antigen and the interrelationship of these viral infections in free-ranging lions in east africa.	while viral infections and their impact are well studied in domestic cats, only limited information is available on their occurrence in free-ranging lions. the goals of the present study were (i) to investigate the prevalence of antibodies to feline calicivirus (fcv), herpesvirus (fhv), coronavirus (fcov), parvovirus (fpv), and immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and of feline leukemia virus (felv) antigen in 311 serum samples collected between 1984 and 1991 from lions inhabiting tanzania's national pa ...	1996	8877134
natural and induced ovarian synchrony in golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia).	ovarian cycle synchrony was assessed in spontaneously cycling female golden lion tamarins by monitoring longitudinal (16 mo) urinary steroid metabolite (estrone conjugates; pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide, pdg) excretion in four pairs (n = 8) of females isolated from males. the overall mean ovarian cycle duration was 18.5 +/- 0.3 days (n = 136 cycles; mean range, 15.7-21.0 days), and there was no evidence of reproductive seasonality. laparoscopic ovarian examinations confirmed that cyclic fluct ...	1996	8879503
tuberculosis in buffaloes (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park: spread of the disease to other species.	tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium bovis, was recently diagnosed in a cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), two lions (panthera leo) and a chacma baboon (papio ursinus) from the kruger national park (knp). it is assumed that they contracted the disease directly or indirectly from tuberculous buffaloes in the park. tuberculous granulomatous lesions in the lungs were extensive and constituted the predominant changes in all three animal species. these pulmonary lesions included tuberculous bronchiolitis a ...	1996	8917861
effect of inorganic or organic selenium at two dietary levels on reproductive performance and tissue selenium concentrations in first-parity gilts and their progeny.	a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design was conducted at two time periods using a total of 43 first-parity gilts. two sources of se (selenite or se-enriched yeast) were added at .1 or .3 ppm to corn-soybean meal diets to evaluate reproductive performance and gilt and progeny tissue se contents. treatment diets were initially provided approximately 60 d before breeding. gilts were bled at periodic intervals and serum glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activi ...	1996	8923185
amino acid sequences of hemoglobin beta chains of five species of pinnipeds: neophoca cinerea, otaria byronia, eumetopias jubatus, pusa hispida, and pagophilus groenlandica.	pinnipeds (otariidae, odobenidae, and phocidae) in the order carnivora have one or two types (hb i and hb ii) of hemoglobin components. these hemoglobins consist of identical beta chains and different alpha chains. we determined the complete amino acid sequences of the hemoglobin beta chain of three species of otariidae (australian sea lion, south american sea lion, and northern sea lion) and two species of phocidae (ringed seal and harp seal) from intact beta chain and chemical cleavage fragmen ...	1996	8968957
production of chitinase and beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase by intestinal bacteria of pinnipedian animals.	the chitinase- and beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase(glcnacase)-producing ability of intestinal bacteria from pinnipedian animals was determined using fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferone glycosides of n-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides. intestinal microflora of a single cape fur seal, three california sea lions and three south american sea lions were characterized by a predominance of isolates of the bacteroidaceae and enterobacteriaceae families and the genus clostridium. of the 711 isolates tested ...	1996	8987705
molecular phylogeny of macaques: implications of nucleotide sequences from an 896-base pair region of mitochondrial dna.	we determined the nucleotide sequences of an 896-base pair region of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from 20 primates representing 13 species of macaques, a baboon, and a patas. we compared these sequences and the homologous sequences from four macaques and a human against each other and deduced the phylogenetic relationships of macaques. the results from the phylogenetic analyses revealed five groups among the macaques: (1) barbary macaque, (2) two species of sulawesi macaques, (3) japanese, rhesus, ...	1996	8752012
genetic and phylogenetic divergence of feline immunodeficiency virus in the puma (puma concolor).	feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) is a lentivirus which causes an aids-like disease in domestic cats (felis catus). a number of other felid species, including the puma (puma concolor), carry a virus closely related to domestic cat fiv. serological testing revealed the presence of antibodies to fiv in 22% of 434 samples from throughout the geographic range of the puma. fiv-pco pol gene sequences isolated from pumas revealed extensive sequence diversity, greater than has been documented in the d ...	1996	8794304
development of cooperative territoriality in juvenile lions.	african lions, panthera leo, engage in many cooperative activities including hunting, care of young, and group territoriality, but the contribution of juvenile lions to these activities has never been documented. here we present experimental evidence that juvenile lionesses make a gradual transition to group-territorial defence between weaning (8 months) and sexual maturity (42 months). when challenged by simulated intruders played from a loud-speaker, juvenile females (but not males) become pro ...	1996	8637927
tuberculosis in sea lions and fur seals from the south-western atlantic coast.	diverse pathological conditions causing the strandings and/or deaths of several species of sea lions and seals on the northern coast of the province of buenos aires are being studied. tuberculosis was diagnosed in six cases of strandings, involving two otariid seal species (one otaria flavescens and five arctocephalus australis), between march 1989 and december 1992. necropsies were performed on all six cases. granulomatous lesions were observed in the prescapular and hepatic lymph nodes. lesion ...	1996	9025145
[liberation into the wild of wild felines--danger of the release of virus infections].	there are several felidae amongst the numerous endangered species. means of aiding survival are the reintroduction to the wild of animals bred under the auspices of man and their relocation from densely populated to thinly populated areas. it is unlikely that the dangers of such reintroduction or relocation projects have been examined sufficiently in respect to the risks of virus infections confronting individuals kept in zoos or similar situations. this report presents three examples to illustr ...	1996	9045289
in vitro bacterial adherence to hydrogel and poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lenses.	to compare the in vitro adherence of staphylococcus epidermidis to poly-(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (polyhema) or hydrogel intraocular lenses (iols) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (pmma) iols.	1996	9051525
pleural tuberculosis in patients infected with hiv in addis ababa.	to determine the prevalence of hiv-1 infection in patients with pleural tuberculosis and compare the clinical and radiological characteristics, effects and side effects of drugs, compliance to treatment and outcome by hiv status.	1996	9164013
characterization of phocid herpesvirus-1 and -2 as putative alpha- and gammaherpesviruses of north american and european pinnipeds.	to study the relationships between herpesvirus recently isolated from different pinniped species, antigenic and genetic analyses were performed. first, herpesviruses isolated from north american harbour seals (phoca vitulina), a californian sea lion (zalophus californianus) and a european grey seal (halichoerus grypus) were examined in an enzyme immunoassay (eia) with a panel of monoclonal antibodies which had previously been shown to allow typing of herpesviruses from european harbour seals int ...	1996	8558126
a canine distemper virus epidemic in serengeti lions (panthera leo).	canine distemper virus (cdv) is thought to have caused several fatal epidemics in canids within the serengeti-mara ecosystem of east africa, affecting silver-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) and bat-eared foxes (otocyon megalotis) in 1978 (ref. 1), and african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in 1991 (refs 2, 3). the large, closely monitored serengeti lion population was not affected in these epidemics. however, an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus closely related to cdv emerged abruptly in the lion p ...	1996	8559247
serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a mexico city zoo.	a serologic survey of trichinella infection was carried out to determine the prevalence of this parasitosis among wild mammals kept in captivity at the chapultepec zoo. this was prompted by the necropsy finding of a heavy trichinella infection in a canadian polar bear (ursus maritimus) that had been kept at the zoo for more than 11 years. the parasites recovered were identified as t. nativa (t2). a serologic study based on elisa and western blot analysis was performed in serum samples from two p ...	1996	9017871
uncinariasis in northern fur seal and california sea lion pups from california.	northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) (n = 25) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) (n = 53) pups, found dead on rookeries on san miguel island (california, usa), were examined for adult uncinaria spp. prevalence of these nematodes was 96% in fur seal pups and 100% in sea lion pups. mean intensity of uncinaria spp. per infected pup was 643 in fur seals and 1,284 in sea lions. eggs of uncinaria spp. from dead sea lion pups underwent embryonation in an incubator; development to the f ...	1997	9391970
the use of non destructive biomarkers in the study of marine mammals.	marine mammals have been subject to heavy anthropogenic pressure by direct killing and chemical pollution all over the world. most studies of contamination and biomarker responses in marine mammals have been conducted using animals killed by hunting out of a total of 12 cetacean species studied, 45 of the specimens were obtained by sacrificing the animal; out of a total of eight pinniped species studied, 40 of the specimens were obtained by killing. the development of a series of non destructive ...	1997	23899212
calakmul model forest. reports from the field -- latin america.	the calakmul model forest, which is situated in the calakmul area of mexico's yucatan peninsula, is one of 18 model forests in five countries worldwide that are coordinated by the secretariat at idrc headquarters in ottawa. the program promotes the management of natural resources in a sustained manner by a partnership of environmentalists, industry, and local communities. the goals of the program include: 1) ensuring ongoing harvests of food, wood, and other products; 2) enhancing the standard ...	1997	12290332
mental rotation in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus).	mental rotation is a widely accepted concept that suggests an analogue mode of visual information-processing in certain visuospatial tasks. typically, these tasks demand the discrimination between the image and mirror-image of rotated figures, for which human subjects need an increasing reaction time depending on the angular disparity between the rotated figures. in pigeons, tests of this kind yielded a time-independent rotational invariance, suggested as being the result of a non-analogue infor ...	1997	9172417
growth of lion and puma lentiviruses in domestic cat cells and comparisons with fiv.	feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv-fca) is a lentivirus that causes gradual immunological deterioration in domestic cats. lentiviruses related to fiv have been detected in several nondomestic feline species; the biologic significance of these viruses remains to be defined. to examine the in vitro cell tropism of these nondomestic cat lentiviruses, prototypical puma and lion lentiviruses (fiv-pco and fiv-ple) were cultured in a variety of feline cell cultures. a domestic cat t lymphoma cell line, ...	1997	9201228
a strain of calicivirus isolated from lions with vesicular lesions on tongue and snout.	in december 1992, 17 african lions and 7 siberian tigers in a safari park in japan became sick with characteristic clinical symptoms of acute vesicular formations on tongue and snout. the disease was highly contagious since all of these animals showed similar symptoms within two days after the onset of the first case. swabs were taken from affected animals in rubbing tongues, snouts and some from rectums. cytopathic viruses were isolated on crfk cell culture by virological tests. the physicochem ...	1997	9208424
gasterophilus pecorum larvae in an aged lion.		1997	9226855
encephalomyocarditis virus infections in an australian zoo.	fatal encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infections in a ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta), a squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus), three mandrills (mandrillus sphinx), a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), a pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis), and two goodfellows tree kangaroos (dendrolagus goodfellowi) occurred at taronga zoo. this is the first description of emcv in a zoological collection outside of the united states. regardless of species, the most common clinical presentation was sudden deat ...	1997	9279403
the carnivore remains from the sima de los huesos middle pleistocene site (sierra de atapuerca, spain).	remains of carnivores from the sima de los huesos site representing at least 158 adult individuals of a primitive (i.e., not very speleoid) form of ursus deningeri von reichenau 1906, have been recovered through the 1995 field season. these new finds extend our knowledge of this group in the sierra de atapuerca middle pleistocene. material previously classified as cuoninae indet, is now assigned to canis lupus and a third metatarsal assigned in 1987 to panthera of gombaszoegensis, is in our opin ...	1997	9300340
risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction: "rich lion" or "poor sheep" approach?		1997	9359050
distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers.	in light of recent canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemics, we set out to determine the historical significance of cdv infection in captive lions and tigers in switzerland. the retrospective case material consisted of 42 lion and tiger necropsy cases from 1972 to 1992. necropsy reports for all lions and tigers were reviewed. all existing paraffin tissues were immunohistochemically examined with a polyclonal antibody raised against cdv. the results for 19 of the 42 lions and tigers were classified ...	1997	9067652
the yellow brick road of medical education.	from the time the medical school's acceptance letter is opened, students eagerly set off on the yellow brick road in pursuit of the attributes of the good physician: intelligence, compassion and courage. the students already possess these traits, just as the scarecrow, tin man and lion did before they set out for oz, but they may dissolve in education systems that still decree that the initiation to medicine involve tonnes of tutored words and consuming call schedules.	1997	9068580
the middle ear of a lion: comparison of structure and function to domestic cat.	acoustic and anatomical measurements were made on the middle ear of a deceased lion and compared with measurements from the domestic cat. the acoustic input impedance and sound-transmission ratios measured in the two species have similar features but differ quantitatively. three-dimensional anatomical reconstructions show that the middle-ear structures of the lion and cat are similarly arranged but have large differences in absolute and relative size. in all fields, a bony septum divides the mid ...	1997	9069624
demonstration of helicobacter pylori-like organisms in the gastric mucosa of captive exotic carnivores.	samples of gastric tissue from the cardiac, fundic and pyloric region of 30 carnivores comprising 12 tigers (panthera tigris), 10 lions (panthera leo), three pumas (felis concolor), two leopards (panthera pardus), one serval (felis serval), one wolf (canis lupus) and one hyena (crocuta crocuta) kept at german zoological gardens were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. selected tissue specimens of 12 animals were examined also by electron microscopy. the purpose of ...	1997	9076597
foraging ecology and use of space in wild golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia).	in this paper we describe the use of space and feeding ecology of seven groups of golden lion tamarins observed for a total of 2,164 hr in poço das antas reserve, rio de janeiro, brazil. relative to habitat availability in the home ranges of these groups, lion tamarins spent more time than expected in relatively undisturbed swamp forests and less time than expected in more degraded hillside and pasture habitats. home range area was correlated with group biomass but not group size. golden lion ta ...	1997	9093693
infectivity of lion and puma lentiviruses for domestic cats.	infection of domestic cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) causes progressive immunological deterioration similar to that caused by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). lentiviruses related to but phylogenetically distinct from fiv have been detected in several non-domestic feline species. serological cross-reactivity of these viruses raises the question as to whether inter-species transmission may occur. to address this issue, we asked whether lion lentivirus (fiv-ple) or two strains of ...	1997	9129651
[prehistoric fauna in bulgaria].	earliest husbandry in bulgaria is investigated by the example of the early neolithic settlement of koprivec. there was no domestication activity in the region. pig-keeping was of no importance during the earliest period. numerous bone-findings from the aeneolithic up to the bronze age settlement of durankulak build the base of a reconstruction of wildlife. most of the larger mammals were species that lived in forests. remarkable is the occurrence of the lion. a rich avifauna shows several specie ...	1997	9157624
proviral organization and sequence analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus isolated from a pallas' cat.	the nucleotide sequence and genomic organization have been determined for a highly cytopathic feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) isolated from a pallas' cat. the 9747-bp provirus of this virus, fiv-oma, has typical lentivirus organization with ltrs, gag, pol, and env open reading frames (orfs), putative vif and rev orfs, and an orf similar to orf2/orfa of domestic cat fiv isolates. although the fiv-oma provirus is 300 to 600 bp longer than other fiv proviruses, these additional bases are distri ...	1997	9024812
experimental determinations of carcass processing by plio-pleistocene hominids and carnivores at flk 22 (zinjanthropus). olduvai gorge, tanzania.	published and unpublished skeletal and surface mark data from the large, well-preserved, bovid dominated flk 22 (zinjanthropus) archaeofauna are analyzed using data derived from four different experimental control samples. the control samples are realistic because they are based on natural history and paleoecological data collected from flk 22, and other olduvai gorge assemblages; they are precise because independent experimental studies following the same methods have generated the same results ...	1997	9403079
trichinella nelsoni in carnivores from the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania.	a survey of trichinellosis among sylvatic carnivore mammals from the serengeti ecosystem (tanzania) demonstrated the presence of trichinella nelsoni in 5 of 9 species examined. muscle samples were collected from carcasses of 56 carnivores from 1993 to 1995 and frozen before transport and examination. following artificial digestion of the samples, collected larvae were analyzed by the random amplified polymorphic dna technique. trichinella nelsoni was identified in 1 bat-eared fox (otocyon megalo ...	1997	9406805
[anatomo-functional consideration of an aponeurosis on the caudal radiocarpus in the tiger, lion and domestic cat (panthera tigris, panthera leo and felis catus)].	this study describes a strong aponeurosis on the caudal surface of the antebrachium, between the mm. flexoris and the m. pronator quadratus. this aponeurosis has not been experimentally validated. by dissection and macroscopic examination of formaldehyde-prepared material, and experimental surgical transection of the structure in f. catus, the aponeurosis is described and its functional capacity is determined. the origin of the aponeurosis is the facies caudalis, margo medialis of the radius and ...	1997	9454511
evidence for a prolonged postimplantation period in the australian sea lion (neophoca cinerea).	concentrations of circulating progesterone and oestradiol were measured in 96 free-ranging, female australian sea lions neophoca cinerea from kangaroo island, south australia. there was a marked increase in the concentrations of both hormones (progesterone from approximately 12 ng ml-1 to approximately 24 ng ml-1; oestradiol from approximately 1.5 pg ml-1 to approximately 14 pg ml-1) about 3.5 months after the probable date of mating, reaching peak values in the 5 months after parturition. proge ...	1997	9462281
fatal toxoplasma gondii infection in golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia rosalia).	four of five golden lion tamarins (leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) died after a brief period of illness 13 to 21 days following the consumption of a feral mouse by the group. three of the four animals died within hours after being observed as clinically healthy. the fourth animal became weak, failed to respond to treatment, and died several hours after treatment. at necropsy, there were bands of serosal and mucosal hemorrhages of the intestines, and the lungs were mottled. histologically, necros ...	1997	9523646
importance in france of the infestation by dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens in dogs.	the presence of dirofilaria repens has been mentioned in europe, in africa and in asia, in different carnivores (dogs, foxes, cats, lions). in europe the nematode has been reported in dogs, cats and foxes and the countries concerned by native cases are italy, spain, greece, yugoslavia and france. in france, until now, d. repens has been described, among animals, only in dogs. the first undoubted report dates back to 1953. later, the prevalence was studied through widespread surveys (1986-1988-19 ...	1997	9802099
the influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations.	low-level vertical changes in temperature and wind exert powerful and predictable influences on the area ensonified by animal vocalizations. computer modelling of low-frequency sound propagation in measured atmospheric conditions predicts that the calls of the savanna elephant at these frequencies can have ranges exceeding 10 km and that the calls will be highly directional in the presence of wind shear. calling area is maximized under temperature inversions with low wind speeds. calling area ch ...	1997	9057305
refuge use and predation risk in a desert baboon population	baboons face a serious threat of predation from leopards, panthera pardusand lions, panthera leosince trees and cliff faces provide safety from these predators, baboons might use such refuges in order to reduce predation risk. this hypothesis was explored in a study of four groups of chacma baboons, papio cynocephalus ursinusin a desert population in namibia (groups ranged between 22 and 55 individuals with one to six adult males). all baboons spent most of their time close by refuges and little ...	1997	9268454
the metabolic cost of swimming in marine homeotherms.	this paper describes a model of the metabolic cost of swimming in pinnipeds and its application to other marine homeotherms. the model takes account of both hydrodynamic and thermal processes. the thermal component incorporates both free and forced convection and takes account of the effect of hair on free convection. using data from the literature to evaluate all but two of the parameters, we apply the model to metabolic rate data on phocid seals, otariids (sea lions), penguins and minke whales ...	1997	9057309
heat increment of feeding in steller sea lions, eumetopias jubatus.	the heat increment of feeding (hif) was measured in six captive, juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), fed meals of either 2 or 4 kg of herring. hif was calculated as the post-prandial increase in metabolism above baseline levels, and was measured using open-circuit (gas) respirometry. it averaged 12.4 +/- 0.9% (se) of ingested energy intake for the 4-kg meal trials, and 9.9 +/- 0.9% for the 2-kg meal size. the effect lasted 8-10 hr for the larger meal size. metabolism peaked 3.7 hr a ...	1997	9406451
plasma haptoglobin levels in threatened alaskan pinniped populations.	we evaluated the plasma concentration of the acute phase protein haptoglobin (hp) from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina) in regions of alaska (usa) where the populations of these pinnipeds were declining and compared the values with concentrations of hp from the same species in areas where the populations were stable. samples were collected from 1992 through 1994 at sites in southeast alaska, prince william sound, the gulf of alaska, and the aleutian island ...	1997	9027692
fingerprint of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two populations of southern sea lions (otaria flavescens).	the fingerprint of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) was investigated in biopsy, fur, blood, liver and faeces of live and dead specimens of two argentinian population of southern sea lion (otaria flavescens). one colony lives in mar del plata harbour which is particularly polluted with petroleum, the second (control) colony lives at punta bermeja (patagonia). the highest concentrations of the five carcinogenic pahs were found in the mar del plata sea lions.	1997	9569942
[corneoscleral transplant excision in the cadaver. experiences of the north rhine westphalia lions cornea bank 1995 and 1996].	donor corneas are normally obtained by whole globe enucleation-a procedure often refused by the bereaved. to increase the acceptance of cornea donation, we have exclusively obtained donor corneas by in situ excision since the end of 1994. there have been reports of increased endothelial damage and higher contamination rates. we report our experience in 1995 and 1996.	1997	9465709
the ant and the lion: common principles and idiosyncratic differences in social evolution.		1997	21238159
endoscopic ovariohysterectomy in two lions (panthera leo).	endoscopic techniques were used to ovariohysterectomize two hybrid asian lions (panthera leo) in order to reduce the risk of postoperative wound complications associated with standard surgical techniques. one of the lions was aged, overweight, and considered an anesthetic risk. the animals were anesthetized, intubated, catheterized intravenously, and placed in dorsal recumbency with the head lower (trendelenburg position). ventilation was assisted mechanically. following abdominal insufflation, ...	1997	9365942
the "nest"--neurological environment for safe therapeutics.	how to manage neurologically impaired patients is a challenge we all face. lions gate hospital in north vancouver, b.c. successfully developed a padded environment for confused, restless, and agitated patients. the following article describes how patients are managed without restraints in a safe environment.	1997	9355270
quality of corneal donor tissue in the greater-than-75-year age group.	to evaluate the quality of the corneal donor tissue in the greater than 75 year age group with regard to the suitability for transplantation.	1997	9294679
genetic variation in asiatic lions and indian tigers.	previous reports have suggested that asiatic lions and tigers are highly inbred and exhibit very low levels of genetic variation. our analyses on these species have shown much higher degrees of polymorphism than reported. randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis of 38 asiatic lions, which exist as a single population in the gir forest sanctuary in india, shows an average heterozygosity of 25.82% with four primers. sperm motility studies by our colleagues corroborate this data. in india ...	1997	9378147
group territoriality in two populations of african lions	lionesses, panthera leoin the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania, assess the odds of winning group-territorial contests by counting the number of opponents they hear roaring. they will approach intruders aggressively only if they outnumber them. here the lionesses in the serengeti are compared with another population living nearby but in strikingly different ecological circumstances. the lions of ngorongoro crater live at much higher densities owing to year-round availability of non-migratory prey sp ...	1997	9236011
rugby, injury, and the lions.		1997	9192118
chemical restraint of african lions (panthera leo) with medetomidine-ketamine.	effects of a combination of medetomidine-ketamine as a chemical restraint and antagonistic effects of atipamezole on this combination were investigated in 5 lions. the medetomidine (47.6-58.4 micrograms/kg) and ketamine (1.9-5.7 mg/kg) combination provided complete immobilization with good analgesia and muscle relaxation in 4 lions, while one lioness was poorly sedated by medetomidine, and additional injections of medetomidine and ketamine were required. the duration of anesthesia seemed to be m ...	1997	9152944
isoflurane anesthesia in free ranging sea lion pups.	california sea lion pups, zalophus californianus, (n = 115), were captured and anesthetized for (mean +/- sd) 17.6 +/- 7.8 min on san miguel island, california (usa) in november of 1992. mask isoflurane anesthesia allowed intubation in 7.1 +/- 2.74 min. pups recovered and walked in 7.32 +/- 4.8 min. mask anesthesia in pups resulted in relaxation in 45 +/- 14 sec. safe, brief anesthesia was delivered in support of weighing, medical evaluation, and short surgical procedures. recovery character of ...	1997	9131549
byron stookey: "the old lion"--an unsung giant of neurosurgery.	byron polk stookey, an outstanding clinician and teacher, served as director and chief of neurosurgery at the neurological institute of new york columbia-presbyterian medical center. highlights of his clinical contributions include improved peripheral nerve and spine surgery and subtemporal trigeminal nerve section for tic douloureux. through diverse activities in both the political and academic arenas of patient care, education, and research, stookey helped to build and strengthen neurosurgery ...	1997	9007874
atrial fibrillation and embolic complications.	clinical records of 136 cardiac patients with atrial fibrillation (af) followed in the cardiac clinic of the black lion hospital were analysed. the mean age of the patients was 41 +/- 13 years, with a male to female ratio of 1.0:1.6. rheumatic heart disease (rhd) was found in 66.3%, hypertension in 10.3%, cardiomyopathy in 8.8% and ischaemic heart disease in 6.6%. embolic episodes occurred in 26 (19.1%) cases with five deaths. twenty-one patients had cerebrovascular accident while five had femor ...	1997	9145567
heart rate and plasma lactate responses during submerged swimming and trained diving in california sea lions, zalophus californianus.	california sea lions, zalophus californianus, were trained to elicit maximum voluntary breath holds during stationary underwater targeting, submerged swimming, and trained diving. lowest heart rate during rest periods was 57 bpm. the heart rate profiles in all three protocols were dominated by a bradycardia of 20-50 bpm, and demonstrated that otariid diving heart rates were at or below resting heart rate. venous blood samples were collected after submerged swimming periods of 1-3 min. plasma lac ...	1997	9051904
fire, blood, and the lion of the union: joshua chamberlain's civil war ailments.		1998	9637874
the intoximeter 3000 and the four minute fallacy.	claims that breath alcohol values measured on the lion intoximeter 3000 are invalid if the machine clock is incorrect by more than four minutes have been shown to be technically incorrect. a study involving measurement of simulated breath alcohol levels with various intoximeter 3000 clock times shows no variation within normal tolerances for breath alcohol values.	1998	9604656
lions and tigers and bears, oh my!		1998	9597529
screening for amblyopia in preverbal children with photoscreening photographs. national children's eye care foundation vision screening study group.	this study aimed to determine the ability of healthcare professionals and lay volunteers to grade photoscreening photographs.	1998	9593387
are lions and tigers substitutes or associates? evidence against slot filler accounts of children's early categorization.	items in event-based categorical relations, or "slot fillers," have been found to be recalled better by children than items in a taxonomic relation. this has been used as evidence that children's memory is organized around script-based representations rather than taxonomic structures. others have attributed the superior recall of slot fillers to association and typicality rather than memory structure per se. this study was designed to see if the slot filler advantage remains when association and ...	1998	9586210
antibody response of lions inoculated with inactivated calicivirus vaccine experimentally prepared.	the majority of lions and tigers in a safari park in japan were suffering from acute vesicular disease caused by a calicivirus infection. all of these animals were injected subcutaneously with an inactivated calicivirus vaccine experimentally prepared with one of the seed viruses originally isolated from sick lions. seroneutralizing antibody of paired sera collected from ten female lions at two week intervals was measured. a significant elevation of specific antibody was detected in the serum sa ...	1998	9579339
eye donation, corneal transplantation and the lions nsw eye bank.		1998	10025319
adenocarcinoma of the lung in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus).	the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of an adenocarcinoma of the lung are described in an about 16-year-old female steller sea lion with a 1.5 month history of cough and anorexia. the animal had multiple neoplastic nodules in the lungs and diaphragmatic pleura. the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes were replaced by neoplastic tissue, and there were several metastatic lesions in the liver and spleen. the lung tumor was characterized by accumulations of encapsulated lesions wit ...	1998	9879538
health status of young alaska steller sea lion pups (eumetopias jubatus) as indicated by blood chemistry and hematology.	blood chemistry and hematology were examined in 238 steller sea lion pups (eumetopias jubatus) to assess the health status of pups <1 month of age. failure of juvenile recruitment (possibly due to nutritionally or physiologically compromised pups) into breeding populations has been proposed as a cause of recent declines of this endangered species in alaska. to identify potential correlations with areas of high population decline, blood chemistry data were considered for three areas: eastern aleu ...	1998	10400492
plasma angiotensin ii, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide in free ranging and captive seals and sea lions.	we used radioimmunoassay methods to quantify arginine vasopressin (avp), atrial natriuretic peptide (anp), and angiotensin ii (ang ii) in plasma samples from harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii), weddell seals (leptonychotes weddellii), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), ringed seals (phoca hispida), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). plasma concentrations of avp, anp, and ang ii in these pinniped species were within the ...	1998	9568367
functional equivalence in a california sea lion: relevance to animal social and communicative interactions.	laboratory investigations into equivalence class formation suggest how animals in social and communicative contexts learn to place dissimilar individuals, signals, responses and social reinforcers into the same functional class. kastak & schusterman (1994, anim. learn. behav., 22, 427-435) demonstrated that a california sea lion performed generalized identity matching-to-sample; that is, it chose visual stimulus a conditionally upon an identical sample a (aa matching), chose stimulus b condition ...	1998	9632496
unilateral cerebral necrosis resembling feline ischemic encephalopathy in an african lion (panthera leo).	in november 1996, a 14-yr-old captive male african lion (panthera leo) had sudden onset of left-sided hemiparesis and mydriasis of the left eye. after 24 hr of supportive care, the lion showed no improvement and was euthanized. at necropsy, the right cerebral hemisphere was diffusely and irregularly swollen and malacic. histopathology revealed extensive acute necrosis and edema of the portion of the right cerebral hemisphere that received blood from the right middle cerebral artery. gross and hi ...	1998	9809608