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submucosal mast cells in the gastrointestinal tract are a target of staphylococcal enterotoxin type a.staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea) is a leading causative toxin of staphylococcal food poisoning. however, it remains unclear how this toxin induces emesis in humans, primates, and certain experimental animals. to understand the mechanism of sea-induced emesis, we investigated the behavior of sea in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract in vivo using the house musk shrew (suncus murinus). immunofluorescence of gi sections showed that perorally administered sea translocated from the lumen to the interi ...201222211567
leptospira and rodents in cambodia: environmental determinants of infection.we investigated infection of rodents and shrews by leptospira spp. in two localities of cambodia (veal renh, kaev seima) and in four types of habitat (forests, non-flooded lands, lowland rain-fed paddy fields, houses) during the wet and the dry seasons. habitat preference was common, and rodent and shrew species were found only in houses or in rain-fed paddy fields or in forests. among 649 small mammals trapped belonging to 12 rodent species and 1 shrew species, 71 of 642 animals tested were car ...201222665613
dmba-induced intestinal tumors in the japanese house musk shrew, suncus murinus (insectivora).intestinal tumors were induced in the japanese house musk shrew, suncus murinus (family: soricidae, order: insectivora) with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (dmba). the animals were divided into 10 groups: groups 1-4 received gastric intubation of dmba, groups 5-8 received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of this agent, and groups 9 (female) and 10 (male) were untreated and served as controls. group 1 (females) and group 2 (males) received 10 mg dmba at 50 days of age; group 3 (females) and grou ...20131391692
asian musk shrew as a reservoir of rat hepatitis e virus, china. 201323876489
[predictors for abundance of rattus tanezumi in households of commensal rodent plague foci].to explore the predictors on the abundance of rattus (r.) tanezumi in households of commensal rodent plague foci.201323751472
study of the endoparasitic fauna of commensal rats and shrews caught in traditional wet markets in taichung city, taiwan.rats live in close proximity to human populations. feral rodents are known to transmit diseases and act as reservoir hosts to many zoonotic parasites that pose health risks to humans. the aim of this study is to investigate endoparasitic infections in commensal rats and shrews caught in traditional wet markets in taichung city, taiwan.201322516746
[morphological study on the development of cheek tooth germs in the suncus murinus fetus (soricidae, insectivora)]. 20133869784
failure of hcg treatment in depleting testicular cholesterol content of the musk shrew (suncus murinus l) in different seasons. 20133583336
social variables influence female sexual behavior in the musk shrew (suncus murinus).the role of social variables in the mediation of sexual behavior was examined in the female musk shrew (suncus murinus). two social variables were manipulated: amount of reproductive experience and exposure to male-related chemical cues. virgin females took significantly longer to achieve receptivity than did sexually experienced females. in addition, exposure to soiled bedding taken from a male's cage for 24-hr prior to testing reduced receptivity latencies in all females. even a brief (30 min) ...20133568606
incidence of dental lesions in musk shrews (suncus murinus) and their association with sex, age, body weight and diet.both wild and laboratory strains of the musk shrew (suncus murinus) have a high incidence of periodontitis. the authors completed necropsy examinations in 51 shrews to identify dental lesions including tooth loss, mobility and fractures. dental lesions were identified in significantly more females than males, and older animals were more likely to have lesions present. shrews with one or more dental lesions weighed significantly less than those without lesions present. dietary supplementation wit ...201324150169
anandamide transport inhibition by arn272 attenuates nausea-induced behaviour in rats, and vomiting in shrews (suncus murinus).to understand how anandamide transport inhibition impacts the regulation of nausea and vomiting and the receptor level mechanism of action involved. in light of recent characterization of an anandamide transporter, fatty acid amide hydrolase-1-like anandamide transporter, to provide behavioural support for anandamide cellular reuptake as a facilitated transport process.201323991698
2-arachidonoylglycerol interferes with lithium-induced vomiting in the house musk shrew, suncus murinus.the role of the endocannabinoid system in vomiting has been previously studied using several animal species. these investigations have clearly demonstrated an anti-emetic role for the ecb, anandamide, in these animal models; however, research concerning the role of 2-arhachidonoylglycerol (2ag) has been less clear. the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of exogenous 2ag administration in the house musk shrew, suncus murinus. in experiment 1, shrews were injected with vehicle or 2 ...201323958470
tetrahydrocannabinolic acid reduces nausea-induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in suncus murinus.we evaluated the anti-emetic and anti-nausea properties of the acid precursor of δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (thc), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (thca), and determined its mechanism of action in these animal models.201323889598
peculiar tonsil-like structure near vagina of the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus.after finding tonsil-like structures near the entrance of vagina of a laboratory shrew (suncus murinus), which we subsequently designated as vaginal tonsils, we performed detailed immunohistochemical and developmental studies. the location of t and b cells in the vaginal tonsils differed from that in the palatine tonsils or that in the lymphoid nodes of other animals. the boundary between the germinal center region and the region encompassing follicular interfollicular tissue was not clear. b ce ...201323614982
mechanism of ghrelin-induced gastric contractions in suncus murinus (house musk shrew): involvement of intrinsic primary afferent neurons.here, we have reported that motilin can induce contractions in a dose-dependent manner in isolated suncus murinus (house musk shrew) stomach. we have also shown that after pretreatment with a low dose of motilin (10(-10) m), ghrelin also induces gastric contractions at levels of 10(-10) m to 10(-7) m. however, the neural mechanism of ghrelin action in the stomach has not been fully revealed. in the present study, we studied the mechanism of ghrelin-induced contraction in vitro using a pharmacolo ...201323565235
separation of emetic and anorexic responses of exendin-4, a glp-1 receptor agonist in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (glp-1) receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with nausea and vomiting. therefore, the present studies investigated the potential of glp-1 receptor ligands to modulate emesis and feeding in suncus murinus. exendin-4, a selective glp-1 receptor agonist, was administered subcutaneously (1-30 nmol/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (0.03-3 nmol) after 12-h of fasting. in other studies, animals were pretre ...201323357334
anti-emetic effect of mosapride citrate hydrate, a 5-ht4 receptor agonist, on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris)-induced emesis in experimental animals.although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris) are widely used to treat depression, they frequently cause gastrointestinal adverse effects, such as nausea and emesis. in the present study, we investigated the anti-emetic effect of mosapride, a 5-ht(4) receptor agonist, on ssris-induced emesis in suncus murinus and dogs. we also examined the effect of mosapride on ssris-induced delay in gastric emptying and increase in gastric vagal afferent activity in rats. oral administration of paro ...201323257657
anti-emetic and emetic effects of erythromycin in suncus murinus: role of vagal nerve activation, gastric motility stimulation and motilin receptors.paradoxically, erythromycin is associated with nausea when used as an antibiotic but at lower doses erythromycin activates motilin receptors and is used to treat delayed gastric emptying and nausea. the aim of this study was to characterise pro- and anti-emetic activity of erythromycin and investigate mechanisms of action. japanese house musk shrews (suncus murinus) were used. erythromycin was administered alone or prior to induction of emesis with abnormal motion or subcutaneous nicotine (10mg/ ...201323201066
cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-ht1a receptor activation.to evaluate the ability of cannabidiolic acid (cbda) to reduce nausea and vomiting and enhance 5-ht(1a) receptor activation in animal models.201323121618
testosterone propionate induced changes in testicular phosphatases of musk shrew (suncus murinus l.).in order to investigate the role of testosterone (tp) on the physiology of the testis of the musk shrew, activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase, and dna, protein and phospholipid contents ot the testis were compared under high and suppressed testosterone conditions. the result indicates that testosterone propionate administration to intact shrews resulted in a significant increase in the activities of testicular enzymes. following tp the testis phosphol ...20132528927
fecal pellets from a commensal shrew (suncus murinus) and a house gecko (gekkonidae).examination of excreta pellets from commensal shrew (suncus murinus) and tropical house geckos (gekkonidae) showed several characteristics that were useful in distinguishing these pellets from those of commensal rodents. commensal shrew pellets contained a large number of embedded insect fragments but no embedded hairs. each shrew pellet was associated with a distinctive circular stain on the floor or container surface where it was found. gecko pellets were composed entirely of tightly packed in ...20136520076
absence of salivary toxin in chhachhundar the indian shrew. suncus murinus. 20134435943
resting-associated vocalization emitted by captive asian house shrews (suncus murinus): acoustic structure and variability in an unusual mammalian vocalization.shrews have rich vocal repertoires that include vocalizations within the human audible frequency range and ultrasonic vocalizations. here, we recorded and analyzed in detail the acoustic structure of a vocalization with unclear functional significance that was spontaneously produced by 15 adult, captive asian house shrews (suncus murinus) while they were lying motionless and resting in their nests. this vocalization was usually emitted repeatedly in a long series with regular intervals. it showe ...201425390304
thermoregulatory correlates of nausea in rats and musk shrews.nausea is a prominent symptom and major cause of complaint for patients receiving anticancer chemo- or radiation therapy. the arsenal of anti-nausea drugs is limited, and their efficacy is questionable. currently, the development of new compounds with anti-nausea activity is hampered by the lack of physiological correlates of nausea. physiological correlates are needed because common laboratory rodents lack the vomiting reflex. furthermore, nausea does not always lead to vomiting. here, we repor ...201424728971
the differential antiemetic properties of glp-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39) in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (glp-1) receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with nausea and vomiting. previous studies using suncus murinus revealed that the glp-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, induces emesis via the brainstem and/or hypothalamus. the present study investigated the mechanism of exendin-4-induced emesis in more detail. ondansetron (1 mg/kg, s.c.) and cp-99,994 (10 mg/kg, s.c) failed to reduce emesis induced by exen ...201424726308
the effect of 5-ht and electrical field stimulation on the contractility of the whole isolated urinary bladder of suncus murinus.the present study used the whole isolated urinary bladder of suncus murinus, to investigate the effect of exogenously added serotonin (5-ht) and electrical field stimulation (efs) in the absence and presence of methysergide, a 5-ht1/2/7 receptor antagonist or the selective 5-ht7 receptor antagonist, sb269970. further experiments investigated the involvement of potassium channel, cholinergic and purinergic systems in mediating the contractile response to efs. pre-treatment with methysergide reduc ...201424513135
delineation of vagal emetic pathways: intragastric copper sulfate-induced emesis and viral tract tracing in musk shrews.signals from the vestibular system, area postrema, and forebrain elicit nausea and vomiting, but gastrointestinal (gi) vagal afferent input arguably plays the most prominent role in defense against food poisoning. it is difficult to determine the contribution of gi vagal afferent input on emesis because various agents (e.g., chemotherapy) often act on multiple sensory pathways. intragastric copper sulfate (cuso4) potentially provides a specific vagal emetic stimulus, but its actions are not well ...201424430885
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma bovis in small wild mammals from taichung and kinmen island, taiwan.a total of 138 animals from 7 species (apodemus agrarius, bandicota indica, crocidura suaveolens, mus caroli, mus formosanus, rattus losea, and suncus murinus) captured in taichung, located in central taiwan, and kinmen island, an island off the shore of china, were examined for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. the presence of the bacteria, which causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, was examined by nested pcr targeting the16s rdna. twelve animals (8.7%) from m. caroli and r. losea, ...201424647253
biodiversity and evolution of imjin virus and thottapalayam virus in crocidurinae shrews in zhejiang province, china.the recent discovery of numerous hantaviruses in insectivores has provided a new view of hantavirus biodiversity and evolution. to determine the presence and genetic diversity of imjin virus (mjnv) and thottapalayam virus (tpmv) in insectivores in zhejiang province, china, we captured and performed virus screening of 32 ussuri white-toothed shrews (crocidura lasiura) and 105 asian house shrews (suncus murinus) in different coastal regions. hantavirus genome (s, m, and l segments) sequences were ...201424874196
field assessment of orientia tsutsugamushi infection in small mammals and its association with the occurrence of human scrub typhus in taiwan.we conducted an extensive study in taiwan of orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) infection in small wild mammals. field trapping was carried out at six districts in eastern and western taiwan as well as various offshore islands during the period 2006-2010. a total of 1061 specimens representing 11 rodent species were captured. the presence of ot infection was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction assays of 56-kda type-specific antigen gene. the chigger infestation r ...201424361181
the placentation of eulipotyphla-reconstructing a morphotype of the mammalian placenta.placentation determines the developmental status of the neonate, which can be considered as the most vulnerable stage in the mammalian life cycle. in this respect, the different evolutionary and ecological adaptations of marsupial and placental mammals have most likely been associated with the different reproductive strategies of the two therian clades. the morphotypes of marsupial and placental neonates, as well as the placental stem species pattern of marsupialia, have already been reconstruct ...201424797275
prevalence of zoonotic bartonella species among rodents and shrews in thailand.we investigated the prevalence of bartonella species in 10 rodent and one shrew species in thailand. from february 2008 to may 2010, a total of 375 small animals were captured in 9 provinces in thailand. bartonella strains were isolated from 57 rodents (54 from rattus species and 3 from bandicota indica) and one shrew (suncus murinus) in 7 of the 9 provinces, and identified to the species level. sequence analysis of the citrate synthase and rna polymerase β subunit genes identified the 58 isolat ...201424393304
dietary competition between the alien asian musk shrew (suncus murinus) and a re-introduced population of telfair's skink (leiolopisma telfairii).re-introduction of rare species to parts of their historical range is becoming increasingly important as a conservation strategy. telfair's skinks (leiolopisma telfairii), once widespread on mauritius, were until recently found only on round island. there it is vulnerable to stochastic events, including the introduction of alien predators that may either prey upon it or compete for food resources. consequently, skinks have been introduced to ile aux aigrettes, another small mauritian island that ...201424033506
rikkunshito induces gastric relaxation via the β-adrenergic pathway in suncus murinus.rikkunshito (rkt) is a gastroprotective herbal medicine. in this study, we investigated the role of rkt in the relaxation of the gastric body (fundus and corpus) and antrum.201525846270
isolation and characterization of a novel arenavirus harbored by rodents and shrews in zhejiang province, china.to determine the biodiversity of arenaviruses in china, we captured and screened rodents and shrews in wenzhou city, zhejiang province, a locality where hemorrhagic fever diseases are endemic in humans. accordingly, arenaviruses were detected in 42 of 351 rodents from eight species, and in 12 of 272 asian house shrews (suncus murinus), by rt-pcr targeting the l segment. from these, a single arenavirus was successfully isolated in cell culture. the virion particles exhibited a typical arenavirus ...201525506671
complete genome sequence of a novel mutation of seoul virus isolated from suncus murinus in the fujian province of china.suncus murinus has been identified as the host for seoul virus (seov). here, we report the complete genome sequence of seov strain fj372/2013, which was isolated from the lung tissue of suncus murinus in the fujian province of china. a mutation a38c was observed in an open reading fragment of the middle segment.201525838472
synergy between cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, and δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol in the regulation of emesis in the suncus murinus (house musk shrew).smoked marijuana contains over 100 different cannabinoids, including the psychoactive compound δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) and cannabidiol (cbd). thc, cbd, and its acidic precursor, cannabidiolic acid (cbda), have all been shown to have antiemetic properties in the suncus murinus (s. murinus; house musk shrew). here we show that when subthreshold antiemetic doses of cbd (2.5 mg/kg ip) or cbda (0.05 mg/kg ip) are combined with a subthreshold antiemetic dose of thc (1 mg/kg ip) in the s. murinus ...201526030435
certain biochemical observations on the testes and male sex accessory glands of two insectivores, suncus murinus sindensis anderson and hemiechinus auritus collaris gray. 20154458380
effect of selective inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (magl) on acute nausea, anticipatory nausea, and vomiting in rats and suncus murinus.to determine the role of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachodonyl glycerol (2-ag), in the regulation of nausea and vomiting.201525085768
phenotypic changes of aadc-only-immunoreactive cells in the alimentary canal of the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus, induced by systemic administration of monoamine precursors.in order to elucidate the function of anti-aromatic acid decarboxylase (aadc)-only-positive cells in the alimentary canal, 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-htp) or l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) was intraperitoneally injected into the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus, and immunohistochemical studies were conducted on continuous sections of the alimentary canal using specific antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (th), aadc, dopamine (da), and serotonin (5-ht). aadc-only-positive cells localized ...201526639565
ghrelin is an essential factor for motilin-induced gastric contraction in suncus murinus.motilin was discovered in the 1970s as the most important hormone for stimulating strong gastric contractions; however, the mechanisms by which motilin causes gastric contraction are not clearly understood. here, we determined the coordinated action of motilin and ghrelin on gastric motility during fasted and postprandial contractions by using house musk shrew (suncus murinus; order: insectivora, suncus named as the laboratory strain). motilin-induced gastric contractions at phases i and ii of t ...201526441238
dsp-1053, a novel serotonin reuptake inhibitor with 5-ht1a partial agonistic activity, displays fast antidepressant effect with minimal undesirable effects in juvenile rats.enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission has been the main stream of treatment for patients with depression. however, delayed therapeutic onset and undesirable side effects are major drawbacks for conventional serotonin reuptake inhibitors. here, we show that dsp-1053, a novel serotonin reuptake inhibitor with 5-ht1a partial agonistic activity, displays fast antidepressant efficacy with minimal undesirable effects, especially nausea and emesis in animal models. dsp-1053 bound human serotoni ...201526171224
motilin stimulates gastric acid secretion in coordination with ghrelin in suncus murinus.motilin and ghrelin constitute a peptide family, and these hormones are important for the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. in this study, we examined the effect of motilin and ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in anesthetized suncus (house musk shrew, suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. we first established a gastric lumen-perfusion system in the suncus and confirmed that intravenous (i.v.) administration of histamine (1 mg/kg body weight) stimulated acid secretion. ...201526115342
motilin stimulates pepsinogen secretion in suncus murinus.motilin and ghrelin are gastrointestinal hormones that stimulate the migrating motor complex (mmc) of gastrointestinal motility during the fasting state. in this study, we examined the effect of motilin and ghrelin on pepsinogen secretion in anesthetized suncus (house musk shrew, suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. by using a gastric lumen-perfusion system, we found that the intravenous administration of carbachol and motilin stimulated pepsinogen secretion, the latter in a ...201525957475
patterning of mammalian heterodont dentition within the upper and lower jaws.mammalian heterodont dentition is differentiated into incisors, canines, premolars, and molars in the mesial-distal direction, in both the upper and lower jaws. although all the lower teeth are rooted in the mandible, the upper incisors are rooted in the premaxilla and the upper canine and the teeth behind it are in the maxilla. the present study uncovers ontogenetic backgrounds to these shared and differing mesiodistal patterns of the upper and lower dentition. to this end, we examined the dent ...201525801220
regulation of longitudinal esophageal motility in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).suncus murinus (house musk shrew; suncus) is a species of insectivore that has an ability to vomit. although longitudinal movement of the esophagus would be related to the emetic response, regulatory mechanisms for the suncus esophageal motility are unclear. therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify components that regulate esophageal motility in the suncus. an isolated segment of the suncus esophagus was placed in an organ bath, and longitudinal mechanical responses were recorded u ...201525694232
the complete mitogenome of asian house shrews, suncus murinus (soricidae).the asian house shrew, suncus murinus belongs to the family soricidae, and widely distributes in east, southeast and south asia, southwest island in the pacific ocean and east africa. in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of suncus murinus was determined. the mitogenome is 17,240 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes, 22 transfer rna genes, and a control region, with a base composition of 33.0% a, 32.7% t, 21.2% c and 13.1% g. the present st ...201624976048
classification of suncus murinus species complex (soricidae: crocidurinae) in peninsular malaysia using image analysis and machine learning approaches.taxonomists frequently identify specimen from various populations based on the morphological characteristics and molecular data. this study looks into another invasive process in identification of house shrew (suncus murinus) using image analysis and machine learning approaches. thus, an automated identification system is developed to assist and simplify this task. in this study, seven descriptors namely area, convex area, major axis length, minor axis length, perimeter, equivalent diameter and ...201628155645
comparative anatomy of gastrin-releasing peptide pathways in the trigeminal sensory system of mouse and the asian house musk shrewsuncus murinus.gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) has recently been identified as an itch-signaling molecule in the primary afferents and spinal cord of rodents. however, little information exists on the expression and localization of grp in the trigeminal somatosensory system other than in rats. we examined the generality of the trigeminal grp system in mammals using two distinct species, suncus as a model of specialized placental mammals known to have a well-developed trigeminal sensory system and mice as a rep ...201628127106
serotonin-induced contractile responses of esophageal smooth muscle in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-ht) is a regulatory factor in motility of the gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus. although we proposed that vagal cholinergic and mast cell-derived non-cholinergic components including serotonin coordinately shorten the esophagus, the precise mechanism of serotonin-induced contractions in the suncus esophagus is still unclear. therefore, the aims of this study were to determine characteristics of contractile responses induced by serotonin and to iden ...201627194102
cannabinoid 2 (cb2) receptor agonism reduces lithium chloride-induced vomiting in suncus murinus and nausea-induced conditioned gaping in rats.we aimed to investigate the potential anti-emetic and anti-nausea properties of targeting the cannabinoid 2 (cb2) receptor. we investigated the effect of the selective cb2 agonist, hu-308, on lithium chloride- (licl) induced vomiting in suncus murinus (s. murinus) and conditioned gaping (nausea-induced behaviour) in rats. additionally, we determined whether these effects could be prevented by pretreatment with am630 (a selective cb2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist). in s. murinus, hu-308 (2. ...201627263826
impact of electrical stimulation of the stomach on gastric distension-induced emesis in the musk shrew.gastric electrical stimulation (ges) is implicated as a potential therapy for difficult-to-treat nausea and vomiting; however, there is a lack of insight into the mechanisms responsible for these effects. this study tested the relationship between acute ges and emesis in musk shrews, an established emetic model system.201627072787
the proximal gastric corpus is the most responsive site of motilin-induced contractions in the stomach of the asian house shrew.the migrating motor complex (mmc) is responsible for emptying the stomach during the interdigestive period, in preparation for the next meal. it is known that gastric phase iii of mmc starts from the proximal stomach and propagates the contraction downwards. we hypothesized that a certain region of the stomach must be more responsive to motilin than others, and that motilin-induced strong gastric contractions propagate from that site. stomachs of the suncus or asian house shrew, a small insectiv ...201627062028
contractile effect of tachykinins on suncus murinus (house musk shrew) isolated ileum.recent studies used suncus murinus to investigate the anti-emetic potential of nk(1) tachykinin receptor antagonists. however, the pharmacology of tachykinin receptors in this species has not been fully characterized. in the present studies, therefore, we examined a range of tachykinin receptor agonists for a capacity to induce contractions of the isolated ileum. the tachykinin nk1 receptor preferring agonists substance p, septide and [sar9met(o2)11] substance p, and the tachykinin nk2 preferrin ...201618582934
effect of clomiphene citrate on the testis, epididymis and accessory sex glands of the musk shrew (suncus murinus l.).the effects of oral administration of clomiphene citrate (50 mg/kg body weight) on the testis, epididymis and accessory sex glands of the musk shrew were investigated. the drug induced duration-dependent alterations in the weight and histology of these organs. the drug produced significant reduction in testicular weight with severe degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules; leydig cells were also atrophied. however, no significant change was found in the levels of protein, rna and dna in the ...20166614857
abundance & distribution of trombiculid mites & orientia tsutsugamushi, the vectors & pathogen of scrub typhus in rodents & shrews collected from puducherry & tamil nadu, india.human cases of scrub typhus are reported every year from puducherry and adjoining areas in southern india. however, information on the presence of causative agent, orientia tsutsugamushi, and its vectors is lacking. hence, the objective of the study was to find out the vector as well as pathogen distribution in rodents and shrews present in the scrub typhus-reported areas in southern india.201628474626
profile of antiemetic activity of netupitant alone or in combination with palonosetron and dexamethasone in ferrets and suncus murinus (house musk shrew).chemotherapy-induced acute and delayed emesis involves the activation of multiple pathways, with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht; serotonin) playing a major role in the initial response. substance p tachykinin nk1 receptor antagonists can reduce emesis induced by disparate emetic challenges and therefore have a clinical utility as broad inhibitory anti-emetic drugs. in the present studies, we investigate the broad inhibitory anti-emetic profile of a relatively new nk1 receptor antagonist, netupitant, ...201627630563
goblet cells are involved in translocation of staphylococcal enterotoxin a in the intestinal tissue of house musk shrew (suncus murinus).to elucidate an entry site of staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea), which is a major toxin for staphylococcal foodborne poisoning, into gastrointestinal tissue using a house musk shrew model.201626669704
[investigation of antimicrobial resistance of klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from rat-like animals around a hospital in guangzhou].to investigate antimicrobial resistance of klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in fecal samples from rat-like animals.201627222186
molecular detection and phylogenetic characteristics of herpesviruses in rectal swab samples from rodents and shrews in southern china.herpesviruses (hvs) can cause asymptomatic, benign, or fatal infections in a variety of animal species. however, the prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of hvs in rodents and shrews in china are poorly understood. we thus performed a molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of rat and shrew hvs in southern china between 2012 and 2014. seventeen (6.7%) of 255 rectal swab specimens from rats and six (6.7%) of 90 rectal swab specimens from shrews tested positive for hvs. phylogenetic a ...201627171015
detection of novel adenoviruses in fecal specimens from rodents and shrews in southern china.the prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of advs in rodents and shrews in china are still unknown. to explore the epidemiological characteristics of rodent and shrew advs in southern china, 255 fecal samples derived from four rodent species and 90 from shrews were collected in xiamen and guangzhou city of southern china. amplification of a 314-324-bp fragment from the dna polymerase gene of advs was attempted by using a nested pcr. twenty-nine (11.4 %) specimens from rodents and one (1.1  ...201626980673
emergence of a sylvatic enzootic formosan ferret badger-associated rabies in taiwan and the geographical separation of two phylogenetic groups of rabies viruses.taiwan had been declared rabies-free in humans and domestic animals for five decades until july 2013, when surprisingly, three formosan ferret badgers (fb) were diagnosed with rabies. since then, a variety of wild carnivores and other wildlife species have been found dead, neurologically ill, or exhibiting aggressive behaviors around the island. to determine the affected animal species, geographic areas, and environments, animal bodies were examined for rabies by direct fluorescent antibody test ...201626711025
innervation of extrahepatic biliary tract, with special reference to the direct bidirectional neural connections of the gall bladder, sphincter of oddi and duodenum in suncus murinus, in whole-mount immunohistochemical study.sphincter of oddi dysfunction is one of the most important symptoms in post-cholecystectomy syndrome. using either electrical or mechanical stimulation and retrogradely transported neuronal dyes, it has been demonstrated that there are direct neural pathways connecting gall bladder and the sphincter of oddi in the australian opossum and the golden hamster. in the present study, we employed whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining to observe and verify that there are two different plexuses of th ...201626179953
diet analysis of small mammal pests: a comparison of molecular and microhistological methods.knowledge of what pest species are eating is important to determine their impact on stored food products and to plan management strategies accordingly. in this study, we investigated the food habits of 2 rodents, rattus rattus (ship rat) and mus musculus castaneus (house mouse) as well as an insectivore, suncus murinus (shrew), present in human dwellings. both a microhistological approach and a dna barcoding approach were used in the present study. following dna extraction, amplification was per ...201627001489
involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1, (trpv1)-expressing vagal nerve in the inhibitory effect of gastric acidification on exogenous motilin-induced gastric phase iii contractions in suncus murinus.gastric acidification inhibits motilin-induced gastric phase iii contractions. however, the underlying mechanism has not been thoroughly investigated. here, we studied the inhibitory mechanism by gastric acidification on motilin-induced contraction in suncus murinus (s. murinus).201626860510
small mammalian remains from the late holocene deposits on ishigaki and yonaguni islands, southwestern japan.yuichiro nishioka, ryohei nakagawa, shin nunami, and satoshi hirasawa (2016) small mammalian remains were newly discovered from the late quaternary sediments of the yaeyama region (ishigaki and yonaguni islands) in the southwestern-most part of japan. we examined these materials based on taxonomical and chronological approaches, in order to reconstruct the past fauna in this region. accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating indicates that the mammalian assemblages from ishigaki and yonagu ...201631966150
gonadectomy-induced histological changes in the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the musk shrew, suncus murinus l. 20164723196
lymphatic architecture of suncus murinus (house musk shrew) palatum.the architecture of craniocervical lymphatic vessels in rodents has been examined previously. in the present study, we evaluated the distribution of collecting lymphatic vessels in the palate of suncus, which is known to retain the prototype of placental mammals and is more similar to humans in terms of jaw bone morphology when compared with rodents. three-dimensional reconstructed images of the suncus palatum revealed that the collecting lymphatic vessels were connected to each other via smalle ...201730234246
the important role of ghrelin on gastric contraction in suncus murinus.ghrelin, a peptide hormone produced in the stomach, has been known to be involved in the regulation of gastric contraction in humans and rodents. to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of ghrelin on gastric contractions, we used suncus murinus, a recently established small animal model for gastrointestinal motility. s. murinus produces motilin, a family peptide of ghrelin, and its stomach anatomy and physiological patterns of gastric contractions, in fed and fasted states, are closely similar to h ...201728652536
underlying mechanism of the cyclic migrating motor complex in suncus murinus: a change in gastrointestinal ph is the key regulator.in the fasted gastrointestinal (gi) tract, a characteristic cyclical rhythmic migrating motor complex (mmc) occurs in an ultradian rhythm, at 90-120 min time intervals, in many species. however, the underlying mechanism directing this ultradian rhythmic mmc pattern is yet to be completely elucidated. therefore, this study aimed to identify the possible causes or factors that involve in the occurrence of the fasting gastric contractions by using suncus murinus a small model animal featuring almos ...201728082431
expression patterns of fgf8 and shh in the developing external genitalia of suncus murinus.reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and several signalling pathways regulate the development of the genital tubercle (gt), an embryonic primordium of external genitalia. the morphology of the adult male external genitalia of the asian house musk shrew suncus murinus (hereafter, laboratory name: suncus) belonging to the order eulipotyphla (the former order insectivora or soricomorpha) differs from those of mice and humans. however, the developmental process of the suncus gt and its reg ...201727845689
the asian house shrew suncus murinus as a reservoir and source of human outbreaks of plague in madagascar.identifying key reservoirs for zoonoses is crucial for understanding variation in incidence. plague re-emerged in mahajanga, madagascar in the 1990s but there has been no confirmed case since 1999. here we combine ecological and genetic data, from during and after the epidemics, with experimental infections to examine the role of the shrew suncus murinus in the plague epidemiological cycle. the predominance of s. murinus captures during the epidemics, their carriage of the flea vector and their ...201729155827
estimation of body surface area in the musk shrew ( suncus murinus): a small animal for testing chemotherapy-induced emesis.several cancer chemotherapies cause nausea and vomiting, which can be dose-limiting. musk shrews are used as preclinical models for chemotherapy-induced emesis and for antiemetic effectiveness. unlike rats and mice, shrews possess a vomiting reflex and demonstrate an emetic profile similar to humans, including acute and delayed phases. as with most animals, dosing of shrews is based on body weight, while translation of such doses to clinically equivalent exposure requires doses based on body sur ...201728948895
epizootiological study of rodent-borne hepatitis e virus hev-c1 in small mammals in hanoi, vietnam.there is concern about the zoonotic potential of rodent-borne hepatitis e virus, designated as hev-c1. however, epizootiological information about hev-c1 is limited. to address this issue, serum samples from 443 small mammals captured at 5 sites in hanoi, vietnam, were examined for anti-hev-c1 igg antibodies. in addition, livers of seropositive animals were examined for viral rna. anti-hev-c1 antibodies were detected in 57 (12.9%) of the 443 serum samples. seropositive animals were found in all ...201727795461
the importance of systematic approaches in the study of emesis.nausea and vomiting are among the most basic of human experiences and unfortunately accompany a wide variety of clinical treatments as side effects. despite decades of research, the neural mechanisms of nausea and vomiting (emesis) remain elusive. trpv1 represents a possibly overlooked and understudied pharmacological target with anti-emetic potential.201727227036
the involvement of trpv1 in emesis and anti-emesis.diverse transmitter systems (e.g. acetylcholine, dopamine, endocannabinoids, endorphins, glutamate, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance p) have been implicated in the pathways by which nausea and vomiting are induced and are targets for anti-emetic drugs (e.g. 5-hydroxytryptamine3 and tachykinin nk1 antagonists). the involvement of trpv1 in emesis was discovered in the early 1990s and may have been overlooked previously as trpv1 pharmacology was studied in rodents (mice, rats) lacking an e ...201727227028
discovery of a highly divergent coronavirus in the asian house shrew from china illuminates the origin of the alphacoronaviruses.although shrews are one of the largest groups of mammals little is known about their role in the evolution and transmission of viral pathogens including coronaviruses. we captured 266 asian house shrews (suncus murinus) in jiangxi and zhejiang provinces, china, during 2013-2015. coronavirus (cov) rna was detected in 24 asian house shrews, with an overall prevalence of 9.02%. complete viral genome sequences were successfully recovered from the rna positive samples. the newly discovered shrew cov ...201728637760
detection and characterization of three zoonotic viruses in wild rodents and shrews from shenzhen city, china.diverse species of rodents and shrews, which are abundant worldwide, harbor a variety of viruses; some of these are closely related to human viruses and possess zoonotic potential. previously studies have demonstrated that the mammarenavirus and hantavirus carried by rodents or shrews could cause diseases in human population. to determine the distribution of zoonotic viruses in shenzhen city, the major city in southern china with a high population density, we analyzed 225 rodents (rattus norvegi ...201728721632
identification of the sexually dimorphic gastrin-releasing peptide system in the lumbosacral spinal cord that controls male reproductive function in the mouse and asian house musk shrew (suncus murinus).several regions of the brain and spinal cord control male reproductive function. we previously demonstrated that the gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) system, located in the lumbosacral spinal cord of rats, controls spinal centers to promote penile reflexes during male copulatory behavior. however, little information exists on the male-specific spinal grp system in animals other than rats. the objective of this study was to examine the functional generality of the spinal grp system in mammals usin ...201727804131
brain activation by h1antihistamines challenges conventional view of their mechanism of action in motion sickness: a behavioral, c-fos and physiological study insuncus murinus(house musk shrew).motion sickness occurs under a variety of circumstances and is common in the general population. it is usually associated with changes in gastric motility, and hypothermia, which are argued to be surrogate markers for nausea; there are also reports that respiratory function is affected. as laboratory rodents are incapable of vomiting,suncus murinuswas used to model motion sickness and to investigate changes in gastric myoelectric activity (gma) and temperature homeostasis using radiotelemetry, w ...201728659825
using a whole-mount immunohistochemical method to study the innervation of the biliary tract in suncus murinus.this work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the biliary tract in suncus murinus (s. murinus ). first, the specimen was dissected from s. murinus and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (pfa). second, an enzymatic treatment and potential endogenous peroxidase inactivation were performed. the specimen was then exposed to the primary antibody, anti-neurofilament protein antibody, for 3-6 days. it was t ...201728654062
selective inhibition of small-diameter axons using infrared light.novel clinical treatments to target peripheral nerves are being developed which primarily use electrical current. recently, infrared (ir) light was shown to inhibit peripheral nerves with high spatial and temporal specificity. here, for the first time, we demonstrate that ir can selectively and reversibly inhibit small-diameter axons at lower radiant exposures than large-diameter axons. we provide a mathematical rationale, and then demonstrate it experimentally in individual axons of identified ...201728607402
monoclonal suncus antibodies: generation of fusion partners to producesuncus-suncushybridomas.we used suncus (suncus murinus; house musk shrew) to generate partner cells for cell fusion to produce suncus monoclonal antibodies. suncus are insectivores that are genetically distant to rodents, and recognize antigens and epitopes that are not immunogenic in mice and rats, which are the animals most commonly used in basic life science research and from which monoclonal antibodies are usually produced. to date, monoclonal antibodies from suncus have not been generated due to the lack of a plas ...201728522882
action of bacopa monnieri to antagonize cisplatin-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).bacopa monnieri (bm, family scrophulariaceae) is used in several traditional systems of medicine for the management of epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, sleep disorders and memory deficits. the present study investigated the potential of bm methanol (bm-metfr) and bm n-butanol fractions (bm-butfr) to reduce chemotherapy-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew). cisplatin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) reliably induced retching and/or vomiting over a 2 day period. bm-metfr (10-40 mg/kg, s.c.) ...201728363413
improved starch digestion of sucrase-deficient shrews treated with oral glucoamylase enzyme supplements.although named because of its sucrose hydrolytic activity, this mucosal enzyme plays a leading role in starch digestion because of its maltase and glucoamylase activities. sucrase-deficient mutant shrews, suncus murinus, were used as a model to investigate starch digestion in patients with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.starch digestion is much more complex than sucrose digestion. six enzyme activities, 2 α-amylases (amy), and 4 mucosal α-glucosidases (maltases), including maltase-gluc ...201728267073
detection and phylogenetic analysis of torque teno virus (ttv) carried by murine rodents and house shrews in china.between may 2015 and may 2017, 496 animals (473 murine rodents and 23 house shrews) were captured in six regions of china. a total of 22.8% (113/496) of throat swabs, 29.1% (142/488) of fecal samples and 23.8% (54/227) of serum samples tested positive for rodent torque teno virus 3 (rottv3). the positive rate in rattus norvegicus was higher than the rate in rattus tanezumi and rattus losea. of 23 house shrews, one throat swab and one serum sample were positive for rottv3. ten murine rodents were ...201829407376
further investigation of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 8-oh-dpat and doi to mediate contraction and relaxation responses in the intestine and emesis in suncus murinus.5-ht receptors are implicated in many gastrointestinal disorders. however, the precise role of 5-ht in mediating gi responses in suncus murnius is still unclear. therefore in this study, the effects of 5-ht and its agonists were investigated in suncus. the involvement of 5-ht2creceptors in mediating emesis was also investigated. the ability of 5-ht and its agonists/antagonists at 5-ht1aand 5-ht2to modify gi motility was investigated in vitro and in vivo. way100635 (a 5-ht1aantagonist) inhibited ...201829277716
study of termination of postprandial gastric contractions in humans, dogs and suncus murinus: role of motilin- and ghrelin-induced strong contraction.stomach contractions show two types of specific patterns in many species, that is migrating motor contraction (mmc) and postprandial contractions (ppcs), in the fasting and fed states respectively. we found gastric ppcs terminated with migrating strong contractions in humans, dogs and suncus. in this study, we reveal the detailed characteristics and physiological implications of these strong contractions of ppc.201828786555
detection and genetic characterization of diverse bartonella genotypes in the small mammals of singapore.bartonella species are arthropod-borne bacterial pathogens that infect numerous mammalian species. small mammals play an important role as natural reservoirs of many bartonella species, maintaining the greatest diversity of bartonella described to date. although bartonella research has been conducted in southeast asia, no studies have been undertaken on small mammals in singapore. here, we report the detection and description of bartonella in small mammals in singapore during the period of novem ...201829235263
the prevalence and genomic characteristics of hepatitis e virus in murine rodents and house shrews from several regions in china.urban rodents and house shrews are closely correlated in terms of location with humans and can transmit many pathogens to them. hepatitis e has been confirmed to be a zoonotic disease. however, the zoonotic potential of rat hev is still unclear. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genomic characteristics of hepatitis e virus (hev) in rodents and house shrews.201830577796
a molecular epidemiological investigation of carriage of the adeno-associated virus in murine rodents and house shrews in china.to investigate the prevalence of the adeno-associated virus (aav) in murine rodents and house shrews in 4 provinces of china.201830404084
small-scale spatial analysis of intermediate and definitive hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis.angiostrongyliasis is a food-borne parasitic zoonosis. human infection is caused by infection with the third-stage larvae of angiostrongylus cantonensis. the life cycle of a. cantonensis involves rodents as definitive hosts and molluscs as intermediate hosts. this study aims to investigate on the infection status and characteristics of spatial distribution of these hosts, which are key components in the strategy for the prevention and control of angiostrongyliasis.201830318019
corrigendum: anti-emetic action of the brain-penetrating new ghrelin agonist, hm01, alone and in combination with the 5-ht3 antagonist, palonosetron and with the nk1 antagonist, netupitant, against cisplatin- and motion-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).[this corrects the article doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00869.].201830310382
molecular characterization of pathogenic leptospira sp. in small mammals captured from the human leptospirosis suspected areas of selangor state, malaysia.leptospirosis is caused by the spirochetal bacterium leptospira of which rodents are considered the most important reservoir. this study aims to determine and characterize virulent leptospira species among rodents and small mammals found in human settlements and recreational spots within the hulu langat and gombak districts of selangor, malaysia; regions that frequently report probable human leptospirosis cases. molecular analysis revealed an overall leptospira detection rate of 14.3% among the ...201830145261
anti-emetic action of the brain-penetrating new ghrelin agonist, hm01, alone and in combination with the 5-ht3 antagonist, palonosetron and with the nk1 antagonist, netupitant, against cisplatin- and motion-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).ghrelin has well-known activity to stimulate appetite and weight gain. evidence suggests that ghrelin may also have effects in reducing chemotherapy-induced emesis via growth hormone secretagogue receptors (ghs-r1a) in the brain. however, it is not known whether the stimulation of ghs-r1a has broad inhibitory anti-emetic effects. in the present studies, we used suncus murinus to investigate the potential of the new and novel orally bioavailable brain-penetrating ghs-r1a mimetic, hm01 (1-[(1s)-1- ...201830127745
risk of maritime introduction of plague from madagascar to mayotte.plague is a rodent-borne disease caused by yersinia pestis. most human infections are bubonic plague, as a result of being bitten by infected rodent fleas. madagascar, democratic republic of congo and peru are the three most affected countries. plague was introduced into eastern madagascar in 1898 by boat from india. it is estimated that the risk of introduction of plague from madagascar to neighboring islands is very high due to the maritime links. we conducted a study of plague reservoirs and ...201830075098
occurrence of orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiological agent of scrub typhus in animal hosts and mite vectors in areas reporting human cases of acute encephalitis syndrome in the gorakhpur region of uttar pradesh, india.outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (aes) with high fatality and disability, are reported every year in the gorakhpur region of uttar pradesh, india, with the etiology of >60% of the cases being attributed to scrub typhus. in the present study, the prevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiological agent of scrub typhus, was investigated among animal hosts and their ectoparasitic trombiculid mites prevalent in aes-reported areas of gorakhpur. a total of 154 rodents/shrews were collected ...201830016222
prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths in free-ranging asian house shrew (suncus murinus) in bangladesh.asian house shrew (suncus murinus), a widely distributed small mammal in the south asian region, can carry helminths of zoonotic importance. the aim of the study was to know the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal (gi) helminths in free-ranging asian house shrew (s. murinus) in bangladesh.201829805224
geographical distribution and relative risk of anjozorobe virus (thailand orthohantavirus) infection in black rats (rattus rattus) in madagascar.hantavirus infection is a zoonotic disease that is associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and cardiopulmonary syndrome in human. anjozorobe virus, a representative virus of thailand orthohantavirus (thaiv), was recently discovered from rodents in anjozorobe-angavo forest in madagascar. to assess the circulation of hantavirus at the national level, we carried out a survey of small terrestrial mammals from representative regions of the island and identified environmental factors ass ...201829743115
gabaergic and glutamatergic neurons in the brain regulate phase ii of migrating motor contractions in the suncus murinus.gastric contractions exhibit characteristic motor patterns in the fasted state, known as migrating motor contractions (mmc). mmc consist of three periodically repeated phases (phase i, ii and iii) and are known to be regulated by hormones and the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. however, the central regulation of gastric contractions in the fasted state is not completely understood. here, we have examined the central effects of motilin, ghrelin, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) and l-glutamate s ...201830787212
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