Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| ku is important for telomere maintenance, but not for differential expression of telomeric vsg genes, in african trypanosomes. | trypanosome antigenic variation, involving differential expression of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes, has a strong association with telomeres and with dna recombination. all expressed vsgs are telomeric, and differential activation involves recombination into the telomeric environment or silencing/activation of subtelomeric promoters. a number of pathogen contingency gene systems associated with immune evasion involve telomeric loci, which has prompted speculation that chromosome ends ... | 2002 | 11919193 |
| sustainability of tsetse control by subsequent treatment of 10% of a previously treated ugandan cattle population with 1% w/v deltamethrin. | this study was conducted in masaba and masafu sub-counties, busia district, uganda to assess the effect on the tsetse fly population of first treating all cattle with 1% w/v deltamethrin pour-on for a few months, followed by treating 10% of the cattle population. treatment of all cattle for 6 months resulted in a significant reduction in the density of tsetse flies from 6.3 to 0.1 flies/trap/day (ftd), a 98.4% reduction. during the same period, the point prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis dropp ... | 2002 | 11969108 |
| serum xanthine oxidase: origin, regulation, and contribution to control of trypanosome parasitemia. | african trypanosomiasis is caused by salivarian trypanosomes, tsetse fly-transmitted protozoa that inhabit the blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluids, and, in the case of trypanosoma brucei species, also the cerebrospinal fluid of mammal hosts. trypanosomiasis in people and domestic animals manifests as recurring waves of parasites in the blood and is typically fatal. in contrast, trypanosomiasis in cape buffaloes, which are naturally selected to resist the disease, is characterized by the ... | 2002 | 11970851 |
| area-wide biological control of disease vectors and agents affecting wildlife. | two examples of area-wide programmes, employing the sterile insect technique (sit), which have eradicated a parasite and a disease vector common to domestic and wild animals are described. new world screwworm (nws), cochliomyia hominivorax, caused significant morbidity and mortality of livestock and wild mammals in tropical and subtropical areas of america before eradication was achieved in north america using the sit and other components of an integrated pest management (ipm) programme. movemen ... | 2002 | 11974628 |
| galactose metabolism is essential for the african sleeping sickness parasite trypanosoma brucei. | the tsetse fly-transmitted protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human african sleeping sickness and the cattle disease nagana. the bloodstream form of the parasite uses a dense cell-surface coat of variant surface glycoprotein to escape the innate and adaptive immune responses of the mammalian host and a highly glycosylated transferrin receptor to take up host transferrin, an essential growth factor. these glycoproteins, as well as other flagellar pocket, endosomal, an ... | 2002 | 11983889 |
| syntheses of racemic and diastereomeric mixtures of 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhentriacontane and 4,8,12,16-tetramethyldotriacontane, the cuticular tetramethylalkanes of the tsetse fly, glossina brevipalpis. | cuticular hydrocarbons of the tsetse fly, glossina brevipalpis, contain 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhentriacontane and 4,8,12,16-tetramethyldotriacontane as possible candidates for its contact sex pheromone. these were synthesized as racemic and diastereomeric mixtures starting from racemic citronellol and employing phenyl-sulfone-mediated chain-elongation as the key reaction. | 2002 | 12005053 |
| campaign launched to eliminate tsetse fly, which has turned much of africa into a green desert. | 2002 | 12083713 | |
| seasonal variations in the distribution and abundance of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern zambia. | the seasonal changes in the distribution of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae) and its main host, cattle, were examined in a cultivated area of the plateau of eastern zambia. during four consecutive years, the tsetse and cattle populations were monitored along a fly-round transect traversing the two main vegetation types in the study area. these were miombo, a one-storied open woodland with the genera brachystegia and julbernardia dominant, and munga, a one- or two-stor ... | 2002 | 12109711 |
| the human serum resistance associated gene is ubiquitous and conserved in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense throughout east africa. | the human serum resistance associated (sra) gene isolated from a ugandan strain of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has been shown to be capable by itself of conferring the trait of human infectivity on t.b. brucei by transfection. this gene has also been identified in several other isolates of t.b. rhodesiense, but not in the other human pathogenic trypanosome in africa, t.b. gambiense, casting doubt on its ubiquity and function. here, we show that this gene occurs in t.b. rhodesiense from sleepi ... | 2002 | 12798017 |
| partial structure of glutamic acid and alanine-rich protein, a major surface glycoprotein of the insect stages of trypanosoma congolense. | the tsetse fly transmitted salivarian trypanosome, trypanosoma congolense of the subgenus nanomonas, is the most significant of the trypanosomes with respect to the pathology of livestock in sub-saharan africa. unlike the related trypanosome trypanosoma brucei of the subgenus trypanozoon, the major surface molecules of the insect stages of t. congolense are poorly characterized. here, we describe the purification and structural characterization of the glutamic acid and alanine-rich protein, one ... | 2002 | 12368279 |
| [tsetse fly wings, an identity card of the insect?]. | the size of tsetse flies is often associated with population dynamics and vectorial capacity parameters. adult fly size is generally estimated from measurements of wing segments. to take measure of the wing, a semi-automatic software was developed by cirad-emvt and ird. it was used in wild populations of glossina tachinoides westwood and g. palpalis gambiensis vanderplank (diptera: glossinidae) trapped near bobo-dioulasso, burkina faso. from an numeric picture of the wing, the software calculate ... | 2002 | 12375372 |
| stage-specific requirement of a mitogen-activated protein kinase by trypanosoma brucei. | in cycling between the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector, african trypanosomes undergo adaptive differentiation steps that are coupled to growth control. the signaling pathways underlying these cellular processes are largely unknown. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are known mediators of growth and differentiation in other eukaryotic organisms. to establish the function of a mapk homologue, tbmapk2, in t. brucei, a null mutant was constructed. bloodstream forms of a deltamapk2/d ... | 2002 | 12429824 |
| ex vivo and in vitro identification of a consensus promoter for vsg genes expressed by metacyclic-stage trypanosomes in the tsetse fly. | the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) is first expressed during differentiation to the infective, metacyclic population in tsetse fly salivary glands. unlike the vsg genes expressed by bloodstream form trypanosomes, metacyclic vsgs (mvsgs) have their own promoters. the scarcity of metacyclic cells has meant that only indirect approaches have been used to study these promoters, and not even their identities have been agreed on. here, we isolated trypanosomes by dissection from saliva ... | 2002 | 12477800 |
| the major protein in the midgut of teneral glossina morsitans morsitans is a molecular chaperone from the endosymbiotic bacterium wigglesworthia glossinidia. | molecules in the midgut of the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidiae) are thought to play an important role in the life cycle of african trypanosomes by influencing their initial establishment in the midgut and subsequent differentiation events that ultimately affect parasite transmission. it is thus important to determine the molecular composition of the tsetse midgut to aid in understanding disease transmission by these medically important insect vectors. here, we report that the most abundant pro ... | 2002 | 12530210 |
| growth and mortality in sheep and goats under high tsetse challenge in kenya. | trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock production and economic development in those areas of africa where it is endemic. although small ruminants appear to perform better than cattle in various agro-ecological zones, the importance of trypanosomosis has not been extensively investigated in these livestock. this study was designed to investigate the prevalence of trypanosomosis in sheep and goats in an endemic area and to evaluate the performance of different breeds under high tsetse c ... | 2002 | 12537387 |
| cloning and functional expression of a fat body-specific chitinase cdna from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | a chitinase cdna, gchit1 was isolated from glossina morsitans morsitans and shown to be specifically expressed in fat body tissue. gchit1 is encoded by a 1.6 kb mrna with a putative open reading frame (orf) of 460 amino acids (predicted pi=7.5, m.w.=51kda) that contains a signal peptide domain and two potential n-linked glycosylation sites. the orf exhibits homology to various chitinases characterized from insects. it has the conserved catalytic site residues and the cysteine-rich 3'-end domain ... | 2002 | 12213234 |
| parasitological prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in kindo koisha district, wollaita zone, south ethiopia. | a cross sectional survey to determine the distribution and prevalence of trypanosomosis was conducted in kindo koisha district, in the wollaita zone in southern ethiopia. a total of 1 008 adult cattle was examined at eight different localities. dark field examination of the buffy coat, as well as stained thin blood film examination and packed cell volume (pcv) evaluation were the diagnostic techniques used. the overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 15 %. among the positive animals, 108 ... | 2002 | 12233995 |
| microsatellite diversities and gene flow in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans s.l. | tsetse flies occupy discontinuous habitats and gene flow among them needs to be investigated in anticipation of area-wide control programs. genetic diversities were estimated at six microsatellite loci in seven glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead (diptera: glossinidae) populations and five microsatellite loci in six g. m. morsitans westwood populations. nei's unbiased diversities were 0.808 and 76 alleles in g. m. submorsitans and 0.727 and 55 alleles in g. m. morsitans. diversities were le ... | 2002 | 12243230 |
| proventriculus (cardia) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidiae). | fat body and hemocytes play a central role in cellular and humoral responses for systemic infections in invertebrates, similar to the mammalian liver and blood cells. epithelial surfaces, in particular the midgut, participate in the initial local immune responses in order to aid in the generation of the terminal cytotoxic molecules that mediate non-self recognition. here, we describe for the first time the immune responses of a cluster of cells at the foregut/midgut junction--known as proventric ... | 2003 | 14563366 |
| comparative genomics of insect-symbiotic bacteria: influence of host environment on microbial genome composition. | commensal symbionts, thought to be intermediary amid obligate mutualists and facultative parasites, offer insight into forces driving the evolutionary transition into mutualism. using macroarrays developed for a close relative, escherichia coli, we utilized a heterologous array hybridization approach to infer the genomic compositions of a clade of bacteria that have recently established symbiotic associations: sodalis glossinidius with the tsetse fly (diptera, glossina spp.) and sitophilus oryza ... | 2003 | 14602646 |
| local skin reaction (chancre) induced following inoculation of metacyclic trypanosomes in cattle by tsetse flies is dependent on cd4 t lymphocytes. | the first visible response in livestock to the bite of a trypanosome-infected tsetse fly is the formation of a localized skin reaction, also known as a chancre. this is an inflammatory response in the skin associated with swelling and an influx of cells. it is thought to be associated with an acquired immune response to the injected metacyclic trypanosomes. in this study, we examined the role of t lymphocytes in the development of the inflammatory response, by depleting cattle of t cell subpopul ... | 2003 | 14651588 |
| monitoring the developmental status of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the tsetse fly by means of pcr analysis of anal and saliva drops. | teneral glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae) were infected with a culture of procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei gambiense using a single-bloodmeal membrane feeding technique. the infection was monitored by analysing the saliva (mature infection) and anal drop (midgut infection) of each fly at different post-infection times both by microscopic observation and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). amplification revealed many more positive anal drops than microscopy. the monitoring sho ... | 2003 | 14516928 |
| adult midgut expressed sequence tags from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans and expression analysis of putative immune response genes. | tsetse flies transmit african trypanosomiasis leading to half a million cases annually. trypanosomiasis in animals (nagana) remains a massive brake on african agricultural development. while trypanosome biology is widely studied, knowledge of tsetse flies is very limited, particularly at the molecular level. this is a serious impediment to investigations of tsetse-trypanosome interactions. we have undertaken an expressed sequence tag (est) project on the adult tsetse midgut, the major organ syst ... | 2003 | 14519198 |
| cleavage of trypanosome surface glycoproteins by alkaline trypsin-like enzyme(s) in the midgut of glossina morsitans. | ep and gpeet procyclin, the major surface glycoproteins of procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei, are truncated by proteases in the midgut of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. we show that soluble extracts from the midguts of teneral flies contain trypsin-like enzymes that cleave the n-terminal domains from living culture-derived parasites. the same extract shows little activity against a variant surface glycoprotein on living bloodstream form t. brucei (mitat 1.2) and none against gl ... | 2003 | 14527515 |
| [new data on parasitization of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) by hexamermis glossinae (nematoda: mermithidae) in a forested area of ivory coast]. | observations on the parasitism of glossina palpalis palpalis by hexamermis glossinae were carried out over a period of one year by catching flies at abengourou, aboisso and daloa (forested area of ivory coast). no parasite is observed out of 2,168 glossina palpalis palpalis caught in abengourou and 9,732 in aboisso. at daloa, dissections of 7,341 glossina reveal 1.75% parasited flies. all the worms were located in the abdominal cavity, loosely intertwined with the internal organ. males were more ... | 2003 | 14535167 |
| abdominal pericardial sinus: a neurohemal site in the tsetse and other cyclorraphan flies. | an ultrastructural study of the heart of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and of several other species of cyclorraphan flies revealed that the ventral region of the heart of adult flies is supported by a muscular septum not present in the larval stage. the pericardial septum of the adult heart is composed laterally of alary muscles and a central longitudinal muscle that extends the length of the abdominal aorta, whereas the larval heart is supported ventrally only by alary muscles and strands ... | 2003 | 14765650 |
| partial characterisation of a trypanosome-lysing factor from the midgut of the desert locust, schistocerca gregaria. | screening and biochemical characterisation of trypanosome-lysing factor (trypanolysin) from non-vector insect, schistocerca gregaria. | 2003 | 15248675 |
| the effect of age on the mating competitiveness of male glossina fuscipes fuscipes and g. palpalis palpalis. | the effect of age on male glossina fuscipes fuscipes, newstead, and glossina palpalis palpalis, austin (diptera: glossinidae) competiveness were investigated with a view to estimate optimal age for sterile male release. sterile insect technique involves the mass production, sterilization and sequential release of males of the target species to out compete the wild male population. mating between released sterile males and wild females produce inviable progeny and the population is reduced over s ... | 2003 | 15841229 |
| phosphorylation of gpeet procyclin is not necessary for survival of trypanosoma brucei procyclic forms in culture and in the tsetse fly midgut. | 2003 | 12615329 | |
| essential roles for gpi-anchored proteins in african trypanosomes revealed using mutants deficient in gpi8. | the survival of trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness and nagana, is facilitated by the expression of a dense surface coat of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored proteins in both its mammalian and tsetse fly hosts. we have characterized t. brucei gpi8, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the gpi:protein transamidase complex that adds preformed gpi anchors onto nascent polypeptides. deletion of gpi8 (to give deltagpi8) resulted in the absence of gpi-anchored ... | 2003 | 12631733 |
| antigenic variation and the african trypanosome genome. | african trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that reside in the mammalian bloodstream where they constantly confront the immune responses directed against them. they keep one-step-ahead of the immune system by continually switching from the expression of one variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) on their surface to the expression of another immunologically distinct vsg-a phenomenon called antigenic variation. about 1000 vsg genes (vsgs) and pseudo-vsgs are scattered throughout the trypanosome genom ... | 2003 | 12659976 |
| tsetse fly population genetics: an indirect approach to dispersal. | tsetse populations are distributed discontinuously, particularly the morsitans group. dispersal among diverse populations cannot easily be measured directly because the geographical distances between them can be too great to have a reasonable expectation of recapturing experimentally released flies. moreover, reproductive success of widely dispersed flies might be poor. the question of dispersal rates in tsetse is immediately important because area-wide eradication plans involving the sterile in ... | 2003 | 12689645 |
| surface coat remodeling during differentiation of trypanosoma brucei. | african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei) are digenetic parasites whose lifecycle alternates between the mammalian bloodstream and the midgut of the tsetse fly vector. in mammals, proliferating long slender parasites transform into non-diving short stumpy forms, which differentiate into procyclic forms when ingested by the tsetse fly. a hallmark of differentiation is the replacement of the bloodstream stage surface coat composed of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) with a new coat composed of p ... | 2003 | 12716904 |
| the development of trypanosoma brucei within the tsetse fly midgut observed using green fluorescent trypanosomes. | background: the protozoan pathogen, trypanosoma brucei, undergoes complex cycles of differentiation and multiplication in its vector, the tsetse fly, genus glossina. flies are refractory to infection and resistance mechanisms operate at a number of levels and timepoints. here we have used highly conspicuous green fluorescent trypanosomes to study the early events in establishment of infection in the fly midgut. results: less than 10% of the bloodstream form trypanosomes in the infected feed diff ... | 2003 | 12769824 |
| depletion of gim5 causes cellular fragility, a decreased glycosome number, and reduced levels of ether-linked phospholipids in trypanosomes. | microbody division in mammalian cells, trypanosomes, and yeast depends on the pex11 microbody membrane proteins. the function of pex11 is not understood, and the suggestion that it affects microbody (peroxisome) numbers in mammals and yeast, because it plays a role in beta-oxidation of fatty acids, is controversial. pex11 and two pex11-related proteins, gim5a and gim5b, are the predominant membrane proteins of the microbodies (glycosomes) of trypanosoma brucei. the compartmentation of glycosomal ... | 2003 | 12829709 |
| [reproductive disorders in glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) in forested areas of ivory coast]. | study of reproductive disorders were carried out through the dissection of 11,012 tsetse flies caught over a period of one year in forested different habitats of glossina palpalis palpalis of daloa in ivory coast. the proportion of females with reproductive disorders was very low and estimated at 0.79%. out of 87 tsetse files with reproductive disorders, 93.10% were abortions, 5.77% were ovular blockage and 1.13% was uterine pupaison. reproductive disorders were recorded from all age groups: 0.7 ... | 2003 | 12847927 |
| control of tsetse flies and trypanosomes using molecular genetics. | tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are important agricultural and medical vectors transmitting the african trypanosomes, the agents of sleeping sickness disease in humans and various diseases in animals (nagana). while the prevalence of disease has increased to epidemic proportions, lack of a mammalian vaccine and affordable and effective drugs have hindered disease control. trypanosomiasis management relies heavily on the control of its single insect vector, the tsetse fly. despite the effecti ... | 2003 | 12878419 |
| estimating tsetse population parameters: application of a mathematical model with density-dependence. | a density-dependent model is used to describe the dynamics of an open population of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). immigration (or emigration) takes place when the total population is below (or above) a biologically determined threshold value. the population is also subjected to birth and death rates, as well as to the risk of being trapped (continuously or intermittently). during trapping the population decreases toward a 'low' equilibrium population and when trapping ceases the populatio ... | 2003 | 12941011 |
| gene expression level influences amino acid usage, but not codon usage, in the tsetse fly endosymbiont wigglesworthia. | wigglesworthia glossinidia brevipalpis, the obligate bacterial endosymbiont of the tsetse fly glossina brevipalpis, is characterized by extreme genome reduction and at nucleotide composition bias. here, multivariate statistical analyses are used to test the hypothesis that mutational bias and genetic drift shape synonymous codon usage and amino acid usage of wigglesworthia. the results show that synonymous codon usage patterns vary little across the genome and do not distinguish genes of putativ ... | 2003 | 12949182 |
| gpi transamidase of trypanosoma brucei has two previously uncharacterized (trypanosomatid transamidase 1 and 2) and three common subunits. | glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor is a membrane attachment mechanism for cell surface proteins widely used in eukaryotes. gpis are added to proteins posttranslationally by a complex enzyme, gpi transamidase. previous studies have shown that human and saccharomyces cerevisiae gpi transamidases are similar and consist of five homologous components: gaa1, gpi8, pig-s, pig-t, and pig-u in humans and gaa1p, gpi8p, gpi17p, gpi16p, and cdc91p in s. cerevisiae. we report that gpi transamidase of ... | 2003 | 12958211 |
| characterization of microsatellite markers in the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae). | glossina pallidipes is a vector of african trypanosomiasis. here we characterize eight new polymorphic microsatellite loci in 288 g. pallidipes sampled from 12 kenya populations. the number of alleles per locus ranged from four to 36 with a mean of 20.5 +/- 10.1. expected single locus heterozygosities varied from 0.044 to 0.829. heterozygosity averaged 0.616 +/- 0.246. no linkage disequilibrium was found. we also report results in eight other tsetse species estimated by using the primers develop ... | 2003 | 16718306 |
| experimental trypanosomiasis in yankasa ewes: the body weight response. | sleeping sickness (african trypanosomasis) is an anthropozoonosis transmitted primarily by the tsetse fly. it is associated with a host of clinical indices ranging from fever, aneamia and anorexia to reproductive failures in man and his domestic animals. the main objective of this study is to appraise the responsiveness of the body weight as a clinical indicator of sleeping sickness in experimentally infected yankasa ewes. twelve mature yankasa sheep (6 infected and 6 control ewes) were used in ... | 2004 | 15977439 |
| knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding trypanosomosis control in tsetse-infested areas of uganda. | a pilot survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted in tororo and busia districts of uganda on the knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control, in order to understand factors that hindered their full participation. a total of 81 cattle owners was randomly selected and interviewed, of which 92.5% were aware of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis and 87.6% recognised animal trypanosomosis as a problem in the area. most cattle owners were aware of ... | 2004 | 15830601 |
| human african trypanosomiasis: clinical presentation and immune response. | human african trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is caused by infection with two subspecies of the tsetse-fly-vectored haemoflagellate parasite trypanosoma brucei. historically, epidemic sleeping sickness has caused massive loss of life, and related animal diseases have had a crucial impact on development in sub-saharan africa. after a period of moderately successful control during the mid-part of the 20th century, sleeping sickness incidence is currently rising, and control is hampered by a c ... | 2004 | 15771682 |
| mitochondrial diversity analysis of glossina palpalis gambiensis from mali and senegal. | west african riverine tsetse populations of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank (diptera: glossinidae) were investigated for gene flow, inferred from mitochondrial diversity in samples of 69 flies from senegal and 303 flies from three river drainages in mali. four polymorphic mitochondrial loci were scored. mean haplotype diversities were 0.30 in mali, 0 in senegal and 0.18 over both mali and senegal. these diversities estimate the probabilities that two randomly chosen tsetse have differen ... | 2004 | 15347397 |
| mixed infections of trypanosomes in tsetse and pigs and their epidemiological significance in a sleeping sickness focus of côte d'ivoire. | in a sleeping sickness focus of côte d'ivoire, trypanosomes were characterized in humans, pigs and tsetse using various techniques. out of 74 patients, all the 43 stocks isolated by kivi (kit for in vitro isolation) appeared to belong to only one zymodeme of trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 (the major zymodeme z3). the only stock isolated on rodents belonged to a different, new, zymodeme (z50), of t. b. gambiense group 1. from 18 pigs sampled in the same locations as the patients, pcr showed ... | 2004 | 15648692 |
| a novel purine nucleoside transporter whose expression is up-regulated in the short stumpy form of the trypanosoma brucei life cycle. | purine nucleoside and nucleobase transporters play a vital role in the metabolism and survival of trypanosoma brucei because this parasitic protozoan is unable to synthesize purines de novo and thus must acquire preformed purines from its hosts. these parasites express a variety of nucleoside and nucleobase permeases with diverse substrate specificities and distinct patterns of expression during the trypanosome life cycle. we report here that expression of the newly characterized t. brucei nucle ... | 2004 | 15478805 |
| admixture and diversity in west african cattle populations. | we present a population genetic analysis of microsatellite variation in 16 west african cattle populations. west africa represents a unique juxtaposition of different climatic and ecological zones in a relatively small geographical area. while more humid coastal regions are inhabited by the tsetse fly, a vector which spreads trypanosomiasis among cattle, the disease is not transmitted in the drier areas outside this zone. this is the most thorough study of genetic diversity in cattle within this ... | 2004 | 15488005 |
| the macrocyclic lactone "spinosad," a promising insecticide for tsetse fly control. | the susceptibility of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae), glossina palpalis gambiensis (vanderplank), and g. m. morsitans (westwood) to topically applied spinosad, a mixture of insecticidal molecules from the actinomycete saccharopolyspora spinosa, is almost as high as to deltamethrin. however, susceptibility to spinosad does not differ significantly between teneral and gravid flies, contrary to deltamethrin. spinosad might be a promising candidate for future tsetse control by the sequential ae ... | 2004 | 15535607 |
| cloning and expression of the yolk protein of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | two major families of nutritional proteins exist in insects, namely the vitellogenins and the yolk proteins. while in other insects only vitellogenins are found, cyclorraphan flies only contain yolk proteins. possible sites of yolk protein synthesis are the fat body and the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. we report the cloning of the yolk protein of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans, a species with adenotrophic viviparity. the tsetse fly yolk protein could be aligned with other ... | 2004 | 15544941 |
| cold shock and regulation of surface protein trafficking convey sensitization to inducers of stage differentiation in trypanosoma brucei. | transmission of a protozoan parasite from a vertebrate to invertebrate host is accompanied by cellular differentiation. the signals from the environment that trigger the process are poorly understood. the model parasite trypanosoma brucei proliferates in the mammalian bloodstream and in the tsetse fly. on ingestion by the tsetse, the trypanosome undergoes a rapid differentiation that is marked by replacement of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) coat with gpi-anchored ep and gpeet procyclins ... | 2004 | 15545633 |
| african trypanosome interactions with an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier. | the neurological manifestations of sleeping sickness in man are attributed to the penetration of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and invasion of the central nervous system by trypanosoma brucei gambiense and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. however, how african trypanosomes cross the bbb remains an unresolved issue. we have examined the traversal of african trypanosomes across the human bbb using an in vitro bbb model system constructed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (bmecs) grown o ... | 2004 | 15562595 |
| the transmission of mixed trypanosoma brucei brucei/t. congolense infections by tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans). | laboratory experiments and field observations clearly show that tsetse flies can be carriers of mixed trypanosome infections. question remains how easy it is for the tsetse fly to acquire such a mixed infection during the first bloodmeal. this is of particular importance in the epidemiology of trypanosoma brucei s.l., often a cryptic infection and difficult to transmit to non-teneral tsetse flies. to determine the transmission rate of t. brucei as part of a mixed infection, teneral glossina mors ... | 2004 | 14746974 |
| african labs win major role in tsetse-fly genome project. | 2004 | 14749791 | |
| monitoring the susceptibility of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans to experimental infection with savannah-type trypanosoma congolense, using the polymerase chain reaction. | teneral glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) were fed on mice infected with savannah-type trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. the infection was monitored by checking the post-feeding diuresis fluid (midgut infection) and saliva (mature infection) of individual flies for parasites, at different times post-infection, using microscopical examination and a pcr-based assay. the results indicated that both tsetse species supported established midgut infection ... | 2004 | 15000728 |
| comparison of the infection rate of tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, fed in vitro or in vivo. | studies were made of infection rates of trypanosomes in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae) when maintained in vivo (rabbits) or in vitro on high quality, gamma-irradiated, sterile defibrinated bovine blood, obtained from the entomology unit of the international atomic energy agency (iaea). for both trypanosoma congolense broden and t. b. brucei plimmer & bradford, in vitro maintenance significantly reduced the proportion of flies that developed mature met ... | 2004 | 15009448 |
| tsetse flies are attracted to the invasive plant lantana camara. | in tsetse both sexes feed exclusively on the blood of vertebrates for a few minutes every 2-3 days. tsetse flies seek cover from high temperatures to conserve energy and plants provide shelter for tsetse in all the biotopes they occupy. recently, tsetse have taken cover in plantations and under the invasive bush lantana camara that has invaded large areas of the tsetse fly belt of africa. flies from such refugia are implicated in sleeping sickness epidemics. in a wind tunnel we show that both fo ... | 2004 | 15037092 |
| the trypanosoma brucei cyclin, cyc2, is required for cell cycle progression through g1 phase and for maintenance of procyclic form cell morphology. | cyc2 is an essential pho80-like cyclin that forms a complex with the cdc2-related kinase crk3 in trypanosoma brucei. in both procyclic and bloodstream form t. brucei, knock-down of cyc2 by rna interference (rnai) led to an accumulation of cells in g(1) phase. additionally, in procyclic cells, but not in bloodstream form cells, cyc2 rnai induced a specific cell elongation at the posterior end. the g(1) block, as well as the posterior end elongation in the procyclic form, was irreversible once est ... | 2004 | 15039435 |
| inhibition of the dna amplification of trypanosomes present in tsetse flies midguts: implications for the identification of trypanosome species in wild tsetse flies. | the present study was carried out in order to investigate if there was really a failure of pcr in identifying parasitologically positive tsetse flies in the field. tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans) were therefore experimentally infected with two different species of trypanosoma (trypanosoma brucei gambiense or trypanosoma congolense). a total of 152 tsetse flies were dissected, and organs of each fly (midgut, proboscis or salivary glands) were examined. ... | 2004 | 15071836 |
| metabolic rate variation in glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae): gender, ageing and repeatability. | despite the importance of metabolic rate in determining flight time of tsetse and in mediating the influence of abiotic variables on life history parameters (and hence abundance and distribution), metabolic rate measurements and their repeatability have not been widely assessed in these flies. we investigate age-related changes in standard metabolic rate (smr) and its repeatability, using flow-through respirometry, for a variety of feeding, gender and pregnancy classes during early adult develop ... | 2004 | 15121455 |
| characterization of a digestive carboxypeptidase from the insect pest corn earworm (helicoverpa armigera) with novel specificity towards c-terminal glutamate residues. | carboxypeptidases were purified from guts of larvae of corn earworm (helicoverpa armigera), a lepidopteran crop pest, by affinity chromatography on immobilized potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor, and characterized by n-terminal sequencing. a larval gut cdna library was screened using probes based on these protein sequences. cdna haca42 encoded a carboxypeptidase with sequence similarity to enzymes of clan mc [barrett, a. j., rawlings, n. d. & woessner, j. f. (1998) handbook of proteolytic enzymes ... | 2004 | 15128309 |
| surface sialic acids taken from the host allow trypanosome survival in tsetse fly vectors. | the african trypanosome trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana disease in livestock, is spread via blood-sucking tsetse flies. in the fly's intestine, the trypanosomes survive digestive and trypanocidal environments, proliferate, and translocate into the salivary gland, where they become infectious to the next mammalian host. here, we show that for successful survival in tsetse flies, the trypanosomes use trans-sialidase to transfer sialic acids that they cannot ... | 2004 | 15136592 |
| history of sleeping sickness (african trypanosomiasis). | infections with subspecies of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei cause important wasting diseases in africa (nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans). these diseases were little known until the end of the nineteenth century when serious epidemics of nagana were reported and raised concern among the colonial powers. the early history of sleeping sickness revolves around the discovery of the causative organism, its mode of transmission,and its life cycle in the tsetse fly. the hist ... | 2004 | 15145378 |
| a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in the savelugu and west mamprusi districts of northern ghana. | the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis was investigated in two districts (savelugu and west mamprusi) of northern ghana with different land use and environmental characteristics. the land use intensity and environmental change was suspected to be higher in the savelugu district. a cross-sectional entomological survey conducted along the white volta river and its tributaries confirmed the presence of only glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides. the challenge index as measured by the p ... | 2004 | 15158552 |
| expression of a major surface protein of trypanosoma brucei insect forms is controlled by the activity of mitochondrial enzymes. | in cycling between the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector, trypanosomes undergo major changes in energy metabolism and surface coat composition. early procyclic (insect) forms in the tsetse fly midgut are coated by glycoproteins known as ep and gpeet procyclins. ep expression continues in late procyclic forms, whereas gpeet is down-regulated. in culture, expression of gpeet is modulated by glycerol or glucose. here, we demonstrate that a glycerol-responsive element of 25 nucleotides within ... | 2004 | 15201340 |
| a study of host preference in tsetse flies using a modified heteroduplex pcr-based method. | a study of host preference in tsetse flies using a modified heteroduplex pcr-based method is described. domestic and wild animal blood samples were collected to extract the corresponding reference dnas. in campo (south cameroon), tsetse flies (mainly glossina palpalis palpalis) were trapped and 41 bloodmeals were collected. all reference dnas and 37 bloodmeal dnas (90.7%) were successfully amplified and hybridised. twelve bloodmeals (32.4%) were of human origin, 13 (35.4%) were from sitatunga (t ... | 2004 | 15234660 |
| african trypanosomiasis: changing epidemiology and consequences. | human african trypanosomiasis has re-emerged as a serious public health threat after near-elimination because of diminished investment in previously successful control programs. the continued, occasional importation of african trypanosomiasis to the united states can be expected as tourists and immigrants travel from high-risk areas. no vaccine or chemoprophylaxis is available for this disease, and travelers to affected areas should be counseled on tsetse fly avoidance. new diagnostic and stagin ... | 2005 | 15610672 |
| the developmental cell biology of trypanosoma brucei. | trypanosoma brucei provides an excellent system for studies of many aspects of cell biology, including cell structure and morphology, organelle positioning, cell division and protein trafficking. however, the trypanosome has a complex life cycle in which it must adapt either to the mammalian bloodstream or to different compartments within the tsetse fly. these differentiation events require stage-specific changes to basic cell biological processes and reflect responses to environmental stimuli a ... | 2005 | 15654017 |
| tetracycline induction of gene expression in trypanosoma brucei within the tsetse fly vector. | 2005 | 15760664 | |
| increased expression of unusual ep repeat-containing proteins in the midgut of the tsetse fly (glossina) after bacterial challenge. | proteins containing a glutamic acid-proline (ep) repeat epitope were immunologically detected in midguts from eight species of glossina (tsetse flies). the molecular masses of the tsetse ep proteins differed among species groups. the amino acid sequence of one of these proteins, from glossina palpalis palpalis, was determined and compared to the sequence of a homologue, the tsetse midgut ep protein of glossina m. morsitans. the extended ep repeat domains comprised between 36% (g. m. morsitans) a ... | 2005 | 15804575 |
| [human african trypanosomiasis: urban transmission in the focus of bonon (côte d'ivoire)]. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is a vector-borne parasitic disease which has often been considered a rural disease. population increases in african countries have entailed the spread of urban centres, creating favourable conditions for the appearance of new epidemiological conditions. in cote d'ivoire, hat transmission has been described in the surroundings of towns such as daloa or sinfra. in the focus of bonon, located in central-western cote d'ivoire, a medical survey detected 96 patient ... | 2005 | 15807798 |
| immunization of rabbits with glossina pallidipes tsetse fly midgut proteins: effects on the fly and trypanosome transmission. | proteins isolated from the midgut of glossina pallidipes were used to immunize rabbits and their efficacy as vaccine candidate(s) against the fly, and their potential to block transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed. two fractions, detergent (det) and aqueous (aq) fractions were separated using a non-ionic detergent (triton x-114) and a series of bioassay experiments carried out using serum obtained from rabbits immunized with either of the two fractions. the mortality rates of t ... | 2005 | 15893620 |
| interactions among multiple genomes: tsetse, its symbionts and trypanosomes. | insect-borne diseases exact a high public health burden and have a devastating impact on livestock and agriculture. to date, control has proved to be exceedingly difficult. one such disease that has plagued sub-saharan africa is caused by the protozoan african trypanosomes (trypanosoma species) and transmitted by tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). this presentation describes the biology of the tsetse fly and its interactions with trypanosomes as well as its symbionts. tsetse can harbor up to t ... | 2005 | 15894186 |
| using bacteria to express and display anti-parasite molecules in mosquitoes: current and future strategies. | vector-borne diseases impose enormous health and economical burdens throughout the world. unfortunately, as insecticide and drug resistance spread, these burdens will increase unless new control measures are developed. genetically modifying vectors to be incapable of transmitting parasites is one possible control strategy and much progress has been made towards this goal. numerous effector molecules have been identified that interfere with parasite development in its insect vectors, and techniqu ... | 2005 | 15894187 |
| sodalis glossinidius (enterobacteriaceae) and vectorial competence of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans for trypanosoma congolense savannah type. | sodalis glossinidius is an endosymbiont of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans, the vectors of trypanosoma congolense. the presence of the symbiont was investigated by pcr in trypanosoma congolense savannah type-infected and noninfected midguts of both fly species, and into the probosces of flies displaying either mature or immature infection, to investigate possible correlation with the vectorial competence of tsetse flies. sodalis glossinidius was detected in all midg ... | 2005 | 15942697 |
| sex separation of tsetse fly pupae using near-infrared spectroscopy. | implementation of the sterile insect technique for tsetse (glossina spp.) requires that only sterile male insects be released; thus, at some stage of the fly production process the females have to be removed. a further constraint in the use of the sterile insect technique for tsetse is that the females are needed for colony production and hence, a non-destructive method of sex separation is required. in most tsetse sterile insect technique programmes thus far, females have been eliminated from t ... | 2005 | 15960879 |
| extrachromosomal dna of the symbiont sodalis glossinidius. | the extrachromosomal dna of sodalis glossinidius from two tsetse fly species was sequenced and contained four circular elements: three plasmids, psg1 (82 kb), psg2 (27 kb), and psg4 (11 kb), and a bacteriophage-like psg3 (19 kb) element. the information suggests s. glossinidius is evolving towards an obligate association with tsetse flies. | 2005 | 15995217 |
| disruption of the developmental programme of trypanosoma brucei by genetic ablation of tbzfp1, a differentiation-enriched ccch protein. | the regulation of differentiation is particularly important in microbial eukaryotes that inhabit multiple environments. the parasite trypanosoma brucei is an extreme example of this, requiring exquisite gene regulation during transmission from mammals to the tsetse fly vector. unusually, trypanosomes rely almost exclusively on post-transcriptional mechanisms for regulated gene expression. hence, rna binding proteins are potentially of great significance in controlling stage-regulated processes. ... | 2005 | 16045615 |
| spontaneous cure of domestic pigs experimentally infected by trypanosoma brucei gambiense. implications for the control of sleeping sickness. | the existence of a pig reservoir for human african trypanosomosis (hat) due to trypanosoma brucei gambiense complicates the fight against this disease. this study, reports results obtained from pigs, which were inoculated with the blood of a person, suffering from hat in cameroon. the pigs were reared and kept in the shelter from all contact with glossina, and monitored for 188 days. the seroconversion was checked by agglutination assays for trypanosomosis (catt 1.3 and latex/t.b.gambiense). the ... | 2005 | 16076528 |
| antioxidant gene expression in the blood-feeding fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | we report the characterization of 11 antioxidant genes from the tsetse fly glossina m. morsitans. through similarity searches which detected homology we suggest that these genes consist of two superoxide dismutases (one with a putative signal peptide), three thioredoxin peroxidases (one with a putative signal peptide), three peroxiredoxins, one further signal peptide-containing peroxidase with its closest similarity to a glutathione peroxidase, one catalase and one thioredoxin reductase. we desc ... | 2005 | 16164604 |
| macrogeographic population structure of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae). | tsetse flies are confined to sub-saharan africa where they occupy discontinuous habitats. in anticipation of area-wide control programmes, estimates of gene flow among tsetse populations are necessary. genetic diversities were partitioned at eight microsatellite loci and five mitochondrial loci in 21 glossina pallidipes austin populations. at microsatellite loci, nei's unbiased gene diversity averaged over loci was 0.659 and the total number of alleles was 214, only four of which were shared amo ... | 2005 | 16197564 |
| expression of procyclin mrnas during cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei. | trypanosoma brucei, the parasite causing human sleeping sickness, relies on the tsetse fly for its transmission. in the insect, ep and gpeet procyclins are the major surface glycoproteins of procyclic (midgut) forms of the parasite, with gpeet predominating in the early procyclic form and two isoforms of ep in the late procyclic form. ep procyclins were previously detected on salivary gland trypanosomes, presumably epimastigotes, by immunoelectron microscopy. however, no procyclins could be dete ... | 2005 | 16276404 |
| two tsetse fly species, glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans, carry genetically distinct populations of the secondary symbiont sodalis glossinidius. | genetic diversity among sodalis glossinidius populations was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. strains collected from glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans flies group into separate clusters, being differentially structured. this differential structuring may reflect different host-related selection pressures and may be related to the different vector competences of glossina spp. | 2005 | 16332895 |
| a phyto-sociological analysis of the distribution of riverine tsetse flies in burkina faso. | in burkina faso, glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank and g. tachinoides westwood (diptera: glossinidae) are the main cyclic vectors of trypanosomiasis. the vegetation type along river banks is an important factor determining the distribution and abundance of these tsetse. the following work investigated the relation between the plant species present (including the disturbance level) and tsetse distribution and abundance, using three ecotypes, described by p.c. morel in 1978. these were the ... | 2005 | 16336302 |
| the relative contributions of developmental plasticity and adult acclimation to physiological variation in the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes (diptera, glossinidae). | recent reviews of the adaptive hypotheses for animal responses to acclimation have highlighted the importance of distinguishing between developmental and adult (non-developmental) phenotypic plasticity. there has been little work, however, on separating the effects of developmental plasticity from adult acclimation on physiological traits. therefore, we investigated the relative contributions of these two distinct forms of plasticity to the environmental physiology of adult tsetse flies by expos ... | 2006 | 16513933 |
| human african trypanosomiasis-neurological aspects. | human african trypanosomiasis (hat),which is also known as sleeping sickness, is a major cause of death and disability in 36 countries in sub-saharan africa. the disease is caused by the protozoan parasite of the trypanosoma genus which is transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. the two types of hat, the east african form due to trypanosoma b.rhodesiensei (t. b.rhodesiensi) and the west african form due to t. b.gambiense, differ in their tempo of infection but in both cases the disease is alw ... | 2006 | 16541214 |
| molecular characterization of a tsetse fly midgut proteolytic lectin that mediates differentiation of african trypanosomes. | differentiation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic (midgut) forms is an important first step in the establishment of an infection within the tsetse fly. this complex process is mediated by a wide variety of factors, including those associated with the vector itself, the trypanosomes and the bloodmeal. as part of an on-going project in our laboratory, we recently isolated and characterized a bloodmeal-induced molecule with both lectin and trypsin activities from midguts of the tsetse ... | 2006 | 16551548 |
| regulation of surface coat exchange by differentiating african trypanosomes. | african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei) have a digenetic lifecycle that alternates between the mammalian bloodstream and the tsetse fly vector. in the bloodstream, replicating long slender parasites transform into non-dividing short stumpy forms. upon transmission into the fly midgut, short stumpy cells differentiate into actively dividing procyclics. a hallmark of this process is the replacement of the bloodstream-stage surface coat composed of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) with a new co ... | 2006 | 16564583 |
| trypanosomosis prevalence in cattle on mafia island (tanzania). | during two consecutive surveys (february and august/sept 2002), a total of 970 cattle from the cattle population of mafia island (united republic of tanzania) were blood-sampled. all blood samples were microscopically screened for the presence of trypanosomes and a portion of these were checked for antibodies with an ab-elisa and for the presence of trypanosomal dna with pcr. microscopic evidence of trypanosomes of the congolense group (sub-genus nannomonas) was found in 0.8% of the animals (8/9 ... | 2006 | 16574325 |
| microgeographical breeding structure of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes in south-western kenya. | the origins of extant glossina pallidipes austen (diptera: glossinidae) populations in the ecologically well-studied lambwe and nguruman valleys in kenya are controversial because populations have recovered after seemingly effective attempts to achieve high levels of control. the microgeographical breeding structure of the tsetse fly, g. pallidipes, was investigated by analysing spatial and temporal variation at eight microsatellite loci to test hypotheses about endemism and immigration. samples ... | 2006 | 16608498 |
| dynamics of multiple symbiont density regulation during host development: tsetse fly and its microbial flora. | symbiotic associations often enhance hosts' physiological capabilities, allowing them to expand into restricted terrains, thus leading to biological diversification. stable maintenance of partners is essential for the overall biological system to succeed. the viviparous tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) offers an exceptional system to examine factors that influence the maintenance of multiple symbiotic organisms within a single eukaryotic host. this insect harbours three different symbionts repr ... | 2006 | 16618673 |
| glossina proteolytic lectin does not require a carbohydrate moiety for enzymatic or trypanosome-transforming activities. | the developmental cycle of the cyclically transmitted african trypanosome involves an obligatory passage through the tsetse fly, glossina spp. this intricate relationship requires the presence of molecules within the insect vector, including a midgut lectin, that interact with the trypanosome. recently, a gene encoding for a proteolytic lectin, with trypanosome-transforming activity, was isolated from a midgut cdna library of glossina fuscipes fuscipes austen in our laboratory. using the same ap ... | 2006 | 16619615 |
| innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | tsetse flies transmit the protozoan parasite african trypanosomes, the agents of human sleeping sickness in sub-saharan africa. parasite transmission in the insect is restricted by a natural resistance phenomenon (refractoriness). understanding the mechanism of parasite resistance is important as strengthening fly's response(s) via transgenic approaches can prevent parasite transmission and lead to the development of novel vector control strategies. here, we investigated the role of one of the t ... | 2006 | 16689795 |
| successful and currently ongoing parasite eradication programs. | the eradication of parasitic diseases is not a new concept. the most successful programs of parasite eradication have occurred with species of veterinary importance. the first such program, the eradication of texas cattle fever from the united states, is one of the great success stories of disease eradication. the american screwworm eradication program is ongoing and is serving as a guiding impetus for many of the ongoing or proposed vector eradication schemes around the world. the success of th ... | 2006 | 16730411 |
| effect of isometamidium chloride treatment on susceptibility of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) to trypanosome infections. | experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a single isometamidium chloride treatment of teneral tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae), on the subsequent susceptibility to an infection with trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei brucei. flies were offered a first bloodmeal on sterile gamma-irradiated defibrinated bovine blood that contained either 10 or 100 microg ofisometamidium chloride/ml. treated flies were subsequently infected with t. co ... | 2006 | 16739416 |
| tsetse fly saliva biases the immune response to th2 and induces anti-vector antibodies that are a useful tool for exposure assessment. | tsetse flies (glossina sp.) are blood-feeding dipteran insects that transmit african trypanosomes, parasites that are responsible for human sleeping sickness and veterinary infections. increasing attention is being paid to the effects of tsetse fly saliva deposited at the feeding site, which enables the blood-feeding process and putatively promotes parasite transmission. here we demonstrate that saliva induces strong humoral responses against the major 43-45 kda protein fraction (tsetse salivary ... | 2006 | 16777113 |
| response of four indigenous cattle breeds to natural tsetse and trypanosomosis challenge in the ghibe valley of ethiopia. | a comparative study on the response of four indigenous cattle breeds of ethiopia, namely abigar, horro, sheko and gurage, to natural challenge of trypanosomosis in the tolley-gullele area of the ghibe valley has been undertaken from august 2000 until august 2004. fifty female yearlings each of horro, sheko and abigar and 31 of the gurage were purchased from their natural habitats and introduced in to medium to high tsetse-trypanosomosis challenge area of the ghibe valley. while the natural habit ... | 2006 | 16797843 |
| a mitogen-activated protein kinase controls differentiation of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei. | african trypanosomes undergo differentiation in order to adapt to the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector. to characterize the role of a mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase homologue, tbmapk5, in the differentiation of trypanosoma brucei, we constructed a knockout in procyclic (insect) forms from a differentiation-competent (pleomorphic) stock. two independent knockout clones proliferated normally in culture and were not essential for other life cycle stages in the fly. they were also ab ... | 2006 | 16835456 |
| glossina fuscipes fuscipes in the trypanosomiasis endemic areas of south eastern uganda: apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host feeding preferences. | a study was undertaken in three districts in south eastern uganda endemic for human and animal trypanosomiasis, to investigate the status of the vector tsetse fly population. apparent density (ad) of tsetse was between 2 and 21 flies/trap/day across the three districts, with glossinia fuscipes fuscipes identified as the predominant species. trypanosomes were observed in g.f. fuscipes with an infection rate, as determined by microscopy, of 1.55% across the three studied areas. however, trypanosom ... | 2006 | 16870129 |
| biting flies and trypanosoma vivax infection in three highland districts bordering lake tana, ethiopia. | an epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle, small ruminants and equidae, and to identify biting flies; potential mechanical vectors of trypanosomes in the three districts of bahir dar zuria, dembia and fogera, bordering lake tana, ethiopia. about 1509 cattle, 798 small ruminants and 749 equidae were bled for the prevalence study using the buffy-coat method and the measurement of the hematocrit value. sixty-six ngu and 20 monoconical traps were ... | 2006 | 16890359 |