Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| effect of different hosts on feeding patterns and mortality of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) and their implications on parasite transmission. | the host-response to hematophagus insects is still an important parameter in understanding disease transmission patterns. we investigated the feeding and mortality rates of three mosquito species, namely culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti and anopheles arabiensis against three different hosts. | 2010 | 20606966 |
| biochemical basis of permethrin resistance in anopheles arabiensis from lower moshi, north-eastern tanzania. | development of resistance to different classes of insecticides is a potential threat to malaria control. with the increasing coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets in tanzania, the continued monitoring of resistance in vector populations is crucial. it may facilitate the development of novel strategies to prevent or minimize the spread of resistance. in this study, metabolic-based mechanisms conferring permethrin (pyrethroid) resistance were investigated in anopheles arabiensis of low ... | 2010 | 20609220 |
| advances in rift valley fever research: insights for disease prevention. | the purpose was to review recent research on rift valley fever virus (rvfv) infection, encompassing four main areas: epidemiology and outbreak prediction, viral pathogenesis, human diagnostics and therapeutics, and vaccine and therapeutic candidates. | 2010 | 20613512 |
| relationship of larval desiccation to anopheles gambiae giles and an. arabiensis patton survival. | the relationship between mosquito 4th instar larval desiccation and survival to adulthood was explored by three methods in the laboratory. two colonies of anopheles arabiensis and one of anopheles gambiae were studied. we found significant differences in tolerance to desiccation among all three stocks suggesting an intra- and interspecific genetic component to desiccation tolerance. an. arabiensis kgb, originating from zimbabwe about 1975, had a much-reduced desiccation tolerance compared to an. ... | 2010 | 20618657 |
| potential benefits, limitations and target product-profiles of odor-baited mosquito traps for malaria control in africa. | traps baited with synthetic human odors have been proposed as suitable technologies for controlling malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. we investigated the potential benefits of such traps for preventing malaria transmission in africa and the essential characteristics that they should possess so as to be effective. | 2010 | 20644731 |
| successful field trial of attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) plant-spraying methods against malaria vectors in the anopheles gambiae complex in mali, west africa. | based on highly successful demonstrations in israel that attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) methods can decimate local populations of mosquitoes, this study determined the effectiveness of atsb methods for malaria vector control in the semi-arid bandiagara district of mali, west africa. | 2010 | 20663142 |
| effects of larval growth condition and water availability on desiccation resistance and its physiological basis in adult anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. | natural populations of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae s.s. are exposed to large seasonal and daily fluctuations in relative humidity and temperature, which makes coping with drought a crucial aspect of their ecology. | 2010 | 20691104 |
| anopheles larval abundance and diversity in three rice agro-village complexes mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya. | the diversity and abundance of anopheles larvae has significant influence on the resulting adult mosquito population and hence the dynamics of malaria transmission. studies were conducted to examine larval habitat dynamics and ecological factors affecting survivorship of aquatic stages of malaria vectors in three agro-ecological settings in mwea, kenya. | 2010 | 20691120 |
| transcriptional profiling of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes for adult age estimation. | the age distribution of female mosquitoes in the field is a critical component of vectorial capacity because of the extrinsic incubation period of mosquito-borne pathogens. however this parameter has not been well characterized in malaria vectors because of methodological difficulties; transcriptional profiling provides a potential new approach for age determination. in anopheles gambiae, microarrays were used to examine global gene expression over adult life. nine genes were selected from the 2 ... | 2010 | 20695922 |
| optimization of odour-baited resting boxes for sampling malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis patton, in arid and highland areas of africa. | abstract: | 2010 | 20723243 |
| genome-wide analysis of transcriptomic divergence between laboratory colony and field anopheles gambiae mosquitoes of the m and s molecular forms. | our knowledge of anopheles gambiae molecular biology has mainly been based on studies using inbred laboratory strains. differences in the environmental exposure of these and natural field mosquitoes have inevitably led to physiological divergences. we have used global transcript abundance analyses to probe into this divergence, and identified transcript abundance patterns of genes that provide insight on specific adaptations of caged and field mosquitoes. we also compared the gene transcript abu ... | 2010 | 20738426 |
| fever prevalence and management among three rural communities in the north west zone, somalia. | between march and august 2008 we undertook 2 cross-sectional surveys among 1375 residents of 3 randomly selected villages in the district of gebiley in the north-west zone, somalia. we investigated for the presence of malaria infection and the period prevalence of self-reported fever 14 days prior to both surveys. all blood samples examined were negative for both species of plasmodium. the period prevalence of 14-day fevers was 4.8% in march and 0.6% in august; the majority of fevers (84.4%) wer ... | 2010 | 20799585 |
| anopheline and culicine mosquitoes are not repelled by surfaces treated with the entomopathogenic fungi metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana. | abstract: | 2010 | 20799937 |
| anthropophilic mosquitoes and malaria transmission in the eastern foothills of the central highlands of madagascar. | malaria remains a major public health problem in madagascar, as it is the first cause of morbidity in health care facilities. its transmission remains poorly documented. an entomological study was carried out over 1 year (october 2003-september 2004) in saharevo, a village located at an altitude of 900m on the eastern edge of the malagasy central highlands. mosquitoes were sampled weekly upon landing on human volunteers and in various resting-places. out of 5515 mosquitoes collected on humans, 3 ... | 2010 | 20804715 |
| an exposure-free tool for monitoring adult malaria mosquito populations. | catches of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis with the ifakara tent trap-model b (itt-b) correlate better with human landing catches than any other method but fail to reduce the proportion of blood-fed mosquito caught, which indicates that users are exposed to bites during collection. an improved c model (itt-c) was developed and evaluated by comparing with itt-b in semi-field and full-field conditions in southern tanzania. the sensitivity of the itt-c was approximately two times that of the i ... | 2010 | 20810826 |
| spatial heterogeneity and temporal evolution of malaria transmission risk in dakar, senegal, according to remotely sensed environmental data. | the united nations forecasts that by 2050, more than 60% of the african population will live in cities. thus, urban malaria is considered an important emerging health problem in that continent. remote sensing (rs) and geographic information systems (gis) are useful tools for addressing the challenge of assessing, understanding and spatially focusing malaria control activities. the objectives of the present study were to use high spatial resolution spot (satellite pour l'observation de la terre) ... | 2010 | 20815867 |
| low linkage disequilibrium in wild anopheles gambiae s.l. populations. | in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae, understanding diversity in natural populations and genetic components of important phenotypes such as resistance to malaria infection is crucial for developing new malaria transmission blocking strategies. the design and interpretation of many studies here depends critically on linkage disequilibrium (ld). for example in association studies, ld determines the density of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) to be genotyped to represent the majority of th ... | 2010 | 20843306 |
| evaluation of indoor residual spraying with the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr against pyrethroid-susceptible anopheles arabiensis and pyrethroid-resistant culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. | chlorfenapyr is a pyrrole insecticide with a unique non-neurological mode of action. laboratory bioassays of chlorfenapyr comparing the mortality of pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant anopheles gambiae s.s. and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes indicated that operational cross-resistance is unlikely to occur (resistance ratio ranged between 0 and 2.1). three trials of chlorfenapyr indoor residual spraying were undertaken in experimental huts in an area of rice irrigation in northern tanzania ... | 2010 | 20850003 |
| field experiments of anopheles gambiae attraction to local fruits/seedpods and flowering plants in mali to optimize strategies for malaria vector control in africa using attractive toxic sugar bait methods. | based on recent studies in israel demonstrating that attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) methods can be used to decimate local anopheline and culicine mosquito populations, an important consideration is whether the same methods can be adapted and improved to attract and kill malaria vectors in africa. the atsb approach uses fruit or flower scent as an attractant, sugar solution as a feeding stimulant, and an oral toxin. the atsb solutions are either sprayed on vegetation or suspended in simple ba ... | 2010 | 20854666 |
| spatially explicit predictions of blood parasites in a widely distributed african rainforest bird. | critical to the mitigation of parasitic vector-borne diseases is the development of accurate spatial predictions that integrate environmental conditions conducive to pathogen proliferation. species of plasmodium and trypanosoma readily infect humans, and are also common in birds. here, we develop predictive spatial models for the prevalence of these blood parasites in the olive sunbird (cyanomitra olivacea). since this species exhibits high natural parasite prevalence and occupies diverse habita ... | 2010 | 20880888 |
| centers for disease control light traps for monitoring anopheles arabiensis human biting rates in an area with low vector density and high insecticide-treated bed net use. | human landing catches (hlcs) are currently the preferred method to determine vector human biting rates (hbrs), which are key determinants of entomologic inoculation rates and important measures for assessing the impact of vector control efforts. although hlcs are the most direct means of establishing hbrs, they are labor-intensive, and their use is facing increasing ethical concerns. the relationship between centers for disease control (cdc) light traps and hlc collections was evaluated in macha ... | 2010 | 20889876 |
| analysis of anopheles arabiensis blood feeding behavior in southern zambia during the two years after introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets. | anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes are the primary vector responsible for plasmodium falciparum transmission in macha, zambia. because insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) have the potential to alter host feeding behavior, the extent of the zoophilic and exophagic tendencies of the vector was evaluated during the two rainy seasons after itn introduction. centers for disease control light traps, paired indoor/outdoor human landing catches, and outdoor cattle-baited collections were used to assess pot ... | 2010 | 20889878 |
| predators of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (diptera: culicidae) larvae in wetlands, western kenya: confirmation by polymerase chain reaction method. | polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine whether mosquito predators in wetland habitats feed on anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) larvae. aquatic mosquito predators were collected from six wetlands near lake victoria in mbita, western kenya. this study revealed that the whole positive rate of an. gambiae s.l. from 330 predators was 54.2%. the order of positive rate was the highest in odonata (70.2%), followed by hemiptera (62.8%), amphibia (41.7%), and coleoptera (18%). th ... | 2010 | 20939371 |
| sugar-fermenting yeast as an organic source of carbon dioxide to attract the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | carbon dioxide (co2) plays an important role in the host-seeking process of opportunistic, zoophilic and anthropophilic mosquito species and is, therefore, commonly added to mosquito sampling tools. the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is attracted to human volatiles augmented by co2. this study investigated whether co2, usually supplied from gas cylinders acquired from commercial industry, could be replaced by co2 derived from fermenting yeast (yeast-produced co2). | 2010 | 20973963 |
| breakpoint structure of the anopheles gambiae 2rb chromosomal inversion. | alternative arrangements of chromosome 2 inversions in anopheles gambiae are important sources of population structure, and are associated with adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. the forces responsible for their origin and maintenance are incompletely understood. molecular characterization of inversion breakpoints provides insight into how they arose, and provides the basis for development of molecular karyotyping methods useful in future studies. | 2010 | 20974007 |
| humming in tune: sex and species recognition by mosquitoes on the wing. | mosquitoes are more sensitive to sound than any other insect due to the remarkable properties of their antennae and johnston's organ at the base of each antenna. male mosquitoes detect and locate female mosquitoes by hearing the female's flight tone, but until recently we had no idea that females also respond to male flight tones. our investigation of a novel mechanism of sex recognition in toxorhynchites brevipalpis revealed that male and female mosquitoes actively respond to the flight tones o ... | 2010 | 20976515 |
| evaluation of selected south african ethnomedicinal plants as mosquito repellents against the anopheles arabiensis mosquito in a rodent model. | this study was initiated to establish whether any south african ethnomedicinal plants (indigenous or exotic), that have been reported to be used traditionally to repel or kill mosquitoes, exhibit effective mosquito repellent properties. | 2010 | 21029442 |
| the effect of repeated washing of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) on the feeding success and survival rates of anopheles gambiae. | insecticide-treated nets protect users from mosquito bites, thereby preventing transmissions of mosquito borne pathogens. repeated washing of nets removes insecticide on the netting rendering them ineffective within a short period. long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) offer longer time protection against such bites because they are more wash resistant, and are preferred to conventionally treated nets. however, there is limited information on the effect of repeated washing of llins on th ... | 2010 | 21029477 |
| identifying malaria vector breeding habitats with remote sensing data and terrain-based landscape indices in zambia. | malaria, caused by the parasite plasmodium falciparum, is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in southern zambia. in the mapanza chiefdom, where transmission is seasonal, anopheles arabiensis is the dominant malaria vector. the ability to predict larval habitats can help focus control measures. | 2010 | 21050496 |
| patterns and seasonality of malaria transmission in the forest-savannah transitional zones of ghana. | knowledge of the local pattern of malaria transmission and the effect of season on transmission is essential for the planning and evaluation of malaria interventions. therefore, entomological surveys were carried out in the forest-savannah transitional belt of ghana (kintampo) from november 2003 to november 2005 in preparation for drug and vaccine trials. | 2010 | 21054895 |
| simultaneous identification of the anopheles funestus group and anopheles longipalpis type c by pcr-rflp. | anopheles longipalpis is morphologically similar to the major african malaria vector anopheles funestus at the adult stage although it is very different at the larval stage. despite the development of the species-specific multiplex pcr assay for the an. funestus group, the genomic dna of anopheles longipalpis type c specimens can be amplified with the anopheles vaneedeni and anopheles parensis primers from this assay. the standard, species-specific an. funestus group pcr, results in the amplific ... | 2010 | 21054905 |
| molecular epidemiology of plasmodium species prevalent in yemen based on 18 s rrna. | abstract: | 2010 | 21092097 |
| the dominant anopheles vectors of human malaria in africa, europe and the middle east: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. | abstract: | 2010 | 21129198 |
| unexpected anthropophily in the potential secondary malaria vectors anopheles coustani s.l. and anopheles squamosus in macha, zambia. | abstract anopheles coustani s.l. and anopheles squamosus are sub-saharan mosquito species that have been implicated in malaria transmission. although generally believed to be of negligible importance due to their overwhelmingly zoophilic behavior, an. coustani s.l. and an. squamosus made up a large proportion of the anophelines collected by human landing catches during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 rainy seasons in macha, zambia. further, polymerase chain reaction-based blood meal identification s ... | 2010 | 21142969 |
| establishment of a self-propagating population of the african malaria vector anopheles arabiensis under semi-field conditions. | the successful control of insect disease vectors relies on a thorough understanding of their ecology and behaviour. however, knowledge of the ecology of many human disease vectors lags behind that of agricultural pests. this is partially due to the paucity of experimental tools for investigating their ecology under natural conditions without risk of exposure to disease. assessment of vector life-history and demographic traits under natural conditions has also been hindered by the inherent diffic ... | 2010 | 21143870 |
| the impact of the expansion of urban vegetable farming on malaria transmission in major cities of benin. | abstract: | 2010 | 21143999 |
| insecticide resistance in the anopheles gambiae complex in benin: a nationwide survey. | benin has embraced world health organization-recommended preventive strategies to control malaria. its national malaria control programme is implementing and/or coordinating various actions and conducting evaluation trials of mosquito control strategies. mosquito control is based on the use of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, but the efficacy of these strategies to control malaria vectors is endangered by insecticide resistance. here, we present the results of a nationwide ... | 2010 | 21155858 |
| staggered larval time-to-hatch and insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles gambiae s form. | anopheles gambiae is a major vector of malaria in the west african region. resistance to multiple insecticides has been recorded in an. gambiae s form in the ahafo region of ghana. a laboratory population (gah) established using wild material from this locality has enabled a mechanistic characterization of each resistance phenotype as well as an analysis of another adaptive characteristic - staggered larval time-to-hatch. | 2010 | 21156042 |
| mass drug administration of ivermectin in south-eastern senegal reduces the survivorship of wild-caught, blood fed malaria vectors. | in south-eastern senegal, malaria and onchocerciasis are co-endemic. onchocerciasis in this region has been controlled by once or twice yearly mass drug administration (mda) with ivermectin (ivm) for over fifteen years. since laboratory-raised anopheles gambiae s.s. are susceptible to ivermectin at concentrations found in human blood post-ingestion of ivm, it is plausible that a similar effect could be quantified in the field, and that ivm might have benefits as a malaria control tool. | 2010 | 21171970 |
| adaptive divergence between incipient species of anopheles gambiae increases resistance to plasmodium. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is diversifying into ecotypes known as m and s forms. this process is thought to be promoted by adaptation to different larval habitats, but its genetic underpinnings remain elusive. to identify candidate targets of divergent natural selection in m and s, we performed genomewide scanning in paired population samples from mali, followed by resequencing and genotyping from five locations in west, central, and east africa. genome scans revealed a signi ... | 2010 | 21173248 |
| pyrethroid resistance in southern african anopheles funestus extends to likoma island in lake malawi. | abstract: | 2010 | 21192834 |
| leveraging skewed transcript abundance by rna-seq to increase the genomic depth of the tree of life. | assembling the tree of life is a major goal of biology, but progress has been hindered by the difficulty and expense of obtaining the orthologous dna required for accurate and fully resolved phylogenies. next-generation dna sequencing technologies promise to accelerate progress, but sequencing the genomes of hundreds of thousands of eukaryotic species remains impractical. eukaryotic transcriptomes, which are smaller than genomes and biased toward highly expressed genes that tend to be conserved, ... | 2010 | 20080632 |
| the vector population monitoring tool (vpmt): high-throughput dna-based diagnostics for the monitoring of mosquito vector populations. | regular monitoring of mosquito vector populations is an integral component of most vector control programmes. contemporary data on mosquito species composition, infection status, and resistance to insecticides are a prerequisite for effective intervention. for this purpose we, with funding from the innovative vector control consortium (ivcc), have developed a suite of high-throughput assays based on a single "closed-tube" platform that collectively comprise the "vector population monitoring tool ... | 2010 | 22347668 |
| the influence of the gilgel-gibe hydroelectric dam in ethiopia on caregivers' knowledge, perceptions and health-seeking behaviour towards childhood malaria. | malaria remains the most important public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. mothers' or caregivers' ability to recognize childhood malaria-related morbidity is crucial as knowledge, attitudes and health seeking behavior of caregivers towards childhood malaria could influence response to signs of the disease. | 2010 | 20146830 |
| the potential of a new larviciding method for the control of malaria vectors. | malaria pathogens are transmitted to humans by the bite of female anopheles mosquitoes. the juvenile stages of these mosquitoes develop in a variety of water bodies and are key targets for vector control campaigns involving the application of larvicides. the effective operational implementation of these campaigns is difficult, time consuming, and expensive. new evidence however, suggests that adult mosquitoes can be co-opted into disseminating larvicides in a far more targeted and efficient mann ... | 2010 | 20500865 |
| effect of incentives on insecticide-treated bed net use in sub-saharan africa: a cluster randomized trial in madagascar. | insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality due to malaria in sub-saharan africa. strategies using incentives to increase itn use could be more efficient than traditional distribution campaigns. to date, behavioural incentives have been studied mostly in developed countries. no study has yet looked at the effect of incentives on the use of itns. reported here are the results of a cluster randomized controlled trial testing household-level incentives for ... | 2010 | 20579392 |
| sleeping arrangement and house structure affect bed net use in villages along lake victoria. | although insecticide-treated bed nets are effective tools, use often does not follow ownership. house structure and space arrangements may make the attempt to use bed nets difficult, especially for school age children. the objectives of this study were to explore whether an individual's sleeping arrangements and house structure affect bed net use in villages along lake victoria in western kenya. | 2010 | 20569459 |
| a method of active case detection to target reservoirs of asymptomatic malaria and gametocyte carriers in a rural area in southern province, zambia. | asymptomatic reservoirs of malaria parasites are common yet are difficult to detect, posing a problem for malaria control. if control programmes focus on mosquito control and treatment of symptomatic individuals only, malaria can quickly resurge if interventions are scaled back. foci of parasite populations must be identified and treated. therefore, an active case detection system that facilitates detection of asymptomatic parasitaemia and gametocyte carriers was developed and tested in the mach ... | 2010 | 20920328 |
| changing individual-level risk factors for malaria with declining transmission in southern zambia: a cross-sectional study. | malaria elimination will require that both symptomatic- and asymptomatic-infected persons be identified and treated. however, well-characterized, individual-level risk factors for malaria may not be valid in regions with declining malaria transmission. changes in individual-level correlates of malaria infection were evaluated over three years in a region of declining malaria transmission in southern zambia. | 2011 | 22039751 |
| early detection of malaria foci for targeted interventions in endemic southern zambia. | zambia has achieved significant reductions in the burden of malaria through a strategy of "scaling-up" effective interventions. progress toward ultimate malaria elimination will require sustained prevention coverage and further interruption of transmission through active strategies to identify and treat asymptomatic malaria reservoirs. a surveillance system in zambia's southern province has begun to implement such an approach. an early detection system could be an additional tool to identify foc ... | 2011 | 21910855 |
| malaria epidemiology and control in southern africa. | the burden of malaria has decreased dramatically within the past several years in parts of sub-saharan africa, following the scale-up of interventions supported by the roll back malaria partnership, the president's malaria initiative and other partners. it is important to appreciate that the reductions in malaria have not been uniform between and within countries, with some areas experiencing resurgence instead. furthermore, while interventions have greatly reduced the burden of malaria in many ... | 2011 | 21756864 |
| use of remote sensing to identify spatial risk factors for malaria in a region of declining transmission: a cross-sectional and longitudinal community survey. | the burden of malaria has decreased dramatically within the past several years in parts of sub-saharan africa. further malaria control will require targeted control strategies based on evidence of risk. the objective of this study was to identify environmental risk factors for malaria transmission using remote sensing technologies to guide malaria control interventions in a region of declining burden of malaria. | 2011 | 21663661 |
| the clinical burden of malaria in nairobi: a historical review and contemporary audit. | widespread urbanization over the next 20 years has the potential to drastically change the risk of malaria within africa. the burden of the disease, its management, risk factors and appropriateness of targeted intervention across varied urban environments in africa remain largely undefined. this paper presents a combined historical and contemporary review of the clinical burden of malaria within one of africa's largest urban settlements, nairobi, kenya. | 2011 | 21599931 |
| climatic variables and malaria transmission dynamics in jimma town, south west ethiopia. | in ethiopia, malaria is seasonal and unstable, causing frequent epidemics. it usually occurs at altitudes < 2,000 m above sea level. occasionally, transmission of malaria occurs in areas previously free of malaria, including areas > 2,000 m above sea level. for transmission of malaria parasite, climatic factors are important determinants as well as non-climatic factors that can negate climatic influences. indeed, there is a scarcity of information on the correlation between climatic variability ... | 2011 | 21366906 |
| resting behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.l. and its implication on malaria transmission in uyui district, western tanzania. | an entomological survey to determine resting behaviour and species composition of malaria vectors was carried out in uyui district in western tanzania in may 2009. mosquitoes were collected using indoor resting catch, window exit trap and outdoor "bed-net" techniques. the mosquitoes were identified using morphological key and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 672 anopheles gambiae sensu lato were collected. of these, 661 (98.4%) were collected outdoor whereas few (1.6%) were collected ... | 2011 | 26592058 |
| larval habitat, ecology, seasonal abundance and vectorial role in malaria transmission of anopheles arabiensis in jazan region of saudi arabia. | studies on the ecology and role in malaria transmission of the local anopheline fauna of an. arabiensis, was undertaken at the red sea coastal plain, the tihama, in saudi arabia, an area of moderate malaria endemicity. studies were carried out over a 13 months period from march 2007, by larval collection and by adult collection using pyrethrum knockdown (pkd), and cdc light-traps at 9 s sites. in total 479,520 mosquitoes of 14 species collected seven anopheles species were identified: an. gambia ... | 2011 | 22435155 |
| a malaria transmission-directed model of mosquito life cycle and ecology. | malaria is a major public health issue in much of the world, and the mosquito vectors which drive transmission are key targets for interventions. mathematical models for planning malaria eradication benefit from detailed representations of local mosquito populations, their natural dynamics and their response to campaign pressures. | 2011 | 21999664 |
| progress towards understanding the ecology and epidemiology of malaria in the western kenya highlands: opportunities and challenges for control under climate change risk. | following severe malaria epidemics in the western kenya highlands after the late 1980s it became imperative to undertake eco-epidemiological assessments of the disease and determine its drivers, spatial-temporal distribution and control strategies. extensive research has indicated that the major biophysical drivers of the disease are climate change and variability, terrain, topography, hydrology and immunity. vector distribution is focalized at valley bottoms and abundance is closely related wit ... | 2011 | 22015426 |
| preventing the reintroduction of malaria in mauritius: a programmatic and financial assessment. | sustaining elimination of malaria in areas with high receptivity and vulnerability will require effective strategies to prevent reestablishment of local transmission, yet there is a dearth of evidence about this phase. mauritius offers a uniquely informative history, with elimination of local transmission in 1969, re-emergence in 1975, and second elimination in 1998. towards this end, mauritius's elimination and prevention of reintroduction (por) programs were analyzed via a comprehensive review ... | 2011 | 21912645 |
| target product profile choices for intra-domiciliary malaria vector control pesticide products: repel or kill? | the most common pesticide products for controlling malaria-transmitting mosquitoes combine two distinct modes of action: 1) conventional insecticidal activity which kills mosquitoes exposed to the pesticide and 2) deterrence of mosquitoes away from protected humans. while deterrence enhances personal or household protection of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual sprays, it may also attenuate or even reverse communal protection if it diverts mosquitoes to non-users rather than kill ... | 2011 | 21798023 |
| relationship between care-givers' misconceptions and non-use of itns by under-five nigerian children. | malaria has been a major public health problem in nigeria and many other sub-saharan african countries. insecticide-treated nets have shown to be cost-effective in the prevention of malaria, but the number of people that actually use these nets has remained generally low. studies that explore the determinants of use of itn are desirable. | 2011 | 21696622 |
| efficacy of aquatain, a monomolecular film, for the control of malaria vectors in rice paddies. | rice paddies harbour a large variety of organisms including larvae of malaria mosquitoes. these paddies are challenging for mosquito control because their large size, slurry and vegetation make it difficult to effectively apply a control agent. aquatain, a monomolecular surface film, can be considered a suitable mosquito control agent for such breeding habitats due to its physical properties. the properties allow aquatain to self-spread over a water surface and affect multiple stages of the mosq ... | 2011 | 21738774 |
| comparison of the cdc backpack aspirator and the prokopack aspirator for sampling indoor- and outdoor-resting mosquitoes in southern tanzania. | resting mosquitoes can easily be collected using an aspirating device. the most commonly used mechanical aspirator is the cdc backpack aspirator. recently, a simple, and low-cost aspirator called the prokopack has been devised and proved to have comparable performance. the following study evaluates the prokopack aspirator compared to the cdc backpack aspirator when sampling resting mosquitoes in rural tanzania. | 2011 | 21718464 |
| combining indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in africa: a review of possible outcomes and an outline of suggestions for the future. | insecticide-treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) are currently the preferred methods of malaria vector control. in many cases, these methods are used together in the same households, especially to suppress transmission in holoendemic and hyperendemic scenarios. though widespread, there has been limited evidence suggesting that such co-application confers greater protective benefits than either itns or irs when used alone. since both methods are insecticide-based and intradomici ... | 2011 | 21798053 |
| genetic analysis of scattered populations of the indian eri silkworm, samia cynthia ricini donovan: differentiation of subpopulations. | deforestation and exploitation has led to the fragmentation of habitats and scattering of populations of the economically important eri silkworm, samia cynthia ricini, in north-east india. genetic analysis of 15 eri populations, using issr markers, showed 98% inter-population, and 23% to 58% intra-population polymorphism. nei's genetic distance between populations increased significantly with altitude (r(2) = 0.71) and geographic distance (r(2) = 0.78). on the dendrogram, the lower and upper ass ... | 2011 | 21931526 |
| knockdown resistance (kdr)-like mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel of a malaria vector anopheles stephensi and pcr assays for their detection. | knockdown resistance (kdr) in insects, resulting from mutation(s) in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene is one of the mechanisms of resistance against ddt and pyrethroid-group of insecticides. the most common mutation(s) associated with knockdown resistance in insects, including anophelines, has been reported to be present at residue leu1014 in the iis6 transmembrane segment of the vgsc gene. this study reports the presence of two alternative kdr-like mutations, l1014s and l1014f, at t ... | 2011 | 21401946 |
| confirmed vivax resistance to chloroquine and effectiveness of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of vivax malaria in ethiopia. | chloroquine (cq) is still the drug of choice for the treatment of vivax malaria in ethiopia, whereas artemether-lumefantrine (al) is for falciparum malaria. in this setting, clinical malaria cases are treated with al. this necessitated the need to assess the effectiveness of al for the treatment of plasmodium vivax with cq as a comparator. a total of 57 (80.3%) and 75 (85.2%) cases treated with cq or al, respectively, completed the study in an outpatient setting. at the end of the follow-up peri ... | 2011 | 21212216 |
| genetic and phenotypic variation of the malaria vector anopheles atroparvus in southern europe. | there is a growing concern that global climate change will affect the potential for pathogen transmission by insect species that are vectors of human diseases. one of these species is the former european malaria vector, anopheles atroparvus. levels of population differentiation of an. atroparvus from southern europe were characterized as a first attempt to elucidate patterns of population structure of this former malaria vector. results are discussed in light of a hypothetical situation of re-es ... | 2011 | 21223582 |
| spatial and temporal variation in the kdr allele l1014s in anopheles gambiae s.s. and phenotypic variability in susceptibility to insecticides in western kenya. | malaria vector control in africa depends upon effective insecticides in bed nets and indoor residual sprays. this study investigated the extent of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.l., anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in western kenya where ownership of insecticide-treated bed nets has risen steadily from the late 1990s to 2010. temporal and spatial variation in the frequency of a knock down resistance (kdr) allele in a. gambiae s.s. was quantified, as was variation in ... | 2011 | 21235783 |
| analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping mitochondrial genomes of a neotropical malaria vector complex. | many vectors of human malaria belong to complexes of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species. here we report the analysis of the newly sequenced complete mitochondrial dna molecules from six recognized or putative species of one such group, the neotropical anopheles albitarsis complex. the molecular evolution of these genomes had been driven by purifying selection, particularly strongly acting on the rna genes. directional mutation pressure associated with the strand-asynchronous asymm ... | 2011 | 21241811 |
| multiple insecticide resistance: an impediment to insecticide-based malaria vector control program. | indoor residual spraying (irs), insecticide-treated nets (itns) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) are key components in malaria prevention and control strategy. however, the development of resistance by mosquitoes to insecticides recommended for irs and/or itns/llins would affect insecticide-based malaria vector control. we assessed the susceptibility levels of anopheles arabiensis to insecticides used in malaria control, characterized basic mechanisms underlying resistance, and evaluat ... | 2011 | 21264325 |
| evolutionary dynamics of the ty3/gypsy ltr retrotransposons in the genome of anopheles gambiae. | ty3/gypsy elements represent one of the most abundant and diverse ltr-retrotransposon (ltrr) groups in the anopheles gambiae genome, but their evolutionary dynamics have not been explored in detail. here, we conduct an in silico analysis of the distribution and abundance of the full complement of 1045 copies in the updated agamp3 assembly. chromosomal distribution of ty3/gypsy elements is inversely related to arm length, with densities being greatest on the x, and greater on the short versus lon ... | 2011 | 21283637 |
| identification of a fibrinogen-related protein (fbn9) gene in neotropical anopheline mosquitoes. | malaria has a devastating impact on worldwide public health in many tropical areas. studies on vector immunity are important for the overall understanding of the parasite-vector interaction and for the design of novel strategies to control malaria. a member of the fibrinogen-related protein family, fbn9, has been well studied in anopheles gambiae and has been shown to be an important component of the mosquito immune system. however, little is known about this gene in neotropical anopheline speci ... | 2011 | 21288344 |
| dry season ecology of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes at larval habitats in two traditionally semi-arid villages in baringo, kenya. | pre-adult stages of malaria vectors in semi-arid areas are confronted with highly variable and challenging climatic conditions. the objective of this study was to determine which larval habitat types are most productive in terms of larval densities in the dry and wet seasons within semi-arid environments, and how vector species productivity is partitioned over time. | 2011 | 21352608 |
| identifying residual foci of plasmodium falciparum infections for malaria elimination: the urban context of khartoum, sudan. | identifying the location and size of residual foci of infections is critical where malaria elimination is the primary goal. here the spatial heterogeneity of plasmodium falciparum infections within the urban extent of khartoum state in sudan is investigated using data from cross-sectional surveys undertaken from 1999 to 2008 to inform the khartoum malaria free initiative (kmfi). | 2011 | 21373202 |
| linking individual phenotype to density-dependent population growth: the influence of body size on the population dynamics of malaria vectors. | understanding the endogenous factors that drive the population dynamics of malaria mosquitoes will facilitate more accurate predictions about vector control effectiveness and our ability to destabilize the growth of either low- or high-density insect populations. we assessed whether variation in phenotypic traits predict the dynamics of anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes, the most important vectors of human malaria. anopheles gambiae dynamics were monitored over a six-month period of season ... | 2011 | 21389034 |
| exceptional diversity, maintenance of polymorphism, and recent directional selection on the apl1 malaria resistance genes of anopheles gambiae. | the three-gene apl1 locus encodes essential components of the mosquito immune defense against malaria parasites. apl1 was originally identified because it lies within a mapped qtl conferring the vector mosquito anopheles gambiae natural resistance to the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum, and apl1 genes have subsequently been shown to be involved in defense against several species of plasmodium. here, we examine molecular population genetic variation at the apl1 gene cluster in spati ... | 2011 | 21408087 |
| early biting rhythm in the afro-tropical vector of malaria, anopheles arabiensis, and challenges for its control in ethiopia. | the biting cycle of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was assessed by hourly light trap collections in three villages in tigray, northern ethiopia. hourly catches were conducted in two houses in each village, for four consecutive nights. light traps were set from 18.00 hours to 07.00 hours in houses in which people slept under untreated bednets. anopheles arabiensis showed early biting activities, which peaked between 19.00 hours and 20.00 hours in the three vil ... | 2011 | 21410494 |
| survival of anopheline eggs and their susceptibility to infection with metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana under laboratory conditions. | the viability of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) eggs over time and the ovicidal activity of beauveria bassiana (ascomycota: cordycipitaceae) and metarhizium anisopliae (ascomycota: clavicipitaceae) were investigated. eggs were incubated in soil or leaf litter for up to 12 weeks at 26°c and 75%, 86% or >98% relative humidity (rh). eggs were treated topically with m. anisopliae icipe-30 or b. bassiana i93-825 conidia in either water or oil-in-water fo ... | 2011 | 21424402 |
| are herders protected by their herds? an experimental analysis of zooprophylaxis against the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis. | the number of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles pharoensis caught by human and cattle baits was investigated experimentally in the arba minch district of southern ethiopia to determine if attraction to humans, indoors or outdoors, was affected by the presence or absence of cattle. | 2011 | 21435266 |
| humoral response to the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: a serological indicator of exposure to afrotropical malaria vectors. | salivary proteins injected by blood feeding arthropods into their hosts evoke a saliva-specific humoral response which can be useful to evaluate exposure to bites of disease vectors. however, saliva of hematophagous arthropods is a complex cocktail of bioactive factors and its use in immunoassays can be misleading because of potential cross-reactivity to other antigens. toward the development of a serological marker of exposure to afrotropical malaria vectors we expressed the anopheles gambiae g ... | 2011 | 21437289 |
| therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for treatment of plasmodium vivax malaria cases in halaba district, south ethiopia. | chloroquine is an anti-malarial drug being used to treat plasmodium vivax malaria cases in ethiopia. however, emergence of chloroquine resistant strains of the parasite has challenged the current efficacy of the drug. therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of chloroquine against p. vivax strains in one of the malaria endemic areas of ethiopia, namely halaba district, located in south nations and nationalities peoples region (snnpr) of south ethiopia | 2011 | 21453465 |
| effects of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on anopheles arabiensis. | studies have shown that culex quinquefasciatus oviposits fewer eggs in water treated with bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti). the present study examined the effects of bti on adults of anopheles arabiensis. anopheles arabiensis oviposited in both treated and untreated water with a similar frequency. the number of eggs laid did not significantly differ between the treatments. adult mosquitoes ingested bti solution, but it did not significantly shorten their survival time. the neutral e ... | 2011 | 21476453 |
| increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural tanzania. | abstract: | 2011 | 21477321 |
| a longitudinal study on anopheles mosquito larval abundance in distinct geographical and environmental settings in western kenya. | abstract: | 2011 | 21477340 |
| density-dependent effects in experimental larval populations of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) can be negative, neutral, or overcompensatory depending on density and diet levels. | anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) larvae were reared from hatching to the adult stage in the laboratory under a range of diet and larval concentrations using a factorial design. the range circumscribed most of the larval densities and diet concentrations that would allow larval growth and survival using the particular diet formulation and water volume we tested. we determined how these variables affected three outcomes, as follows: larval development rate, survival, and wing lengt ... | 2011 | 21485365 |
| larval habitat segregation between the molecular forms of the mosquito anopheles gambiae in a rice field area of burkina faso, west africa. | in west africa, lineage splitting between the m and s molecular forms of the major afro-tropical malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae), is thought to be driven by ecological divergence, occurring mainly at the larval stage. here, we present evidence for habitat segregation between the two molecular forms in and around irrigated rice fields located within the humid savannahs of western burkina faso. longitudinal sampling of adult mosquitoes emerging from a range of breeding sit ... | 2011 | 21501199 |
| identification and distribution of a gaba receptor mutation conferring dieldrin resistance in the malaria vector anopheles funestus in africa. | growing problems of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus have intensified efforts to identify alternative insecticides. many agrochemicals target the gaba receptors, but cross-resistance from dieldrin resistance may preclude their introduction. dieldrin resistance was detected in an. funestus populations from west (burkina faso) and central (cameroon) africa, but populations from east (uganda) and southern africa (mozambique and malawi) were fully susceptible to this insecticide. partial ... | 2011 | 21501685 |
| divergent transcriptional response to thermal stress by anopheles gambiae larvae carrying alternative arrangements of inversion 2la. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is polymorphic for chromosomal inversion 2la, whose frequency strongly correlates with degree of aridity across environmental gradients. recent physiological studies have associated 2la with resistance to desiccation in adults and thermal stress in larvae, consistent with its proposed role in aridity tolerance. however, the genetic basis of these traits remains unknown. to identify genes that could be involved in the differential response to thermal ... | 2011 | 21535279 |
| the emergence of insecticide resistance in central mozambique and potential threat to the successful indoor residual spraying malaria control programme. | abstract: | 2011 | 21535872 |
| larvicidal effects of chinaberry (melia azederach) powder on anopheles arabiensis in ethiopia. | abstract: | 2011 | 21569263 |
| establishing the extent of malaria transmission and challenges facing pre-elimination in the republic of djibouti. | abstract: background: countries aiming for malaria elimination require a detailed understanding of the current intensity of malaria transmission within their national borders. national household sample surveys are now being used to define infection prevalence but these are less efficient in areas of exceptionally low endemicity. here we present the results of a national malaria indicator survey in the republic of djibouti, the first in sub-saharan africa to combine parasitological and serologica ... | 2011 | 21569328 |
| plasmodium falciparum transmission and aridity: a kenyan experience from the dry lands of baringo and its implications for anopheles arabiensis control. | abstract: background: the ecology of malaria vectors particularly in semi-arid areas of africa is poorly understood. accurate knowledge on this subject will boost current efforts to reduce the burden of malaria in sub-saharan africa. the objective of this study was to describe the dynamics of malaria transmission in two model semi-arid sites (kamarimar and tirion) in baringo in kenya. methods: adult mosquitoes were collected indoors by pyrethrum spray collections (psc) and outdoors by centers fo ... | 2011 | 21569546 |
| laboratory selection for an accelerated mosquito sexual development rate. | abstract: background: separating males and females at the early adult stage did not ensure the virginity of females of anopheles arabiensis (dongola laboratory strain), whereas two years earlier this method had been successful. in most mosquito species, newly emerged males and females are not able to mate successfully. for anopheline species, a period of 24 h post-emergence is generally required for the completion of sexual maturation, which in males includes a 180degrees rotation of the genital ... | 2011 | 21595988 |
| high frequency of plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance marker (pfcrt t76 mutation) in yemen: an urgent need to re-examine malaria drug policy. | abstract: background: malaria remains a significant health problem in yemen with plasmodium falciparum being the predominant species which is responsible for 90% of the malaria cases. despite serious concerns regarding increasing drug resistance, chloroquine is still the drug of choice used for the prevention and treatment of malaria in yemen. this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of choloroquine resistance (cqr) of p. falciparum isolated from yemen based on the pfcrt t76 mutati ... | 2011 | 21619624 |
| malaria in kakuma refugee camp, turkana, kenya: facilitation of anopheles arabiensis vector populations by installed water distribution and catchment systems. | abstract: background: malaria is a major health concern for displaced persons occupying refugee camps in sub-saharan africa, yet there is little information on the incidence of infection and nature of transmission in these settings. kakuma refugee camp, located in a dry area of north-western kenya, has hosted ca. 60,000 to 90,000 refugees since 1992, primarily from sudan and somalia. the purpose of this study was to investigate malaria prevalence and attack rate and sources of anopheles vectors ... | 2011 | 21639926 |
| the contribution of aestivating mosquitoes to the persistence of anopheles gambiae in the sahel. | abstract: background: persistence of african anophelines throughout the long dry season (4-8 months) when no surface waters are available remains one of the enduring mysteries of medical entomology. recent studies demonstrated that aestivation (summer diapause) is one mechanism that allows the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, to persist in the sahel. however, migration from distant localities - where reproduction continues year-round - might also be involved. methods: to assess the c ... | 2011 | 21645385 |
| malaria prevalence pattern observed in the highland fringe of butajira, southern ethiopia: a longitudinal study from parasitological and entomological survey. | abstract: background: in ethiopia, information regarding highland malaria transmission is scarce, and no report has been presented from butajira highland so far whether the appearance of malaria in the area was due to endemicity or due to highland malaria transmission. thus this study aimed to determine the presence and magnitude of malaria transmission in butajira. methods: for parasitological survey, longitudinal study was conducted from october to december 2006. the entomological surveys were ... | 2011 | 21649923 |
| validation of oral fluid samples to monitor serological changes to plasmodium falciparum: an observational study in southern zambia. | in formerly endemic areas where malaria transmission has declined, levels of population immunity to plasmodium falciparum provide information on continued malaria transmission and potentially susceptible populations. traditional techniques for measuring serological responses to p. falciparum antigens use plasma or dried blood spots (dbs). these invasive procedures pose a biohazard and may be unacceptable to communities if performed frequently. the use of oral fluid (of) samples to detect antibod ... | 2011 | 21663660 |
| extensive permethrin and ddt resistance in anopheles arabiensis from eastern and central sudan. | abstract: background: the distribution of insecticide treated nets (itn) has been dramatically scaled up in eastern and central sudan. resistance to insecticides has already been reported in this region and there is an urgent need to develop appropriate resistance management strategies, which requires detailed information on the extent and causes of resistance. this study assessed resistance to permethrin and ddt in seven populations of anopheles arabiensis from sudan. results: three out of the ... | 2011 | 21812972 |