Publications

clinicopathologic and histologic evaluation of dirofilaria immitis-induced nephropathy in dogs.	twelve beagles were infected with 200 dirofilaria immitis infective larvae to study glomerular lesions associated with filariasis. all developed high serum levels of antibodies to dirofilarial antigens and became persistently microfilaremic. the dogs were killed at various times between 398 and 562 days post-infection and renal lesions were examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescent microscopy and antibody elution techniques. a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was observed in all ...	1987	3688311
effects of infection with dirofilaria immitis on diuresis and oocyte development in aedes taeniorhynchus and anopheles quadrimaculatus (diptera: culicidae).		1987	3694626
influence of developing dirofilaria immitis on the spontaneous flight activity of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).		1987	3694634
the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis in stray dog and its potential vector in amphur muang chiang mai, northern thailand.		1987	2889271
the chronic effects of experimental dirofilaria immitis infection in cats.		1987	3423460
immunochemical studies on the antigens of dirofilaria immitis.		1987	3433663
evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of infection with dirofilaria immitis in dogs.		1987	3439948
an evaluation of an elisa test for the detection of antigens of dirofilaria immitis.		1987	3439949
[fifty-six cases of human dirofilariasis reported in japan--a complied table].	since the first reported case of human dirofilariasis in 1964, a total of 56 cases have been recorded from japan, including 39 pulmonary and 16 extra-pulmonary cases. the difference in case number between pulmonary and extre-pulmonary sites is statistically highly significant (p = 0.001). distribution of the lesion in pulmonary dirofilariasis is mainly concentrated in the right lung (p less than 0.001). the rapid increase of human dirofilariasis within the last 5 years indicates that this diseas ...	1987	3303248
dirofilaria immitis: identification and partial characterization of parasite antigens in the serum of infected dogs.	we have recently developed a sensitive and specific immunodiagnostic test for canine dirofilaria immitis infection based on detection of soluble parasite antigens in dog sera by monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay. in addition to their importance as markers of infection, these antigens may contribute to the pathogenesis of heartworm disease in dogs. in the present study, a variety of methods were used to identify and characterize circulating d. immitis antigens. two antigens were identi ...	1987	3308507
plasmodium berghei: a study of globinolytic enzyme in erythrocytic parasite.	an acid protease of plasmodium berghei (nk 65) was extracted from parasite lysate and purified by means of gel filtration followed by deae-sephadex column chromatography. the enzyme showed especially high activity to degrade hemoglobin. the ph optimum of the purified enzyme was 3.2, km value was 0.012 mm. molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated by gel chromatography as being 18,000-20,000. the enzyme activity was specifically inhibited by pepstatin, one of the peptide aldehyde protease inhi ...	1987	3310465
evaluation of specific humoral immune responses in human filariasis.	using the antigens prepared from adult worms of b. malayi and d. immitis, a total of 37 malayan and 150 bancroftian serum samples were analysed for the presence of filarial specific antibodies by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. it was observed that microfilaraemic cases do show good specific humoral immune responses against homologous as well as heterologous antigen. of the two antigens used, b. malayi adult antigen was found to be superior to d. immi ...	1987	3311932
aedes (finlaya) togoi theobald 1907, chanthaburi strain, a laboratory vector in studies of filariasis in thailand.		1987	3313743
toxocara canis: monoclonal antibodies to larval excretory-secretory antigens that bind with genus and species specificity to the cuticular surface of infective larvae.	when maintained in culture, the infective-stage larvae of toxocara canis produce a group of excretory-secretory antigens. monoclonal antibodies to these antigens have been produced and partially characterized. hybridomas were made using spleens from mice that had been given 250 embryonated eggs of t. canis followed by immunization with excretory-secretory antigens. monoclonal antibodies were first screened against excretory-secretory antigens using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ...	1987	3315735
advances in the immunologic diagnosis of dirofilaria immitis infection.		1987	3321294
microfilaricides.		1987	3321295
ivermectin and heartworm.		1987	3321296
caval syndrome in the dog.		1987	3321298
heartworm infection.	dirofilaria immitis is an epizootic filarial parasite that most often infects domestic dogs. this article provides information about the life cycle of dirofilaria immitis as well as the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical signs, and treatment of heartworm infection.	1987	3328398
[obtaining excretory-secretory antigens of dirofilaria immitis microfilaria].		1987	3118432
altered endothelial cell-mediated arterial dilation in dogs with d. immitis infection.	vascular endothelial cells regulate arterial diameter in vivo and in vitro. stimulation of endothelial cell muscarinic receptors by acetylcholine results in the production and release of a nonprostaglandin metabolite of arachidonic acid that causes vascular smooth muscle relaxation. we examined femoral artery endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses in normal dogs and dogs with heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection. endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity was attenuated in dogs with d. ...	1987	3120602
evidence of keratin and peroxidase activity in adult dirofilaria immitis.		1987	2442342
brugia malayi: recombinant antigens expressed by genomic dna clones.	a brugia malayi genomic dna expression library was screened with rabbit antiserum generated against live infective larvae and 33 clones were identified. five randomly selected clones were characterized in detail by western blot, dna and rna analyses. the fusion proteins produced by each of these recombinant dna clones are expressed by different genomic sequences. a profile of antigenic cross-reactivities of all 33 recombinant clones was compiled using a battery of antisera, including sera from h ...	1987	2824231
c1q enhancement of antibody-dependent granulocyte-mediated killing of nonphagocytosable targets in vitro.	a possible role for c1q in antibody-dependent granulocyte-mediated killing of nonphagocytosable targets was investigated utilizing igg-dependent granulocyte cytotoxicity directed against microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis. granulocyte-mediated killing of microfilariae is enhanced by addition of fresh serum. lack of c4 did not significantly reduce the observed increase in cytotoxicity. the addition of highly purified monomeric human clq (0.2 microgram/ml) in the presence of immune igg resulted ...	1988	2843577
phosphofructokinase from dirofilaria immitis. stimulation of activity by phosphorylation with cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase.	phosphofructokinase has been partially purified from the filariid helminth, dirofilaria immitis, using ion exchange and affinity chromatography. the d. immitis phosphofructokinase cross-reacted with antibodies prepared against the phosphofructokinase from ascaris suum. these antibodies had been bound to agarose beads. the enzyme was eluted from the immobilized antigen-antibody complex by denaturing agents, and the subunit molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis ...	1988	2449442
dirofilaria immitis: surface properties of third- and fourth-stage larvae.	the objective of this study was to analyze surface properties of larval dirofilaria immitis with potential relevance to protective immunity. comparisons were made between third (l3)- and fourth-stage larvae (l4) based on their net surface charge, surface carbohydrate and antigen composition, ability to nonspecifically absorb host proteins, complement activation, and nonspecific cellular adherence. it was determined that l3 had a net negative surface charge, whereas l4 had either a neutral or wea ...	1988	2450771
dirofilaria immitis: biochemical and immunological characterization of the surface antigens from adult parasites.	the molecules associated with the surface of adult dirofilaria immitis were identified and characterized employing iodo-gen-mediated surface labeling methods. d. immitis female and male parasites were found to have a limited number of surface-associated proteins (17.5, 16, and 14.5 kda) and glycoproteins (49 and 20 kda) which were readily extracted from parasite homogenates in the absence of detergent. the major surface labeled proteins and glycoproteins were antigenic in rabbits, but appeared t ...	1988	2461318
molecular cloning of an immunodominant antigen of onchocerca volvulus.	we have cloned and characterized the gene for an immunodominant antigen of o. volvulus that is recognized by the sera of 96% of patients with onchocerciasis. its 1.2-kb mrna constitutes 0.3% of adult worm poly(a)+ rna and its cdna sequence reveals that it is not a highly conserved structural protein such as actin or tubulin. similar but not identical genes occur in the genomes of related filarie, brugia malayi and dirofilaria immitis. the recombinant antigen has both immunodiagnostic and immunop ...	1988	3171478
dna base composition of filarial nematodes.	we have determined the molar content of guanine + cytosine (gc content) of dna of the filarial nematode (brugia malayi, brugia pahangi and dirofilaria imitis) and of the free-living soil nematodes caenorhabditis elegans and have analysed the dna for the presence of methylcytosine. two independent methods, thermal denaturation and direct analysis of base content by hplc following enzymatic hydrolysis, reveal that the gc content of filarial nematodes is 26-28%. we have been unable to find methylcy ...	1988	3174240
[pulmonary dirofilariasis found unexpectedly during thymectomy].	a 56-year-old woman in kitakyushu city was operated on after diagnosis of mediastinal tumor with myasthenia gravis. besides the thymoma, a small nodule was palpated in the lower lobe of the left lung and biopsied. a segmented worm was found in sections of this granulomatous nodule. a cross section of the degenerated worm (400 x 310 micron) showed a 3-layered tegument and internal cuticular ridges with high lateral chords. the muscle layer consisted of high and polymyarian muscles. based on these ...	1988	3175390
[the prevalence of heart worm (dirofilaria immitis) in dogs of curaçao].	in view of its distribution in (sub)tropical areas, heartworm in dogs is of increasing importance as an import disease, also in the netherlands. the present study is particularly concerned with the prevalence of the asymptomatic forms of this disease in curaçao. in this study 631 blood samples were tested. sixty-six dogs (10 per cent) were found to be infected with dirofilaria. haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were determined. breed, age, sex and major symptoms were recorded. the prevalence of ...	1988	3175994
induction of protective immunity in dogs to infection with dirofilaria immitis using chemically-abbreviated infections.	four dogs were immunized against dirofilaria immitis infection by a series of 3 larval infections which were each subsequently terminated by ivermectin treatment. two control dogs received ivermectin treatment alone. following the final ivermectin treatment, dogs were challenged with infective larvae by subcutaneous inoculation, both free and contained within diffusion chambers. three weeks after larval challenge the chambers were removed and live larvae were enumerated. seven months after chall ...	1988	3189698
parasite excretory-secretory antigen and antibody to excretory-secretory antigen in body fluids and kidney tissue of dirofilaria immitis infected dogs.	excretory-secretory (es) antigens of adult dirofilaria immitis were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in serum and urine from each of 12 experimentally infected dogs. excretory-secretory antigens in serum were first detected 154 days postinfection. serum antibodies directed against parasite es antigens were detected by elisa in all dogs. kidney tissue elution studies were performed in 10 dogs, and antibody and parasite es antigens were demonstrated in each case. antibody or p ...	1988	3189699
two-dimensional echocardiography for diagnosis of dirofilariasis in nine dogs.	two-dimensional echocardiography (real-time ultrasonography) of the heart was used to detect adult dirofilaria immitis in the right ventricle and atrium of a 2-year-old labrador retriever with occult heartworm disease and in 8 microfilaremic dogs. adult worms were easily identified as parallel echogenic lines separated by a hypoechoic region. images of worms fixed in formalin after recovery from dogs with experimentally induced heartworm infection had an identical appearance. the sensitivity of ...	1988	3192465
abnormal patterns of embryogenesis in dirofilaria immitis treated with ivermectin.	the percentage composition and spatial distribution of embryogenic stages in the uteri of female dirofilaria immitis were examined at various times after treatment with a microfilaricidal dose of ivermectin and compared to nontreated parasites. worms sampled 42 days post-treatment (pt) exhibited an increased proportion of stretched microfilariae in the distal portion of the uterus. a decreased proportion of developed embryos was noted in the mid body region of worms sampled 42 days pt, and these ...	1988	3192909
spontaneous flight activity of aedes trivittatus infected with dirofilaria immitis.	spontaneous flight activity of dirofilaria immitis-infected aedes trivittatus was evaluated by using an acoustic activity system. the activity of mosquitoes infected with low numbers of filarial larvae (1-4) was similar to that of uninfected mosquitoes. however, mosquitoes infected with more than 4 larvae became more active than uninfected mosquitoes 8 days after infection. peak flight activity (circadian) occurred at the same time in both infected and uninfected mosquitoes, but infected mosquit ...	1988	3193335
detection of circulating dirofilaria immitis antigens in random source laboratory dogs: evaluation of two commercial serodiagnostic tests.	two commercially available serodiagnostic tests for dirofilaria immitis antigens were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and reliability using serum from 110 random source dogs. both tests were performed in two separate laboratories on serum samples randomized in five blocks of 22 samples each. dogs were examined for microfilariae using the modified knott's technique, and for adult parasites by necropsy. forty-eight of the 110 dogs (43.6%) had either adult or juvenile par ...	1988	3193751
evaluation of the dirochek test for dirofilaria immitis antigen.		1988	3196258
clinical application of milbemycin d as a prophylactic agent against dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs: pathological findings following administration.		1988	3199629
enzyme immunoassay of dirofilaria immitis-specific ige in infected dogs.	an elisa procedure was developed for monitoring the specific ige response in dogs to dirofilaria immitis infection. the results of this assay correlated well with, and appeared to be more sensitive than, the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. the ige elisa values of the positive reference serum and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test results showed that a serum to negative absorbance ration of 1.45 was statistically significant for discrimination and was used to evaluate the specific ige res ...	1988	3212929
investigation of caval syndrome in dogs experimentally infected with dirofilaria immitis.	nine of 16 dogs inoculated with 200 infective heartworm larvae developed caval syndrome (cs) of heartworm disease (hwd). there was no difference between dogs that did and did not develop cs with regard to total heartworm burden, burden relative to body weight, or female heartworm burden, indicating that factors other than worm mass are involved in the pathogenesis of cs. male dogs were twice as frequently affected as females, although this finding was not statistically significant. dogs afflicte ...	1988	3221353
epizootiology of endoparasitic infections in pet dogs and cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital.	prevalences of, and risk factors associated with, protozoan and helminth parasite infections were determined for pet dogs and cats presented to the teaching hospital of the university of pennsylvania school of veterinary medicine. of 2294 canine fecal specimens, 34.8% were found to contain one or more kinds of parasite, consisting of: hookworms (14.4%); trichuris vulpis (12.3%); giardia (7.2%); ascarids (5.5%); coccidia (2.7%); cestodes (1.6%). the following risk factors were identified with inf ...	1988	3245104
host cellular response in bancroftian filariasis.		1988	3265694
occurrence of some blood and intestinal parasites in dogs in curaçao, netherlands antilles.	in august 1986, 133 dogs at the veterinary service of the netherlands antilles and the spca of curaçao were examined for microfilaremia and for evidence of gastrointestinal parasitism. microfilariae of dipetalonema reconditum were present in 27.8% of the dogs examined with no significant difference in the infection rate between domestic and feral dogs. microfilariae of the canine heartworm dirofilaria immitis were found in 9% of the dogs with a significantly higher rate of infection in domestic ...	1988	3265813
a rapid detection of circulating antigens of dirofilaria immitis in dogs by a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	this report describes a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) for detecting circulating antigens in the sera of dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis (d. immitis). circulating d. immitis antigens could be detected in 24 of 25 infected dogs. the remaining animal had two immature worms. however, non-infected dogs and dogs infected with other parasites were all negative. few cross-reactions to different parasite antigens were observed. the advantages of the dot-elisa include; 1) there ...	1988	3273464
dirofilaria immitis in the dingo (canis familiaris dingo) in a tropical region of the northern territory, australia.	the heart and lungs from 32 adult dingoes (canis familiaris dingo) were examined for canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection. eighteen of 32 (56%) samples were infected, with intensity of infection ranging from 1 to 31 worms per animal. seven of 18 (39%) infections were single sex infections. large numbers of circulating microfilariae were present in blood from all dingoes infected with both sexes of worms.	1988	3352087
human pulmonary dirofilariasis: does diagnosis require thoracotomy?	the incidence of pulmonary coin lesions as a result of dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) seems to be increasing. a case of human pulmonary dirofilariasis is described, and its pathogenesis and the limitations of preoperative diagnostic tests in this condition are discussed.	1988	3355289
active and passive immunization of mice against larval dirofilaria immitis.	the objective of this study was to determine if dirofilaria immitis larvae would survive in diffusion chambers implanted in dogs and mice and secondly to determine if mice could be immunized against infection with d. immitis. dirofilaria immitis third-stage larvae (l3) survived and grew in diffusion chambers implanted in dogs and mice for at least 3 wk. balb/c mice, which were repeatedly infected with live l3, showed resistance to challenge infections. dead l3, with or without adjuvants elicited ...	1988	3357118
quantitative buffy coat analysis for hematologic measurements of canine, feline, and equine blood samples and for detection of microfilaremia in dogs.	a quantitative buffy coat (qbc) analysis was evaluated for 175 canine, 125 feline, and 125 equine blood samples. the method used centrifuged whole blood and yielded rapid results expressed as respective band lengths for rbc, granulocytes, nongranulocytes, and platelets. simple regression analysis of band lengths and reference laboratory methods yielded correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.72 to 0.99. the pcv, granulocyte count, and total wbc count, as determined by the 2 methods, correlat ...	1988	3358543
semifield study on prophylactic efficacy of ivermectin by intermittent medication against dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs.		1988	3361720
an attempt of immunodiagnosis by means of mixed passive hemagglutination (mpha) test for human pulmonary dirofilariasis.	the mixed passive hemagglutination (mpha) test was used for the first time in an attempt to diagnose human pulmonary dirofilariasis in a comparison with the results of elisa. eight of nine patients tested with the mpha test were positive and one was false-positive; these results coincided exactly with those of elisa. qualitative agreement between the mpha test and elisa was 90.4% of 374 human sera. the present study indicates that the mpha test seems to be a promising diagnostic tool for human p ...	1988	3362832
further characterization of refractoriness in aedes aegypti (l.) to infection by dirofilaria immitis (leidy).	factors which control the expression of the refractory or susceptible condition to infection with dirofilaria immitis in the mosquito. aedes aegypti, were investigated using three protocols. (1) microfilariae and prelarvae were injected into the hemocoel of susceptible a. aegypti. some microfilariae and prelarvae developed to the l1 larval stage but they failed to complete development to the infective stage. (2) enema of microfilariae and prelarvae from infected susceptible and refractory donor ...	1988	3366210
diagnosis of aelurostrongylus abstrusus and dirofilaria immitis infections in cats from a human shelter.	during a 6-month period, 108 sexually mature stray cats were euthanatized at a humane shelter in alabama. aelurostrongylus abstrusus was identified in 20 of the cats (18.5%) by baermann fecal examination, necropsy, or histologic examination. the baermann fecal examination was a more sensitive test for aelurostrongylosis than was necropsy or histologic examination. thoracic radiography was useful in identifying infected cats, but was a less sensitive and more nonspecific method of detection than ...	1988	3366677
a rapid microassay for dirofilarial antibodies by using antigen-coated nitrocellulose paper.	this study describes an enzyme (horseradish peroxidase)-linked immunosorbent assay using nitrocellulose (nc) paper (dot-elisa) for the detection of antibodies against dirofilaria immitis in dogs. dirofilarial antigens prepared were directly bound on nc paper set into a microfiltration apparatus to ensure their uniformity. of the 23 infected dogs tested, 21 were determined positive by visual observation of brown-colored spots on nc paper. the positive and negative readings were further confirmed ...	1988	3369081
comparison of serologic tests for detection of antigen in canine heartworm infections.	in 30 random-source dogs, we determined sensitivity and specificity of 5 serologic tests for detection of canine heartworm antigens. seventeen of the dogs were infected naturally with adult dirofilaria immitis, and 4 of the infected dogs were amicrofilaremic. the ability of the serologic tests to predict whether a dog was infected or uninfected (overall test accuracy) ranged from 73 to 97%. sensitivity was not affected by circulating d immitis microfilariae, but was markedly influenced by the nu ...	1988	3391834
pulmonary changes associated with dead filariae (dirofilaria immitis) and concurrent antigenic exposure in dogs.	initially, a group of 5 dogs had their left pulmonary artery ligated 7 months prior to the insertion of filariae (dirofilaria immitis). a second group of 3 dogs was used as controls for the various components of the experiment. antigen (d. immitis) was injected subcutaneously on 3 occasions and necropsy was performed 5 weeks after insertion of filariae. these results were then compared to those from the control dogs. with exposure to antigen, severe pulmonary arterial and parenchymal disease was ...	1988	3392249
renal microcirculatory and correlated histologic changes associated with dirofilariasis in dogs.	nine 7-month-old beagle dogs were inoculated with 200 third-stage larvae of dirofilaria immitis. the development of cardiac disease secondary to heartworm infection was confirmed by thoracic radiography, echocardiography, and angiography with blood pressure measurements. the only indication of renal disease was mild-to-moderate proteinuria. the dogs were euthanatized approximately 18 months after inoculation. the mean microfilarial count in blood at the time of euthanasia was 88,700/ml, with a m ...	1988	3400919
an evaluation of the dirochek test for detection of dirofilaria immitis antigen in dogs.		1988	3401167
limited efficacy of levamisole against adults of dirofilaria immitis in a dog.	a dog with chronic dirofilariasis (dirofilaria immitis) was given 15 doses of 12 or 24 mg of levamisole/kg of body weight in 6 treatments within 96 days. concentration of microfilariae in the blood was determined before and after treatment, and aedes triseriatus mosquitoes were fed on the dog 1 to 5 days after each treatment and examined for d immitis larvae. several adult worms were recovered from the dog 160 days after the end of the treatments.	1988	3410792
microfilarial surface carbohydrates as a function of developmental stage and ensheathment status in six species of filariids.	the lectin-binding properties of microfilariae of onchocerca volvulus, o. lienalis, brugia pahangi, wuchereria bancrofti, dirofilaria immitis, and monanema (= ackertia) marmotae share a number of characteristics. carbohydrates specific for lectins are associated with the egg shell or sheath. n-acetyl-d-glucosamine is the predominant carbohydrate associated with the ensheathed forms with lesser quantities of d-galactose and/or alpha-lactose and d-galactosamine. the density of these carbohydrates ...	1988	3418456
solubilization of epicuticular antigen from dirofilaria immitis third-stage larvae.	the solubilization of epicuticle from third-stage (l3) dirofilaria immitis larval cuticles was investigated. cuticles collected after l3 had molted were incubated in 1.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) at 37 degrees c with vigorous shaking. solubilization of epicuticular layers was accomplished as demonstrated by electron microscopy. diminished binding of an epicuticular specific monoclonal antibody (dim-229) was seen when sds-treated cuticles were compared to untreated cuticles in an indirect flu ...	1988	3054543
use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) to distinguish between nematodes of pathogenic significance.	the availability of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) would be useful for studying the extent of diversity among morphologically indistinguishable populations of filarial parasites. such polymorphisms may be useful in correlating various physiological and clinical differences with parasite heterogeneity. in order to identify such rflps, we isolated dna from microfilaria of 6 filarial species (acanthocheilonema viteae, brugia malayi, brugia pahangi, dirofilaria immitis, litomosoid ...	1988	2897655
effects of a specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor on development of experimental dirofilaria immitis immune complex glomerulonephritis in the dog.	twelve beagle dogs were immunized with aqueous-soluble dirofilaria immitis antigens, and subsequent to at least fivefold increases in serum antibody titer, 6 mg of homologous antigen was infused into the left renal artery. six dogs were treated once daily starting the day of infusion with 0.75 mg/kg of 1-benzylimidazole (1-bim) in saline. six control dogs were given saline only. light, immunofluorescent, and transmission electron microscopic examinations of renal tissue from control dogs, 10 day ...	1988	2976425
heartworm in dogs in canada in 1987.	in late november 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of dirofilaria immitis in canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with d. immitis microfilariae. another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 ( ...	1988	17423099
heartworm in dogs in canada in 1988.	in late november 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of dirofilaria immitis in canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with d. immitis microfilariae. another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 ( ...	1989	17423348
dirofilaria immitis in a raccoon (procyon lotor).	a single juvenile male raccoon (procyon lotor) was found naturally infected with dirofilaria immitis. two immature female worms were found in the heart of this raccoon at necropsy. lesions attributable to the presence of these parasites were not found. histopathologic examination of various tissues did not reveal any microfilariae. the raccoon may serve as an aberrant definitive host for this parasite, however, patent infections have not been reported.	1989	2915396
pulmonary dirofilariasis. the largest single-institution experience.	pulmonary dirofilariasis caused by dirofilaria immitis, the dog heartworm, is a rarely reported pulmonary lesion. it appears as a solitary pulmonary nodule, and the diagnosis is not established until thoracotomy and subsequent histologic examination of the specimen are performed. sporadic reports of pulmonary dirofilariasis in the united states total only 70 cases. the six resections of pulmonary dirofilariasis at the ochsner clinic represent the largest reported series of cases originating at a ...	1989	2915565
ph-dependent uptake and macrofilaricidal effects of chloroquine on adult filarial parasites in vitro.	uptake and macrofilaricidal effects of chloroquine (cq) and other aminoquinolines were found to be highly ph dependent in brugia pahangi, acanthocheilonema viteae, onchocerca volvulus, and dirofilaria immitis. using [3h]cq, it was found that all of the parasites took up more drug under alkaline conditions (rpmi 1640 at ph 8.4) than in neutral (ph 7.4) or acidic (ph 6.8) media. differences were seen in the amount of drug taken up among the filariae studied. b. pahangi and a. viteae took up 7 time ...	1989	2917628
hemocyte population changes during the immune response of aedes aegypti to inoculated microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis.	ultrastructural and lectin-binding studies have established that the melanotic encapsulation reaction of aedes aegypti liverpool strain against inoculated dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) is a hemocyte-mediated reaction. total hemocyte counts from mff-inoculated (= immune-activated), saline-inoculated, and uninoculated female a. aegypti were determined using a hemocoel perfusion technique. total hemocyte populations in uninoculated mosquitoes were significantly larger in younger mosquitoe ...	1989	2918431
recurring tetraparesis attributable to a heartworm in the epidural space of a dog.	recurring nonambulatory tetraparesis caused by a heartworm in the epidural space was diagnosed in a dog. on myelography and digital subtraction imaging, the parasite appeared as a large extradural mass. surgical removal of a mature, female dirofilaria immitis resulted in resolution of the neurologic signs.	1989	2925497
genetic characterization of dirofilaria repens and d. immitis by electrophoretic analysis of gene-enzyme systems.	a multilocus genetic analysis based on protein electrophoresis was carried out on 39 adult specimens of dirofilaria repens and 31 of d. immitis. seventeen enzymatic loci provided reliable electrophoretic patterns which were compared in the two species. all loci except one were monomorphic. fixed alternative allozymes were found at 13 loci while only 3 loci shared apparently the same allozyme in the two species. the polymorphic locus, pgm, also showed alternative allozymes. this remarkably high g ...	1989	2486999
[serology of human dirofilariasis].	the development of an immunoenzymatic technique for the detection of specific igg against dirofilaria immitis in humans is reported. two groups of rabbits were used as controls; one of them was hyperimmunized with d. immitis antigens and the other was not inoculated. subsequently, the reactivity to d. immitis and t. canis of the sera of three patients with pulmonary nodules and 25 apparently healthy individuals was evaluated. in two of the patients with pulmonary nodules the reactivity against d ...	1989	2490432
hemocyte monophenol oxidase activity in mosquitoes exposed to microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis.	monophenol oxidase (mpo) activity in hemocytes collected from aedes aegypti liverpool strain and aedes trivittatus intrathoracically inoculated with saline alone, inoculated with dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff), or from uninoculated mosquitoes was compared using a radiometric tyrosine hydroxylation assay. hemocyte mpo activity in mff-inoculated (= immune-activated) mosquitoes was significantly increased at 24 hr postinoculation (pi) in a. aegypti and at 6, 12, and 24 hr pi in a. trivitta ...	1989	2493084
leukotriene c4 synthesis catalyzed by dirofilaria immitis glutathione s-transferase.	the biologically active sulfidopeptide leukotriene, leukotriene c4, is formed by the enzymatic action of leukotriene c4 synthase, which conjugates glutathione with leukotriene a4. we have found that a filarial glutathione s-transferase can function as a leukotriene c4 synthase. glutathione s-transferase was purified from the cytosol of adult dirofilaria immitis by glutathione-agarose affinity chromatography and was reacted with 25 microm leukotriene a4 methyl ester and 10 mm glutathione. the fil ...	1989	2493201
dirofilaria immitis: alteration of endothelium-dependent relaxation in the in vivo canine femoral artery.	pathogenic mechanisms in filarial diseases are complex and poorly understood. while examining endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses in the in vivo canine femoral artery, we noticed that dogs with dirofilaria immitis infection had altered vascular responsiveness. the results reported here extend our original observations on vascular reactivity in dogs with d. immitis infection (l. kaiser, j. f. williams, e. a. meade, and h. v. sparks, 1987, american journal of physiology 253, h1325-h1329). ...	1989	2499488
evaluation of protein-a gold labelling with dirofilaria immitis antigen coated nitrocellulose for the detection of anti-heartworm antibody in dogs.		1989	2510710
a lambda gt11 cdna recombinant that encodes dirofilaria immitis paramyosin.	the cdna synthesized from mrna of dirofilaria immitis female adult worms was cloned into the expression vector lambda gt11. screening the library with a hyperimmune rabbit antiserum raised against adult worm homogenates yielded several antigen positive clones. one of these clones, lambda cdi2, was recognized by rabbit antisera raised against either d. immitis l-3, adult, brugia malayi l-3 or onchocerca volvulus adult worm antigen, as well as by antisera from humans naturally infected with o. vol ...	1989	2527335
systemic autoimmune disease and concurrent nematode infection in a dog.	systemic lupus erythematosus was diagnosed in a dog with concurrent nematode infection. the clinical signs of disease were unusually severe and included multiple neurologic deficits, polyarthritis, and weight loss. the dog was thrombocytopenic, and serotest results included positive lupus erythematosus test, positive rheumatoid factor test, positive antinuclear antibody test, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high platelet-associated igg concentration. after treatment of hookworm, whipworm, and heartw ...	1989	2551867
dirofilariasis.		1989	2564386
yearly change in antibody level to dirofilaria immitis (spirurida: filariidae) among humans exposed naturally to infected mosquitoes.	the igg antibody level to dirofilaria immitis (leidy) increased significantly in 10.0% of 558 paired sera collected yearly from inhabitants in miki city, japan, indicating that they were exposed to infected mosquito bites. an additional 15.2% of paired sera showed decreases in igg level. the binominal distribution of elisa antibody levels among paired sera suggested an equilibrium between continued infection and antibody decreases after infection.	1989	2571733
relative suitability of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti in north carolina to support development of dirofilaria immitis.	the relative suitability of two colonies established from local strains of aedes albopictus (wilmington and rockingham) and a local (raleigh) and laboratory (liverpool) strain of ae. aegypti to support development of dirofilaria immitis was investigated. high levels of mortality occurred 1-2 days after mosquitoes fed on a heavily microfilaremic (28,617 microfilariae/ml) dog but not when mosquitoes were fed on a dog exhibiting a moderate microfilaremia (3,300 microfilariae/ml). at 15-16 days post ...	1989	2584971
size of blood meals of aedes albopictus and culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) feeding on an unrestrained dog infected with dirofilaria immitis (spirurida: filariidae).	blood meal volume was determined for two species of mosquitoes, aedes albopictus (skuse) and culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, recently demonstrated to be natural vectors of canine heartworm in japan. when fed on unrestrained dogs, volumes were from 1 nl to 6 microliters in both species, but percentages of engorged mosquitoes were 45.2-64.3% for ae. albopictus and 11.9-22.2% for cx. tritaeniorhynchus. ae. albopictus preferred to feed on human bait versus canine bait when both were exposed concurren ...	1989	2585448
prevention of adverse reactions following milbemycin d administration to microfilaremic dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis.	some adverse reactions such as shock-like reaction and dirofilarial hemoglobinuria (caval syndrome) occasionally occurred in microfilaremic dogs following milbemycin d (milbe) administration. this study was carried out to seek the prevention of these adverse reactions. in two groups containing 16 and 9 dogs respectively which were administered either chlorpheniramine maleate (1 mg/kg) or indomethacin (2.5 mg/kg) simultaneously with milbe (1 mg/kg), the incidence of clinical signs such as the pal ...	1989	2585926
the effect of infusions of microfilariae (l1 larvae) of dirofilaria immitis in dogs.	four pups were given three intravenous infusions of microfilariae over a 7-month period to determine if radiographic changes could be detected in the lungs while sensitivity to first stage microfilariae was being induced. mild pathological changes occurred but these could not be detected on any of the radiographs. radiographic changes described by others and 'eosinophilic lungs' did not result from the immune response to the first stage larvae.	1989	2592140
canine filariasis in salamanca (northwest spain).	a survey of dogs in four areas of salamanca province (northwest spain) was carried out to determine the prevalence of filariids in the canine population. blood samples from 293 dogs were tested for the presence of microfilariae, using a modification of the knott technique. for correct identification of filariid species, blood smears associated with the 43 positive knott tests were histochemically stained for demonstration of the somatic distribution of acid phosphatase activity. the survey revea ...	1989	2604454
human pulmonary dirofilariasis in india: a case report.	dirofilaria immitis is a common parasite of the canine cardiovascular system. in dogs, it often produces pulmonary lesions and rarely dilatation of portal vessels. most of the human cases reported showed pulmonary lesions. we describe here a child manifesting as portal cavernoma with pulmonary dirofilariasis detected at autopsy. this is the first case of pulmonary dirofilariasis reported from india.	1989	2607577
influence of immunosuppressants against dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs.	two immunosuppressive drugs, azathiopurine (azp) and prednisolone (pds), were examined on dogs experimentally infected with dirofilaria immitis in order to estimate the involvement of immunological assail in rejecting the parasite by the host. azp was orally administered to 3 dogs daily at a dosage of 1-10 mg/kg for a period from 3 days before infection until the end of the experiment. the dose was then varied and transiently ceased according to the severity of the side effects. pds was subcutan ...	1989	2607746
diethylcarbamazine: inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase of dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi.	anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of diethylcarbamazine (dec) was studied. acethylcholinesterase (ache) of adult worms of dirofilaria immitis, those of the 4th-stage larvae, early 5th-stage larvae and adults worms of brugia pahangi, and that of hamster brain tissue were all inhibited by dec. michaelis constant (km) of d. immitis and b. pahangi adult worm ache were 1.47 x 10(-4) and 1.81 x 10(-4) m respectively. dec was a competitive inhibitor of the filarial ache. inhibition constant (ki) for a ...	1989	2609206
antifilarial activities of synthetic and natural retinoids in vitro.	fourteen synthetic retinoids with known and different binding affinities to retinol binding proteins of dirofilaria immitis, retinol, and retinoic acid were tested in vitro against female litomosoides carinii (drug levels 20, 10, 1 nm/ml) and against microfilariae of l. carinii, brugia malayi, b. pahangi and acanthocheilonema viteae (drug levels 100, 20, 10, 1 nm/ml). all compounds including retinol and retinoic acid had at least some effects on the filarial parasites. except for 3 synthetic ret ...	1989	2617041
the role of dirofilaria immitis antigen in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arteritis in the dog. 1. the effects of antigen infusion.	the aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the dirofilaria immitis antigen and morphology response of pulmonary tissue. the pulmonary arteries of d. immitis naive dogs were infused with an antigenic extract of adult female d. immitis worms. light and electron microscopy and an assessment of vascular permeability were performed to compare arterial pathology 1 h and 5 days after antigen infusion. thrombus formation accompanied by perivascular edema was present initially, but ...	1989	2618207
studies on the biosynthesis and fate of ecdysteroids in filarial nematodes.	experiments were performed to investigate whether adult dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi were capable of synthesising ecdysteroids from cholesterol or various intermediates from the biosynthetic pathway functioning in insects. metabolites of radioactively-labelled cholesterol and 5 beta-ketodiol (2,22,25-trideoxy-ecdysone) were detected in the filarial nematodes, but there was no radioactivity corresponding to ecdysteroid. uptake of tritiated 2-deoxyecdysone was poor and metabolism was not ...	1989	2623425
[clinical investigation of pulmonary dirofilariasis with unusual abnormalities on chest roentgenograms].	the authors recently encountered three cases of pulmonary dirofilariasis with unusual abnormalities on chest roentgenograms. in case 1, with right upper and lower lobe masses and right pleural effusion, the right lower lobe mass and pleural effusion spontaneously disappeared one month after admission. in case 2, chest roentgenograms and chest ct scanning revealed a small mass with cavity formation. in case 3, with a right lower lobe mass and pleural effusion, steroid therapy resulted in disappea ...	1989	2625806
differential recognition of loa loa antigens by sera of human subjects from a loiasis endemic zone.	somatic antigens of loa loa adult worms with molecular weights of 15-180 kda were identified by western blot analysis using sera from 3 categories of parasitologically and clinically defined subjects from a loiasis endemic zone. sera of occult, amicrofilaremic (ol), and 'resistant' individuals with no clinical signs of infection (r) reacted with an antigen of 160 kda; sera of highly microfilaremic individuals (ml) did not. ml sera strongly reacted with an antigen of 18 kda which was recognized o ...	1989	2641644
pulmonary dirofilariasis: the great imitator of primary or metastatic lung tumor. a clinicopathologic analysis of seven cases and a review of the literature.	the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of seven patients with pulmonary dirofilariasis were studied. the findings were analyzed in conjunction with those of 76 cases previously reported from the united states. we found that, in most instances, the disease was acquired in states along the atlantic and gulf coasts and occurred predominantly in whites (94.7%) in their fifth or sixth decades of life, with a male to female ratio of 2:1. symptoms, commonly chest pain, cough, or hemoptysis, ...	1989	2643558
[assessment of intracutaneous test in longitudinal surveillance for lymphatic filariasis].	in order to evaluate the usefulness of intracutaneous test (it) in longitudinal surveillance of filariasis, two administrative villages selected from queshan county, henan province of china, endemic for wuchereria bancrofti, were surveyed in 1982, 1983 and 1987 respectively, by it with antigen fpt derived from dirofilaria immitis. the result showed that the original level of it to antigen fpt in the population was consistent with the data of either etiological or entomological investigation befo ...	1989	2699282
culex erraticus: a host for dirofilaria immitis.		1989	2708985
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antigens of dirofilaria immitis (spirunida: filariidae) larvae in aedes albopictus and culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae).	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method was developed for detecting the larval antigens of dirofilaria immitis (leidy) in aedes albopictus (skuse) and culex tritaeniorhynchus giles to replace the conventional dissection method. the assay was sensitive enough to detect 21.3 ng/ml (2.13 ng per microplate well) or more of the soluble antigen obtained from adult worms and an antigen amount corresponding to at least one larva at any developing stage. no inhibitory effect of host tissues w ...	1989	2709386
anti-filarial effects of nine quinoline-containing drugs on adult filariae in vitro.	the potencies and efficacies of 9 quinoline-containing anti-malarials including chloroquine, (bis)desethylchloroquine, sn6911, sn12108, amodiaquine, cn-2999-2k, primaquine, quinacrine, and quinine were examined in vitro against adult female brugia pahangi. parasite motility and lactate excretion were measured as indicators of drug effects. all of the agents tested showed time-dependent increases in potency over a 24-72-hr incubation period. sn12108 was the most potent at 72 hr, reducing motility ...	1989	2723923
experimental dirofilaria immitis-associated glomerulonephritis induced in part by in situ formation of immune complexes in the glomerular capillary wall.	eight dogs were immunized with an aqueous-soluble extract of adult dirofilaria immitis. subsequent to at least 7-fold increases in antibody titer, the left renal artery of each dog was infused with 6 mg of d. immitis antigen. fourteen days after infusion, the left kidney was compared to the right kidney and preinfusion biopsies. all dogs developed glomerular lesions in the left kidney characterized by 1 or more of the following: mesangial cell proliferation, neutrophil infiltration, increased pe ...	1989	2760771
influence of immune treatments against dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs.	mongrel dogs were inoculated with two kinds of antigenic substances. the first was a phosphate buffered saline extract of whole dirofilaria immitis mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel (group 1), and the second was an orally administered live metastrongylus apri infective larvae (l3) (group 2). both groups were then infected with d. immitis l3. indirect hemagglutination (iha) tests showed that the antibody was produced by these inoculations before the infection was introduced, even in dogs inoculat ...	1989	2761146