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combination chemotherapy of echinococcus granulosus--in vitro studies.both benzimidazole carbamates and isoquinoline compounds have activity against protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus in culture in vitro; combinations of albendazole sulphoxide and praziquantel are more effective than either agent alone.19883188154
electrophoretic analysis of genetic variation in echinococcus granulosus from domestic hosts in australia. 19883192352
evidence of in vitro germinal layer development in echinococcus granulosus cysts.in vitro protoscolices of echinococcus granulosus grew in a vesicular direction. after 9 days the laminated layer was observed; it reached thicknesses up to 140 micron. by day 125 of culture, the cysts had reached sizes of up to 4.875 micron and a high percentage of cysts had been obtained (10.4%). the ultrastructure of these cysts was studied and the existence of a germinal layer was demonstrated.19883194367
the development of nonradioactive total genomic probes for strain and egg differentiation in taeniid cestodes.purified total genomic dna labeled with photobiotin was used as a probe for the identification and differentiation of strains of echinococcus granulosus and to distinguish between the morphologically identical eggs of 2 taeniid species. such biotinylated probes are easily prepared and can be utilized effectively for rapid screening and identification of taeniid isolates by dot and southern blotting. the use of total genomic dna probes in high stringency hybridizations obviates the need for clone ...19883195693
the effect of isatin on the echinococcus granulosus cyst in an experimental host.the effect of isatin on the e. granulosus cyst was studied. nmri mice, which were infected with e. granulosus of sheep origin, were treated daily with isatin at a dose of 50 mg kg-1 for 18 days. ultrastructural damage was observed in the treated cysts, including accumulation of lamellar stacks, electron-dense granules, autophagosomes and lipid vesicles. moreover, a biochemical study showed an inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity, with a decrease in carbohydrate storage and an increase in ...19883212928
morphological variation of echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces from hydatid cysts of human and various domestic animals in jordan. 19883220653
evaluation of a serological test system for the diagnosis of natural echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs using e. granulosus protoscolex and oncosphere antigens.serum antibody responses in feral or domesticated dogs naturally infected with echinococcus granulosus or/and other common helminths were examined in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using antigens prepared from e. granulosus protoscoleces or oncospheres. the elisa using the protoscolex antigen was optimised with serums from experimental dogs monospecifically infected with e. granulosus or other helminth parasites, and helminth-free dogs. anti-protoscolex antibody was detected in 16 ...19883223848
studies on the effect of short term, high dose praziquantel treatment against protoscoleces of ovine and equine echinococcus granulosus within the cyst, and in vitro.protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus were subjected to high concentrations of praziquantel (10-1000 micrograms/ml medium or cyst fluid) for a short, 10 min duration in vitro or in situ within cysts. drug efficacy was then monitored either by in vitro culture in drug-free medium and/or by passage into rodents. the in vitro test of effectiveness suggested that ovine-derived protoscoleces were more sensitive than those of equine origin, and that the in vitro method of treatment was more success ...19883227231
hydatid disease in the turkana district of kenya. vi. man:dog contact and its role in the transmission and control of hydatidosis amongst the turkana.despite a hostile environment unsuited to parasite transmission, turkana district in northwestern kenya has the highest incidence of hydatid disease in the world. the prevalence of the disease varies ten-fold, being higher in the north than the south of the district. this study examined whether differences in man:dog contact and specific activities of dogs enhanced the transmission of echinococcus granulosus eggs to man. a total of 24,541 observation-minutes were completed, studying 31 dogs from ...19883252758
observations on the origin of daughter cysts within hydatid cysts of echinococcus granulosus. 19883252765
[scanning electron microscopic observation of protoscolices of echinococcus granulosus damaged by praziquantel and albendazole]. 19883256221
epidemiology of hydatidosis/echinococcosis in ouarzazate, the pre-saharian region of morocco.in the ouarzazate province of southern morocco, 1085 cattle and 358 sheep were examined for hydatid cysts. the prevalence was 44.6% (range 8.3-83.4%) in cattle and 5.3% (range 1.3-28.6%) in sheep. the prevalence increased with the age of the animals. the lung was the predominant site of infection, followed by the liver. in cattle, 14.2% of hydatid cysts were fertile and 16.4% had degenerative changes. the mean loss per head of cattle slaughtered was about 1 kg of liver and 900 g of lungs in the ...19883257076
ontogenetic changes in helminth membrane function.during their life-cycle many parasites experience a wide range of environments including free living and those provided by a variety of intermediate and final hosts. the nutritional requirements of parasites are met by physiological processes adapted to exploit the physicochemical characteristics provided by different hosts. in helminth parasites these adaptations are frequently expressed on the tegumentary surface. as an example of adaptations within the trematoda, the control of monosaccharide ...19883287293
echinococcus strains in europe: a review.in european countries the following final/intermediate host assemblages of echinococcus granulosus are known to occur: (a) dog/sheep; (b) dog/horse; (c) dog/cattle; (d) dog/pig, (e) dog/reindeer (= "northern form" of e. granulosus). the parasites involved in cycles a-d have been identified as distinct strains in various countries. epidemiological aspects relevant to intraspecific variations and strain characteristics are described. in e. multilocularis there are some indications for intraspecifi ...19883291073
indirect fluorescent antibody test for the detection of antibodies to echinococcus granulosus in experimentally infected pups.adult parasites of echinococcus granulosus of buffalo origin were used as antigen in the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa) for detection of antibodies to e. granulosus in experimentally infected pups. the technique permitted detection of antibodies on day 5 post-infection (p.i.) and up to day 80 p.i. in infected animals. the antigen-antibody reaction was characterized by the appearance of a specific brilliant greenish yellow fluorescence on the embryophore of mature eggs present within an ...19883291383
establishment of cell cultures from hydatid cysts of echinococcus granulosus. 19883294198
preparation of high-titre anti-p1 sera for blood typing in man.for the last 25 years, antisera for testing p1 in man have been obtained by i.v. injections in goats using hydatid cyst fluid from livers of pigs infected by echinococcus granulosus. due to the fact that this antigen has become very rare today, efforts have been made by the authors to substitute it by different antigens and to save antigen by modifying the technique of immunisation as well. by this, very high titres up to 1:4096 could be reached after specification absorption.19883350443
determination of the minimum time of praziquantel therapy required for the in vitro treatment of protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus.ovine and equine protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus were cultured for 26 days with our without praziquantel and viability assessed, by eosin exclusion, for cultures in various drug concentrations (50, 250 and 500 micrograms/l) and periods of exposure (1, 3 or 7 days (d] before removing/'rescuing' to drug-free medium. drug efficacy was proportional to drug concentration and to length of exposure. at higher drug concentrations shorter exposures were required to produce the effect of continuo ...19883372974
echinococcus granulosus: the effects of praziquantel, in vivo and in vitro, on the ultrastructure of equine strain murine cysts.praziquantel (500 mg/kg) administered orally to balb/c mice with secondary equine e. granulosus daily for 21, 30 or 30 + 30 days without the drug resulted in the majority of cysts, using bench criteria of turgidity and eosin exclusion, being assessed as 'alive'. ultrastructural examination of 54 of these 'alive' cysts did not support this conclusion. they all showed increased vesiculation of the germinal layer leading, in many, to the loss of its integrity. increased mitochondrial numbers occurr ...19883374967
echinococcus granulosus in animals in northern india.the prevalence of larval echinococcus granulosus in buffaloes, sheep and goats and in adult stray and shepherd dogs was studied in northern india. a total of 48.1% of 754 buffaloes, 30.5% of 1215 sheep and 21.0% of 447 goats were found to be infected with this parasite. the prevalence of infection in buffaloes was higher in older animals than in younger animals. the lungs and livers appeared to be the sites of predilection. a high percentage of cysts from buffaloes (71.1%) were sterile, whereas ...19883388744
the prevalence of cysticercosis and hydatidosis in ethiopian sheep.five hundred and sixty sheep, slaughtered at an addis ababa abattoir, were examined for cysticercosis and hydatidosis. the prevalence of the metacestodes of taenia hydatigena was 37.1% and that of echinococcus granulosus 16.4%. in addition, the age and sex prevalences of hydatid cysts, their organ distribution and the ratio of fertile cysts were determined.19883388745
echinococcus granulosus infection in wild dogs in south-eastern new south wales. 19883401157
demonstration of a specific echinococcus multilocularis antigen in the supernatant of in vitro maintained protoscolices.serodiagnosis of echinococcosis is still often met with difficulties resulting from unspecific reactions due to crude antigens which contain numerous host-derived proteins. in order to eliminate host protein contamination we produced echinococcus multilocularis antigen by methods of in vitro technique: evaginated protoscolices of echinococcus multilocularis isolated from experimentally infected mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) were maintained in rpmi 1640 medium. although no serum prote ...19883407363
effect of gamma irradiation on the protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus of sheep origin. 19883417384
phagocytic function of monocytes in murine model of echinococcus granulosus of human origin.phagocytic function of monocytes was studied in e. granulosus infected swiss albino mice, with haemolysin coated sheep erythrocytes, staphylococcus aureus, latex particles and- echinococcus antigen coated latex particles. no significant difference in percentage phagocytic activity was observed in mice in the early stages of infection when compared to non-infected controls (p greater than 0.05). however, in the later stages of infection, increase in the phagocytic activity was noticed. the activi ...19892914730
deciphering western blots of tapeworm antigens (taenia solium, echinococcus granulosus, and taenia crassiceps) reacting with sera from neurocysticercosis and hydatid disease patients.complex antigen mixtures displayed in western blots may be immediately and quantitatively categorized with respect to specificity and immunogenicity by immunoplotting. this involves plotting the frequency with which each antigen band reacts with a set of immune sera against the frequency of the same band when reacted with another set of immune sera. immunoplotting has proven to be a powerful method of analyzing western blots of reactions between vesicular fluids from the metacestodes of taenia s ...19892929850
biochemical characterization of taenia hydatigena cysticerci from goats and pigs.analysis of the major biochemical components of taenia hydatigena cysticerci collected from goats and pigs showed marked differences, particularly in glycogen, protein, lipid and dna levels. differences were also detected in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids. furthermore, the profile of phospholipid fractions revealed quantitative differences between the two species. it is concluded that the cysticerci of goat and pig origin probably represent two diffe ...19892480977
cross-reacting and specific antigenic components in cystic fluid from metacestodes of echinococcus granulosus and taenia solium.sera from confirmed patients of 5 hydatidosis, 67 neurocysticercosis and 89 other parasitic diseases were tested for specific antibody (igg) levels by elisa to cystic fluid antigens from metacestodes of echinococcus granulosus (hf) and taenia solium (cf). all hydatidosis sera reacted positively to both hf and cf while neurocysticercosis sera did in 49.3% to hf and 85.1% to cf. the frequencies of cross-reactions were lower in other parasitic diseases to both antigens. by sds-page, protein bands o ...19892484811
[distribution of ovine hydatidosis in sardinia, 1987-1988].the prevalence of echinococcus granulosus in sheep was examined in sardinia between june and september 1987-1988. of the examined sheep 243 were being pastured in fenced fields while 1084 were being pastured in open fields. an infection rate of 1.6% was recorded in the first group of sheep, and 86.7% in the second. the prevalence rate differed in various parts of the region, ranging from 79.4% (oristano province) to 95% (nuoro province). of the parasitized sheep 7.9% harboured only fertile cysts ...19892487004
[characterization of immunogenic proteins from echinococcus granulosus with the immunoblot technique].the serological response to echinococcus granulosus was evaluated by immunoblotting in 20 patients with hydatid disease. in non-reducing conditions, the highest reactivity corresponded to 80, 66 and 56 kd proteins, while in reducing conditions only one 36 kd protein was detected. a low molecular weight component which moved with the migration front of gels was also detected. in reducing conditions the activity was less marked. immunoblotting permits the identification of specific immunogenic pro ...19892490698
[epidemiology and social/health implications of hydatidosis in sardinia].all surgically treated cases of hydatidosis registered in sardinia from 1969 to 1984 have been analysed. the 16-year period clearly shows that unilocular hydatid disease caused by larvae of tapeworm, echinococcus granulosus, is endemic in sardinia. in this region there are foci of human infection notably in the sheep rearing areas, of nuoro and sassari. the incidence of human hydatidosis shows a marked regional variation varying during the last survey (1982-1984) between 16.9/1000 in the provinc ...19892491290
the ovine cysticercosis as models for research into the epidemiology and control of the human and porcine cysticercosis taenia solium: ii. the application of control.field trials and control programmes demonstrate that ovine echinococcosis (echinococcus granulosus) and the cysticercoses (taenia hydatigena and t. ovis) have different stabilities and may not respond in the same way to control. the first-named, which is usually in the endemic state, is readily transformed by a dog-dosing programme to extinction status. in contrast, the cysticercoses, usually in the hyperendemic state, may only be transformed to the endemic state. the consequence of this include ...19892518723
the isolation, by differential antibody screening, of echinococcus multilocularis antigen gene clones with potential for immunodiagnosis.a lambda gt11 cdna expression library consisting of a million recombinant clones has been constructed from echinococcus multilocularis protoscolex mrna. differential screening of the library with pools of e. multilocularis and echinococcus granulosus human infection sera has revealed 13 potentially immunodiagnostic clones. on the basis of plaque immunoassays and lysogen characteristics, two of these clones, designated em2 and em4, have been further characterised. the recombinant fusion-peptides ...19892524665
genetic heterogeneity within echinococcus granulosus: isolates from different hosts and geographical areas characterized with dna probes.a segment of the ribosomal rna gene of schistosoma mansoni and a dna fragment specific to echinococcus granulosus, cloned in plasmids, have been used as dna probes to assess the extent of genetic variability within e. granulosus and some distinct strains have been identified. the dna analysis, involving restriction endonuclease digestion and southern blot hybridization with the probes, did not demonstrate any significant genetic variation within the u.k. horse/dog or sheep/dog strains but confir ...19892552377
the diagnosis of human hydatidosis by measurement of specific ige antibody by enzyme immunoassay.the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme immunosorbent assay (eia) for measurement of anti-echinococcus granulosus specific ige antibody using microtiter strips was evaluated. the sensitivity was 92.2% for 90 patients with cysts in the liver or other body sites but excluding the patients with cysts in the lungs or bones. in this latter group (n = 26) a sensitivity of 61.5% was recorded. the specificity for control groups comprising 89 blood bank sera from spain and 48 sera from atopic swedes ...19892727637
[hepatic hydatid cyst with destruction of the biliary confluent. apropos of 2 cases treated by direct reconstruction].the authors present two cases of hepatic echinococcus cyst with destruction of the biliary confluent. the severity of this exceptional lesion requires uncommon treatment. experience with treatment of biliary fistulas when there is a residual cystic cavity, provides arguments for and against primary suture of these fistulas. in these cases, the required treatment consists in reconstruction of the hepatic biliary ducts destroyed (right, left and common) by using the pericystic envelope itself as a ...19892695533
[an evaluation of the efficacy of immunoenzyme analysis with whole and fractionated antigens of echinococcus granulosus].efficacy of eia with intact (ia) and fractionated (fa) antigens on 34 lung echinococcosis patients' sera and 42 control sera samples has been evaluated. sediment fraction sf-70, obtained from echinococcal fluid treated with 70% saturated ammonium sulphate, was the most effective, revealing specific antibodies in 97.2 +/- 2.9% of echinococcosis patients, while ia allowed to reveal them only in 82.4 +/- 6.5% of cases. the values in eia diagnostic (1:200) titres were 76.5 +/- 7.3 and 54.1 +/- 4.0%, ...19892693925
[hydatid cyst of the lung].following a summary of the natural biological cycle of taenia echinococcus granulosus, the hydatid vesicle is described with its walls and contents. the chapter on the geographical distribution and epidemiology of hydatidosis shows that the disease is ubiquitous, spares no continent and is particularly frequent in mediterranean countries and latin america. the natural course of the pulmonary hydatid cyst is presented in 6 successive radioclinical stages and illustrated by radiological images tha ...19892678406
in vitro effects of levamisole and ivermectin against echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces.the in vitro effects of levamisole and ivermectin against echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. both drugs had a protoscolicidal activity that increased proportionally with increasing concentrations of the drugs. ivermectin showed the more rapid effects and caused contraction and paralysis of protoscoleces. a paralyzing effect was also observed with levamisole, followed by irreversible tissue vacuolation leading to death.19892635167
[preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid antigen].mcabs were prepared by fusing sp2/0 cells with spleen cells of balb/c mice immunized with hydatid cyst fluid (hcf) antigen. antibodies in hybrid culture supernatant were detected by elisa, and positive hybrids were cloned by technique of limiting dilutions. numbers of chromosomes of five hybridoma cell lines (1d1, 1d8, 2d6, 4b10, 4f4) were demonstrated in the range of 99-108. the immunoglobulin class/subclass of mcab 4f4 was igm and the others belonged to igg1. iha, elisa and i-elisa were used f ...19892630414
treatment of echinococcus granulosus hydatid disease with mebendazole.the authors report their personal experience in the treatment of 70 patients with hydatid cysts of different localization with mebendazole, following protocols approved by who. during treatment patients were submitted to careful clinical, biochemical, radiological and immunological controls. on the whole, 150 hydatid cysts and 13 cases of widespread hydatidosis were observed. follow-up ranged from 6 months to 5 years. morphological and/or volumetric modifications were observed in 64.3% of the to ...19892585032
subunit composition and specificity of the major cyst fluid antigens of echinococcus granulosus.the subunit composition and specificity of the major echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid antigens were determined by immunochemical analysis using murine monoclonal antibodies against antigen 5 and antigen b and human sera. immune complexes cut out from immunoelectrophoresis gels and murine hybridomas were used as a source of specific anti-antigen 5 and anti-antigen b antibodies. immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels using these reagents iden ...19892481826
the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain.twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ...19892596902
rapid recovery of echinococcus granulosus following 'successful' albendazole therapy in a gerbil model.peritoneal echinococcus granulosus in gerbils was treated with albendazole. both early and late infections were studied; response to albendazole therapy and the ability of the parasite to recover after treatment was found to depend on dose and length of therapy. even after treatment at 50 mg/kg for 2 months late infections retained the ability to recover over 3 months.19892600415
chemotherapy of echinococcus infection in man with albendazole.since 1983 data have been collected on the outcome of treatment of apparently active echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts with albendazole. most patients received 800 mg albendazole daily in cycles of 28 d with 14 d between cycles, with a mean duration of 2.5 cycles (range 1-12). from an initial set of over 500 cases, 253 patients were evaluated for efficacy, with 269 hepatic, 86 pulmonary, 50 peritoneal and 51 cysts at other sites being individually assessed. 72 patients (28.5%) were regarded ...19892603216
can implanted cyst pieces of echinococcus granulosus regenerate?small piece of ovine hydatid cysts devoid of brood capsules and protoscoleces, and half or quarter pieces of secondary sterile murine cysts of equine origin failed, over a six-month period, to regenerate when passaged into the peritoneal cavity of balb/c mice. the majority of similar pieces placed in microdiffusion chambers prior to insertion into mice also failed to regenerate, suggesting that the passage of cyst pieces may not be totally reliable in the assessment of the viability of germinal ...19892604464
[effect of praziquantel and albendazole on ultrastructure of protoscolex of echinococcus granulosus].when protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus, maintained in 20% calf serum-rpmi 1640 were exposed to praziquantel 1 microgram/ml for 1-48 h, severe damages to the ultrastructure of protoscoleces were observed. the main lesions of the tegument included indistinct of the matrix, vacuolization and peeling, while vacuolization of perinuclear cytoplasma in tegumental cells, focus lysis in muscle bundles, and destruction in collection ducts and flame cells were also seen. the results suggest that the ...19892610002
isolation and partial characterization of species-specific and cross-reactive antigens of echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid.two parasite antigens have been isolated from echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid using hydrophobic interaction chromatography, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. initial characterization of the antigens indicates that both are glycoproteins, of approximately 20 and 48 kda (eg20 and eg48). when the two antigens were tested with a battery of antisera from patients with heterologous parasitic infections, only eg20 was found to be specific for e. granulosus. the ...19892615786
echinococcus granulosus: in vitro maintenance of whole cysts and the assessment of the effects of albendazole sulphoxide and praziquantel on the germinal layer.small entire cysts of echinococcus granulosus of human and animal origin were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of albendazole sulphoxide (1000 micrograms/litre) or praziquantel (500 micrograms/litre) for 10 or 11 d, and subsequently passaged into the peritoneal cavity of gerbils to assess viability by continued cyst growth. viability was reduced in the presence of albendazole sulphoxide, and disintegration of the germinal layer immediately after culture was demonstrated at the ultras ...19892617608
albendazole is effective against established echinococcus granulosus in gerbils: comparison of serum concentrations achieved by gavage and feed administration.serum levels of albendazole sulphoxide in gerbils infected with echinococcus granulosus and treated with albendazole (20 or 50 mg kg-1 day-1) by gavage were dose dependent, whereas albendazole administered in feed at a rate equivalent to 80 mg kg-1 day-1 achieved serum levels calculated to be equivalent to those produced by administration of 40 mg kg-1 day-1 by gavage. this regimen, over a three-month period, was effective and reduced parasite weight to 4.6% of that in control gerbils, and the t ...19892619363
the status of subspecies or strains of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. 19892619368
[cell line of hybridoma secreting monoclonal antibodies against echinococcus granulosus antigens].in order to produce specific monoclonal antibodies for immunodiagnosis and immunoprophylaxis in hydatid disease, a monoclonal antibody cell line nia2 secreting specific antibodies was established, through fusion of myeloma cells sp2/0 and spleen cells of balb/c mice immunized with hydatid fluid from a local (ningxia) patient and repeated screenings and clonings. the specificity was assayed via elisa, immunoprecipitating and ultramicroscopy. antibody titer of 1:2,560 was obtained in the supernata ...19892633889
genetic differences between cysts of echinococcus granulosus from the same host.isozyme differences were found between protoscoleces derived from different cysts in three sheep and three macropod marsupials. isozymes were interpreted as the products of different alleles at corresponding enzyme loci, indicating that the same host may contain cysts derived from genetically different embryos. genetic variation on this scale may cause confusion in epidemiological studies, if protoscoleces from several cysts are pooled prior to strain-typing.19892635169
echinococcosis in iraq: prevalence of echinococcus granulosus in stray dogs in arbil province.of 67 dogs examined in 11 localities in arbil province, northern iraq, 53 (79.1%) were found infected with echinococcus granulosus. the infection rates in the 11 localities ranged from 66.7% to 100%. infections were light (1-200 worms) in 37.7% of infected dogs, medium (201-1,000 worms) in 20.8% and heavy (over 1,000 worms) in 41.5%. the heaviest burden was detected in 13 dogs, in which 3,000 to 8,000 worms each were counted. infection rates were slightly higher in male dogs (81.1%) than in bitc ...19892635226
echinococcal diseases in an extended family and review of the literature.echinococcal disease occurred in an extended family from athens, greece. seven of the 11 family members were noted to be infected with echinococcus granulosus, and five members have undergone surgical treatment. the potential sources of infection are discussed, although localization was impossible. there is no genetic basis for this disease and no apparent pattern of family member interrelationship or visceral involvement. although echinococcal infection is frequently diagnosed in large urban ce ...19892658920
activation of normal murine b cells by echinococcus granulosus.echinococcus granulosus protoscolex (psc) infection of balb/c mice led, after 4 days, to raised numbers of cells forming plaques with trinitrophenyl-treated sheep red cells and bromelain-treated mouse red cells. the findings were similar in athymic and euthymic cba mice. activation of b cells was accompanied by secretion of immunoglobulin, as indicated by the reverse plaque technique. in addition, co-culture of psc with the 7oz/3 pre-b-cell led to the induction of differentiation, resulting in t ...19892661414
hydatid disease: analysis of parasite antigens in circulating immune complexes and in preformed hydatid antigen-antibody complexes.fifty-three sera from 29 patients with hydatid disease, all but one positive for specific anti-parasite antibodies and all negative for specific circulating antigens, were studied for the presence of circulating immune complexes (cic) by conglutinin binding-assay (kgba). fourteen serum samples (26%) from eight patients (27%) were positive. these positive sera were pooled for each patient and the eight samples were peg-precipitated and analysed for the presence of specific echinococcus granulosus ...19892664438
poor response to long-term albendazole therapy of hydatid liver cysts.seven patients with uncomplicated hepatic hydatid cysts (echinococcus granulosus) were treated with albendazole 10 mg/kg/day for 2-6 months (mean 4 months). serial sonographic evaluation showed reduction in cyst size in only 1 patient (the anteroposterior diameter decreased from 16.5 cm to 4.9 cm). therapy in this patient was discontinued after 4 months due to development of jaundice. albendazole appears to have a limited role in the treatment of hydatid disease of the liver.19892667098
specific detection of circulating surface/secreted glycoproteins of viable cysticerci in taenia saginata cysticercosis.a mouse monoclonal antibody (moab), reactive with a repetitive carbohydrate epitope on lentil-lectin adherent glycoproteins present on the surface and in the secretions of taenia saginata cysticerci, was used in the construction of a diagnostic elisa assay to detect these glycoproteins in the serum of t. saginata infected cattle. the moab was used as the trapping layer and subsequently bound glycoprotein was revealed using the same moab and biotinylated peroxidase-streptavidin complex as the dev ...19892674862
amino acid sequence homology between cyclophilin and a cdna-cloned antigen of echinococcus granulosus. 19892677720
hydatid disease: the threat within papua new guinea.hydatid disease is a problem in those countries where man, grazing animals and dogs live in close association. the adult tapeworm of echinococcus granulosus causes few, if any, symptoms in the dog and so its presence may be unsuspected. transmission to man is by ingestion of eggs, which resist desiccation and may be viable for up to one year. food or water may be directly contaminated or infection acquired by close contact with dogs carrying eggs in their saliva or hair. though quarantine regula ...19892683476
[immunological humoral response in mice experimentally infected with echinococcus granulosus, preliminary result of kinetic observation].5 serological methods included latex agglutination test (la), enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) and immunofluorescence antibody test (ifa) were used to trace the kinetic changes of the humoral response in nih mice experimentally infected with protoscolex of echinococcus granulosus. results showed that dot-elisa and ifa were able to detect antibodies 2 wk after infection while elisa, eitb a ...19892686857
development of the tegument of echinococcus granulosus (cestoda) protoscoleces during cystic differentiation in vivo.during the first 4 days following infection, early tegumentary changes are confined to the protoscolex soma of echinococcus granulosus, the thick glycocalyx being lost and the blunt elevations, flattened. the golgi complexes within the tegumentary cytons produce t2 vesicles that increase in number in the tegument from days 4 to 12, whereas t1 vesicles decline. spineless, truncated microtriches develop at the somal surface, and the laminated layer starts to form around the developing cyst from da ...19892704723
ultrastructural study of in vitro larval development of echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces.through ultrastructural study of the morphological forms developed in vitro during protoscolex culture, we describe larval e. granulosus histogenesis. the transformation of the spined microtriches in the protoscolex into truncated microtriches that develop within the hydatid cyst is discussed. the paper also describes the mitochondria location change that occurs during the evolution; the mitochondria pass from the most internal area of the distal cytoplasm along the cytoplasmic extensions into t ...19892707959
a specific diagnostic antigen of echinococcus granulosus with an apparent molecular weight of 8 kda.an echinococcus antigen with an apparent molecular weight of 8 kda was identified as diagnostically important. an immunoblot assay using this antigen was 91% sensitive for surgically confirmed echinococcus granulosus hydatid disease of the liver. specificity was 100% for echinococcosis. marked cross-reactivity was observed with serum specimens from patients with e. multilocularis and e. vogeli infections. the 8 kda component was not related to the widely recognized echinococcus antigen 5.19892712196
echinococcus granulosus: a comparison of free amino acid concentration in hydatid fluid from primary and secondary cysts and host plasma.a total of 28 components were detected in the free amino acid (faa) pool of hydatid fluid from primary and secondary equine cysts, secondary ovine cysts and host plasma. examination of data from equine cysts revealed that the majority of faas were present in significantly greater concentrations in secondary cysts, glycine being over 30 times more concentrated. values for total carbohydrates and glucose did not, however, differ significantly and total protein content was greater in primary cysts. ...19892717213
observations on the suitability and importance of the domestic intermediate hosts of echinococcus granulosus in uttah pradesh, india.the present study investigated the suitability and importance of buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats and pigs in maintaining the life-cycle of echinococcus granulosus in aligarh, india. a total of 565 (36%) of 1556 buffaloes, 20 (2%) of 1208 goats, 5 (1%) of 559 pigs, 6 (6%) of 109 sheep and two of three camels were found to harbour hydatid cysts. the frequency distribution of the hydatid cysts in each intermediate host species was over-dispersed and in buffaloes cyst fertility increased with increa ...19892723385
echinococcus granulosus infection of foxes in south-eastern new south wales. 19892730477
distribution of zinc in parasitic helminths.the distribution of zinc in representative groups of parasitic helminths was determined by the use of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. the results of these analyses have shown that growing flukes (smaller forms) with active oogenesis and spermatogenesis contained more zinc than old (large) or very old adults with an empty uterus and large lobulated testes. in cestodes, the neck region and immature proglottids showed more zinc concentration than mature and gravid proglottids and fully gro ...19892738383
occurrence of the cattle strain of echinococcus granulosus in the german democratic republic. 19892755937
the dispersion of echinococcus granulosus in the intestine of dogs.we studied the dispersion of adult echinococcus granulosus in the intestine of experimentally infected dogs at 2 scales of habitat use. on a coarse scale, worms were found most frequently in the anterior third of the small intestine. on a fine scale, clumps or aggregations, typically of 4-5 worms in an area of 12 mm2, occurred throughout the anterior two-thirds of the intestine. the most likely proximate cause of aggregative behavior is attraction between individual worms. there are at least 2 e ...19892760768
echinococcal disease of the extrahepatic biliary tract.cystic hydatid disease of the liver is uncommon in the united states. it is caused by the larval cestode echinococcus granulosus. one complication of this disorder is rupture of the hepatic hydatid cyst into the biliary ducts. there have been few reported cases of this complication of hydatid disease in the us literature. we describe a case of this disorder and briefly review the literature.19892763215
identification of protein components of echinococcus granulosus protoscolex antigens for specific serodiagnosis of e. granulosus infection in dogs.proteins of echinococcus granulosus protoscolex excretory/secretory or deoxycholate solubilized somatic antigens were radiolabelled with 125i and immunoprecipitated with sera from dogs naturally or experimentally infected with e. granulosus and various control dog sera. analysis of immunoprecipitates was performed using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify antigenic protein components specific for e. granulosus. using both electrophoretic techniques, a basic component of mr 2 ...19892771428
echinococcus granulosus of camel origin: development in dogs and parasite morphology.the developmental characteristics of echinococcus granulosus of camel origin were studied in four dogs artificially infected with protoscolices originating from hydatid cysts isolated from the lung of a camel (camelus dromedarius). two dogs each were necropsied 34/35 and 41 days post-infection (p.i.); one dog had a low worm burden and the others were heavily infected (27,625-41,150 worms). at day 35 p.i., 20% of the parasites had developed three segments and the uterus of the vast majority of th ...19892771921
[primary echinococcus cyst of the heart. a case report].a young male commercial pilot, completely asymptomatic of heart disease, was found to have an abnormal ecg on routine examination. this consisted of a bifascicular block (left anterior hemiblock plus a complete right bundle-branch block). aviation regulations demanded further examination to rule out possible cardiac disease. on two occasions in 1984 and again in 1986 cardiac catheterisation was performed and revealed normal left ventricular function and normal coronary arteries. on 15 april 1986 ...19892781427
an unusual pulmonary and renal presentation of echinococcosis. report of a case.echinococcosis, although relatively rare in north america, is becoming more prevalent. the rapid diagnosis of hydatid disease, using a noninvasive approach, is highly desirable. this paper describes a rare case of simultaneous pulmonary and renal echinococcosis, without demonstrable liver involvement, diagnosed by cytologic examination of a bronchial aspirate and sputum. this case emphasizes the importance of cytologic evaluation of a variety of body fluids to diagnose multiorgan infection by ec ...19892781969
lack of interspecies barriers in anti-id stimulated antibody production against echinococcus granulosus antigens.polyclonal human anti-hydatid antibodies were affinity purified from a hydatid patient serum and used to produce a rabbit anti-idiotypic serum. these anti-id antibodies cross-reacted in elisa with sera from 11 of 12 hydatid patients studied and with 13 infected or immunized mice sera. all mice primed and boosted with anti-id produced anti-hydatid antibodies in the primary response and exhibited an increase in antibody titre after a booster injection. the same effect was observed with mice primed ...19892785670
spectrotypic analysis of humoral response in human hydatidosis.the spectrotypic patterns of anti-echinococcus granulosus and anti-f(ab')2 antibodies were analysed in 13 patients with different forms of hydatidosis by means of isoelectric focusing (ief). specific anti-echinococcus antibodies and specific echinococcus antigens were obtained by crossed affinity chromatography between patient serum and cyst fluid, as previously described (d'amelio et al., 1985). a wide spectrotype in the pattern of anti-echinococcus antibodies was observed, with strong homologi ...19892786776
purification of shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins i and ii by receptor analog affinity chromatography with immobilized p1 glycoprotein and production of cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies.shiga toxin from shigella dysenteriae 60r was purified to homogeneity by a novel one-step receptor analog affinity chromatography method. the method was based on the binding affinity of shiga toxin for a specific disaccharide, gal alpha 1----4gal, which was also present in glycoproteins with p1 blood group seroreactivity produced in hydatid cysts from sheep infected with echinococcus granulosus. having shown that cyst fluid p1 glycoprotein bound shiga toxin on a solid phase, a p1 glycoprotein af ...19892807552
echinococcus granulosus: ultrastructure of epithelial changes during the first 8 days of metacestode development in vitro.the epithelium of artificially hatched and activated oncospheres of e. granulosus was studied ultrastructurally over the first 8 days of metacestode development in vitro. within 4 h of activation, the epithelium was transformed from a thin cytoplasmic layer into a much wider layer packed with penetration gland granules and containing mitochondria and golgi apparatus. microvilli were extended from the outer plasma membrane and the basal lamina on the inner epithelial surface virtually disappeared ...19892807718
[effect of d-hydrastine on the ultrastructure of experimental echinococcus granulosus cyst in mice].the ultrastructural changes in the germinal membranes of echinococcus granulosus cysts treated with d-hydrastine (3.75 mg/(kg.d), ig) for 20 d were studied. cysts from d-hydrastine treated mice were shown by transmission electron microscope to have dissolution of the microtriches, disturbance of organelles in their arrangement, dilatation and disruption of microtubules, increase in size and number of lysosomes, a decrease in number of golgi complexes and lessening in density and swelling of mito ...19892816421
comment on the status of echinococcus granulosus in the uk.echinococcus granulosus is composed of a complex of strains, the status of which has caused controversy and doubt. all have different characteristics which have arisen from animal husbandry practices, resulting in isolation and restriction of gene flow, and/or from the reproductive characteristics of the organisms. whatever the mechanism for strain variation, don mcmanus, alan lymbery and andrew thompson have no doubts that distinct variants occur in spite of a recent publication that suggests t ...198915463157
morphobiology of echinococcus granulosus and therapeutic trials in sheep. 198916312391
echinococcal cyst of the liver: diagnosis and surgical management.the encysted larval form of echinococcus granulosus may infest man as an incidental host. the liver is the organ most commonly involved, but the lung and brain may be affected. the disease is endemic where sheep are raised with dogs in a pastoral environment. areas of high endemicity exist in rural north america. human echinococcal disease is now seen in urban medical centers because of the changing patterns of migration and immigration. an echinococcal cyst of the liver is reported in a residen ...19902073088
[relationship between the efficacy of mebendazole and immune level of mice infected with secondary cysts of echinococcus granulosus].the proliferative response of lymphocytes to con a and enzyme-linked absorbent assay were used to determine the levels of cellular and humoral immunity of mice infected with ip 2000 protoscolices of echinococcus granulosus for 2, 4 or 8 months and treated twice with ip bcg 0.2 mg/mouse at an interval of 10 d, or with ip cyclophosphamide (cy) 10 mg/(kg.d) x 5 d. the results showed that the immune levels of the host were stimulated by bcg, but depressed by cy significantly. when the mice were trea ...19902088006
echinococcosis in kenya: transmission characteristics, incidence and control measures.kenya has the highest reported incidence of human hydatid disease in the world. up to about 30% of cattle, 15% of goats and 13% of sheep harbour the infection. the causative agent of the disease in kenya is echinococcus granulosus and a complex strain picture of this parasite has been postulated to occur. the domestic dog is the main definitive host of e. granulosus in kenya but infection in wild carnivores has also been reported. hydatid cysts have also been found in wild herbivores. although t ...19902094788
[detection of asymptomatic carriers of hydatid cysts: specificity increase of the immunoenzyme assay].an enzymoimmunoassay (eie) as a screening test to select potential asymptomatic cyst carriers among the general population of areas under risk is being used in programs for the control of hydatic diseases caused by echinococcus granulosus in argentina. the experience obtained up to date, applying this assay in population surveys, indicates that depending on the prevalence in the area 10% to 30% of the individuals selected did not show images compatible with hydatic cysts. the purpose of the pres ...19902101521
percutaneous treatment of hydatid cysts (echinococcus granulosus).a new method called pair (puncture-aspiration of cyst contents--injection of hypertonic saline solution--reaspiration) was used as a percutaneous treatment of hydatid cysts. in 37 patients, 120 cysts were punctured. all patients had not been considered surgical candidates. the cysts were localized in the liver, peritoneum, spleen, kidneys, muscles, and bones. in 70% of patients, good results were obtained. recurrence occurred in 5 of 120 cysts, all at the beginning of our experience when a low c ...19902121344
[effect of mebendazole, albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide on glycogen contents of echinococcus granulosus cysts in infected mice].mice infected with protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus for 8-9 months were treated ig with mebendazole (meb) 50 mg.kg-1.d-1, albendazole (alb) 300 mg.kg-1.d-1 or albendazole sulfoxide (albso) 150 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 1-7 d. the glycogen contents of cyst wall in each drug groups were 1.0 +/- 0.6 - 1.8 +/- 0.9 mg/g, 1.1 +/- 0.9 - 1.8 +/- 0.8 mg/g and 0.8 +/- 0.5 - 1.5 +/- 0.9 mg/g, respectively, which were less than those 2.2 +/- 1.3 - 2.8 +/- 1.3 mg/g of corresponding control groups with respecti ...19902130620
purification of antigen for serodiagnosis of echinococcosis.antigen for serodiagnosis of echinococcosis is purified by chromatography on deae-cellulose and sephadex g-200 from hydatid cyst fluid. the antigen is electrophoretically pure and found sensitive and specific for echinococcus granulosus. the antigen is thermostable and is apparently a lipo protein.19902132502
cestode infections in animals: immunological diagnosis and vaccination.cestode infections in animals are important because several species are zoonotic, causing cysticercosis and hydatidosis in man, and because of the economic losses incurred due to infections in livestock. information on immunological diagnosis of and vaccination against cestode infection is restricted almost exclusively to the taeniid cestodes in which two groups of mammalian hosts are concerned: the intermediate host infected with the larval parasite and the definitive host infected with the adu ...19902132691
cestode infections in korea.epidemiological surveys concerning cestodes of medical importance in korea have been sporadically reported by many workers. among various parasitic infections, cestode infections occur less frequently than other helminthiases, but they often cause serious clinical complications. cestodes reported so far in korea belong to the order pseudophyllidea or cyclophyllidea (subclass cestoda), i.e., diphyllobothrium latum, d. yonagoense, spirometra erinacei, sparganum, hymenolepis diminuta, h. nana, meso ...19902133417
regulation of macrophage-mediated larvicidal activity in echinococcus granulosus and mesocestoides corti (cestoda) infection in mice.killing of metacestodes by normal or post-infection macrophages and the regulation of this activity by cytokines were studied in vitro. the protoscolecidal activity of normal macrophages against echinococcus granulosus was inhibited by a product of naive t-enriched lymphocytes co-cultured with protoscoleces (psc). by contrast, supernates from co-cultures of mesocestoides corti tetrathyridia (mct) and t-enriched or b-enriched normal lymphocytes increased killing of mct by normal macrophages. larv ...19902140599
differential diagnosis of taenia saginata and taenia solium with dna probes.a size selected genomic dna library was constructed using dna extracted from taenia saginata. the dna was digested using the restriction enzyme ecor1 under star conditions and the 2-4 kbase fraction, selected following sucrose density-gradient separation, was cloned in the bacteriophage lambda gt 10. a panel of cestode dnas including taenia saginata, taenia solium, taenia taeniaeformis, taenia crassiceps, echinococcus granulosus and dnas of bovine, porcine and human origin were used in conjuncti ...19902141926
parasitological serendipity: from schistocephalus to echinococcus.attention is drawn to the situation nowadays, whereby workers are encouraged to undertake research which appears useful or of economic importance, although the history of science indicates that many major discoveries have been the result of 'serendipity'--'the chance observation falling on the receptive eye'. some of the more important examples in medicine and parasitology are reviewed. the author then relates how he was given a stickleback infected with the plerocercoid of schistocephalus solid ...19902210935
australasian contributions to an understanding of the epidemiology and control of hydatid disease caused by echinococcus granulosus--past, present and future.for several years after echinococcus granulosus was introduced into australasia from europe, its life cycle was unknown. before the end of the 19th century, however, cystic hydatid disease (chd) was recognized in humans as an important cause of death, although its magnitude was not quantified. during the first 50 years of the 20th century, the urban component declined, but chd remained a serious source of ill-health. during the second half of the 20th century major research contributions have in ...19902210938
hydatidosis in belgium: analysis of larval echinococcus granulosus by sds-page and western blotting.echinococcosis/hydatidosis is characterized by the existence of various strains of the parasite echinococcus granulosus. in order to study the degree of variability in belgium, protoscoleces (ps) were isolated from infected intermediate hosts (horse, cattle, pig, goat and man). homogenate supernatants of these ps were compared by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting: 15 to 26 predominantly silver staining bands (depending on the source of the parasites), were selected to s ...19902222004
epidemiology of hydatid disease in sardinia: a study of fertility of cysts in sheep.hydatidosis, caused by echinococcus granulosus, is a cyclozoonotic disease of economic significance in sardinia. the life-cycle involves stray and sheep dogs as definitive hosts and sheep, pigs, goats and cattle as intermediate hosts. the most important intermediate host is sheep, due to home slaughtering with ready access of the viscera to dogs. this survey was undertaken in 1987 to ascertain the epidemiological significance of sheep in maintaining the life-cycle. a total of 700 (91.3%) of 767 ...19902230030
[the ultrastructure of sterile larvocysts of echinococcus granulosus from different hosts].the sterile larvocysts of echinococcus granulosus are characterized by host-dependent morphological variability. the distinctions reside in the intensity of germinative layer development, glycogen and lipid content, ultrastructure of the tegument distal cytoplasm. the larvocysts obtained from one host species in different geographic zones of the country are morphologically similar. the sterile echinococcus granulosus larvocysts obtained upon experimental infection of mice demonstrate typical mor ...19902233541
[helminths of domestic pork in ituri, upper zaire].in ituri (upper-zaïre) pig farming is extensively and traditionally managed, animals wandering about in the villages and neighbouring fields. helminths of the gastrointestinal tract most commonly encountered are oesophagostomum sp. hyostrongylus rubidus, globocephalus urosubulatus and ascarops strongylina. parasitic burdens are low and gross lesions not frequently seen except nodules of oesophagostomiasis. infections with metastrongylus salmi and metastrongylus pudendoctus have a very high preva ...19902241308
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