Publications

protein methylation and protein methylases in leishmania donovani and leishmania tropica promastigotes.	we studied the content of acid-stable methylated amino acids of soluble proteins in promastigotes of leishmania donovani and l. tropica. epsilon-n-trimethyllysine and ng,ng-dimethylarginine were found in both leishmania species after culture in the presence of [methyl-14c]methionine. in addition, 3-n-methylhistidine was found only in l. tropica and epsilon-n-dimethyllysine only in proteins of l. donovani. as sinefungin, an antileishmanial nucleoside antibiotic, is a known transmethylase inhibito ...	1986	3773934
leishmania major and l. donovani: effects on proteolytic enzymes of phlebotomus papatasi (diptera, psychodidae).	phlebotomus papatasi is susceptible to leishmania major which it transmits in nature, but is resistant to l. donovani. the present study compares the effect of l. major and l. donovani on the proteolytic activity of p. papatasi gut enzymes. the experiments measured digestion of c14-labeled globin by gut homogenates of flies. homogenates were prepared from flies fed on serum only (controls) or from flies fed serum containing promastigotes or their dried culture overlayer. in other experiments, th ...	1986	3780930
toxic effects of fatty acids on leishmania donovani promastigotes.		1986	3781591
new perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis.	during an epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic region of brazil, new perspectives emerged on a subclinical form of the disease. a group of 86 children with antibody to leishmania were identified. none of these children had a history of leishmaniasis. the children were segregated into four groups: one group remained asymptomatic (n = 20), whereas another developed classic kala-azar within weeks of the index serology (n = 15). the remaining 51 patients initially had subcli ...	1986	3782864
immunological investigation of visceral leishmaniasis among school children in alexandria.		1986	3782899
chromosome location of four genes in leishmania.	chromosome-sized dna molecules from leishmania isolates (l. mexicana amazonensis, l. mexicana mexicana, l. chagasi, l. major, l. donovani, and l. braziliensis) were separated by orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis. the chromosome locations of four genes were mapped. the alpha-tubulin and rrna genes each mapped to a single chromosome size class. the beta-tubulin and the 5'-spliced-leader-sequence genes were found on more than one chromosome size class and showed variation of hybridiz ...	1986	3785294
leishmania donovani: immunization against infection as a function of parasite growth phase.	c57bl/6 mice were immunized against leishmania donovani infection with a subcutaneous vaccination protocol. groups received 3 injections at 4-day intervals combining glucan and killed promastigotes harvested from either logarithmic or stationary phase cultures. controls were immunized with glucan alone, stationary or log phase promastigotes alone, or were untreated. all groups were challenged intravenously with stationary phase promastigotes at day 45 post-immunization. results revealed that ani ...	1986	3789267
comparison of extracellular acid phosphatases from various isolates of leishmania.	forty isolates of leishmania, representing all major species infecting humans and one parasite of lizards, were examined for their ability to secrete an extracellular acid phosphatase activity. this enzyme, which was originally described and characterized from a sudanese strain of l. donovani, was detected in the culture supernatants of all species of promastigotes examined except for l. major and l. tarentolae. there were quantitative differences among species in their levels of enzyme activity ...	1986	3789268
humoral factors during south american visceral leishmaniasis.		1986	3789849
studies on exoantigens of leishmania donovani.		1986	3793129
sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) associated with visceral leishmaniasis in el agamy, alexandria governorate, egypt. i. population ecology.		1986	3795230
sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) associated with visceral leishmaniasis in el agamy, alexandria governorate, egypt. iii. experimental leishmania infections and vector status.		1986	3795232
leishmania in the old world: 4. the distribution of l. donovani sensu lato zymodemes.	isoenzyme profiles of 67 stocks of leishmania donovani sensu lato from across the old world were compared with those of reference strains of l. donovani sensu stricto, l. infantum, l. major, l. tropica and l. aethiopica using starch-gel electrophoresis of 13 enzymes (gpi, gd, es, pgm, pepd, nh, asat, alat, pk, mpi, 6pgd, sod, mdh). 12 zymodemes were seen. isolates from man, canis familiaris, vulpes vulpes, rattus rattus, arvicanthis sp. and phlebotomus martini were examined. several zymodemes co ...	1986	3798531
leishmaniasis in sardinia: ii. natural infection of phlebotomus perniciosus newstead, 1911, by leishmania infantum nicolle, 1908, in the province of cagliari.	two promastigote-infected specimens of phlebotomus perniciosus newstead, 1911, were found in the province of cagliari, italy. the parasites from one specimen were successfully cultured in a hamster. the isolate was typed on 11 enzymes and shown to be identical with the reference strain of leishmania infantum s.st. this is the first typing of a leishmanial organism from naturally infected p. perniciosus.	1986	3798544
[serological, clinical and epidemiologic analysis of 53 cases of kala-azar in the arab republic of yemen].	the visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is present in republic arab of yemen. on 53 cases diagnosed during 21 months in taez republican hospital the disease is affecting essentially children (55 under five years old) with predominant focus in the area of charaab and qobeita. serology using passive hemagglutination is helpful for the diagnosis when the rate is higher or equal to 1/64e. the problem of wrong positive reaction in cases of lymphoblastic leukemia and hodgkin is noticed.	1986	3802310
detection and characterization of leishmania species and strains from mammals and vectors by hybridization and restriction endonuclease digestion of kinetoplast dna.	leishmania parasites from animals, man or insect vectors were characterized by the gel electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease enzyme-produced mitochondrial (kinetoplast) dna (kdna) fragments and/or by dna-dna hybridization with 32p-labelled cloned, or uncloned, kdna fragment probes from type isolates. the electrophoretic separation of kdna fragments is a sensitive method for detecting genetic similarities and differences among leishmania. parasites with similar kdna restriction fragment pat ...	1986	3010541
cellular resistance to protozoal infection.	several factors appear to determine cellular resistance to protozoal infection. as judged by the interaction at the cellular level between the oxygen-dependent and -independent antimicrobial mechanisms of the human mononuclear phagocyte and the intracellular protozoa, toxoplasma gondii and leishmania donovani, these determinants include the cell's state of maturation and activation, the magnitude of the phagocyte's oxidative burst capacity, the ability of the cell to respond specifically to para ...	1986	3010809
the potential of using recombinant dna species-specific probes for the identification of tropical leishmania.		1986	3012443
growth of leishmania donovani amastigotes in the continuous human macrophage cell line u937: studies of drug efficacy and metabolism.	we have developed a simple and reproducible system for infecting a human macrophage cell line (u937) with stationary-phase leishmania donovani promastigotes. four days after infection, greater than 90% of the promastigotes had transformed to amastigotes. the antileishmanial agents allopurinol riboside, formycin b, 9-deazainosine, and sodium stibogluconate effectively inhibited the growth of l. donovani amastigotes in this cell line. to study the capability of amastigotes in the u937 cell line to ...	1986	3014012
identification of visceral leishmania species with cloned sequences of kinetoplast dna.	several efforts have been made in order to develop more precise and sensitive methods in the identification of leishmania parasites. we report here the identification of cloned subfragments of minicircle kinetoplast dna (kdna) isolated from l. donovani, wr352, which show different taxonomic specificities. analysis of these fragments demonstrates a significant sequence diversity within the kdna minicircle. for example, one cloned fragment was found to be present in all visceral leishmania species ...	1986	3016536
demonstration of various acid hydrolases and preliminary characterization of acid phosphatase in naegleria fowleri.	extracts of the pathogenic ameba naegleria fowleri, prepared by freeze-thawing and sonication, were analyzed for their content of various hydrolytic enzymes that have acid ph optima. the organism is rich in acid phosphatase activity as well as a variety of glycosidases which include beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-fucosidase, alpha-mannosidase, hexosaminidase, arylsulfatase a, and beta-glucuronidase. the crude extract contained only negligible levels of sphingomyelinase, neuraminidase ...	1986	3018238
hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and inositol phosphates by cell surface phosphatase of leishmania donovani.	leishmania donovani promastigotes contain intense tartrate-resistant cell surface acid phosphatase (acp1) which blocks superoxide anion production by activated human neutrophils [a.t. remaley et al. (1984) j. biol. chem, 259, 11173-11175]. an extensively purified preparation of acp1 dephosphorylates several phosphoproteins which are phosphorylated at serine residues; these include: pyruvate kinase (km 1.6 microm; vmax 71.4 u (mg protein)-1), phosphorylase kinase (km 0.076 microm; vmax 5.4 u (mg ...	1986	3018559
seroepidemiological study on kala-azar in baringo district, kenya.	this paper reports on 164 cases of kala-azar observed in the baringo district of kenya between february 1981 and february 1983. all were confirmed serologically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and all but 20 by parasitological examination as well. following the standard treatment with a 30 day course of sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) two non-responders and four relapses were observed. children between 2 and 15 years old were found to be the most affected age group; male patients ...	1986	3021967
purification and properties of cytochrome c555 from leishmania donovani.	a hemoprotein present in minute quantities in leishmania donovani promastigotes was isolated, purified and spectrally characterized as cytochrome c555. physicochemical characterization revealed electrophoretic mobility of 1.6 x 10(-5) cm2 v-1 s-1, an isoelectric point (pi) of 9.9, a relative molecular weight (mr) of 11.9 kda and half-wave potential (ep) of -1.058 v. values obtained were compared with those of horse heart cytochrome c subjected to the same analyses. heme c555 was also prepared an ...	1986	3022142
a lymphokine distinct from interferon-gamma that activates human monocytes to kill leishmania donovani in vitro.	human interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), a t cell lymphokine (lk), activates monocytes to kill many intra- and extracellular pathogens. in fact, previous reports assert that all activity in lk for macrophage activation is due to ifn-gamma. to test this assertion, we examined monocyte interactions with amastigotes of leishmania donovani after treatment with recombinant dna or affinity-purified leukocyte ifn-gamma and ifn-gamma containing lk. cells treated with at least 200 iu/ml ifn-gamma were microbi ...	1986	3080522
evaluation of the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for antibodies in american visceral leishmaniasis: antigen selection for detection of infection-specific responses.	this study was designed to evaluate the elisa for diagnosis of american visceral leishmaniasis (avl) using antigen prepared from different leishmania isolates and from a strain of trypanosoma cruzi. two leishmania donovani chagasi isolates from bahia and maranhão (both states of northern brazil), one l. donovani from sudan, one l. mexicana amazonensis isolate, and one t. cruzi isolate were used. a total of 375 sera were tested, including 119 from avl patients, 96 from nonleishmaniasis hospitaliz ...	1986	3080918
[evolution of the interrelation of the linking members in the leishmania parasite system].		1986	3086683
analysis of trypanosoma cruzi antigens bound by specific antibodies and by antibodies to related trypanosomatids.	antigens of the epimastigote stage of trypanosoma cruzi were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions and examined for their ability to bind antibodies in sera from humans infected with this organism or infected with one or both of the related protozoa leishmania braziliensis and leishmania donovani by protein blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. most of the antigens were bound by antibodies against each one of the organisms ...	1986	3087879
interaction and regulation of macrophage receptors.	macrophages express distinct plasma membrane receptors for different isotypes of immunoglobulin, bear at least two receptors for cleaved third complement component (cr1 and cr3) and have a lectin-like receptor that mediates endocytosis of glycoproteins or glycoconjugates with terminal mannose or fucose residues (mfr). interferon-gamma, a macrophage-activating factor, induces effects common to other interferons as well as having unique effects on cell function. the down-regulation of mfr, inducti ...	1986	3089710
5'-methylthioadenosine (mta) phosphorylase from promastigotes of leishmania donovani.		1986	3094329
effects of dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine on leishmania donovani promastigotes.	alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, has been demonstrated to be an effective agent against a variety of parasitic protozoa but not against leishmania spp. in this report, we show that leishmania donovani promastigotes in continuous culture are sensitive to the growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of dfmo. incubation of the promastigotes with dfmo obliterates intracellular putrescine pools and depletes spermidine concentrations, which cor ...	1986	3098971
[preliminary results in favor of the existence of a major surface antigen, specific for leishmania braziliensis braziliensis].	the comparative surface antigen study of 10 bolivian strains and 1 brazilian reference strain from l. b. braziliensis sub-species shows an important homogeneity within this group. all the strains tested so far present similar antigenic patterns with a major antigen at 72 kd. on the contrary, the comparative analysis of surface antigens of l. b. braziliensis with those of l. b. guyanensis, l. b. panamensis, l. mexicana amazonensis and l. donovani chagasi shows a large antigenic heterogeneity betw ...	1986	3099979
comparative study of the virulence of two leishmania donovani isolates of different origin.	the virulence of two isolates of leishmania donovani (lmu-6 isolated from a human case in ethiopia and lmu-16 isolated from an asymptomatic dog in the south-east of spain) in balb/c and c57bl/6 mice and in hamsters was observed over a period of 14 weeks. regular measurements of the liver parasite burdens and observations of external signs of infection were made, and the humoral and delayed type hypersensitivity responses were tested. no major differences were observed in the infection patterns p ...	1986	3307656
a simple procedure for the preparation of pure kinetoplast dna network free of nuclear dna from the kinetoplast hemoflagellate leishmania donovani.	a simple, inexpensive procedure for preparing pure kinetoplast dna network from leishmania donovani is described. l. donovani promastigotes were lysed by incubating with pronase in presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. crude kinetoplast dna networks were obtained by centrifugation of the lysate through a 20% sucrose solution. the pellet containing kinetoplast dna was deproteinized by phenol extraction. contaminating nuclear dnas were removed by denaturation with alkali, neutralization, and addition ...	1986	3026202
a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase in leishmania donovani.	leishmania donovani promastigotes labelled for 2 h with 32pi incorporated radioactivity into at least 21 different proteins, as determined by sds/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. pulse-chase studies with 32pi demonstrated that the labelled proteins were in a dynamic state: some radiolabelled proteins rapidly disappeared and others appeared after the chase. the possibility of an ectokinase on the parasite was examined; incubation of intact parasites for 10 min at 25 degrees c in an osmotically ...	1986	3030283
leishmania donovani: an opportunistic microbe associated with progressive disease in three immunocompromised patients.	three cases are described showing that leishmania donovani can cause progressive disease in immunocompromised hosts. the first patient was receiving corticosteroid therapy for ulcerative colitis and the second corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide for proliferative glomerulonephritis; in the third patient, leishmaniasis occurred after a long episode of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and salmonella bacteraemia which was treated with chloramphenicol. in two cases, the patients had moved away from ar ...	1986	2869348
visceral leishmaniasis as an opportunistic infection.		1986	2871358
non-ionic surfactant vesicles, niosomes, as a delivery system for the anti-leishmanial drug, sodium stibogluconate.	liver and serum concentrations of antimony in the mouse have been determined after administration of sodium stibogluconate in the free, liposomal and niosomal form. high liver and low serum values were attained by the use of both vesicular formulations. niosomal sodium stibogluconate was shown to be more active than free drug against experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis, an effect apparently dependent on maintaining high drug levels in the infected reticuloendothelial system.	1986	2875149
immunization of hamsters with tlck-killed parasites induces protection against leishmania infection.	hamsters immunized with n-p-tosyl-l-lysine-chloromethyl ketone tlck-treated l. brasiliensis brasiliensis (lb) from culture, infected with lb amastigotes presented: a gradual increase in t and b cell responsiveness to mitogens by lymph node lymphocytes, and an increased response to concanavalin a with no changes for dextran sulphate and pokeweed mitogen in splenocytes. absence of parasites in lymph nodes after 6 weeks post-infection and a nodule 4 times smaller than that of infected control anima ...	1986	2877549
[contribution of the duodenal biopsy in the diagnosis of kala-azar].		1986	3275397
the role of phlebotomus alexandri sinton, 1928 in the transmission of kala-azar.	since 1968, kala-azar has been occurring sporadically in meiyaogou, turfan county, xinjiang-uygur autonomous region, where four species of sandflies are known to exist. the present study of sandflies collected in this area from may to august 1983 shows that phlebotomus alexandri is the only anthropophilic and predominant species, accounting for 81.1% (7716/8843) of the sandfly population. after having been fed on cotton rats or hamsters infected with leishmania donovani, 93.9% (230/245) of p. al ...	1986	3488133
occurrence of autoantibodies to intermediate filament proteins in human visceral leishmaniasis and their induction by experimental polyclonal b-cell activation.	fifteen sera of patients with visceral leishmaniasis were investigated for the occurrence of autoantibodies. they were found in high incidence and titre, and with specificity to the intermediate filament (infil) proteins vimentin (12 out of 15 with a titre higher than 1:10) and keratin (9 out of 15 with a titre higher than 1:10) as well as to speckled anti-nuclear antigens (ana). additionally, supernatants of leishmania major and leishmania donovani cultures containing soluble parasite-derived a ...	1986	3492440
expression of the innate resistance gene ity in mouse kupffer cells infected with salmonella typhimurium in vitro.	early innate resistance to salmonellae in mice is controlled by the chromosome 1 gene ity which regulates the in vivo net growth rate of bacteria in the res by an unknown mechanism. it similarly controls innate resistance to leishmania donovani, bcg and mycobacterium lepraemurium. murine kupffer cell cultures were infected with virulent salmonella typhimurium and followed for 12 h. multiresistant organisms were used so that the antibiotics in the medium could not interfere with the results; extr ...	1986	3150027
parasite accessory cell interactions in murine leishmaniasis. i. evasion and stimulus-dependent suppression of the macrophage interleukin 1 response by leishmania donovani.	interleukin 1 (il 1) is a principal mediator of the host immune response to microbial challenge. accessory cells of the monocyte-macrophage series are a major source of this cytokine and are also chronically parasitized by protozoa of the genus leishmania. this suggests that characterization of the macrophage il 1 response to leishmania would increase our understanding of the regulation of host immunity to these organisms. in the present study, the macrophage il 1 response to leishmania donovani ...	1987	3493291
in vitro granuloma formation in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.		1987	3497212
further characterization of leishmania isolates from children with visceral infection in alexandria area, egypt.	two visceral leishmania isolates from children (aged 1 1/2 and 4 years) living in el agamy area, alexandria, egypt, were compared with 5 marker strains, and 2 other human isolates from sinai and sudan, identified on clinical and geographical grounds as cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis respectively. isoenzyme variations were assessed on the basis of their electrophoretic profiles on cellulose acetate membranes. the enzymes studied were glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase e.c.1.1.1.49, phosphogl ...	1987	3503408
a new leishmania infantum enzymatic variant, agent of an urban visceral case unresponsive to drugs.		1987	3503411
regulation of aerobic fermentation in leishmania donovani promastigotes by nadp+-dependent malic enzyme.	nadp+-dependent malic enzyme (decarboxylating) was extracted from leishmania donovani promastigotes with triton x-100. the enzyme was specific for nadp+ and did not decarboxylate oxaloacetate (oa). the substrate activity relationship was hyperbolic for both l-malate and nadp+, and km values were calculated as 0.18 and 0.12 mm, respectively. the enzyme exhibited a broad ph optimum of 7.5-8.0. pyruvate, nadph and oa inhibited the reaction in a competitive manner with apparent ki values of 0.2, 0.0 ...	1987	3503645
leishmanin test survey in an endemic village of indian kala-azar near calcutta.	a leishmanin test survey was carried out in a village during the declining phase of an outbreak of indian kala-azar. one hundred and fifty of the total population of 220, including 25 clinically cured cases of kala-azar, were available for this study. nineteen per cent (24 of 125) of the otherwise normal subjects showed delayed hypersensitivity to leishmanin antigen. the majority of these were household contacts of kala-azar patients, and the remainder came from the close neighbourhood. this may ...	1987	3503646
inhibition of leishmania donovani growth by streptomycin and tobramycin.		1987	3503649
interaction of human eosinophils with leishmania donovani.		1987	3503650
infective stages of leishmania in the sandfly vector and some observations on the mechanism of transmission.	infective stages of leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, capable of producing amastigote infections in hamster skin, were shown to be present in the experimentally infected sandfly vector lutzomyia flaviscutellata 15, 25, 40, 49, 70, 96 and 120 hours after the flies had received their infective blood-meal. similarly, infective stages of leishmania (l.) chagasi were demonstrated in the experimentally infected vector lu. longipalpis examined 38, 50, 63, 87, 110, 135, 171 and 221 hours following th ...	1987	3507574
metabolism of ether lysophospholipids in leishmania donovani promastigotes.	ether lysophospholipids, 1-o-[1'-14c]octadec-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (a) and -phosphocholine (b) as well as 1-o-[1'-14c]octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (c) and -phosphocholine (d) were taken up rapidly and metabolized extensively in leishmania donovani promastigotes. degradation to neutral lipids occurred first, followed by incorporation into phospholipids. incubation of the cells with (a) or (b) revealed the stability of the o-[1-14c]octadec-1-enyl group up to 15 h, ...	1987	3431573
variable expression of the murine natural resistance gene lsh in different macrophage populations infected in vitro with leishmania donovani.	various macrophage populations isolated from mice (including congenic c57bl/10scsn and b10.llshr) bearing resistant or susceptible alleles for the natural resistance gene (lsh) were infected with leishmania donovani amastigotes in vitro and examined (a) for their ability to support growth of the amastigote population over 7 days of culture in vitro, and (b) for their ability to express lsh gene controlled resistance and susceptibility in vitro. resident macrophages from liver (kupffer cells), sp ...	1987	3431902
[experimental visceral leishmaniasis in golden hamsters].	as a result of a long passage of l. donovani isolate on golden hamsters (21 passages were observed), in transplanting the agent from animals with a distinct clinical picture there was formed a highly virulent strain "g" of l. donovani for this species of animals. the weight arrest and then body mass losses were the most early signs of the disease. parasites were regularly accumulated in spleen and liver and to a less extent in bone marrow. the main manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in ham ...	1987	3431905
a comparison of five selective media for the primary isolation of leishmania strains in india.	leishmania parasites of the three distinct pathogenic forms of indian origin (cutaneous, visceral and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis) were assessed with five selective media for their rate of primary isolation. leishmania donovani strains showed the higher rate of isolation in modified tobie's medium, and leishmania tropica in tobie's with fcs. however, strains of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) showed 100% isolation in schneider's with fcs medium. but as a whole modified tobie's ...	1987	3432954
heterologous protection in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.	mice immunized with a glycolipid antigen (gl) of leishmania major plus adjuvant are relatively resistant to subsequent infection with this protozoan parasite. the gl is affinity purified on the monoclonal antibody wic-79.3 which is l. major-specific and does not react with l. donovani. when another monoclonal, wic-108.3, which cross-reacts with several leishmania species, is used to affinity purify gl from l. donovani, the eluted material can partially protect genetically resistant mice against ...	1987	3436638
differentiation of leishmania strains of indian origin by lectin-mediated agglutination.	characterisation of surface saccharides was carried out in 3 different strains of indian leishmaniae by 7 lectins. energy dependent agglutination and role of cytoskeletal disintegrator were also analysed. wisteria floribunda, peanut agglutinin and soybean agglutinin can be used to differentiate clearly the leishmanial strains causing disease like visceral leishmaniasis, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. the remaining lectins have mixed agglutination behaviour towar ...	1987	3441740
serodiagnostic assay for visceral leishmaniasis employing monoclonal antibodies.	a highly specific and sensitive competitive serodiagnostic assay for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was developed using species specific leishmania donovani monoclonal antibodies. this assay, either ria or elisa, is based on the specific inhibition of monoclonal antibody binding to a crude parasite homogenate by serum from patients with vl. 15 monoclonal antibodies were examined. the binding of 13 antibodies was significantly inhibited by vl serum and unaffected by normal serum. 3 species-specific ...	1987	3445339
natural infection of phlebotomus perfiliewi with leishmania infantum in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of the abruzzi region, italy.	one out of 213 phlebotomus perfiliewi caught from an endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in abruzzi region (italy) was naturally infected with promastigotes. the parasites were grown in culture medium and in a hamster, typed by the examination of 11 isoenzymes, and found to be indistinguishable from leishmania infantum s.st. (montpellier zymodeme 1). the probable role of p. perfiliewi in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to l. infantum s.l. in the focus is discussed.	1987	3445341
dermal and visceral leishmaniasis and their causative agents.		1987	3445360
antiprotozoal activity of diospyrin towards leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro.	diospyrin, a bis-naphthoquinone derivative, isolated from a plant, known for its antitumour properties against ehrlich ascites carcinoma in swiss a mice, exhibits antiprotozoal activity towards l. donovani promastigotes in culture.	1987	3449989
congenital transmission of kala-azar.		1987	3454359
safety and efficacy of high-dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of american cutaneous leishmaniasis.	40 patients with american cutaneous leishmaniasis caused primarily by leishmania braziliensis panamensis were treated with sodium stibogluconate in a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. nine weeks after starting treatment, all 19 patients treated with 20 mg sb/kg per day for twenty days were cured but 5 of 21 patients treated with 10 mg sb/kg per day for twenty days had persistent active disease (p less than 0.05). both treatment regimens were well tolerated and they were associated with ...	1987	2885505
inhibition of monocyte oxidative responses by bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin.	bordetella pertussis and the other bordetella species produce a novel adenylate cyclase toxin which enters target cells to catalyze the production of supraphysiologic levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp). in these studies, dialyzed extracts from b. pertussis containing the adenylate cyclase toxin, a partially purified preparation of adenylate cyclase toxin, and extracts from transposon tn5 mutants of b. pertussis lacking the adenylate cyclase toxin, were used to assess t ...	1987	2888823
isolation and characterization of adenosine kinase from leishmania donovani.	adenosine kinase (atp:adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase, ec 2.7.1.20) has been purified 3250-fold from leishmania donovani promastigotes using ion-exchange, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography techniques. both native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the enzyme revealed a single polypeptide of around 38,000 molecular weight. biophysical and biochemical analyses of the enzyme reveal unique characteristics different from those of adenosine kinases from other eukaryotic source ...	1987	3032935
detection of leishmania parasites by dna in situ hybridization with non-radioactive probes.	in situ hybridization techniques develop rapidly into diagnostic tools of considerable value for detection of viruses and bacteria. here we report the application of this technique for the detection of leishmania parasites. biotin-labelled total promastigote dna was hybridized to cultured leishmania parasites and to blood and impression smears of infected mice. in promastigotes kinetoplasts were strongly stained, nuclei somewhat more diffuse. in amastigotes both nuclear and kinetoplast dna hybri ...	1987	3035535
renaturation of leishmania donovani 3'-nucleotidase following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.	1. renaturation of a 3'-nucleotidase from the surface membrane of leishmania donovani promastigotes was achieved following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds). 2. enzyme activity was detected in situ in gels, following sds removal, by incubating the gels in reaction mixtures containing 3'-amp or 3'-ump as substrate followed by staining for the inorganic phosphate (pi) reaction product with malachite green-molybic acid solution. 3. conditions ...	1987	3040331
diagnostic problems of kala azar in non-endemic area.		1987	3315993
biosynthesis and secretion of acid phosphatase by leishmania donovani promastigotes.	metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that soluble acid phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.2) was rapidly synthesized and released into culture medium by leishmania donovani promastigotes. the kinetics of release indicated a constitutive secretory process (t 1/2 = 45 min). moreover, acid phosphatase was the major secretory protein. the extracellular enzyme is composed of two heterodisperse bands of approximately 110 and 130 kda in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels. it ...	1987	3323906
inflammatory cells in murine visceral leishmaniasis express a dendritic cell marker.	immunohistological studies of the murine liver following leishmania donovani infection have been performed. we describe here the identification of cells expressing a recently defined dendritic cell marker, as detected by monoclonal antibody nldc 145. such cells are numerous in the developing inflammatory foci but are not detected individually at any other site in the infected liver. this finding suggests that mature tissue dc are not recruited during infection and that expression of this antigen ...	1987	3325201
morphological changes and serological reactions in cultured leishmania donovani promastigotes.	promastigotes of leishmania donovani cultured in liquid media gradually changed from a majority of elongated forms through a predominance of intermediate spindle-shaped parasites to a majority of round forms, often aflagellate. quantitative and qualitative differences among these subpopulations, separated on percoll gradients, could be demonstrated when they were run on sds-page gels and stained from proteins or carbohydrates. when cultures containing a majority of one or other form were used as ...	1987	3332511
visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised hosts.	visceral leishmaniasis is infrequently reported in immunocompromised hosts; hence, the clinical manifestations and outcome of the disease in these patients are unknown. in a series of 10 patients with visceral leishmaniasis complicating renal transplantation (three), hematologic neoplasms (two), systemic lupus erythematosus (two), or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (three), typical hallmarks of kalaazar such as enlargement of spleen or hyperglobulinemia were absent in three and six p ...	1987	3332567
the transmission of suprapylarian leishmania by the bite of experimentally infected sand flies (diptera: psychodidae).	lutzomyia furcata transmitted leishmania chagasi to a hamster 10 days after being experimentally fed on an infected spleen. an individual female psychodopygus carrerai carrerai that had fed on a hamster lesion caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis transmitted this parasite 6 days later to another hamster. transmission electron microscopy of this fly's head revealed a small number of degenerate promastigotes in the foregut, but only a few were attached.	1987	3333811
leishmania infantum, the aetiological agent of american visceral leishmaniasis (avl)?		1987	3333812
an analysis of t cell responsiveness in indian kala-azar.	the inability of most untreated patients with kala-azar to control their visceral infections with leishmania donovani has been attributed to a defective cell-mediated immune response to leishmanial antigens. we examined the in vitro response of t cells, including leu-2+-depleted t cell populations, to determine whether unresponsiveness could be reversed. these studies on patients with visceral leishmaniasis in bihar, north india, support previous observations regarding t cell unresponsiveness in ...	1987	3100620
experimental visceral leishmaniasis: production of interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma, tissue immune reaction, and response to treatment with interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma.	during the first 2 to 4 weeks of progressive visceral infection with the intracellular protozoan, leishmania donovani, spleen cells from balb/c mice failed in response to leishmanial antigen to produce either of the activating t cell-derived lymphokines, interleukin 2 (il 2) or gamma-interferon (ifn-gamma). four weeks after infection, however, antigen-induced il 2 and ifn-gamma secretion emerged and coincided with the onset of control over parasite replication and the subsequent killing of great ...	1987	3104456
in vitro and in vivo activation of human mononuclear phagocytes by interferon-gamma. studies with normal and aids monocytes.	to determine the potential immunotherapeutic role of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) as a mononuclear phagocyte-activating agent, we examined the effector cell function of peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients after either in vitro and/or in vivo treatment with recombinant (r) ifn-gamma. when assayed immediately after a 24-hr in vitro pulse with 300 u/ml, normal and aids monocytes behaved similarly with little augmentation of their int ...	1987	3104467
acquisition of cell-mediated immunity to leishmania. i. primary t-cell activation detected by il-2 receptor expression.	in order to analyse the early stages of the t-cell response to leishmania, bioassays for detecting low levels of il-2 receptor expression both in bulk culture and under limiting dilution conditions have been used. infection of c57bl/10 mice with leishmania donovani amastigotes leads to the appearance of antigen-specific t lymphocytes bearing high-affinity il-2 receptors 24-72 hr later. phenotypic analysis by complement-mediated cytotoxicity indicates that these activated t cells comprise both l3 ...	1987	3111982
response of inbred mice to aerosol challenge with mycobacterium tuberculosis.	an autosomal dominant gene (bcg), which maps to mouse chromosome 1, has been shown to confer on mice resistance to attenuated mycobacterium bovis bcg montreal, salmonella typhimurium, and leishmania donovani. most animal models used for the study of the bcg gene have involved intravenous injection of a large number of microorganisms (greater than 10(4) cfu). the present study examines the effect of the bcg gene on the resistance of inbred mice to challenge via the respiratory route with 5 to 10 ...	1987	3112014
a direct agglutination test discriminative toward chagas' disease for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in brazil: preliminary results.	two-hundred and sixty-five human sera from brazil were tested in a direct agglutination assay using trypsinated leishmania donovani donovani antigen. the assay proved to be of value for the diagnosis of american visceral leishmaniasis in that it was discriminative toward chagas' disease.	1987	3115280
leishmania donovani: generation of monospecific antibody reagents to soluble acid phosphatase.	four monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) were generated against the soluble extracellular acid phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.2) (s-acp) of leishmania donovani. these were detected in the primary screen using an elisa with promastigote culture supernatants as antigen. three of the mcabs demonstrated bound s-acp from such culture supernatants in an enzyme activity binding assay. all immunoprecipitated metabolically labeled s-acp but none showed any binding to the promastigote surface by indirect immunofluoresce ...	1987	3115812
recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor activates intracellular killing of leishmania donovani by human monocyte-derived macrophages.	recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rgm-csf) obtained from cloned complementary mo cell dna and expressed in cos-1 cells activates cultured peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro to become cytotoxic for intracellular l. donovani. the antileishmanial effect of rgm-csf, which can be completely neutralized by anti-rgm-csf antiserum, is maximal after 36 h preincubation with the cultured macrophages, compared with that of rifn-gamma, which reaches its maximum ...	1987	3119759
identification and characterization of a ribose transport system in leishmania donovani promastigotes.	a transport system for ribose in leishmania donovani promastigotes was identified and characterized by measuring the uptake of radioisotope-labeled ribose. the pentoses arabinose, 2-deoxyribose and xylose inhibited ribose uptake, whereas hexoses (glucose, alpha-methylglucoside, thioglucose, galactose, lactose, maltose, mannose), adenosine, and proline did not inhibit uptake, indicating that the transporter exhibited substrate specificity. intracellular ribose exchanged with 2-deoxyribose. uptake ...	1987	3123926
dot-elisa using monoclonal antibodies for identification of leishmania donovani.		1987	3127137
cross reactivity between trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania antigens in the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay.	the in vitro blastogenesis response of lymphocytes from 19 patients, with either visceral or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis or chagas disease, to antigens of the leishmania-trypanosoma complex was studied. cells from all patients responded to both homologous and heterologous antigens and the magnitude of the responses did not differ for any of the patient groups or antigens.	1987	3127960
evolution of the genus leishmania as revealed by comparisons of nuclear dna restriction fragment patterns.	restriction endonuclease dna fragment patterns have been used to examine the relationships among 28 isolates of leishmania as well as crithidia, endotrypanum, and trypanosoma cruzi. fragments of nuclear dna were generated with six restriction enzymes, and blots were hybridized with probes from three loci. among the major lineages the fragment patterns are essentially completely different, while within the major lineages various degrees of divergence are found. molecular evolutionary trees were c ...	1987	3025876
leishmania spp.: agar plating as an alternative to limiting dilution and impression smears for the enumeration of viable parasites in tissue.		1987	3803532
visceral leishmaniasis presenting as fever of unknown origin.	a 41-year-old male presented with a prolonged febrile disease with marked splenomegaly. bone marrow and liver biopsy smears and cultures for leishmania were repeatedly negative and there was no hyperglobulinemia. leishmania parasites were ultimately demonstrated only in the spleen at laparotomy, performed because of severe pancytopenia. the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in israel is reviewed.	1987	3603692
the activity of alkyl phosphorylcholines and related derivatives against leishmania donovani.	several alkyl phosphorylcholines and related derivatives were tested against leishmania donovani amastigotes in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and ed50 values were determined in the range of 1-12 microm. the three alkyl phosphorylcholines tested against l. donovani in balb/c mice were active, an ed50 of 12.8 mg/kg/day x 5 was ascertained for one compound, but an alkyl phosphorylethanolamine was inactive.	1987	3606662
structure of the lipid moiety of the leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan.	the lipid moiety of the lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani had been isolated and characterized as a novel lyso-alkylphosphatidylinositol. treatment of lipophosphoglycan with either 10% nh4oh or a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c from staphylococcus aureus liberated a monoalkylglycerol substituent. structural characterization of the monoalkylglycerol by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated the presence of two saturated, unbranched hydrocarbons: a c24 alkyl chai ...	1987	3611065
cell surface lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani.	based on a galactose oxidase/nab[3h]4 technique of radiolabeling macromolecules, the major glycoconjugate (lipophosphoglycan) of leishmania donovani promastigotes was determined to be located on the cell surface. incorporated radioactivity was analyzed by gel filtration on sephadex g-100, chromatography on ricin agglutinin-coupled agarose, and lability to mild acid hydrolysis. lipophosphoglycan was present throughout the various phases of growth of promastigotes, but was preferentially expressed ...	1987	3614272
application of an in vivo culture system for rapid demonstration of anti-leishmania activity of monoclonal antibodies.	in mice, infection with leishmania by the subcutaneous route becomes evident after about 2 months. this delay impedes the selection of monoclonal antibodies able to interfere with the infectiousness of the parasite. using an in vivo culture system--intraperitoneal injection of tg 180 sarcoma cells along with promastigotes or amastigotes--it was possible to define within 15 to 20 days a monoclonal antibody preventing the development of leishmania. pretreatment of promastigotes and amastigotes of ...	1987	3617179
leishmania infantum sensu lato as an agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in abruzzi region (italy).	the extreme difficulty of culturing in vitro parasites from italian causes of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) has so far been a handicap to their biochemical identification. a technique based on the "transient growth" of promastigotes originating from parasites visceralized in lhc inbred hamsters was used. through this technique, promastigote extracts of seven leishmania isolates from cl cases from the abruzzi region were obtained. isoenzyme profiles of these isolates and reference strains of l. tr ...	1987	3617184
[dot-elisa using monoclonal antibodies for identification of leishmania donovani].		1987	3621513
identification of a major 72 kilodalton surface antigen in twelve isolates of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis.	the study of the surface antigens of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis revealed a great homogeneity among ten strains isolated from bolivia and two reference strains from brazil and belize. a 72 kda major protein, present in all l. b. braziliensis strains, was recognized by both cutaneous and mucocutaneous human sera, but was not recognized by kala-azar and chagasic sera. no cross-reactive antigens were found among strains of leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, leishmania braziliensis panamen ...	1987	3627165
chromosome size polymorphisms of leishmania donovani.	a minimum of 22 chromosomes were found in all leishmania donovani stocks examined by orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis (ofage). chromosome sizes ranged from approximately 270 to 4000 kb. certain chromosomes were polymorphic in size between stocks and chromosomes present in some stocks had no apparent equivalent in others. specific polymorphisms were useful in distinguishing the subspecies l. d. donovani, l. d. infantum and l. d. chagasi and african l. donovani stocks but there wer ...	1987	3627171
inhibition of leishmanial dna synthesis by sinefungin.	rna, dna and protein biosynthesis were studied in leishmania donovani and l. tropica promastigotes cultured with or without sinefungin. thymidine incorporation was significantly impaired by this compound. neither the uptake of thymidine nor its phosphorylation were inhibited. furthermore the ratios of deoxyribonucleotide to the corresponding ribonucleotide were not significantly affected by sinefungin. analysis of the dna indicates that the inhibition of thymidine incorporation affects mostly nu ...	1987	3632708
[kala-azar originating in ischia].	four weeks after returning from a holiday on ischia, a 53-year-old man fell ill with nocturnal sweating, fever, severe general malaise and hepatosplenomegaly. sternal marrow and liver punctures revealed an infection with leishmania donovani, i.e. kala-azar. characteristic features were hyperplasia of the plasma cells in the bone marrow and liver, together with lymphoplasmocytoid cell wash-out and polyclonal igg proteinaemia. treatment with pentamidine (lomidine) was unsatisfactory, while all man ...	1987	3652955
leishmania donovani metacyclic promastigotes: transformation in vitro, lectin agglutination, complement resistance, and infectivity.	freshly transformed leishmania donovani amastigotes from hamster spleen were used to establish axenic cultures at high density in a modified grace's medium, which was only partly replenished when cultures were fed. small, free-swimming, highly active stationary phase promastigotes with a short cell body and long flagellum were induced in this medium. the freshly transformed stationary phase promastigotes so induced were less able to bind peanut agglutinin, had more than 40-fold increased resista ...	1987	3653336