Publications

pdc1, a corn defensin peptide expressed in escherichia coli and pichia pastoris inhibits growth of fusarium graminearum.	plant defensin corn 1 (pdc1) gene was amplified from corn genomic dna with the primers designed from a corn est sequence homologous to a barley defensin gene. the cloned gene contains two exons and an intron. the deduced 9kda pdc1 peptide has a sequence that is identical to corn gamma2-zeathionin and has the typical features of a plant defensin, including a signal sequence of 35 amino acids, followed by a characteristic defensin domain of 47 amino acids containing 8 cysteines. the defensin prote ...	2009	19505517
molds and mycotoxin content of cereals in southeastern romania.	fungal species and toxin contamination were determined in 110 cereal samples (54 maize, 35 wheat, and 21 barley) collected in the southeastern part of romania from 2002 to 2004. the most frequent fungal contaminants belonged to aspergillus and fusarium, and maize was the most contaminated cereal. the main toxigenic species identified were aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, fusarium graminearum, and fusarium culmorum in all cereals and fusarium verticillioides in maize. the presence of af ...	2009	19343960
sexual recombination of carbendazim resistance in fusarium graminearum under field conditions.	carbendazim has been the major fungicide for control of fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum schwade in china. however, the effectiveness of carbendazim has been threatened by the emergence of resistant pathogen populations in the field.	2009	19170042
isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by fusarium graminearum.	inhibitors of deoxynivalenol production by fusarium graminearum are useful for protecting crops from deoxynivalenol contamination. we isolated precocenes and piperitone from the essential oils of matricaria recutita and eucalyptus dives, respectively, as specific inhibitors of the production of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, a biosynthetic precursor of deoxynivalenol. precocenes i and ii and piperitone inhibited 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol production by f. graminearum in a liquid culture with ic(50) values ...	2009	19191669
different responses of two genes associated with disease resistance loci in maize (zea mays l.) to 3-allyloxy-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide.	probenazole (3-allyloxy-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide, pbz) is a bactericide and fungicide that acts by inducing plant defense systems. it has been shown to induce the expression of nbs-lrr genes like rpr1 (rice probenazole-response gene) in rice (oryza sativa l.) and systemic acquired resistance (sar)-like disease resistance. two maize (zea mays l.) genes zmnbslrr1 (a nbs-lrr gene, cloned from a disease resistance analog pic11 based) and zmgc1, (a putative guanylyl cyclase-like gene) have both ...	2009	19193968
assessment of the core cryparin promoter from cryphonectria parasitica for heterologous expression in filamentous fungi.	cryparin is an abundant cell-wall-associated hydrophobin of cryphonectria parasitica. although cryparin is encoded as a single copy gene, it is the most abundant protein produced by this fungus when grown in liquid culture. studies to characterize the transcriptional regulatory element(s) found that the fragment between nt -188 and the start codon was the minimal but sufficient promoter element for expression of the cryparin gene. to explore the possibility of using this small fragment as a mini ...	2009	19238380
fusarium response to oxidative stress by h2o2 is trichothecene chemotype-dependent.	the present study aims at clarifying the impact of oxidative stress on type b trichothecene production. the responses to hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) of an array of fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum strains were compared, both species carrying either the chemotype deoxynivalenol (don) or nivalenol (niv). in both cases, levels of in vitro toxin production are greatly influenced by the oxidative parameters of the medium. a 0.5 mm h(2)o(2) stress induces a two- to 50-fold enhancement of do ...	2009	19239497
a new fungitoxic metabolite from spiraea alpina pall.	the fungitoxic metabolites of spiraea alpina pall. were identified using inhibition of rhizoctonia solani, gibberella zeae, pyricularia oryzea and exserohilum turcicum as an end-point. the major fungitoxic constituent of s. alpina was a new diacylated sugar, structurally elucidated as 6-o-(3',4'-dihydroxy-2'-methylenbutyryl)-1-o-trans-cinnamoyl-beta-d-glucopyranose. this compound could inhibit at 0.1 mg/ml rhizoctonia solani and exserohilum turcicum, 87.6% and 63.2%, respectively.	2009	19239922
molecular basis of arabinobio-hydrolase activity in phytopathogenic fungi: crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of fusarium graminearum gh93 exo-alpha-l-arabinanase.	the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum secretes a very diverse pool of glycoside hydrolases (ghs) aimed at degrading plant cell walls. alpha-l-arabinanases are essential ghs participating in the complete hydrolysis of hemicellulose, a natural resource for various industrial processes, such as bioethanol or pharmaceuticals production. arb93a, the exo-1,5-alpha-l-arabinanase of f. graminearum encoded by the gene fg03054.1, belongs to the gh93 family, for which no structural data exists. t ...	2009	19269961
post-anthesis moisture increased fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol levels in north carolina winter wheat.	abstract current models for forecasting fusarium head blight (fhb) and deoxynivalenol (don) levels in wheat are based on weather near anthesis, and breeding for resistance to fhb pathogens often relies on irrigation before and shortly after anthesis to encourage disease development. the effects of post-anthesis environmental conditions on fhb are poorly understood. we performed a field experiment at kinston, nc, to explore the effects of increasing duration of post-anthesis moisture on disease i ...	2009	19271972
characterization of fusarium graminearum isolates resistant to both carbendazim and a new fungicide js399-19.	fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat and other cereals, caused mainly by fusarium graminearum, is one of the most economically important diseases worldwide, especially in the united states and china. the benzimidazole fungicides, particularly carbendazim (mbc), have been consistently used during the period of wheat heading and flowering in areas with warm and moist weather to control fhb in china for over 30 years. the effectiveness of mbc, however, has been threatened by the emergence of resista ...	2009	19271986
[molecular cytogenetics, fertility, and scab resistance of the intergeneric hybrid f1 and bc1 between triticum aestivum and roegneria kamoji].	the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids between common wheat and roegneria kamoji were successfully obtained by means of embryo culture. morphology, chromosome pairing behavior at meiosis, fertility, and resistance to scab of the hybrid f1 and bc1 were studied. the results showed that the morphology of the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids f1 between r. kamoji and t. aestivum cv. chinese spring were intermediate type between the two parental species. the chromosome configuration at metaphase i (mi) of ...	2009	19273443
microsphere resin chromatography combined with microbial biotransformation for the separation and purification of salvianolic acid b in aqueous extract of roots of salvia multiorrihza bunge.	salvianolic acid b was separated and purified from salvia miltiorrhiza bunge (danshen) by microbial transformation together with chromatography of microsphere resin. the aqueous extract of danshen was transformed by fusarium graminearum in a bioreactor containing phosphate buffer (pbs), in which rosmarinic acid was transformed into danshensu and caffeic acid and the yield of salvianolic acid b was higher than 85%. after biotransformation, salvianolic acid b was purified by microsphere resin. a p ...	2009	19296955
concurrent selection for microbial suppression of fusarium graminearum, fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in wheat.	identify biological agents that can both control fusarium head blight (fhb) and reduce deoxynivalenol (don) production.	2009	19298518
genetic diversity and fitness of fusarium graminearum populations from rice in korea.	fusarium graminearum is an important fungal pathogen of cereal crops and produces mycotoxins, such as the trichothecenes nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. this species may be subdivided into a series of genetic lineages or phylogenetic species. we identified strains of f. graminearum from the republic of korea to lineage, tested their ability to produce nivalenol and deoxynivalenol, and determined the genetic composition and structure of the populations from which they were recovered. based on ampli ...	2009	19304830
global gene regulation by fusarium transcription factors tri6 and tri10 reveals adaptations for toxin biosynthesis.	trichothecenes are isoprenoid mycotoxins produced in wheat infected with the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum. some fungal genes for trichothecene biosynthesis (tri genes) are known to be under control of transcription factors encoded by tri6 and tri10. tri6 and tri10 deletion mutants were constructed in order to discover additional genes regulated by these factors in planta. both mutants were greatly reduced in pathogenicity and toxin production and these phenotypes were largely restored ...	2009	19320833
[studies on quantitative trait loci related to activity of lactate dehydrogenase in common carp (cyprinus carpio)].	the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids between common wheat and roegneria kamoji were successfully obtained by means of embryo culture. morphology, chromosome pairing behavior at meiosis, fertility, and resistance to scab of the hybrid f1 and bc1 were studied. the results showed that the morphology of the reciprocal intergeneric hybrids f1 between r. kamoji and t. aestivum cv. chinese spring were intermediate type between the two parental species. the chromosome configuration at metaphase i (mi) of ...	2009	19586894
developing kernel and rachis node induce the trichothecene pathway of fusarium graminearum during wheat head infection.	the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the most common agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) in small grain cereals and cob rot of maize. the threat posed by this fungus is due to a decrease in yield and, additionally, mycotoxin contamination of the harvested cereals. among the mycotoxins, trichothecenes influence virulence of f. graminearum in a highly complex manner that is strongly host- as well as chemotype-specific. the factors inducing mycotoxin production during plant infection are sti ...	2009	19589066
applying parallel factor analysis models to hplc diode array detector datasets reveals strain dependent regulation of polyketide biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum and fusarium pseudograminearum.	fungal secondary metabolites confer an indiscriminate resource of bioactive compounds with both pharmaceutical and industrial relevance. synthesis of these compounds is tightly controlled through regulatory networks. these networks act in response to the environmental conditions in which the fungus grows. one class of fungal secondary metabolites that have drawn increased attention, is the polyketides produced by a high number of fungi and bacteria. the increasing number of publicly available ge ...	2009	19591712
plant cell wall degradation with a powerful fusarium graminearum enzymatic arsenal.	the complex enzyme pool secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum in response to glucose or hop cell wall material as sole carbon sources was analyzed. the biochemical characterization of the enzymes present in the supernatant of fungal cultures in the glucose medium revealed only 5 different glycosyl hydrolase activities; by contrast, when analyzing cultures in the cell wall medium, 17 different activities were detected. this dramatic increase reflects the adaptation of the fu ...	2009	19597315
effect of carbendazim resistance on trichothecene production and aggressiveness of fusarium graminearum.	fusarium graminearum (teleomorph, gibberella zeae) causes head blight of cereals and contaminates grains with trichothecene mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and domesticated animals. control of fusarium head blight relies on carbendazim (mbc) in china, but resistance to mbc in f. graminearum is now widespread. sixty-seven strains were evaluated for trichothecene production in shake culture or in the field. the strains included 60 wild-type strains (30 mbc-resistant and 30 mbc-sensitive), th ...	2009	19656048
fppi: fusarium graminearum protein-protein interaction database.	the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (telomorph gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of several destructive crop diseases. identifying interactions among f. graminearum proteins and understanding their functions can provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms underlying f. graminearum-host interactions. f. graminearum protein-protein interaction (fppi) database provides comprehensive information of protein-protein interactions (ppis) of f. graminearum predicted based on both interologs from ...	2009	19673500
deoxynivalenol suppresses circulating and splenic leukocyte subpopulations in balb/c mice: dose response, time course and sex differences.	it was hypothesized that suppression of peripheral blood leukocyte subsets were markers of exposure to dietary deoxynivalenol (don), a fusarium graminearum mycotoxin in grain, at 1.0 mg kg(-1) but not at lesser doses in balb/c mice. groups of 10 female and 10 male balb/c mice were fed 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg kg(-1) don for 14 and 28 days. using flow cytometry with staining for leukocyte surface markers, the percentage of cd19(+) leukocytes (b cells) in peripheral blood was decreased in bot ...	2009	19680982
design, synthesis, and fungicidal activity of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin.	a series of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin containing a thiophene moiety were designed and synthesized by a facile method, and their structures were characterized by (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. the isomers iv-h and v-h were isolated, and their structures were identified by 2d nmr, including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc), and nuclear overhauser effect spectrometry (noesy) spectra. t ...	2009	19681615
expressed sequence tags from the flower pathogen claviceps purpurea.	summary the ascomycete claviceps purpurea (ergot) is a biotrophic flower pathogen of rye and other grasses. the deleterious toxic effects of infected rye seeds on humans and grazing animals have been known since the middle ages. to gain further insight into the molecular basis of this disease, we generated about 10 000 expressed sequence tags (ests)-about 25% originating from axenic fungal culture and about 75% from tissues collected 6-20 days after infection of rye spikes. the pattern of axenic ...	2009	19694956
the genome of nectria haematococca: contribution of supernumerary chromosomes to gene expansion.	the ascomycetous fungus nectria haematococca, (asexual name fusarium solani), is a member of a group of >50 species known as the "fusarium solani species complex". members of this complex have diverse biological properties including the ability to cause disease on >100 genera of plants and opportunistic infections in humans. the current research analyzed the most extensively studied member of this complex, n. haematococca mating population vi (mpvi). several genes controlling the ability of indi ...	2009	19714214
toxigenic potential of fusarium graminearum sensu stricto isolates from wheat in argentina.	the toxigenic potential of 144 fusarium graminearum sensu stricto strains isolated from wheat in different subregions of the main production area in argentina during 2001, 2003 and 2004 harvests was studied. the mycotoxin producing ability of the isolates was examined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and confirmed by mass spectrometry. analysis of the trichothecene chemotype distribution across the argentinean wheat cropping area revealed that 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was the ...	2009	19717200
insect peptide metchnikowin confers on barley a selective capacity for resistance to fungal ascomycetes pathogens.	the potential of metchnikowin, a 26-amino acid residue proline-rich antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the fat body of drosophila melanogaster was explored to engineer disease resistance in barley against devastating fungal plant pathogens. the synthetic peptide caused strong in vitro growth inhibition (ic(50) value approximately 1 mum) of the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. transgenic barley expressing the metchnikowin gene in its 52-amino acid pre-pro-peptide form under the control o ...	2009	19734262
a reference-gene-based quantitative pcr method as a tool to determine fusarium resistance in wheat.	in recent years, plant breeders made great progress in breeding fusarium-tolerant wheat lines. however, total resistance to this genus of plant pathogenic fungi has not yet been achieved as the resistance genes are located on several distinct genetic regions. visual scoring of disease symptoms in combination with the analysis of mycotoxins is commonly applied to assess the tolerance of new lines. both approaches are indirect methods and do not mandatorily determine the accumulated fungal biomass ...	2009	19756538
fgend1 is a putative component of the endocytic machinery and mediates ferrichrome uptake in f. graminearum.	the function of endocytic pathway in filamentous fungi has remained elusive. recently, we have identified that fgend1, which has a 27% amino acid homology and shares specific eh3 domain with scend3 of saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a putative member of the endocytic machinery in fusarium graminearum. the failure of the scend3 mutant to uptake lucifer yellow (ly) was recovered by introducing fgend1 into s. cerevisiae. the deletion of fgend1 in f. graminearum resulted in a 2-fold decrease in the rat ...	2009	19756628
complete nucleotide sequence of double-stranded rna viruses from fusarium graminearum strain dk3.	the complete genomes two different dsrna mycoviruses, fusarium graminearum virus 3 (fgv3) and fusarium graminearum virus 4 (fgv4), was sequenced and analyzed. the viral genome of fgv3 is 9,098 base pairs (bp) long and contains two open reading frames (orf) encoding a putative rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) and a protein of unknown function. the fgv4 genome is composed of two dsrna genome segments of 2,383 bp and 1,739 bp. fgv4 dsrna-1 contains a single orf, which has a conserved rdrp motif, ...	2009	19777156
new caloporoside derivatives and their inhibition of fungal spore germination.	in our ongoing screening culture fluid extracts of gloeoporus (caloporus) dichrous strain 83065 inhibited the germination of magnaporthe grisea and fusarium graminearum spores. while isolating the active metabolites two new caloporosides, caloporoside g and caloporoside h, in addition to the known caloporoside derivatives f-16438g, caloporoside a, and 2-hydroxy-6-(16-hydroxyheptadecyl)benzoic acid were obtained.	2009	19791504
evidence that a secondary metabolic biosynthetic gene cluster has grown by gene relocation during evolution of the filamentous fungus fusarium.	trichothecenes are terpene-derived secondary metabolites produced by multiple genera of filamentous fungi, including many plant pathogenic species of fusarium. these metabolites are of interest because they are toxic to animals and plants and can contribute to pathogenesis of fusarium on some crop species. fusarium graminearum and f. sporotrichioides have trichothecene biosynthetic genes (tri) at three loci: a 12-gene tri cluster and two smaller tri loci that consist of one or two genes. here, c ...	2009	19843228
sphaerodes mycoparasitica sp. nov., a new biotrophic mycoparasite on fusarium avenaceum, f. graminearum and f. oxysporum.	a new species, sphaerodes mycoparasitica (ascomycetes, melanosporales), was isolated from isolates of fusarium avenaceum and fusarium graminearum originating from wheat fields in saskatchewan, and from fusarium oxysporum originating from asparagus fields in quebec, canada. the species is characterized by a unique combination of ascospore size, shape (fusiform and triangular) and wall ornamentation (reticulate and smooth). also, conidia are produced from simple phialides on the surface of ascoma ...	2009	19857813
triacylglyceride metabolism by fusarium graminearum during colonization and sexual development on wheat.	fusarium graminearum, a devastating pathogen of small grains, overwinters on crop residues and produces ephemeral perithecia. accumulation of lipids in overwintering hyphae would provide reserves for overwinter survival and perithecium development. fatty acid composition of cultures during perithecium development indicated a drop in neutral lipid levels during development but little change in fatty acid composition across stages. microscopic examination of cultures early in sexual development re ...	2009	19888815
novel genes of fusarium graminearum that negatively regulate deoxynivalenol production and virulence.	fusarium head blight of wheat, caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease resulting in both reduced yields and contamination of grain with trichothecene toxins, with severe consequences for mammalian health. recently, we have identified several related amine compounds such as agmatine and putrescine that promote the production of high levels of trichothecene toxins, such as deoxynivalenol (don), in culture by f. graminearum and f. sporotrichioides. here, a global analysis of fungal gen ...	2009	19888824
transcriptome analysis of a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying fusarium head blight-resistant and -susceptible alleles.	fusarium head blight (fhb), caused primarily by fusarium graminearum, decreases grain yield and quality in wheat and barley. disease severity, deoxynivalenol (don), fungal biomass, and transcript accumulation were examined in a wheat near-isogenic line pair carrying either the resistant or susceptible allele for the chromosome 3bs fhb-resistance quantitative trait locus (fhb1). fhb1 restricts spread of disease symptoms but does not provide resistance to initial infection or initial don accumulat ...	2009	19810806
mutations in a beta-tubulin confer resistance of gibberella zeae to benzimidazole fungicides.	abstract wheat head blight caused by gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is a threat to food safety in china because of mycotoxin contamination of the harvested grain, the frequent occurrence of the disease, and the failure of chemical control in some areas due to benzimidazole resistance in the pathogen population. the molecular resistance mechanism, however, of g. zeae to benzimidazole fungicides (especially carbendazim; active ingredient: methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate [mbc]) ...	2009	19900007
a novel asian clade within the fusarium graminearum species complex includes a newly discovered cereal head blight pathogen from the russian far east.	we investigated fusarium graminearum complex (fg complex) species diversity and toxin potential in european and asian regions of the russian federation and adjoining regions northwest to finland and south near harbin, heilongjiang province, china, to expand our knowledge of the host range and geographic distribution of these economically devastating cereal head blight pathogens. results of a recently described multilocus genotyping (mlgt) assay revealed that f. graminearum was the sole fg comple ...	2009	19927749
[chemical constituents and bioactivity of teucrium pilosum].	to study the chemical constituents and bioactivity of teurium pilosum.	2009	19943482
quantification of fusarium graminearum in harvested grain by real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess efficacies of fungicides on fusarium head blight, deoxynivalenol contamination, and yield of winter wheat.	we used a real time polymerase chain reaction-based assay and visual disease assessment to evaluate the efficacies of js399-19, tebuconazole, a mixture of tebuconazole and thiram, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, and thiram on the development of fusarium head blight (fhb) and deoxynivalenol (don) contamination and on the yield of winter wheat (cv. nannong no. 9918) after artificial inoculation under field conditions with fusarium graminearum. the incidence of infected spikelets (iis), amount of f. gra ...	2009	19055440
over-expression of the cell death regulator bax inhibitor-1 in barley confers reduced or enhanced susceptibility to distinct fungal pathogens.	bax inhibitor-1 (bi-1) is a conserved cell death regulator protein that inhibits mammalian bax-induced cell death in yeast, animals and plants. additionally, hvbi-1 suppresses defense responses and resistance to the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh) when over-expressed in single epidermal cells of barley. to test the potential of ectopic expression of bi-1 to influence fungal interactions with crop plants, we produced stable transgenic barley plants expressing a green fl ...	2009	18956174
for blighted waves of grain: fusarium graminearum in the postgenomics era.		2009	19126701
understanding the plasticity of the alpha/beta hydrolase fold: lid swapping on the candida antarctica lipase b results in chimeras with interesting biocatalytic properties.	the best of both worlds. long molecular dynamics (md) simulations of candida antarctica lipase b (calb) confirmed the function of helix alpha5 as a lid structure. replacement of the helix with corresponding lid regions from calb homologues from neurospora crassa and gibberella zeae resulted in new calb chimeras with novel biocatalytic properties. the figure shows a snapshot from the md simulation. the candida antarctica lipase b (calb) has found very extensive use in biocatalysis reactions. long ...	2009	19156649
real-time quantitative expression studies of the zearalenone biosynthetic gene cluster in fusarium graminearum.	the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (zon) produced by some fusarium spp. causes reproductive problems and hyperestrogenic syndromes in mammals. in an effort to elucidate the molecular pathways of zon production, we present a comparative real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression study of seven contiguous genes in the zon biosynthetic cluster on sterile rice and during wheat and oat infection. under zon production on rice, the polyketide synthase (pks) genes pks4 and pks13, alco ...	2009	19159310
differential gene expression of related wheat lines with contrasting levels of head blight resistance after fusarium graminearum inoculation.	fusarium head blight (fhb) is a devastating disease of wheat. molecular mapping led to the identification of two major fhb resistance qtl, fhb1 and qfhs.ifa-5a. the actual function of these resistance genes is still unknown. the resistant line cm82036, the susceptible line remus and two sister lines from the cross cm82036/remus were analysed for gene expression. the sister lines show contrasting levels of fhb resistance due to the presence or absence of resistance alleles at fhb1 and qfhs.ifa-5a ...	2009	19082576
synthesis of 3beta-hydroxy-androsta-5,7-dien-17-one from 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one via microbial 7alpha-hydroxylation.	the synthesis of 3beta-hydroxy-androsta-5,7-dien-17-one from 3beta-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, dhea) via microbial 7alpha-hydroxylation has been accomplished. at the first stage, 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one was obtained in high yield (71.2%) using a strain of gibberella zeae vkm f-2600, which was first applied for dhea conversion. the further route included the substitution of 7alpha-hydroxyl group with chlorine followed by a dehydrochlorination stage, and ...	2009	19071148
contribution of cell wall degrading enzymes to pathogenesis of fusarium graminearum: a review.	plant-pathogenic fungi produce an array of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes that enable them to penetrate and infect the host tissue; these enzymes are collectively called cell wall-degrading enzymes (cwde). they may contribute to pathogenesis by degrading wax, cuticle and cell walls, thus aiding tissue invasion and pathogen dissemination. furthermore, they can act as elicitors of host defense reaction.fusarium head blight (fhb) is a disease caused principally by fusarium graminearum on crops, o ...	2009	19025875
sphingolipid c-9 methyltransferases are important for growth and virulence but not for sensitivity to antifungal plant defensins in fusarium graminearum.	the c-9-methylated glucosylceramides (glccers) are sphingolipids unique to fungi. they play important roles in fungal growth and pathogenesis, and they act as receptors for some antifungal plant defensins. we have identified two genes, fgmt1 and fgmt2, that each encode a putative sphingolipid c-9 methyltransferase (c-9-mt) in the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum and complement a pichia pastoris c-9-mt-null mutant. the deltafgmt1 mutant produced c-9-methylated glccer like the wild-type strain ...	2009	19028992
gzsnf1 is required for normal sexual and asexual development in the ascomycete gibberella zeae.	the sucrose nonfermenting 1 (snf1) protein kinase of yeast plays a central role in the transcription of glucose-repressible genes in response to glucose starvation. in this study, we deleted an ortholog of snf1 from gibberella zeae to characterize its functions by using a gene replacement strategy. the mycelial growth of deletion mutants (deltagzsnf1) was reduced by 21 to 74% on diverse carbon sources. the virulence of deltagzsnf1 mutants on barley decreased, and the expression of genes encoding ...	2009	19028993
efficient hydrolysis of hemicellulose by a fusarium graminearum xylanase blend produced at high levels in escherichia coli.	a fusarium graminearum-based enzyme blend for the efficient hydrolysis of hemicellulose, a crucial step for competitive bioethanol production, is described. the heretofore-uncharacterized endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (xyld), 1,4-beta-xylosidase (xyloa), and bifunctional xylosidase/arabinofuranosidase (xylo/araba) were produced at high levels in escherichia coli (10-38 mg/l). they displayed compatible ph and temperature-dependences, allowing their utilization for simultaneous substrate digestions. mono ...	2009	18707875
characterization of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the ascomycete gibberella zeae.	carotenoids are a structurally diverse class of terpenoid pigments that are synthesized by many microorganisms and plants. in this study, we identified five putative carotenoid biosynthetic genes from the ascomycete gibberella zeae (gzcarb, gzcaro, gzcarra, gzcart, and gzcarx). hplc showed that the fungus produces two carotenoids: neurosporaxanthin and torulene. we deleted the five genes individually to determine their functions. gzcarb, gzcarra, and gzcart were required for neurosporaxanthin bi ...	2010	20002186
genetic fusarium chemotyping as a useful tool for predicting nivalenol contamination in winter wheat.	fusarium graminearum [teleomorph gibberella zeae] and fusarium culmorum together with fusarium poae are the main species known to produce nivalenol (niv). the niv content in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) harvested in luxembourg was investigated in 2007 and 2008 at 17 different locations. species determination and genetic chemotyping of f. graminearum and f. culmorum were used to understand the spatial distribution of niv producers in wheat from luxembourg. three hundred thirteen f. graminearum, 1 ...	2010	20004994
synthesis and biological activity of organotin 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylates and benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carboxylates.	a series of organotin 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylates and benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carboxylates have been synthesized and characterized by nmr ((1)h, (13)c, and (119)sn), ir, and elemental analyses. the structure of the dimeric complex {[(bthco(2))snet(2)](2)o}(2) (bth represents benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazol-7-yl) has been further confirmed by x-ray diffraction crystallography. assessment for fungicidal activity indicates that all of the newly synthesized compounds exhibit good growth inhib ...	2010	20014765
membrane-bound guaiacol peroxidases from maize (zea mays l.) roots are regulated by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and pathogen elicitors.	plant peroxidases are involved in numerous cellular processes in plant development and stress responses. four plasma membrane-bound peroxidases have been identified and characterized in maize (zea mays l.) roots. in the present study, maize seedlings were treated with different stresses and signal compounds, and a functional analysis of these membrane-bound class iii peroxidases (pmpox1, pmpox2a, pmpox2b, and pmpox3) was carried out. total guaiacol peroxidase activities from soluble and microsom ...	2010	20032108
identification and validation of a major qtl conferring crown rot resistance in hexaploid wheat.	crown rot (cr), caused by various fusarium species, is a chronic wheat disease in australia. as part of our objective of improving the efficiency of breeding cr resistant wheat varieties, we have been searching for novel sources of resistance. this paper reports on the genetic control of one of these newly identified resistant genotypes, 'cscr6'. a population derived from a cross between cscr6 and an australian variety 'lang' was analyzed using two fusarium isolates belonging to two different sp ...	2010	20035314
population parameters for resistance to fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides ear rot among large sets of early, mid-late and late maturing european maize (zea mays l.) inbred lines.	infection of maize ears with fusarium graminearum (fg) and fusarium verticillioides (fv) reduces yield and quality by mycotoxin contamination. breeding and growing varieties resistant to both fusarium spp. is the best alternative to minimize problems. the objectives of our study were to draw conclusions on breeding for ear rot resistance by estimating variance components, heritabilities and correlations between resistances to fv and fg severity and to investigate different inoculation methods. i ...	2010	20035317
chitinolytic and antifungal activity of a bacillus pumilus chitinase expressed in arabidopsis.	the bacillus pumilus sg2 chitinase gene (chis) and its truncated form lacking chitin binding (chbd) and fibronectin type iii (fniii) domains were transformed to arabidopsis plants and the expression, functionality and antifungal activity of the recombinant proteins were investigated. results showed that while the two enzyme forms showed almost equal hydrolytic activity toward colloidal chitin, they exhibited a significant difference in antifungal activity. recombinant chis in plant protein extra ...	2010	20035370
transfer of the beta-tubulin gene of botrytis cinerea with resistance to carbendazim into fusarium graminearum.	resistance to carbendazim and other benzimidazole fungicides in botrytis cinerea (pers. ex fr.) and most other fungi is usually conferred by mutation(s) in a single chromosomal beta-tubulin gene, often with several allelic mutations. in fusarium graminearum schwade, however, carbendazim resistance is not associated with a mutation in the corresponding beta-tubulin gene.	2010	20063268
functional analyses of two syntaxin-like snare genes, gzsyn1 and gzsyn2, in the ascomycete gibberella zeae.	we identified two syntaxin-like snare genes, named gzsyn1 and gzsyn2, from the plant pathogenic ascomycete gibberella zeae, and characterized the functions and cellular localization of these genes. the gzsyn1 deletion mutant (deltagzsyn1) had 71% reduced hyphal growth compared to the wild-type strain, but produced perithecia with normal ascospores. deltagzsyn2 had the same hyphal growth rate as the wild-type, but completely lost both self and female fertility. when deltagzsyn2 was spermatized fo ...	2010	20102747
trichothecene mycotoxins associated with potato dry rot caused by fusarium graminearum.	fusarium graminearum, a known producer of trichothecene mycotoxins in cereal hosts, has been recently documented as a cause of dry rot of potato tubers in the united states. due to the uncertainty of trichothecene production in these tubers, a study was conducted to determine the accumulation and diffusion of trichothecenes in potato tubers affected with dry rot caused by f. graminearum. potato tubers of cv. russet burbank were inoculated with 14 f. graminearum isolates from potato, sugar beet, ...	2010	20128703
a native qtl for fusarium head blight resistance in north american barley (hordeum vulgare l.) independent of height, maturity, and spike type loci.	fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe (teleomorph gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch), is one of the major diseases of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in eastern china, the upper midwest of the usa, and the eastern prairie provinces of canada. to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) controlling fhb resistance, a recombinant inbred line population (f6:7) was developed from the cross zhenongda 7/pi 643302. the population was phenotyped for resistance to fhb in two experime ...	2010	20140029
the cid1 cyclin c-like gene is important for plant infection in fusarium graminearum.	head blight or scab caused by fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley. the pathogen can cause severe yield losses and contaminates infested kernels with harmful mycotoxins. in this study, we characterized the cid1 gene in f. graminearum that is an ortholog of the fusarium verticilloidesfcc1 and yeast ume3 genes. the protein encoded by cid1 has typical structural features of c-type cyclins. deletion of cid1 resulted in a reduction in conidiation and vegetative growth but ...	2010	19909822
gene transcription profiling of fusarium graminearum treated with an azole fungicide tebuconazole.	using a deep serial analysis of gene expression (deepsage) sequencing approach, we profiled the transcriptional response of fusarium graminearum to tebuconazole, a most widely used azole fungicide. by comparing the expression of genes in f. graminearum treated and untreated with tebuconazole, we identified 324 and 155 genes showing more than a 5-fold increase and decrease, respectively, in expression upon tebuconazole treatment. these genes are involved in a variety of cell functions including e ...	2010	19820924
investigation of the effect of nitrogen on severity of fusarium head blight in barley.	the effect of nitrogen on fusarium head blight (fhb) in a susceptible barley cultivar was investigated using gel-based proteomics. barley grown with either 15 or 100kgha(-1)n fertilizer was inoculated with fusarium graminearum (fg). the storage protein fraction did not change significantly in response either to n level or fg, whereas eighty protein spots in the water-soluble albumin fraction increased and 108 spots decreased more than two-fold in intensity in response to fg. spots with greater i ...	2010	19895910
the phosphoproteome of fusarium graminearum at the onset of nitrogen starvation.	fusarium graminearum grown under stress, such as nutrient deprivation, activates, among others, the trichothecene pathway that produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its derivatives. the kinase inhibitor staurosporine reduced the production of trichothecenes by 39% compared with control in vitro. on the other hand, phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid increased the amount by 72% compared with the control in vitro. this suggests that phosphorylation events are involved in the signalling pathway, ...	2010	19899075
de novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to fusarium attack in barley.	summary despite recent advances in elucidation of natural products in root exudates, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the ecological significance of products in the rhizosphere. here, we investigated the potential of barley (hordeum vulgare) to secrete defense root exudates when challenged by the soilborne pathogen fusarium graminearum. *liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (lc-dad) was used to profile induced small-molecular-weight exudates. thus, t-cinnamic ...	2010	19878462
clm1 of fusarium graminearum encodes a longiborneol synthase required for culmorin production.	fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops (e.g., wheat, barley, maize) and produces a number of mycotoxins, including 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, butenolide, zearalenone, and culmorin. to identify a biosynthetic gene for the culmorin pathway, an expressed-sequence-tag database was examined for terpene cyclase genes. a gene designated clm1 was expressed under trichothecene-inducing conditions. expression of clm1 in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) resulted in the production of a sesq ...	2010	19880637
action and reaction of host and pathogen during fusarium head blight disease.	the fusarium species fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum, which are responsible for fusarium head blight (fhb) disease, reduce world-wide cereal crop yield and, as a consequence of their mycotoxin production in cereal grain, impact on both human and animal health. their study is greatly promoted by the availability of the genomic sequence of f. graminearum and transcriptomic resources for both f. graminearum and its cereal hosts. functional genomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies, in c ...	2010	19807873
study of the antifungal activity of bacillus vallismortis zz185 in vitro and identification of its antifungal components.	an endophytic bacillus vallismortis zz185 was isolated from healthy stems of the plant broadleaf holly (ilex latifolia thunb) collected in nanjing, china. both the culture filtrate and the n-butanol extract of strain zz185 showed strong growth inhibition activity in vitro against the phytopathogens fusarium graminearum, alternaria alternata, rhizoctonia solani, cryphonectria parasitica and phytophthora capsici. the results showed that the filtrate and extract reduced the symptoms of wheat seedli ...	2010	19717300
airborne and soilborne microfungi in the vicinity hamitabat thermic power plant in kirklareli city (turkey), their seasonal distributions and relations with climatological factors.	soil and air samples of seven different localities around hamitabat thermic power plant, 10 km far away from luleburgaz/kirklareli (turkey), were taken between the years 2003 and 2004 with seasonal intervals. the samples were brought to the laboratory and their microfungal identifications were done. from the air samples, 737 microfungi colonies were isolated comprising 26 species belonging to eight genera. from soil samples, 170.6 x 10(4) colony-forming unit (cfu)/g was isolated from 33 species ...	2010	19347592
screening the fusarium graminearum inhibitory mutant strain from bacillus subtilis by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet.	the aim of this study was to improve the antagonistic activity of bacillus subtilis ja towards fusarium graminearum by screening high-yielding mutant using the atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (appj).	2010	19558467
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel glyoxalase i gene tagly i in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	methylglyoxal is a kind of poisonous metabolite that can react with rna, dna and protein, which generally results in a number of side advert effects to cell. glyoxalase i is a member of glyoxalase system that can detoxify methylglyoxal. an est encoding a glyoxalase i was isolated from a ssh (suppression subtractive hybridization)-cdna library of wheat spike inoculated by fusarium graminearum. the corresponding full length gene, named tagly i, was cloned, sequenced and characterized. its genomic ...	2010	19513813
mass spectrometric analysis reveals remnants of host-pathogen molecular interactions at the starch granule surface in wheat endosperm.	the starch granules of wheat seed are solar energy-driven deposits of fixed carbon and, as such, present themselves as targets of pathogen attack. the seed's array of antimicrobial proteins, peptides, and small molecules comprises a molecular defense against penetrating pathogens. in turn, pathogens exhibit an arsenal of enzymes to facilitate the degradation of the host's endosperm. in this context, the starch granule surface is a relatively unexplored domain in which unique molecular barriers m ...	2010	20701481
variation and transgression of aggressiveness among two gibberella zeae crosses developed from highly aggressive parental isolates.	gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is the most common cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. aggressiveness is the most important fungal trait affecting disease severity and stability of host resistance. objectives were to analyze in two field experiments (i) segregation for aggressiveness among 120 progenies from each of two crosses of highly aggressive parents and (ii) stability of fhb resistance of seven moderately to highly resistant winter ...	2010	20701488
a combined ¹h nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis to understand the basal metabolism of plant-pathogenic fusarium spp.	many ascomycete fusarium spp. are plant pathogens that cause disease on both cereal and noncereal hosts. infection of wheat ears by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum typically results in bleaching and a subsequent reduction in grain yield. also, a large proportion of the harvested grain can be spoiled when the colonizing fusarium mycelia produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (don). in this study, we have explored the intracellular polar metabolome of fusarium spp. in both t ...	2010	20718668
synthesis and antifungal activities of some 2,6-bis-(un)substituted phenoxymethylpyridines.	several 2,6-bis-(un)substituted phenoxymethylpyridines were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against fusarium graminearum, helminthosporium sorokinianum, alternaria brassicae, alternaria alternata, and fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. among all derivatives, compound 3a exhibited a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the five phytopathogenic fungi.	2010	20737909
antifungal activities of some indole derivatives.	nine indole derivatives were evaluated in vitro against fusarium graminearum, alternaria alternata, helminthosporium sorokinianum, pyricularia oryzae, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumarinum, and alternaria brassicae. most of the compounds were found to possess antifungal activities. especially compounds 2, 5, 8, and 9 exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activities against the above-mentioned seven phytopathogenic fungi, and showed more potent activities than ...	2010	20737910
a novel gene, roa, is required for normal morphogenesis and discharge of ascospores in gibberella zeae.	head blight, caused by gibberella zeae, is a significant disease among cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and rice, due to contamination of grain with mycotoxins. g. zeae is spread by ascospores forcibly discharged from sexual fruiting bodies forming on crop residues. in this study, we characterized a novel gene, roa, which is required for normal sexual development. deletion of roa (δroa) resulted in an abnormal size and shape of asci and ascospores but did not affect vegetative growth. the ...	2010	20802018
a comparative summary of expression systems for the recombinant production of galactose oxidase.	the microbes escherichia coli and pichia pastoris are convenient prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, respectively, for the recombinant production of proteins at laboratory scales. a comparative study was performed to evaluate a range of constructs and process parameters for the heterologous intra- and extracellular expression of genes encoding the industrially relevant enzyme galactose 6-oxidase (ec 1.1.3.9) from the fungus fusarium graminearum. in particular, the wild-type galox gene from f. gram ...	2010	20836876
identification and functional characterization of genes involved in the sexual reproduction of the ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae.	we previously reported that g protein alpha subunit 1 (gpa1) is essential for sexual reproduction in the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae. in this study we performed microarray analyses on a gpa1 deletion mutant of g. zeae (δgpa1) to identify genes involved in the sexual reproduction of this fungus. in the δgpa1 strain, 645 genes were down-regulated and 550 genes were up-regulated during sexual reproduction when compared to the wild-type strain. one hundred of the down-regulated gen ...	2010	20836989
a nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence in plant pathogenic fungi: role of tor and the bzip protein meab.	virulence in plant pathogenic fungi is controlled through a variety of cellular pathways in response to the host environment. nitrogen limitation has been proposed to act as a key signal to trigger the in planta expression of virulence genes. moreover, a conserved pathogenicity mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is strictly required for plant infection in a wide range of pathogens. we investigated the relationship between nitrogen signaling and the pathogenicity mapk cascade in cont ...	2010	21139428
autophagy-related lipase fgatg15 of fusarium graminearum is important for lipid turnover and plant infection.	autophagy is a non-selective degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells that is conserved from yeasts to humans. autophagy is involved in the virulence of several pathogenic fungi such as magnaporthe grisea or colletotrichum orbiculare. in the current study, we identified and disrupted an autophagy-like lipase fgatg15 in fusarium graminearum. we showed that fgatg15 exhibits lipase activity when heterologously expressed in p. pastoris. we used a gene deletion approach to characterize the function of ...	2010	21094265
the ph regulatory factor pac1 regulates tri gene expression and trichothecene production in fusarium graminearum.	fungi manage the adaptation to extra-cellular ph through the pacc transcription factor, a key component of the ph regulatory system. pacc regulates the production of various secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi. in the important cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum, the production of trichothecene is induced only under acidic ph conditions. here, we examined the role of the pacc homologue from f. graminearum, fgpac1, on the regulation of trichothecene production. an fgδpac1 deletion mutant ...	2010	21126599
the 3adon population of fusarium graminearum found in north dakota is more aggressive and produces a higher level of don than the prevalent 15adon population in spring wheat.	fusarium head blight (fhb) is primarily caused by fusarium graminearum in north america. isolates of f. graminearum can be identified as one of three chemotypes: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3adon), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15adon), and nivalenol (niv). in this study, we characterized f. graminearum isolates collected in 1980 to 2000 (old collection) and in 2008 (new collection) from north dakota and found a 15-fold increase of 3adon isolates in the new collection. evaluation of randomly selected 3 ...	2010	20839936
an assessment of mixed-modeling approaches for characterizing profiles of time-varying response and predictor variables.	a general statistical modeling approach was tested for characterizing the relationship between pathogen inoculum density (or other biological response variables) and environmental variables when the data are collected as temporal profiles of observations within multiple locations or years. the approach, based on the use of linear mixed models, simultaneously accounts for serial correlations of the observations within each time profile, the random effects of location-year (or other grouping facto ...	2010	20839937
wheat crown rot pathogens fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum lack specialization.	this article reports a lack of pathogenic specialization among australian fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum causing crown rot (cr) of wheat using analysis of variance (anova), principal component and biplot analysis, kendall's coefficient of concordance (w), and κ statistics. overall, f. pseudograminearum was more aggressive than f. graminearum, supporting earlier delineation of the crown-infecting group as a new species. although significant wheat line-pathogen isolate interaction i ...	2010	20839941
fgsub: fusarium graminearum protein subcellular localizations predicted from primary structures.	the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (telomorph gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of several destructive crop diseases, where a set of genes usually work in concert to cause diseases to crops. to function appropriately, the f. graminearum proteins inside one cell should be assigned to different compartments, i.e. subcellular localizations. therefore, the subcellular localizations of f. graminearum proteins can provide insights into protein functions and pathogenic mechanisms of this destr ...	2010	20840726
quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to fusarium head blight in barley respond differentially to fusarium graminearum infection.	fusarium head blight (fhb), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, reduces grain yield and quality in barley. resistance to fhb is partial and quantitatively inherited. previously, major fhb resistant qtl were detected on barley chromosome 2h bin 8 and 2h bin 10, and another qtl for reduced deoxynivalenol (don) accumulation was identified on chromosome 3h bin 6. to develop an understanding of the molecular responses controlled by these loci, we examined don and fungal biomass levels and the t ...	2010	20865292
antibacterial to antifungal conversion of neamine aminoglycosides through alkyl modification. strategy for reviving old drugs into agrofungicides.	many actinomycetes aminoglycosides are widely used antibiotics. although mainly antibacterials, a few known aminoglycosides also inhibit yeasts, protozoans and important crop pathogenic fungal oomycetes. here we show that attachment of a c8 alkyl chain to ring iii of a neamine-based aminoglycoside specifically at the 4″-o position yields a broad-spectrum fungicide (fg08) without the antibacterial properties typical for aminoglycosides. leaf infection assays and greenhouse studies show that fg08 ...	2010	20924381
analysis of early events in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar scarlett.	a proteomic analysis was conducted to map the events during the initial stages of the interaction between the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley cultivar scarlett. quantification of fungal dna demonstrated a sharp increase in fungal biomass in barley spikelets at 3 days after inoculation. this coincided with the appearance of discrete f. graminearum-induced proteolytic fragments of β-amylase. based on these results, analysis of grain proteome changes prior to extensi ...	2010	20925056
genome-wide prediction of g protein-coupled receptors in verticillium spp.	g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) are critical factors in regulating morphogenesis, mating, infection and virulence in fungi. in this study, various computational strategies were applied to identify gpcr-like proteins from the genomes of both verticillium dahliae and verticillium albo-atrum. the putative gpcrs were distributed over 13 classes, and significantly, three of those represented novel classes of gpcr-like proteins in fungi. the three novel gpcrs had high levels of identity to their c ...	2010	20943146
the infection biology of fusarium graminearum: defining the pathways of spikelet to spikelet colonisation in wheat ears.	fusarium graminearum is one of the main causal agents of fusarium ear blight on wheat. how the pathogen colonises the entire ear is not known. there is controversy over whether this mycotoxin producing pathogenic fungus invades wheat floral tissue using a necrotrophic or another mode of nutrition. a detailed microscopic investigation has revealed how wild-type fungal hyphae, of the sequenced strain ph-1, colonised susceptible wheat ears and spread from spikelet to spikelet. at the advancing infe ...	2010	20943167
fusarium culmorum is a single phylogenetic species based on multilocus sequence analysis.	fusarium culmorum is a major pathogen of wheat and barley causing head blight and crown rot in cooler temperate climates of australia, europe, west asia and north africa. to better understand its evolutionary history we partially sequenced single copy nuclear genes encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef), reductase (red) and phosphate permease (pho) in 100 f. culmorum isolates with 11 isolates of fusarium crookwellense, fusarium graminearum and fusarium pseudograminearum. phylogenetic a ...	2010	20943185
scanning electron microscopy observations of the interaction between trichoderma harzianum and perithecia of gibberella zeae.	chronological events associated with the interaction between a strain of trichoderma harzianum, t472, with known biological control activity against perithecial production of g. zeae, were studied with scanning electron microscopy to investigate the mechanisms of control. large clusters of perithecia consisting of 5-15 perithecia formed on the autoclaved, mulched wheat straw inoculated with g. zeae alone (control) with an average of 157 perithecia per plate. small clusters consisting of 3-6 and ...	2010	20943563
paralogous cyp51 genes in fusarium graminearum mediate differential sensitivity to sterol demethylation inhibitors.	analysis of the genome sequence of fusarium graminearum revealed three paralogous cyp51 genes (designated cyp51a, -b, and -c) encoding 14-α demethylases in this fungus. targeted gene disruption showed that the cyp51a, -b or -c disruption mutants were morphologically indistinguishable from the parent isolate on potato dextrose agar medium, which indicates that none of these genes is essential for mycelial growth. the sensitivity of cyp51a deletion mutants to seven sterol demethylation inhibitor ( ...	2010	20955812
a network approach to predict pathogenic genes for fusarium graminearum.	fusarium graminearum is the pathogenic agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), which is a destructive disease on wheat and barley, thereby causing huge economic loss and health problems to human by contaminating foods. identifying pathogenic genes can shed light on pathogenesis underlying the interaction between f. graminearum and its plant host. however, it is difficult to detect pathogenic genes for this destructive pathogen by time-consuming and expensive molecular biological experiments in lab. ...	2010	20957229
a molecular based strategy for rapid diagnosis of toxigenic fusarium species associated to cereal grains from argentina.	fusarium species are worldwide causal agents of ear rot in cereals. their toxigenic potential is a health risk for both humans and animals. in argentina, most identification of these fungi has been based on morphological and cross-fertility criteria which are time consuming and require considerable expertise in fusarium taxonomy and physiology. dna based approaches have been reported as rapid, sensitive and specific alternatives to identify the main fumonisin and trichothecene-producing fusarium ...	2010	20965064
identification of an aliphatic epoxide and the corresponding dihydrodiol as novel congeners of zearalenone in cultures of fusarium graminearum.	the mycotoxin zearalenone (zen) is produced by various fusarium fungi and frequently found as a contaminant in food and feed. there are reports in the literature that several closely related analogues of zen are also formed in cultures of fusarium species. we have therefore analyzed the organic extract from a 40 day culture of fusarium graminearum by lc-dad-ms and detected 15 compounds, which could be congeners of zen because of their ultraviolet, mass spectroscopy, and tandem mass spectroscopy ...	2010	20977187
mass spectrometry-based metabolomics application to identify quantitative resistance-related metabolites in barley against fusarium head blight.	quantitative resistance is generally controlled by several genes. more than 100 resistance quantitative trait loci (qtls) have been identified in wheat and barley against fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum), implying the possible occurrence of several resistance mechanisms. the objective of this study was to apply metabolomics to identify the metabolites in barley that are related to resistance against fhb. barley genotypes, chevron and stander, ...	2010	21029322