Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| new and emerging yeast pathogens. | the most common yeast species that act as agents of human disease are candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata, candida parapsilosis, and cryptococcus neoformans. the incidence of infections by other yeasts has increased during the past decade. the most evident emerging pathogens are malassezia furfur, trichosporon beigelii, rhodotorula species, hansenula anomala, candida lusitaniae, and candida krusei. organisms once considered environmental contaminants or only industrially impor ... | 1995 | 8665465 |
| [fluconazole in treatment of urinary candidiasis. experience with 24 patients]. | since fluconazole achieves high urine concentrations, we assessed its usefulness in the treatment of urinary candidiasis. we studied 24 patients (8 male) aged 23 to 97 years old, that presented pyuria with a negative urine culture for bacteria and fungal colony counts in urine of 10(4) cfu/ml or more. isolated strains were candida albicans in 20 cases, candida kefyr in one case, candida glabrata in one case and candida spp in two cases. all patients were treated with fluconazole in doses of 50 t ... | 1995 | 8733268 |
| fluconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. | fluconazole is compared with other agents for antifungal prophylaxis in patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. fluconazole is an attractive alternative for antifungal prophylaxis because of its activity against many candida species, long half-life, good patient tolerability, and minimal associated toxicity. the results of clinical trials suggest that fluconazole is superior to placebo and oral polyenes in preventing superficial fungal infection in neutropenic patients; however, its effi ... | 1995 | 12879543 |
| fungemia: an increasing problem in a danish university hospital 1989 to 1994. | objective: to present data on episodes of fungemia in a danish tertiary-care university hospital admitting all types of patients and to compare the data with previous findings from the same hospital. methods: retrospective identification of episodes of fungemia from 1989 to 1994 and collection of data from computerized files at the clinical microbiology department at rigshospitalet and the mycology reference laboratory at statens seruminstitut. results: the incidence of fungemia increased gradua ... | 1995 | 11866740 |
| routine use of chromagar candida medium for presumptive identification of candida yeast species and detection of mixed fungal populations. | objective: to assess the value of the new differential culture medium chromagar candida for routine investigation of clinical specimens. methods: during a whole year, 6150 clinical samples were plated on chromagar candida medium. after incubation, the green colonies were considered to be candida albicans. the colonies of other colors were identified using bichrolatex-krusei, or by their assimilation pattern on id 32c test strips and their morphology on rice cream-agar-tween. results: among the 6 ... | 1996 | 11866844 |
| fluconazole treatment of candidal infections caused by non-albicans candida species. | fluconazole is an effective alternative to amphotericin b for the treatment of serious infections caused by candida albicans. through a literature survey of candidal infections caused by non-albicans candida spp., 43 cases treated with fluconazole were found. the most common causative organisms were candida parapsilosis (14 patients), candida glabrata (12 patients), and candida tropicalis (11 patients). the dose of fluconazole varied from 50 to 400 mg daily. the median duration of treatment was ... | 1996 | 8740860 |
| application of chromagar candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, and candida (torulopsis) glabrata. | chromagar candida is a new differential culture medium that allows selective isolation of yeasts and simultaneously identifies colonies of candida albicans, c. tropicalis, and c. krusei. we evaluated the use of this medium with 316 yeast isolates including 247 isolated directly on chromagar from clinical material. over 95% of stock and clinical isolates of c. albicans, c. tropicalis, and c. krusei were correctly identified on the basis of colony morphology and pigmentation on chromagar. addition ... | 1996 | 8748273 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clinical yeast isolates to fluconazole and terconazole. | fifty clinical yeast isolates, representing equally candida albicans, candida krusei, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, and torulopsis glabrata, were tested in vitro for their susceptibility to terconazole and fluconazole. | 1996 | 8987951 |
| variable antifungal susceptibility of wild-type candida albicans phenotypes from neutropenic hosts. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between phenotypes of candida albicans strains isolated from clinical specimens and susceptibility of the strains to two antifungal agents, itraconazole and fluconazole. oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract specimens were collected from 131 neutropenic patients with candida infection who had received no previous prophylactic treatment. the most frequent species isolated was candida albicans, followed by candi ... | 1996 | 8997556 |
| [clinical aspects and prognosis of candidemia, a 6-year retrospective study]. | in recent decades an increase in the incidence of fungal infection has been reported. we retrospectively analyzed 41 patients with candidemia seen at basel university hospital over a six-year period. 1.2-6.7 candidemias per 10000 admissions were observed. in contrast to other studies, there was no increase during the study period. out of 41 patients, 19 were hospitalized in icus. all patients had risk factors such as intravascular catheters (92.7%), antibiotic therapy (88%), immunosuppressive th ... | 1996 | 9005522 |
| the changing face of candidemia: emergence of non-candida albicans species and antifungal resistance. | to assess the changing epidemiology of candidemia in the 1990s, to evaluate the clinical implications for the presence of non-candida albicans in blood, and to evaluate the presence of antifungal resistance in relation to prior antifungal administration. | 1996 | 8678081 |
| candida glabrata: in vitro susceptibility of 84 isolates to eight antifungal agents. | the in vitro susceptibility of 84 isolates of candida glabrata from patients treated at the university hospital of the canary islands to eight antifungal agents (amphotericin b, itraconazole, fluconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, tioconazole and econazole) has been studied using the broth dilution micro-method. among the eight antifungal agents tested, the smaller geometric mean corresponded to tioconazole, econazole, clotrimazole and miconazole. in contrast with fluconazole, a greater geometri ... | 1996 | 8697885 |
| candida albicans stimulates cytokine production and leukocyte adhesion molecule expression by endothelial cells. | endothelial cells have the potential to influence significantly the host immune response to blood-borne microbial pathogens, such as candida albicans. we investigated the ability (of this organism to stimulate endothelial cell responses relevant to host defense in vitro. infection with c. albicans induced endothelial cells to express mrnas encoding e-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, a ... | 1996 | 8698486 |
| enhanced effectiveness of copper ion buffering by cup1 metallothionein compared with crs5 metallothionein in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | the bakers' yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a metallothionein (mt) gene family comprised of the amplified cup1 locus and the single copy crs5 gene. we demonstrate that cup1 plays the dominant role in copper detoxification. a single copy of cup1 was far more effective in conferring copper resistance than was crs5. the cup1 promoter contributes to this resistance; in a promoter exchange experiment, the crs5 mt conferred strong copper resistance when its expression was driven by the cup1 pr ... | 1996 | 8702498 |
| vesicular eruption on the scalp. varicella-zoster virus with torulopsis glabrata colonization. | 1996 | 8712849 | |
| in-vitro antifungal activity of sertaconazole, bifonazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole against yeasts of the candida genus. | the in-vitro antifungal activity of sertaconazole against 110 strains of candida yeasts (50 candida albicans, 15 candida glabrata, 2 candida guilliermodii, 8 candida krusei, 1 candida kefyr, 8 candida parapsilosis and 26 candida tropicalis) was assessed in comparison with bifonazole, ketoconazole, econazole and miconazole. the majority of the strains were clinical isolates; some reference strains were included. a commercial agar diffusion method (neosensitabs, rosco, taastrup, denmark) in shadom ... | 1996 | 8722548 |
| extracellular addition of a domain of hiv-1 vpr containing the amino acid sequence motif h(s/f)rig causes cell membrane permeabilization and death. | vpr is a virion-associated protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) whose function in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) has been uncertain. we previously employed yeast as a model to examine the effects of vpr on basic cellular functions; intracellular vpr was shown to cause cell-growth arrest and structural defects, and these effects were caused by a region of vpr containing the sequence hfrigcrhsrig. here we show that peptides containing the h(s/f)rig amino acid sequence ... | 1996 | 8730861 |
| antifungal dynamics of ly 303366, an investigational echinocandin b analog, against candida ssp. | two isolates each of candida albicans, candida tropicalis, and candida glabrata were selected for time-kill curve testing against ly 303366 at concentrations ranging from 0.125 x mic to 16 x mic. rpmi 1640 buffered morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (mops) was utilized as growth medium. samples were obtained at predetermined time points over 24 hours and streaked for colony count determination. against c. albicans (one strain) and c. glabrata isolates, ly 303366 exhibited fungicidal (> or = three lo ... | 1996 | 9078447 |
| occurrence of yeast bloodstream infections between 1987 and 1995 in five dutch university hospitals. | the aim of this study was to identify retrospectively trends in fungal bloodstream infections in the netherlands in the period from 1987 to 1995. results of over 395,000 blood cultures from five dutch university hospitals were evaluated. overall, there were more than 12 million patient days of care during the nine-year study period. the rate of candidemia doubled in the study period, reaching an incidence of 0.71 episodes per 10,000 patient days in 1995. the general increase in candidemia was pa ... | 1996 | 9031872 |
| [utility of fluoroplate candida for the rapid identification of candida albicans]. | candida albicans infections are frequent in immunocompromised patients and a prompt diagnosis could favor an early and proper antifungal treatment. the rapid identification of clinical yeast isolates facilitate this diagnosis. | 1996 | 9052999 |
| rapid speciation of the five most medically relevant candida species using pcr amplification and a microtiter plate-based detection system. | background: diagnosis of disseminated candidiasis can be difficult, as patient symptoms are often vague and blood cultures negative despite systemic involvement. rapid detection of candida would be advantageous, as delays in initiating antifungal therapy increase mortality. conventional blood culturing methods require at least 3-7 days for detecting and speciating isolates, especially non-albicans species. in contrast, dna amplification techniques make it possible to detect candida dna directly ... | 1996 | 10330197 |
| use of terbinafine in hiv-positive subjects: pilot studies in onychomycosis and oral candidiasis. | study 1. eighteen hiv-positive caucasian homosexual men with initial positive fungal microscopy were recruited into this prospective, dual-centre, open-label study. they received a once-daily oral dose of 250 mg terbinafine for 12 weeks. eight were subsequently excluded after screening cultures proved negative. the mean cd4 count of the 10 evaluable subjects was 302/mm3. all 10 positive fungal cultures were confirmed as trichophyton rubrum. using an intention-to-treat analysis, healthy unaffecte ... | 1996 | 8763464 |
| torulopsis glabrata spinal osteomyelitis involving two contiguous vertebrae. a case report. | a case report and literature review of the five previous case reports. | 1996 | 8779020 |
| species-specific identification of candida krusei by hybridization with the ckf1,2 dna probe. | the species specificity of the candida krusei dna fingerprinting probe ckf1,2 has been investigated. a total of 149 pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungal and bacterial dnas were screened with ckf1,2. the probe was cold labeled with peroxidase, and its specificity was assessed by using southern blot, dot blot, and colony blot hybridization. its sensitivity was determined by dot blot hybridization. the ckf1,2 probe proved to be species specific. it hybridized with dna for the 112 c. krusei strains s ... | 1996 | 8784578 |
| torulopsis pneumonia. a case report and review of the literature. | torulopsis glabrata is a rare cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. we herein describe the case of an elderly man who presented with fulminant torulopsis pneumonia and septic shock leading to death. we then review the literature, describe the clinical syndrome, and delineate an approach to diagnosis and treatment of torulopsis pneumonia. | 1996 | 8797445 |
| evaluation of a commercial medium for identification of candida species. | chromagar candida (chromagar, france) was evaluated as a medium for the presumptive identification and isolation of yeasts using 1,537 isolates of medically important yeasts, including 970 candida albicans, 165 candida parapsilosis, 131 candida glabrata, 62 candida guilliermondii, 35 candida krusei, 32 candida tropicalis, 31 rhodotorula rubra, 23 trichosporon spp. (17 trichosporon beigelii), 17 candida famata, 16 candida pelliculosa, 10 pichia etchelsii, 10 saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 candida lu ... | 1996 | 8801088 |
| grisea, a putative copper-activated transcription factor from podospora anserina involved in differentiation and senescence. | podospora anserina is a filamentous fungus with a limited lifespan. lifespan is controlled by both environmental and genetic factors. using a combination of genetic and molecular approaches we have cloned one of these factors, gerontogene grisea. the cloned wild-type copy of grisea complements the altered morphological characteristics (e.g., colony and ascospore color), the defect in gametangia development, and the increased lifespan of the pleiotropic mutant grisea. a molecular analysis reveale ... | 1996 | 8804410 |
| experimental evidences for a role of subinhibitory concentrations of rilopirox, nystatin and fluconazole on adherence of candida spp. to vaginal epithelial cells. | candidiasis is frequently localized in the mucosal epithelium which covers the vaginal and oral cavity. the pathogenicity of candida is correlated with its ability to adhere to epithelial cells and this is the resultant of both fungal and host cell properties and their physicochemical interactions. this study was performed to investigate the ability of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-mics) of rilopirox, a new antimycotic drug, to interfere with the adhesion of candida albicans, candida tropica ... | 1996 | 8804793 |
| enhanced oxidative killing of azole-resistant candida glabrata strains with erg11 deletion. | the susceptibility of genetically defined candida glabrata strains to killing by h2o2 and neutrophils was assessed. fluconazole-susceptible l5l and l5d strains demonstrated survival rates higher than those of two fluconazole-resistant strains lacking the erg11 gene coding for 14 alpha-demethylase. fluconazole resistance can occur by mechanisms which increase fungal susceptibility to oxidative killing by h2o2 and neutrophils. | 1996 | 8807069 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity of pistacia lentiscus l. extracts: preliminary report. | the in vitro antimicrobial activity of pistacia lentiscus l. extracts was determined. pistacia lentiscus l. extracts were tested on bacteria (sarcina lutea, staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli) and fungi (candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, torulopsis glabrata and cryptococcus neoformans). of the different plant extractions, decoctions showed the best antibacterial activity, but the activity against fungal cells appears to be much more interesting. | 1996 | 8808717 |
| interlaboratory evaluation of etest method for testing antifungal susceptibilities of pathogenic yeasts to five antifungal agents by using casitone agar and solidified rpmi 1640 medium with 2% glucose. | an interlaboratory evaluation (two centers) of the etest method was conducted for testing the antifungal susceptibilities of yeasts. the mics of amphotericin b, fluconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole, and ketoconazole were determined for 83 isolates of candida spp., cryptococcus neoformans, and torulopsis glabrata. two buffered (phosphate buffer) culture media were evaluated: solidified rpmi 1640 medium with 2% glucose and casitone agar. mic endpoints were determined after both 24 and 48 h of in ... | 1996 | 8815095 |
| emergence of resistance to amphotericin b during therapy for candida glabrata infection in an immunocompetent host. | 1996 | 8816156 | |
| a new method of antibiotyping yeasts for subspecies discrimination and distribution in human clinical specimens. | a study of the antibiotypes of 764 isolates of the genera candida and torulopsis from different clinical specimens is reported. the typing method was based on the susceptibility results obtained by the standardized and partially automated kit atb-fungus (api-biomérieux), giving to each strain a code of six figures, according to these criteria: susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin b, nystatin, miconazole, econazole, and ketoconazole. candida albicans serotypes were determined by the c ... | 1996 | 8817179 |
| oral fluconazole compared with bladder irrigation with amphotericin b for treatment of fungal urinary tract infections in elderly patients. | fungal urinary tract infections are increasingly prevalent in the elderly in acute and chronic care settings. this randomized trial compares the efficacy and safety of oral fluconazole with the efficacy and safety of bladder irrigation with amphotericin b for treatment of funguria (> or = 10,000 cfu/ml of urine) in 109 hospitalized elderly patients. a second treatment course was given for persistent funguria. indwelling bladder catheters were present in 69% of the patients. while candida albican ... | 1996 | 8824962 |
| pancreatic fungal infections: a case report and review of the literature. | pancreatic necrosis as a consequence of acute pancreatitis usually implies a poor prognosis. infection is the most common complication affecting mortality and appears to be increasing. while bacterial infections, particularly with coliforms, account for the majority of cases of infected necrosis, fungal infections are being more frequently documented. this may be due to increased recognition through improved laboratory techniques, more aggressive diagnosis by percutaneous aspiration, or the more ... | 1996 | 8830340 |
| evaluation of chromagar candida medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of species of candida of clinical importance. | chromagar candida is a new differential culture medium that allows the isolation and presumptive identification of species of yeast of clinical importance. we tested 618 strains of yeast, including 128 direct isolates from clinical specimens. after two days of incubation at 37 degrees c, 339 of 341 candida albicans, 98 of 99 candida glabrata, all the candida tropicalis, and all the candida krusei were identified correctly. the sensitivity and specificity in these cases were both superior to 99%. ... | 1996 | 8831034 |
| mixed oropharyngeal candidiasis due to candida albicans and non-albicans candida strains in hiv-infected patients. | in order to determine the clinical significance of mixed oropharyngeal candidiasis (candida albicans plus a non-albicans strain of candida) in patients infected with hiv-1, a retrospective chart review was done in 12 hiv-1-infected patients with a clinical episode of oropharyngeal candidiasis, in whom a mixed culture of candida albicans (found to be fluconazole-sensitive) plus a non-albicans species of candida was obtained from their oral cavities. this group was compared with 26 hiv-positive pa ... | 1996 | 8839637 |
| recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis associated with long-term tamoxifen treatment in postmenopausal women. | symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis is rare in postmenopausal subjects because of the estrogen-dependence of this infection. tamoxifen, a breast-cancer cell estrogen-antagonist, has not previously been reported to predispose to vulvovaginal candidiasis. | 1996 | 8841260 |
| torulopsis (candida) glabrata: a new pathogen found in spinal epidural abscess. | 1996 | 8852996 | |
| techniques for investigation of an apparent outbreak of infections with candida glabrata. | a cluster of candida glabrata isolates recovered from seven patients in an intensive care unit over a 10-week period were compared with a collection of isolates from six epidemiologically distinct outpatients and a reference strain by several dna typing methods. restriction enzyme analysis with hinii distinguished 13 strains from the 14 sources and was the method of choice. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplification of polymorphic dna both detected nine types from the 14 sources; ... | 1996 | 8862586 |
| screening protocol for torulopsis (candida) glabrata. | a screening test has been developed for the presumptive identification of torulopsis (candida) glabrata from other common clinical isolates of yeast-like fungi. an interlaboratory comparison of a protocol consisting of morphology on cornmeal tween 80 agar and trehalose fermentation at 42 degrees c was successful in differentiating t. glabrata from other taxa that are frequent or possible clinical isolates. the screening results for 517 clinical yeast isolates, 241 of which were t. glabrata, were ... | 1996 | 8862605 |
| funguria in cancer patients: analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome in 50 patients. | fifty cancer patients with funguria of > 10(5) cfu/ml, dysuria and leukocyturia were retrospectively analyzed for etiology, risk factors and outcome. in 72% of cases candida albicans and in 28% non-albicans candida spp. (candida krusei, candida tropicalis) and non-candida spp. yeasts (blastoschizomyces capitatus) were isolated. torulopsis glabrata was not found among these patients. the most frequent risk factors were: antibiotic therapy with more than one antibiotic agent (96%), concomitant fun ... | 1996 | 8875285 |
| epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy of fungal infections in surgery. | over the past decade, the incidence of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections caused by candida strains has risen, while the implicated species have changed. candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, and candida glabrata all have increased in incidence. data from the centers for disease control and prevention reveal that, between 1980 and 1990, candida emerged as the sixth most common nosocomial pathogen (7.2%) and was the fourth most common pathogen in nosocomial bloodstream infections, surpa ... | 1996 | 8875303 |
| comparison of the murex c. albicans, albicans-sure, and bacticard candida test kits with the germ tube test for presumptive identification of candida albicans. | the murex c. albicans (mc)(murex diagnostics), albicans-sure (as) (clinical standards laboratories), and bacticard candida (bc) (remel) test kits were compared with the germ tube (gt) test for the rapid, presumptive identification of candida albicans. all three test kits detect the enzymes l-proline aminopeptidase and beta-galactosaminidase in yeast cells grown on culture media and are based on the principle that c. albicans produces both enzymes whereas other yeasts produce only one or neither ... | 1996 | 8880535 |
| dna macrorestriction profiles and antifungal susceptibility of candida (torulopsis) glabrata. | candida (torulopsis) glabrata is an emerging nosocomial pathogen that may be relatively resistant to fluconazole. a series of 75 isolates (blood, urine, tissue, and other sites) from 16 patients (1 to 12 isolates per patient) at a single university medical center were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of restriction endonuclease digests of chromosomal dna. the mics of the isolates for amphotericin b, flucytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole, were determined by a microdilution ... | 1996 | 8882894 |
| invasive fungal infections in renal transplant recipients. | in a retrospective analysis, 18 instances of invasive fungal infections were observed in 512 (3.5%) renal transplant recipients. these included candidiasis (8), aspergillosis (5), cryptococcosis (3) and zygomycosis (2). all patients with candidiasis had candida isolated from blood and one or more additional sites. one of them had superadded fungaemia with torulopsis glabrata. pulmonary disease in four and subcutaneous infection in one were encountered in the five patients with aspergillosis. cen ... | 1996 | 8889996 |
| in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of er-30346, a novel oral triazole with a broad antifungal spectrum. | er-30346 is a novel oral triazole with a broad spectrum of potent activity against a wide range of fungi. er-30346, with mics at which 90% of the strains tested are inhibited (mic90s) ranging from 0.025 to 0.78 microgram/ml, was 4 to 32 times more active than itraconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin b against candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, and candida glabrata. against candida tropicalis, er-30346, with an mic90 of 12.5 micrograms/ml, was 2 to > 8 times more active than itraconazole ... | 1996 | 8891121 |
| comparison of rapid testing methods for enzyme production with the germ tube method for presumptive identification of candida albicans. | the observation of germ tube production as a method for the presumptive identification of candida albicans has been in use for many years. methods have recently been developed for detecting the production of the enzymes l-proline aminopeptidase and beta-galactosaminidase by yeast isolates grown in culture. both enzymes are produced by c. albicans; other yeasts may produce either l-proline aminopeptidase or beta-galactosaminidase but not both enzymes. one hundred thirty-three clinical yeast isola ... | 1996 | 8897198 |
| a specialized nucleosome modulates transcription factor access to a c. glabrata metal responsive promoter. | the ability of dna binding transcription factors to access cis-acting promoter elements is critical for transcriptional responses. we demonstrate that rapid transcriptional autoactivation by the amt1 cu metalloregulatory transcription factor from the opportunistic pathogenic yeast candida glabrata is dependent on rapid metal-induced dna binding to a single metal response element (mre). in vivo footprinting and chromatin-mapping experiments demonstrate that the mre and a homopolymeric (da x dt) e ... | 1996 | 8898199 |
| immunological investigations in vaginal mycoses. | in 42 women with chronically recurrent and 20 women with acute candida albicans vulvovaginitis, as well as 14 women with candida glabrata vaginitis, the following investigations were carried out: determination of protein content and secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) in the cervicovaginal secretion by a self-modified elisa technique; determination of immunocells and cellbound iga in the cervicovaginal secretion by immunofluorescence and nephelometric analysis of iga in the serum. the results were ... | 1996 | 8909027 |
| [serodiagnosis of fungal infection]. | serum samples from patients with candidiasis were assayed for candida mannan by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using anti-candida albicans and anti-candida krusei antibodies (elisa, n = 81), for heat-labile glycoprotein by the latex agglutination test (cand-tec, n = 69), for d-arabinitol by the enzymatic fluorometric method, and for beta-d-glucan by the chromogenic substrate method (the g test, n = 14). the sensitivities and the specificities were 83% and 99% for mannan, 61% and 85% for h ... | 1996 | 8911065 |
| isolation of a candida glabrata centromere and its use in construction of plasmid vectors. | a centromere has been isolated from candida glabrata by functional selection based on the lethality of the sup11 gene at high copy number. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a centromeric structure similar to that of saccharomyces cerevisiae: the two highly conserved elements cdei (8 bp) and cdeiii (26 bp) are separated by a 79-bp a+t-rich element, cdeii. three centromere-bearing plasmid vectors with different selection markers have been constructed. these plasmids were highly stable in mitos ... | 1996 | 8917084 |
| genetic speciation of candida isolates by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. | candida species are opportunistic human pathogens capable of causing a variety of clinical diseases. rapid and precise identification of candida to species level is essential for effective treatment and management strategies. conventional diagnosis of candidiasis is sometimes slow and variable. by using a random primer 5'-acgggccagt-3' in arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, seven common candida species (i.e., c. albicans, c. guilliermondii, c. parapsilosis, c. krusei, c. lipolytica, c. ... | 1996 | 8931322 |
| presence of a copper(i)-thiolate regulatory domain in the copper-activated transcription factor amt1. | the amt1 transcription factor from candida glabrata is activated by the formation of a tetracopper-thiolate cluster. recombinant amt1 (residues 1-110) is isolated as a cu,znamt1 complex. previous mapping studies [farrell et al. (1996) biochemistry 35, 1571-1580] revealed that the zn(ii) site is enfolded by an independent, n-terminal domain consisting of residues 1-40. one prediction from the mapping study is that the tetracopper cluster is enfolded by residues 41-110. a truncated amt1 peptide co ... | 1996 | 8931556 |
| research on antifungal and antimycobacterial agents. synthesis and activity of 4-alkylthiopyridine-2-carbothioamides. | a series of 4-alkylthiopyridine-2-carbothioamides have been prepared and evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity. chemical structures have been demonstrated by ir and 1h nmr data and by elemental analysis. the antimycobacterial activity of these compounds against mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium kansasii, mycobacterium avium, and mycobacterium fortuitum, and the antifungal activity against candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida glabrata, trichosporon beigeli ... | 1996 | 8933745 |
| analysis of the risk factors associated with the emergence of azole resistant oral candidosis in the course of hiv infection. | the objective of this case-control study, conducted in a large italian university hospital over a 12-month period, was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the emergence of azole resistant oral candidosis in 64 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected patients. a swab was obtained from each patient by brushing candidal lesions. candida albicans was isolated in 41 patients (64%), candida glabrata in ten (16%), candida krusei in five (8%), candida kefyr in two (3%), candida tropicalis i ... | 1996 | 8937963 |
| disruption of the snf1 gene abolishes trehalose utilization in the pathogenic yeast candida glabrata. | the snf1 gene product, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is a global regulatory protein which has been isolated from several organisms. in saccharomyces cerevisiae the snf1 gene product is essential for the derepression of glucose repression since snf1 strains are unable to utilize sucrose, galactose, maltose, melibiose, or nonfermentable carbohydrates. moreover, the snf1 gene product was suggested to interact with additional regulatory pathways and to affect the expression of multiple target g ... | 1996 | 8945576 |
| [a study of otomycoses in yaoundé]. | the authors report the results of a six-month evaluation of otomycoses in the ent department of chu and the central hospital of yaoundé. we examined 2 592 patients of both sexes presenting with ear affections. the prevalence of otomycoses is 6,09%. this is an adult problem with both sexes equally affected. clinically the main symptoms were burning sensation in the ears, pruritus, sensation of fullness in the ear, hypoacousia and otorrhea. clinical lesions are of many types including myringitis, ... | 1996 | 8959931 |
| [emergency of fluconazole-resistant infections by candida krusei and candida glabrata in neutropenic patients]. | 1996 | 9197032 | |
| [susceptibility testing of yeasts against fluconazole: comparison of the etest method with microdilution and agar dilution]. | in bacteriology, the etest has a broad field of application in bacteriology and is recently available for the antimycotics fluconazole and itraconazole. by means of the presence of gradient concentrations of the active substance on the carrier material, it is possible to obtain reproducible mics of the antimycotic substances. the results of susceptibility testing of 326 clinical yeast isolates with the etest were compared to those mics obtained by microdilution and agar dilution. a 100% concorda ... | 1996 | 9198742 |
| [fluconazole and itraconazole susceptibility testing with clinical yeast isolates and algae of the genus prototheca by means of the etest]. | preliminary own results suggest, that the etest (produced by ab biodisk, solna, sweden) performed on casitone medium meets the requirements of a routine test of yeast susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole. testing of 46 clinical yeast isolates, of 5 strains of exophiala dermatitidis and 4 strains of algae of the genus prototheca revealed species-, genus- and strain-specific variations of the susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole. candida glabrata was less susceptible to both tr ... | 1996 | 9198743 |
| autoactivation by a candida glabrata copper metalloregulatory transcription factor requires critical minor groove interactions. | rapid transcriptional autoactivation of the candida glabrata amt1 copper metalloregulatory transcription factor gene is essential for survival in the presence of high extracellular copper concentrations. analysis of the interactions between purified recombinant amt1 protein and the amt1 promoter metal regulatory element was carried out by a combination of missing-nucleoside analysis, ethylation interference, site-directed mutagenesis, and quantitative in vitro dna binding studies. the results of ... | 1996 | 8552101 |
| a murine model of candida glabrata vaginitis. | vaginal candida glabrata infections have increased significantly in recent years and are particularly common in women with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. efforts to understand the pathogenesis and treatment of this infection have been hindered by the lack of experimental animal models. before onset of hyperglycemia, nonobese diabetic (nod) mice inoculated intravaginally with clinical c. glabrata isolates were shown to support high vaginal titers of c. glabrata for > 14 days with evidence for su ... | 1996 | 8568305 |
| high incidence of antifungal drug resistance in candida tropicalis. | drug resistance among yeasts is an increasing problem. isolates of candida krusei and candida glabrata are recognized as having reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and resistance to this drug has also arisen in candida albicans isolated from aids patients on long term azole therapy. candida tropicalis (ct) is being increasingly isolated from human disease and is associated with invasive infection, however, data regarding this organism's drug susceptibility is limited. we report our findings on ... | 1996 | 18611762 |
| detection of herpes simplex virus and candida infection with special emphasis on their possible role in human squamous cell carcinoma and its variants. | sixty seven cases of human oral s.c.c. with its intra oral variances were investigated microbiologically, histopathologically, histochemically and immunologically. yeasts were isolated from 85% of examined cases. "candifast test" showed that candida albicans was the commonest form of the detected fungi, followed by c. parapsilosis and c. tropicalis, while the least in frequency was the torulopsis glabrata. yeasts were more detected in females, elders and tobacco smokers. two cases of well differ ... | 1996 | 17217014 |
| identification of candida species in formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded oral mucosa by sequencing of ribosomal dna. | aim-to identify candida species in formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue by sequencing candidal rdna.methods-target rdna sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from fresh isolates of candida and from 18 preserved oral mucosal tissue samples (16 cases of chronic hyperplastic candidiasis and two fibroepithelial polyps), shown histologically to contain candida. identification of candida species within tissue was based on a comparison of the rdna sequences obtained with t ... | 1996 | 16696040 |
| [in vitro resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole in clinical isolates of candida spp and cryptococcus neoformans]. | an in vitro susceptibility testing of 181 strains of six species of candida and 21 strains of cryptococcus neoformans was carried out in order to investigate the resistance to new antifungal drugs. we have studied clinical isolates from 200 different patients of hospital del mar (barcelona) and hospital la inmaculada (almería). an agar diffusion method (neosensitabs, rosco, taastrup, denmark), was employed with fluconazole, itraconazole, and reference drugs amphotericin b, flucytosine, tioconazo ... | 1997 | 16854170 |
| [minimal inhibitory concentrations of candida species to five antifungals by using the reference dilution micromethod and the e-test.]. | it is accepted that the frequency of candidosis has increased during the last decade, specially in hospitalized patients. the more frequent use of azole antifungals and the recognition of isolates of candida sp resistant to these and other drugs such as 5-fluorocytosine constitute a great need for a reproducible and useful c. albicans in vitro susceptibility testing method for monitoring antifungal therapy in clinical mycological laboratories. the e-test is a novel agar diffussion technique for ... | 1997 | 17655386 |
| efficacy of d0870 treatment of experimental candida vaginitis. | in this study, oral administration of the triazole d0870 was compared to oral administration of fluconazole in the treatment of experimental vaginal candidiasis. with an estrogen-dependent murine model of candida albicans vaginal infection, the effects of d0870 on several isolates, including fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant isolates, were tested. d0870, at doses of 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg of body weight given once over the course of a 10-day infection, was effective in eradicating vaginitis caus ... | 1997 | 9210665 |
| evaluation of a flow cytofluorometric method for rapid determination of amphotericin b susceptibility of yeast isolates. | a rapid-flow cytofluorometric susceptibility test for in vitro amphotericin b testing of yeasts was evaluated and compared to the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls) m27-t reference broth macrodilution method. the flow cytofluorometric method is based on the detection of decreased green fluorescence intensity of cells stained with dioc5(3), a membrane potential-sensitive cationic dye, after drug treatment. testing was performed on 134 clinical isolates (candida spp. and ... | 1997 | 9210680 |
| multicenter randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin b for treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. canadian candidemia study group. | a randomized trial was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of fluconazole versus that of amphotericin b in the treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic adults. enrollment was stratified by disease severity (apache ii score). patients were randomized (1:1) to receive amphotericin b 0.6 mg/kg/day (cumulative dose 8 mg/kg) or fluconazole 800 mg intravenous loading dose, then 400 mg daily for four weeks (intravenous for at least 10 days). patients were monitored for six months. a total of ... | 1997 | 9228472 |
| evaluation of growth characteristics on blood agar and eosin methylene blue agar for the identification of candida (torulopsis) glabrata. | candida albicans and candida (torulopsis) glabrata are the most common species of yeast encountered in the clinical laboratory. in this study, we sought to evaluate simple means of screening cultures for the presence or absence of c. glabrata. twelve thousand five hundred (12,500) consecutive cultures were evaluated for sufficient yeast growth to warrant identification. when detected (369 isolates), the amount of growth on eosin methylene blue agar (emb) versus sheep blood agar (bap) (both incub ... | 1997 | 9239496 |
| immune compromise and prevalence of candida vulvovaginitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. | to investigate the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection on vaginal yeast colonization and symptomatic vulvovaginitis and to explore the effects of immune compromise on these conditions in hiv-positive women. | 1997 | 9241304 |
| nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for sec14p in candida (torulopsis) glabrata. | a gene coding for sec14p from candida glabrata has been cloned and characterized. nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis reveals an open reading frame of 909 bp and predicts the synthesis of a polypeptide of 302 amino acid (aa) residues. comparison of nt and aa sequences shows that the gene exhibits a much higher homology to the saccharomyces cerevisiae (72% and 87%, respectively) than to the candida albicans (55% and 65%, respectively) sec14 gene. | 1997 | 9249074 |
| isolation of candida species on media with and without added fluconazole reveals high variability in relative growth susceptibility phenotypes. | mouthwashes from human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals were sampled for yeasts by direct plating on a differential agar medium with and without added fluconazole and via enrichment broths with and without added fluconazole. the colonies of the yeasts isolated were tested for relative growth in the presence of single concentrations of itraconazole and fluconazole. among 258 culture plates containing yeasts obtained via different isolation routes from 86 yeast-positive samples, 33 (12. ... | 1997 | 9257732 |
| prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of vaginal yeasts in outpatients attending a gynecological center in ancona, italy. | between february 1993 and may 1994 we studied the prevalence of fungal vulvovaginitis among women attending the obstetric and gynecology clinic of the university of ancona. out of the 222 patients, 18 (8.2%) women had symptomatic vaginitis and 24 (10.8%) were carriers. candida albicans was the species most frequently isolated (44.2%), followed by torulopsis glabrata (28%) and saccharomyces cerevisiae (16.2%), from symptomatic and carrier patients. the activity of acid proteinase was determined f ... | 1997 | 9258552 |
| prospective study of fluconazole therapy in systemic neonatal fungal infection. | standard neonatal systemic antifungal therapy with amphotericin b and flucytosine can be associated with toxicity, drug resistance and the need for prolonged venous access. there is consequently a need for alternative treatment options. | 1997 | 9271038 |
| posthysteroscopy candida glabrata peritonitis in a patient on capd. | 1997 | 9284475 | |
| isolated tricuspid valve endocarditis in nonaddicted patients: a diagnostic challenge. | isolated native nonrheumatic tricuspid valve endocarditis rarely is described in the absence of intravenous drug use, intracardiac catheters, or cardiac anomalies. we diagnosed tricuspid valve endocarditis in two elderly nonaddicted patients with recurrent pulmonary infiltrates, anemia, and microscopic hematuria that occurred during several months and was caused by gemella morbillorum and candida glabrata, respectively. we have reviewed 27 other cases of nonaddicted patients with tricuspid valve ... | 1997 | 9298048 |
| treatment of murine candida krusei or candida glabrata infection with l-743,872. | l-743,872 is a broad-spectrum pneumocandin antifungal drug developed by merck research co., and in the present work it was evaluated in vivo in murine models of candida krusei and candida glabrata infection. mice were infected intravenously with two isolates of c. krusei and treated with fluconazole or l-743,872. fluconazole was beneficial only in immune-competent mice infected with isolate 94-2696. at > 0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day, l-743,872 was effective against both infecting isolates in imm ... | 1997 | 9303388 |
| comparison of the in vitro activities of the echinocandin ly303366, the pneumocandin mk-0991, and fluconazole against candida species and cryptococcus neoformans. | two new glucan synthesis inhibitors, the echinocandin ly303366 and the pneumocandin mk-0991 (formerly l-743,872), were studied for their antifungal activities in vitro in relation to each other and in relation to the activity of the triazole fluconazole. systematic analysis of broth macrodilution testing by varying the starting inoculum size, medium composition, medium ph, temperature of incubation, length of incubation, or selection of endpoints failed to identify significant differences in ant ... | 1997 | 9303393 |
| [phenotype and genotype analysis of torulopsis glabrata isolated from nosocomial infections]. | twenty-one strains of torulopsis glabrata have been isolated in the hospital of versailles during a three months period, in eight patients, and related to nosocomial infections. in order to know if they have been cross infected, a genotypic analysis (pulsed field electrophoresis) has been performed. the strains from four patients had the same karyotype, suggesting they had probably crossed infections. since this kind of analysis is expensive and time consuming, we have tried a more practical app ... | 1997 | 9309231 |
| mixed candida glabrata and candida albicans disseminated candidiasis in a heroin addict. | the case of a white-heroin addict who developed disseminated candidiasis following coinfection by candida glabrata and candida albicans is reported. genomic random amplified polymorphic dna typing suggested that the candida glabrata blood isolates originated in the oral cavity of the patient. this case strengthens the evidence that candida species other than candida albicans can be involved in the pathogenesis of disseminated candidiasis in heroin addicts. | 1997 | 9323473 |
| in vitro antifungal activity of bms-181184 against systemic isolates of candida, cryptococcus, and blastomyces species. | bms-181184 is a water-soluble derivative of the pradimicin group of antifungal compounds. we determined the in vitro activities of bms-181184 and comparator agents amphotericin b, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, and ketoconazole against 184 systemic fungal isolates collected at the health sciences centre in winnipeg, canada, between 1987 and 1995. bms-181184 demonstrated mics of between 1 and 8 micrograms/ml for all candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida l ... | 1997 | 9327245 |
| studies of the mechanism of human salivary histatin-5 candidacidal activity with histatin-5 variants and azole-sensitive and -resistant candida species. | histatins are a group of small, cationic, antifungal peptides present in human saliva. a previous molecular modeling analysis suggested structural similarity between the phe14-his15 and his18-his19 dipeptide sequences in histatin-5 (hsn-5; a 24-amino-acid polypeptide) and the sequence of miconazole (one of the azole-based antifungal therapeutic agents), implying that the mechanisms of killing of candida albicans by these two molecules may be similar. to further elaborate on this observation, we ... | 1997 | 9333052 |
| molecular biological characterization of an azole-resistant candida glabrata isolate. | two isolates of candida glabrata, one susceptible and one resistant to azole antifungals, were previously shown to differ in quantity and activity of the cytochrome p-450 14alpha-lanosterol demethylase which is the target for azole antifungals. the resistant isolate also had a lower intracellular level of fluconazole, but not of ketoconazole or itraconazole, than the susceptible isolate. in the present study a 3.7-fold increase in the copy number of the cyp51 gene, encoding the 14alpha-lanostero ... | 1997 | 9333053 |
| synthetic histatin analogues with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. | histatins are salivary histidine-rich cationic peptides, ranging from 7 to 38 amino acid residues in length, that exert a potent killing effect in vitro on candida albicans. starting from the c-terminal fungicidal domain of histatin 5 (residues 11-24, called dh-5) a number of substitution analogues were chemically synthesized to study the effect of amphipathicity of the peptide in helix conformation on candidacidal activity. single substitutions in dh-5 at several positions did not have any effe ... | 1997 | 9337848 |
| molecular typing and fluconazole susceptibility of urinary candida glabrata isolates from hospitalized patients. | at our community teaching hospital between august 1994 and august 1995, candida glabrata accounted for 14% of all candida isolates and for 31% of urinary candida isolates. the culture site was urine for 68% of c. glabrata isolates compared to 30% of all candida isolates (p < 0.001, chi 2). to study the association between c. glabrata and isolation from the urine, we analyzed all available c. glabrata urinary isolates over a 3-month period (23 isolates from 20 patients) using electrophoretic kary ... | 1997 | 9350410 |
| the effect of empiric and prophylactic treatment with fluconazole on yeast isolates in a surgical trauma intensive care unit. | to assess the effect of aggressive antifungal prophylaxis and empiric antifungal therapy using fluconazole on the mycotic microbiology and associated infectious complications in a surgical intensive care unit. | 1997 | 9366710 |
| emerging evidence of selection of fluconazole-tolerant fungi in surgical intensive care units. | to determine whether increased use of fluconazole has coincided with a shift in the relative proportion of fluconazole-tolerant species isolated from critically ill surgical patients in 2 university hospitals. | 1997 | 9366712 |
| evaluation of the echinocandin antifungal mk-0991 (l-743,872): efficacies in mouse models of disseminated aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis. | the in vivo activity of the merck antifungal echinocandin drug candidate mk-0991 (l-743,872) was evaluated in mouse models of disseminated candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. the echinocandins are potent inhibitors of 1,3-beta-d-glucan synthase. two models of disseminated candidiasis were used. in a candida albicans mouse survival model with both dba/2n and cd-1 mice, estimates of the 50% effective doses (ed50s) of mk-0991 were 0.04 and 0.10 mg/kg of body weight/dose at 21 days after ... | 1997 | 9371329 |
| in vitro kill curves of a new semisynthetic echinocandin, ly-303366, against fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant candida species. | in vitro killing by a new semisynthetic echinocandin, ly-303366, was characterized using clinical isolates of fluconazole-sensitive (y58) and -resistant (y180) candida albicans as well as candida glabrata (y7) and candida krusei (y171). the 24-h kill curves for y58 and y180 demonstrated dose-independent killing of between 1 and 2 log10 with ly-303366 at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, and 1,000 times the mic. regrowth did not occur at 24 h with either c. albicans isolate at the aforementi ... | 1997 | 9371373 |
| resistance pattern of 2816 isolates isolated from 17631 blood cultures and etiology of bacteremia and fungemia in a single cancer institution. | the resistance pattern of 2816 isolates from 17631 blood cultures and the etiology of isolates causing bacteremia and fungemia among 14591 admissions were investigated in an 80-bed single cancer institute during seven years (1990-1996) under the same empiric therapeutic antibiotic policy but with different prophylactic strategies. no change was found in the proportion of gram-positive versus gram-negative bacteria isolated from bacteremias (70% vs. 30%) during the past seven years. furthermore, ... | 1997 | 9408157 |
| [autopsy findings in patients with repeated demonstration of candida glabrata]. | in our mycological laboratory we saw an increase of candida glabrata isolates from 0.5% in 1993 to 22.2% in 1996, mainly isolates of high risk patients of intensive care units and oncological wards. we were interested to know whether this increase of c. glabrata is also corresponding to the number of endomycoses. eighteen patients have been autopsied and examined histologically. during the hospital course we found repeatedly in all patients c. glabrata with or without c. albicans. serological an ... | 1997 | 9417522 |
| development and verification of fingerprinting probes for candida glabrata. | since candida glabrata has emerged as one of the most common candida pathogens, dna probes have been developed which fulfil the requirements for effective fingerprinting. using a screen for complex genomic fragments containing moderately repetitive sequences, seven dna probes were cloned which generate complex southern blot hybridization patterns with ecori-digested c. glabrata dna. all of the probes are species-specific and the majority cross-hybridize to varying degrees. the capacity of two of ... | 1997 | 9421899 |
| utility of fungal blood cultures for patients with aids. | this study was designed to define the clinical utility of fungal blood cultures for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. a retrospective chart review was performed for all patients admitted to an inpatient aids unit who had evidence of an invasive fungal infection. during a 25-month period, 1,162 fungal blood cultures were performed for 322 patients. these cultures, along with bacterial blood cultures, resulted in the isolation of fungi from 26 patients; 15 of these isolates ... | 1997 | 9431376 |
| candida and torulopsis: a blinded evaluation of use of pseudohypha formation as basis for identification of medically important yeasts. | seventy yeast isolates representing species in the genera candida and torulopsis but excluding candida albicans were examined in three laboratories for production of pseudohyphae in dalmau cultures. the microscopic morphology of the isolates was scrutinized by four individuals experienced in yeast identification and three inexperienced persons, all of whom were blinded as to the putative identification of the yeasts. for 49 (70%) of the 70 isolates, the seven observers recorded comparable scores ... | 1997 | 8968937 |
| [isolation, identification, and typing of yeasts from hiv-positive patients with oral candidiasis]. | a study of oral candidiasis was conducted among 25 hiv-positive and aids patients. the predominant clinical form of presentation was the pseudomembranous one, whereas the most frequently yeast species found in the isolations were: candida albicans (54.1%), candida tropicalis (8.1%), and torulopsis glabrata (8.1%). it was demonstrated that patients with recurrent infections have colonization of the oral cavity by multiple strains and/or yeast species more often (30.8%) than those through their fi ... | 1997 | 9685984 |
| candida glabrata chorioamnionitis following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. | candida glabrata is a yeast which is considered to be a commensal of the vagina with limited pathogenicity in the immunocompetent host. we report 2 cases of severe chorioamnionitis occurring in pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization techniques which resulted in preterm delivery and pregnancy loss. candida glabrata as the causative agent was probably introduced into the uterus by the cannula at the time of embryo transfer. it is recommended that appropriate investigation of the microbial ... | 1997 | 9075555 |
| oral fluconazole for candida urinary tract infection. | fungal urinary tract infections are increasingly prevalent in hospitalized patients. this trial compares the efficacy of oral fluconazole along with catheter replacement to that of catheter replacement alone for treatment of funguria. the study group patients (n = 30) were given 100 mg of fluconazole followed by 50 mg/day for 14 days and had their catheters replaced on day one. the control group, randomized on a 1:1 basis (n = 30) had only a catheter replacement. seventeen and 21 patients in the ... | 1997 | 9444745 |