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cloning and expression in escherichia coli of pectinase genes of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.genes coding for an endo-pectate lyase, an exo-pectate lyase, and an endopolygalacturonase of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora ecc71 were cloned in escherichia coli hb101, using the cosmid phc79. the products of the cloned pectinase genes paralleled their counterparts in strain ecc71 in isoelectric mobility, mode of substrate degradation, and ability to macerate potato tuber tissue.19853888112
genetic transformation of the phytopathogenic bacteria, erwinia chrysanthemi.erwinia chrysanthemi is an enterobacterium whose phytopathogenicity is due to its pectinolytic and cellulolytic activities. the cacl2 mediated transformation procedure was successfully applied to two e. chrysanthemi wild type strains. the highest efficiency of transformation of e. chrysanthemi with pbr322 was found using 0.1 m cacl2, 0.1 m mgcl2 treated cells and a heat pulse at 30 degrees c for 6 min. this yielded about 600 transformants per microgram of pbr322 dna and 2.3 x 10(-6) per viable c ...19853890963
cloning of genes encoding pectolytic enzymes from a genomic library of the phytopathogenic bacterium, erwinia chrysanthemi.erwinia chrysanthemi are phytopathogenic enterobacteria causing soft-rot disease due to pectolytic enzymes degrading plant cell walls. we constructed a genomic library from sau3a-digested e. chrysanthemi b374 dna cloned in the bamhi site of the broad-host-range cosmid pmmb33 grown in escherichia coli. out of 1500 kanamycin-resistant (kmr) transductants of e. coli, nine pectolytic-enzyme-positive clones were identified. one of these contained the pew325 cosmid with a 35-kb insert of erwinia dna. ...19853896933
cloning of the pectate lyase genes from erwinia carotovora and their expression in escherichia coli.a hybrid cosmid coding for pectate lyase (pl) activity was identified from an erwinia carotovora genomic library by an immunological screening method. a 7-kb dna fragment was identified which codes for three proteins identical in size to proteins with pl activity purified from e. carotovora culture supernatants. the three proteins had apparent mrs of 41, 44 and 44 x 10(3) as estimated by sds-page. none of the pls were exported from escherichia coli strain hb101 but all were found in the periplas ...19853896936
transformation of erwinia chrysanthemi by escherichia coli plasmids dna.we have demonstrated in this study that cacl2-mncl2 treatment is effective in the preparation of competent cells of erwinia chrysanthemi for transformation. plasmids pmb9 and pbr322, which are of escherichia coli origins, were transformed into e. chrysanthemi at frequencies of 1.5 x 10(-7) and 4.5 x 10(-7) per recipient, respectively. the frequencies were 60- to 80-fold lower than those in the well established rec- e. coli; however, the procedure is practically useful in transformation experimen ...19853899540
cloning and expression of bacterial ice nucleation genes in escherichia coli.epiphytic populations of pseudomonas syringae and erwinia herbicola are important sources of ice nuclei that incite frost damage in agricultural crop plants. we have cloned and characterized dna segments carrying the genes (ice) responsible for the ice-nucleating ability of these bacteria. the ice region spanned 3.5 to 4.0 kilobases and was continuous over this region in p. syringae cit7r1. the cloned fragments imparted ice-nucleating activity in escherichia coli. substantial increases in the nu ...19853900043
arab gene and nucleotide sequence of the arac gene of erwinia carotovora.the arab and arac genes of erwinia carotovora were expressed in escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium. the arab and arac genes in e. coli, e. carotovora, and s. typhimurium were transcribed in divergent directions. in e. carotovora, the arab and arac genes were separated by 3.5 kilobase pairs, whereas in e. coli and s. typhimurium they were separated by 147 base pairs. the nucleotide sequence of the e. carotovora arac gene was determined. the predicted sequence of arac protein of e. caroto ...19853902795
evolution of the lipoprotein gene in the enterobacteriaceae. cloning and dna sequence of the lpp gene from proteus mirabilis.we cloned the lipoprotein gene from proteus mirabilis and determined its dna sequence. comparison with the lpp genes from escherichia coli, serratia marcescens, erwinia amylovora and morganella morganii revealed several unique features of the evolution of the lpp gene in the enterobacteriaceae and enabled us to establish phylogenetic relationships between these bacteria.19853903165
lactose metabolism in erwinia chrysanthemi.wild-type strains of the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi are unable to use lactose as a carbon source for growth although they possess a beta-galactosidase activity. lactose-fermenting derivatives from some wild types, however, can be obtained spontaneously at a frequency of about 5 x 10(-7). all lac+ derivatives isolated had acquired a constitutive lactose transport system and most contained an inducible beta-galactosidase. the transport system, product of the lmrt gene, me ...19853920205
[dependence of the degree of antibacterial and antiphage action of ozone on cell and phage particle concentrations in nutrient media].the work was aimed at studying the inactivating effect of ozone on escherichia coli k-12 ab1157, pseudomonas aeruginosa pa01, erwinia herbicola eh103 and their phages t4, sm and i4. the degree of bacterial and phage inactivation was found to increase with a decrease in their initial concentration during the treatment. the effect depends on differences in the quantity of ozone per cell or per phage particle in the reaction medium. this conclusion is based on the fact that, irrespective of the sus ...19853930926
bactericidal agents generated by the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of para-hydroquinones.for the three gram-negative bacteria, pseudomonas fluorescens, escherichia coli, and erwinia amylovora, p-benzoquinone was the principal bactericidal agent formed in vitro during the oxidation of hydroquinone by horseradish peroxidase, whereas no toxicity could be associated with either phenolic or oxygen-free radicals. even the continuous generation of p-benzosemiquinone during the simultaneous reduction of p-benzoquinone by xanthine oxidase and reoxidation of hydroquinone by peroxidase was no ...19853932358
microbial preparation of l-[15n]tyrosine and [15n]tyramine and their gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses.the preparation of l-[15n]tyrosine and [15n]tyramine by microbial synthesis is described. immobilized erwinia herbicola cells were added to a reaction mixture containing phenol, pyruvic acid, and 15nh4cl. the reaction was driven by excess nonlabeled pyruvate and phenol. under these denaturing concentrations of phenol, immobilized cells were more effective than free ones. gram quantities of l-[15n]tyrosine were obtained without label dilution. the conversion of this l-[15n]tyrosine into [15n]tyra ...19853935008
purification of rna polymerase and transcription-termination factor rho from erwinia carotovora.erwinia carotovora rna polymerase consists of the holoenzyme structure sigma 2 beta beta' sigma as found in escherichia coli and other bacteria. e. carotovora rna polymerase can synthesize rna using lambda, t7 of t4 dna as templates; however, it is two times less active on these templates and is more temperature-sensitive than the e. coli enzyme. the alpha subunit of the e.. carotovora enzyme is lower in molecular mass than its e. coli counterpart. the sigma factors from e. coli and e. carotovor ...19852578393
characterization of xylitol-utilizing mutants of erwinia uredovora.of the four pentitols ribitol, xylitol, d-arabitol, and l-arabitol, erwinia uredovora was able to utilize only d-arabitol as a carbon and energy source. although attempts to isolate ribitol- or l-arabitol-utilizing mutants were unsuccessful, mutants able to grow on xylitol were isolated at a frequency of 9 x 10(-8). xylitol-positive mutants constitutively synthesized both a novel nad-dependent xylitol-4-dehydrogenase, which oxidized xylitol to l-xylulose, and an l-xylulokinase. the xylitol dehyd ...19852981816
molecular cloning in escherichia coli of erwinia chrysanthemi genes encoding multiple forms of pectate lyase.the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi excretes multiple isozymes of the plant tissue-disintegrating enzyme, pectate lyase (pl). genes encoding pl were cloned from e. chrysanthemi cucpb 1237 into escherichia coli hb101 by inserting sau3a-generated dna fragments into the bamhi site of pbr322 and then screening recombinant transformants for the ability to sink into pectate semisolid agar. restriction mapping of the cloned dna in eight pectolytic transformants revealed overlapping ...19852982794
production of d- and l-xylulose by mutants of klebsiella pneumoniae and erwinia uredovora.d-xylulose and l-xylulose were produced biologically by the oxidation of a corresponding pentitol. a klebsiella pneumoniae mutant was constructed for the oxidation of d-arabitol to d-xylulose. this mutant constitutively synthesized the d-arabitol permease system and d-arabitol dehydrogenase but was unable to produce the d-xylulokinase of the d-arabitol pathway or the d-xylose isomerase and d-xylulokinase of the d-xylose pathway. an erwinia uredovora mutant which constitutively synthesized a nove ...19852983605
isolation and characterization of tn5 insertion mutants of erwinia chrysanthemi that are deficient in polygalacturonate catabolic enzymes oligogalacturonate lyase and 3-deoxy-d-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonate dehydrogenase.mutants of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 deficient in the polygalacturonate catabolic enzymes oligogalacturonate lyase (ogl-) and 3-deoxy-d-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonate (ketodeoxyuronate) dehydrogenase (kdud-) were obtained by tn5 mutagenesis using the r plasmid pjb4ji. ogl- exu+ (exu+, d-galacturonate utilization) and kdud- exu- strains macerated potato tuber tissue and utilized glucose, glycerol, and gluconate, but they did not utilize polygalacturonate, unsaturated digalacturonate, or saturated di ...19852985544
an improved dna sequencing strategy.a modification of hong's systematic dna sequencing strategy is described. the original procedure has been simplified and transfectant yield increased. after dnase i limited cleavage in the presence of mn2+, the single-cut linear dna does not have to be separated from supercoiled or open circular dna on an agarose gel. after ligation, the dna is digested with a second restriction endonuclease for which a unique cleavage site resides between the insert and the first restriction endonuclease cuttin ...19852992313
pulb113, an rp4::mini-mu plasmid, mediates chromosomal mobilization and r-prime formation in erwinia amylovora, erwinia chrysanthemi, and subspecies of erwinia carotovora.the rp4::mini-mu plasmid pulb113, transferred from escherichia coli strain mxr, was stable and transfer proficient in erwinia amylovora strain ea303, e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica strain eca12, e. carotovora subsp. carotovora strain ecc193, and e. chrysanthemi strain ec183. the plasmid mobilized an array of erwinia sp. chromosomal markers (e. amylovora: his+,ilv+,rbs+,ser+,thr+;e. chrysanthemi:arg+,his+,ilv+,leu+; e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica: arg+,gua+,leu+,lys+,pur+,trp+; e. carotovora ...19852992373
mu-lac insertion-directed mutagenesis in a pectate lyase gene of erwinia chrysanthemi.the pelc gene, which encodes one of the five major pectate lyase (pl) isoenzymes in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937, designated plc, was subcloned from a hybrid lambda phage into a pbr322 derivative and mutagenized with a mini-mu-lacz transposable element able to form fusions to the lacz gene. one plasmid (pad1) which had an inactivated pelc gene and a lac+ phenotype was selected in escherichia coli. this plasmid was introduced into erwinia chrysanthemi, and the pelc::mini-mu insertion was substituted ...19852993251
effects of a mutation that eliminates udp glucose-pyrophosphorylase on the pathogenicity of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.a nonpathogenic mutant of erwinia carotovora obtained by mu d1 mutagenesis was defective in the ability to utilize several carbon sources. the basis of the mutation was analyzed biochemically and shown to be a defect in the ability to form udp glucose-pyrophosphorylase. the nonpathogenic phenotype of the mutant was caused by its sensitivity to galactose.19852995320
marker-exchange mutagenesis of a pectate lyase isozyme gene in erwinia chrysanthemi.the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi contains pel genes encoding several different isozymes of the plant-tissue-disintegrating enzyme pectate lyase (pl). the pelc gene, encoding an isozyme with an approximate isoelectric point of 8.0, was mutagenized by a three-step procedure involving (i) insertional inactivation of the cloned gene by ligation of a kan-containing bamhi fragment from puc4k with a partial sau3a digest of e. chrysanthemi pelc dna in pbr322; (ii) mobilization of ...19852995324
evidence that polygalacturonase is a virulence determinant in erwinia carotovora.polygalacturonase (pg) was purified from erwinia carotovora ec. a hybrid cosmid, psh711, that encodes pg activity but not pectate lyase activity was identified from an e. carotovora genomic library by an immunological screening method. a cell extract of escherichia coli cells containing psh711 was able to produce plant tissue maceration when spotted on carrot, potato, or turnip slices. in addition, the e. coli strain containing this plasmid was able to macerate carrot, potato, and turnip slices. ...19852997134
[adenosine transformation into adenosine-5'-monophosphate by intact erwinia herbicola cells].strain 47/3 was isolated from the natural sources of erwinia herbicola. the cells of this strain contain nucleoside phosphate transferase responsible for specific phosphorylation of the adenosine 5'-hydroxyl group. with the use of the strain intact cells, conditions for preparation of amp were determined. the cells were grown in the meat-peptone broth supplemented with yeast extract. p-nitrophenylphosphate was used as a donor of phosphate groups. it was shown that the concentration of the reacti ...19852998272
[the role of te transposition of tn1000 from flac+-plasmid into chromosome of erwinia chrysanthemi in the formation of hfr-type donors].based on the data of stability of the donor state of hfr-like strain erwinia chrysanthemi vy1-10 in reca+ and reca- cells, it can be suggested that the donor properties of the strain are mediated by the presence of the genetic homology region which occurred as a result of transposition of the tn1000 from the flac+ plasmid into the chromosome of e. chrysanthemi. tn1000 may be transposed into several sites on the chromosome of e. chrysanthemi ena49. this leads to the appearance of donors transferr ...19853000870
single-site chromosomal tn5 insertions affect the export of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in erwinia chrysanthemi ec16.exponentially growing cells of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 usually export about 98% of their pectate lyase (pl) and protease, about 40% of their polygalacturonase (pg), and about 60% of their cellulase (endoglucanase or carboxymethyl cellulase; cl). by using the r plasmid, pjb4ji (pph1ji::mu::tn5), three independent tn5 insertion mutants were obtained that exported normal levels of protease but 10% or less of pl, pg, and cl. physical analysis revealed that single copies of tn5 had inserted into th ...19853002271
hypersensitivity pneumonitis in grain farmers due to sensitization to erwinia herbicola.two cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in grain workers are described. both cases had evidence of sensitization to the gram-negative bacteria erwinia herbicola as judged by skin tests, detection of serum precipitins, and inhalation challenge. e. herbicola is frequently found in the microflora of grains.19853966692
isolation and characterization of erwinia chrysanthemi mutants defective in degradation of hexuronates.spontaneous and tn9-induced mutants of erwinia chrysanthemi were isolated which affect the degradative pathway of galacturonate and ketodeoxygluconate. the mutations were characterized both biochemically and functionally by complementation analysis and localized in the e. chrysanthemi chromosome. the kdgk gene mapped very close to ile, the kdga gene was between trp and his, and the exut-uxac-uxab-uxaa cluster was linked to thy. the different types of mutants obtained were consistent with an orga ...19853968035
efficient transformation of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica.we used a modified version of the method of hanahan (d. hanahan, j. mol. biol. 166:557-580, 1983) to transform erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica with the plasmids pbr322, pbr325, and pat153. the transformation frequency ranged from 1 x 10(2) to 4 x 10(4) colonies per micrograms of plasmid dna. the nature of these transformants was confirmed by plasmid analysis. cole1-based plasmids make potentially useful cloning vectors for the study of genes involved in ...19853968041
structure of the core oligosaccharide from lipopolysaccharide of erwinia carotovora.the lipopolysaccharide of erwinia carotovora was analyzed by quantitative sugar analysis, methylation analysis, and chromic oxide oxidation. this led to the following structure of the core oligosaccharide: (formula; see text).19853972773
erwinia herbicola isolates from alfalfa plants may play a role in nodulation of alfalfa by rhizobium meliloti.erwinia herbicola was isolated from roots of plants derived from surface-sterilized seeds of all alfalfa varieties that were tested. some of these e. herbicola strains affected nodulation by certain strains of rhizobium meliloti. in previously published work we presented the isolation of slow-and fast-nodulating variants from a single culture of r. meliloti 102f51. in the absence of e. herbicola, the slow-nodulating variant induced the formation of nodules on alfalfa as rapidly as the faster-nod ...19854004214
bacteriocin-resistant mutants of erwinia chrysanthemi: possible involvement of iron acquisition in phytopathogenicity.a series of bacteriocin-resistant mutants of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937jrh were unable to elicit soft-rot symptoms on saintpaulia plants. the loss of pathogenicity was correlated with the disappearance of one to three outer membrane polypeptides (molecular weights, about 80,000 to 90,000) whose production in wild-type strains was greatly enhanced under iron-limited growth conditions. the mutants did not exhibit altered extracellular pectinolytic or cellulolytic activities.19854008442
reca is required in the induction of pectin lyase and carotovoricin in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora.pectin lyase (pnl) and the bacteriocin carotovoricin (ctv) were induced in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 71 by the dna-damaging agents mitomycin c, nalidixic acid, and uv light. to determine whether the reca product was involved in the expression of these damage-inducible phenotypes, we cloned the e. carotovora subsp. carotovora reca+ gene, inactivated it by tn5 insertion, and constructed an e. carotovora subsp. carotovora reca::tn5 strain by gene replacement via homologous recombination. ...19854044526
heterologous hybridization of bacterial dna to the endoglucanases a and b structural genes cela and celb of clostridium thermocellum.dna from various cellulolytic and non-cellulolytic bacteria was found to hybridize to clostridium thermocellum ncib10682 dna fragments carrying the structural genes cela and celb which code for endoglucanases a and b. homology to cela was detected in agrobacterium rhizogenes, azospirillum brasilense, bacillus subtilis, cellulomonas sp., clostridium stercorarium, erwinia chrysanthemi, pseudomonas solanacearum and streptomyces griseus. homology to celb was detected only in b. subtilis, c. stercora ...19854083831
separation of escherichia adecarboxylata from the "erwinia herbicola-enterobacter agglomerans" complex and from the other enterobacteriaceae by nucleic acid and protein electrophoretic techniques.the species escherichia adecarboxylata was examined for dna relatedness to the "erwinia herbicola-enterobacter agglomerans" complex and to other members of the family enterobacteriaceae. dna-dna hybridizations (nitrocellulose filter method) showed that strains received as e. adecarboxylata were highly related to each other (73-100% homology). three strains of e. agglomerans and one strain of e. herbicola showed, respectively, 77, 96, 97 and 92% relatedness with the labelled dna of e. adecarboxyl ...19854083833
enterobacter asburiae sp. nov., a new species found in clinical specimens, and reassignment of erwinia dissolvens and erwinia nimipressuralis to the genus enterobacter as enterobacter dissolvens comb. nov. and enterobacter nimipressuralis comb. nov.enterobacter asburiae sp. nov. is a new species that was formerly referred to as enteric group 17 and that consists of 71 strains, 70 of which were isolated from humans. enterobacter asburiae sp. nov. strains gave positive reactions in tests for methyl red, citrate utilization (simmons and christensen's), urea hydrolysis, l-ornithine decarboxylase, growth in kcn, acid and gas production from d-glucose, and acid production from l-arabinose, cellobiose, glycerol (negative in 1 to 2 days, positive ...19863711302
pectate lyase gene regulatory mutants of erwinia chrysanthemi.the pelb gene, which encodes one of the five pectate lyase isoenzymes of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937, was mutagenized with a mini-mu transposable element that can form gene fusions to the neomycin phosphotransferase-encoding region. secondary mutants resistant to kanamycin in the absence of polygalacturonate, an inducer of wild-type pectate lyase activities, were selected. such mutants produced other pectate lyase isoenzymes in the absence of the inducer.19863722127
clinical strains of enterobacter agglomerans (synonyms: erwinia herbicola, erwinia milletiae) identified by dna-dna-hybridization.using dna-dna-hybridization it could be shown that 52 of 86 clinical isolates of enterobacter agglomerans were closely related to each other, to the type strain of the species and also to the type strains of erwinia herbicola and erwinia milletiae. most of the strains investigated were of the biogroups 1 and g1 of ewing & fife. all strains of the genetically defined group belonged to these two biogroups; none of these isolates fermented dulcitol, and with few exceptions they were also cellobiose ...19863751575
large-scale recovery and purification of l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora.a large-scale process was developed to purify gram quantities of a therapeutic enzyme, l-asparaginase, from submerged cultures of erwinia carotovora. cells were harvested from 150 l of fermentation broth and washed. a cellular acetone powder was prepared and extracted with ph 9.5 borate buffer. after continuous centrifugation and filtration to remove cell debris, the acetone powder extract was adjusted to ph 7.7 and adsorbed onto a 16-l cm-sepharose fast flow column, with a precolumn packed with ...19863752984
comparison of pectic enzymes produced by erwinia chrysanthemi, erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica.erwinia spp. that cause soft-rot diseases in plants produce a variety of extracellular pectic enzymes. to assess the correlation between patterns of pectic enzyme production and taxonomic classification, we compared the enzymes from representative strains. supernatants obtained from polygalacturonate-grown cultures of nine strains of erwinia chrysanthemi, three strains of e. carotovora subsp. carotovora, and three strains of e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica were concentrated and subjected to ult ...19863752996
determination of 2-keto-l-gulonic and other ketoaldonic and aldonic acids produced by ketogenic bacterial fermentation.the quantitative analysis of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-klg) produced by microbial fermentation is described. 2-klg is separated from other aldonic and ketoaldonic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography on an aminex anion exchange column with ammonium formate or potassium phosphate as the eluant. this is a rapid and simple method for routine analysis of a large number of samples generated by fermentation studies. gas chromatography--mass spectrometry permits the qualitative and quantitati ...19863777440
molecular cloning of virulence genes from erwinia stewartii.a library of erwinia stewartii dna was constructed in cosmid pvk100 and used to complement spontaneous and mu pf7701-induced (designated by the prefix mu) avirulent mutants. plasmid pes4507 restored water-soaking ability and extracellular polysaccharide (eps) synthesis to mutants mu14110 and mu2b70 (group i); pes1044 restored water-soaking ability to mu43, mu51, mu136, mu141, and rdf6011 (group ii); and pes2144 complemented four spontaneous eps- mutants (group iii). hybridization of labeled plas ...19863782017
release of cell-free ice nuclei by erwinia herbicola.several ice-nucleating bacterial strains, including erwinia herbicola, pseudomonas fluorescens, and pseudomonas syringae isolates, were examined for their ability to shed ice nuclei into the growth medium. only e. herbicola isolates shed cell-free ice nuclei active at -2 to -10 degrees c. these cell-free nuclei exhibited a freezing spectrum similar to that of ice nuclei found on whole cells, both above and below -5 degrees c. partially purified cell-free nuclei were examined by density gradient ...19863525514
structure of two pectate lyase genes from erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 and their high-level expression in escherichia coli.the pelb and pele genes from erwinia chrysanthemi ec16, which encode different pectate lyase enzymes, were sequenced and expressed at a high level in escherichia coli. the genes possessed little similarity to each other in 5' signal regions, signal peptide sequences, coding sequences, or 3' noncoding regions. both genes contained their own promoters as well as sequences 3' to the coding regions with considerable secondary structure which may function as rho-independent transcriptional terminatio ...19863536853
influence of gyra mutation on expression of erwinia chrysanthemi clb genes cloned in escherichia coli.erwinia chrysanthemi clb genes cloned into nals escherichia coli allowed growth on cellobiose, arbutin, or salicin. in contrast, nalr isogenic strains grew only on cellobiose. it is proposed that expression of cloned e. chrysanthemi clb genes is reduced by the e. coli chromosomal gyra (nalr) mutation, resulting in apparent segregation of the clb and arb sal characters.19863007437
[role of temperate phage in bacterial dissociation].the analysis of literary and own data testifies that the dissociants may appear in bacteria population from spontaneous mutations and transfer of genetic material (conjugation, transformation, transduction). the phage conversion and different dna reorganizations within a cell where prophage plays an active role, probably introduce the largest contribution into the dissociative transitions of variants which occur with high frequency (about 10(-2)-10(-4). the dissociation of various bacteria has b ...19863011128
cloning and expression of the erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase gene in escherichia coli and erwinia carotovora.a genomic library of erwinia chrysanthemi dna was constructed in bacteriophage lambda 1059 and recombinants expressing er. chrysanthemi asparaginase detected using purified anti-asparaginase igg. the gene was subcloned on a 4.7 kb ecori dna restriction fragment into puc9 to generate the recombinant plasmid pasn30. the position and orientation of the asparaginase structural gene was determined by subcloning. the enzyme was produced at high levels in escherichia coli (5% of soluble protein) and wa ...19863011958
reactions of triethylphosphine gold(i) complexes with heme proteins: novel spin-state changes in cytochrome b562, myoglobin, and hemoglobin.reactions of bacterial fe(iii) cyt b562, hbo2, met hb and met mb with et3paucl and et3pauno3 (and some related complexes) have been investigated by electronic absorption and epr and nmr spectroscopy. except for met hb, which denatured, the products were novel high-spin fe(iii) heme proteins. the reactions of cyt b562 and mb were reversible. two distinct kinetic steps were observed in the autoxidation of hbo2 and mbo2. these may involve the liberation of superoxide. autoxidation of hbo2 occurred ...19863011990
evidence of homology between the pectate lyase-encoding pelb and pelc genes in erwinia chrysanthemi.the genes for two of several pectate lyase isozymes produced by the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi 1237 were subcloned and compared by dna-dna hybridization, and the encoded proteins were analyzed. the borders of the genes were located on a restriction map by incremental exonuclease iii deletions. dna-dna hybridization studies revealed a low percentage of mismatch (7 to 17%) between pelb and pelc. no homology was detected between pelc and other regions of the e. chrysanthem ...19863013832
requirement for two or more erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora pectolytic gene products for maceration of potato tuber tissue by escherichia coli.several genes encoding enzymes capable of degrading plant cell wall components have been cloned from erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora ec14. plasmids containing cloned ec14 dna mediate the production of endo-pectate lyases, exo-pectate lyase, endo-polygalacturonase, and cellulase(s). escherichia coli strains containing one of these plasmids or combinations of two plasmids were tested for their ability to macerate potato tuber slices. only one e. coli strain, containing two plasmids that encod ...19863013836
cloning and regulation of erwinia herbicola pigment genes.the genes coding for yellow pigment production in erwinia herbicola eho10 (atcc 39368) were cloned and localized to a 12.4-kilobase (kb) chromosomal fragment. a 2.3-kb avai deletion in the cloned fragment resulted in the production of a pink-yellow pigment, a possible precursor of the yellow pigment. production of yellow pigment in both e. herbicola eho10 and pigmented escherichia coli clones was inhibited by glucose. when the pigment genes were transformed into a cya (adenylate cyclase) e. coli ...19863023282
lactose and melibiose metabolism in erwinia chrysanthemi.a lac+ mutant of erwinia chrysanthemi was isolated from the lac- wild type on lactose agar. beta-galactosidase was expressed independently of lactose transport in both the mutant and the wild type, and neither strain expressed thiogalactoside transacetylase. lactose transport and alpha-galactosidase, constitutive in the lac+ strain, were coordinately induced in the lac- strain by melibiose and raffinose but not by isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside or thiomethyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside. mel ...19863023289
[cloning of pectate-lyase genes of erwinia chrysanthemi in escherichia coli cells].erwinia chrysanthemi dna fragment digested by restriction endonuclease ecori and carrying the gene ec16 determining the synthesis of pectatelyase with rf 0.20 and mol. mass 40kd has been cloned in plasmid puc 9 plasmid in escherichia coli hb101 cells. three genes for pectatelyases of erwinia chrysanthemi ena49 have been cloned in vector phage lambda 47.1 in escherichia coli cells. two genes determining the synthesis of pectatelyases with rf 0.06 and 0.19 and mol. masses 40 kd and 39 kd have been ...19863025699
isolation of erwinia chrysanthemi kdud mutants altered in pectin degradation.mutants of erwinia chrysanthemi impaired in pectin degradation were isolated by chemical and mu d(ap lac) insertion mutagenesis. a mutation in the kdud gene coding for 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate oxidoreductase prevented the growth of the bacteria on polygalacturonate as the sole carbon source. analysis of the kdud::mu d(ap lac) insertions indicated that kdud is either an isolated gene or the last gene of a polycistronic operon. some of the mu d(ap lac) insertions were kdud-lac fusions in which beta ...19863949717
erwinia herbicola as a cause of bacterial endocarditis.a case of endocarditis due to erwinia herbicola is reported. three years previously the patient had been fitted with a porcine xenograft.19863958506
organization of a pectate lyase gene family in erwinia chrysanthemi.the pela, peld and pele genes encode three of the five major pectate lyase (pl) isoenzymes (pla, pld and ple) in erwinia chrysanthemi strains b374 and 3937. these genes were previously isolated from genomic libraries or by in vivo cloning as r' factors promoted by the pulb113 plasmid. they are clustered near pure on the chromosomal map of e. chrysanthemi b374 [van gijsegem et al., embo j. 4 (1985) 787-792]. genes pela, peld and pele were subcloned separately into pbr322 derivatives, to test thei ...19863569916
nucleotide sequence of the erwinia chrysanthemi ncppb 1066 l-asparaginase gene.the complete nucleotide sequence of the erwinia chrysanthemi ncppb 1066 gene coding for the chemotherapeutic enzyme l-asparaginase has been determined. the structural gene consists of an open reading frame commencing with an atg start codon of 1044 bp followed by a tga stop codon. confirmation of the nucleotide sequence was obtained by comparing the predicted amino acid (aa) sequence with that derived by n-terminal aa sequencing of the purified protein. the gene has been shown to code for a 21-a ...19863026924
[preliminary characterization of a new system allowing maltose assimilation by escherichia coli].we showed that klebsiella pneumoniae and erwinia herbicola possessed a pathway for maltose metabolism which could function in parallel with that encoded by the classical maltose regulon. indeed, specific dna fragments isolated from these two bacteria allowed growth on maltose of any of the mal mutants of escherichia coli when in a multicopy number. the preliminary characterization of the e. herbicola dna fragment indicated that a 4-kb region was sufficient to complement the mal mutations of e. c ...19863318866
soluble asparaginase-dextran conjugates show increased circulatory persistence and lowered antigen reactivity.oxidized dextrans of increasing molecular weight were bound covalently to erwinia carotovora asparaginase. the resulting conjugates retained 50% of their enzyme activity and showed marked resistance to proteolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin and inactivation by asparaginase-specific antibody. when tested in-vivo, the larger molecular weight conjugates showed prolonged circulatory survival in both immune and non-immune animals and failed to elicit full type iii hypersensitivity or anaphylactic re ...19862423675
host-pathogen interactions : xxix. oligogalacturonides released from sodium polypectate by endopolygalacturonic acid lyase are elicitors of phytoalexins in soybean.recent studies have demonstrated that an apparently homogeneous preparation of an alpha-1,4-d-endopolygalacturonic acid lyase (ec 4.2.2.2) isolated from the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia carotovora induced phytoalexin accumulation in cotyledons of soybean (glycine max [l.] merr. cv wayne) and that this pectin-degrading enzyme released heat-stable elicitors of phytoalexins from soybean cell walls, citrus pectin, and sodium polypectate (kr davis et al. 1984 plant physiol 74: 52-60). the presen ...198616664663
transient activation of plasmalemma k efflux and h influx in tobacco by a pectate lyase isozyme from erwinia chrysanthemi.a purified pectate lyase isozyme derived from erwinia chrysanthemi induced rapid net k(+) efflux and h(+) influx in suspension-cultured tobacco cells. comparable fluxes of other ions (na(+), cl(-)) were not observed. the k(+) efflux/h(+) influx response began within 15 minutes after addition of enzyme to cell suspensions and continued for approximately 1 hour after which cells resumed the net h(+) efflux exhibited prior to enzyme treatment. the response was not prolonged by a second enzyme dose ...198616664981
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the polysaccharide depolymerase associated with bacteriophage-infected erwinia amylovora.the bacteriophage-encoded polysaccharide depolymerase produced in erwinia amylovora has been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the bacteriophage era103 genome was observed to consist of five ecori fragments, labeled as follows: a, 7.5 kilobases (kb); b, 5.0 kb; c, 2.7 kb; d, 2.1 kb; and e, 1.8 kb. a restriction map for era103 was also prepared. each of the fragments were cloned into the positive-selection vector pop203(a(2)) and pbr322.198616347044
antagonism of lactic acid bacteria against phytopathogenic bacteria.a variety of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from plant surfaces and plant-associated products, were found to be antagonistic to test strains of the phytopathogens xanthomonas campestris, erwinia carotovora, and pseudomonas syringae. effective "in vitro" inhibition was found both on agar plates and in broth cultures. in pot trials, treatment of bean plants with a lactobacillus plantarum strain before inoculation with p. syringae caused a significant reduction of the disease incidence.198616347150
effect of increased beta-glucosidase activity on virulence of erwinia amylovora.plant tissues often contain beta-glucosides that can be enzymatically hydrolyzed to produce toxic aglycones. it has been suggested that the low beta-glucosidase activity found in erwinia amylovora contributes to bacterial virulence by allowing the bacteria to infect plants that contain beta-glucosides without inducing the formation of toxic aglycones. to test this suggestion, we created strains of e. amylovora which had high beta-glucosidase activities and studied the ability of these strains to ...198716347316
a rapid procedure for purifying pectate lyase from erwinia carotovora based on substrate affinity.to purify pectate lyase produced by erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, we used the supernatant from 48-h-old cultures grown in broth containing sodium polypectate and yeast extract. the supernatant was combined with the enzyme substrates sodium polypectate and polygalacturonic acid, which were then precipitated with cacl(2). after the precipitate was washed, pectate lyase was eluted with 1.0 m nacl.198716347348
fermentation of d-xylose and l-arabinose to ethanol by erwinia chrysanthemi.erwinia spp. are gram-negative facultative anaerobes within the family enterobacteriacae which possess several desirable traits for the conversion of pentose sugars to ethanol, such as the ability to ferment a broad range of carbohydrates and the ease with which they can be genetically modified. twenty-eight strains of erwinia carotovora and e. chrysanthemi were screened for the ability to ferment d-xylose to ethanol. e. chrysanthemi b374 was chosen for further study on the basis of its superior ...198716347426
multiplication and virulence in plant tissues of escherichia coli clones producing pectate lyase isozymes plb and ple at high levels and of an erwinia chrysanthemi mutant deficient in ple.the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi strain ec16 produces four isozymes of pectate lyase (pl), an extracellular enzyme that macerates parenchymatous plant tissues and kills plant cells. a 1.8-kilobase ecori dna fragment containing the entire pele gene was deleted from the e. chrysanthemi chromosome by marker exchange of a cloned fragment that had been modified in vitro. the resulting mutant, um1001, produced the isozymes pla, plb, and plc, but not ple. mutant um1001 was compa ...198716347452
competitive exclusion of epiphytic bacteria by icepseudomonas syringae mutants.the growth of ice nucleation-active and near-isogenic ice nucleation-deficient (ice) pseudomonas syringae strains coexisting on leaf surfaces was examined to determine whether competition was sufficient to account for antagonism of phylloplane bacteria. the ice nucleation frequency spectra of 46 icep. syringae mutants, obtained after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate, differed both quantitatively and qualitatively, but the mutants could be grouped into four distinct phenotypic classes. the ...198716347468
induction of defense responses in cultured parsley cells by plant cell wall fragments.cell suspension cultures of parsley (petroselinum crispum) accumulated coumarin phytoalexins and exhibited increased beta-1,3-glucanase activity when treated with either a purified alpha-1,4-d-endopolygalacturonic acid lyase from erwinia carotovora or oligogalacturonides solubilized from parsley cell walls by endopolygalacturonic acid lyase. coumarin accumulation induced by the plant cell wall elicitor was preceded by increases in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal), 4-coumarate: ...198716665599
genetic analysis of the pela-pele cluster encoding the acidic and basic pectate lyases in erwinia chrysanthemi ec16.in erwinia chrysanthemi (ec16) the clustered pela and pele genes encode an acidic (pi 4.2) and a basic (pi 10.0) pectate lyase (pel), respectively. the pela gene has been isolated on a 1.2 kb restriction fragment and the direction of transcription determined. dna hybridization analysis showed that the pele sequence shares dna homology with pela but not with pelb or pelc, two genes encoding other pel species in ec16. since pel a and pel e enzymes showed little similarity in terms of catalytic pro ...198717193715
resolution of four pectate lyase structural genes of erwinia chrysanthemi (ec16) and characterization of the enzymes produced in escherichia coli. 198711394411
an npti-sacb-sacr cartridge for constructing directed, unmarked mutations in gram-negative bacteria by marker exchange-eviction mutagenesis.a technique for marker exchange-eviction mutagenesis that enables the construction of directed, unmarked mutations in gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated in erwinia chrysanthemi. the technique employs an npti-sacb-sacr cartridge that is carried on a 3.8-kb bamhi fragment and confers kanamycin (km) resistance and sucrose sensitivity (due to the production of levansucrase by sacb) in e. chrysanthemi. the cartridge was inserted into a sau3a site in a cloned e. chrysanthemi pelc gene (encoding p ...19873319780
bacteria in farming environment. 19873322875
a note on the microbiology of retail packs of prepared salad vegetables.retail packs of mixed, prepared salad vegetables from two different manufacturers were stored at 7 degrees c until the end of storage-life (sell-by date plus 1 d), when the microbial flora was examined. the quality of the salads was acceptable at the end of storage life. the oxygen concentrations in packs were lower, and the carbon dioxide concentrations were higher, than those in air. high numbers of bacteria were present, with pseudomonas spp. and enterobacter agglomerans predominating in pack ...19873126172
hexuronate catabolism in erwinia chrysanthemi.in the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi, the catabolism of hexuronates is linked to the degradation of pectic polymers. we isolated mu lac insertions in each gene of the hexuronate pathway and used genetic fusions with lacz (the beta-galactosidase gene of escherichia coli) to study the regulation of this pathway. three independent regulatory genes (exur, uxur, and kdgr) were found. galacturonate and glucuronate were converted into 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (kdg) by separate thr ...19873029026
interposon mutagenesis of soil and water bacteria: a family of dna fragments designed for in vitro insertional mutagenesis of gram-negative bacteria.we have constructed a series of derivatives of the omega interposon [prentki and krisch, gene 29 (1984) 303-313] that can be used for in vitro insertional mutagenesis. each of these dna fragments carries a different antibiotic or hg2+ resistance gene (apr, cmr, tcr, kmr or hgr) which is flanked, in inverted orientation, by transcription and translation termination signals and by synthetic polylinkers. the dna of these interposons can be easily purified and then inserted, by in vitro ligation, in ...19873038679
[expression of the pectate lyase gene from erwinia chrysanthemi ena49 in cells of other erwinia species].the gene for a pectate lyase of e. chrysanthemi ena49 cloned in a recombinant plasmid pptl1 (a derivative of rsf1010) was transferred into e. carotovora. the pectate lyase determined by the cloned gene was secreted into the cultural medium from the cells of e. crysanthemi ec16. partial secretion of the enzyme was registered for e. carotovora cells. the major part of ec1 e. chrysanthemi pectate lyase synthesized by e. carotovora cells is accumulated in periplasmic and cytoplasmic fractions. the o ...19873039359
characterization of the erwinia carotovora pelb gene and its product pectate lyase.the pelb gene encodes pectate lyase b, one of three pectate lyases identified in erwinia carotovora ec. pectate lyase b was purified from escherichia coli containing the pelb gene on a recombinant plasmid. the activity of the protein was optimal at a ph of 8.3. the amino acid composition, n-terminal amino acid sequence, and c-terminal peptide sequence were determined and compared with the polypeptide sequence deduced from the dna sequence of pelb. purified pectate lyase b started at amino acid 2 ...19873040692
a broad-host-range expression vector based on the pl promoter of coliphage lambda: regulated synthesis of human interleukin 2 in erwinia and serratia species.we report the construction of a broad-host-range expression vector based on an rsf1010-derived replicon. the vector carries the strong leftward promoter (pl) of coliphage lambda as well as the ci857 allele, which codes for a thermolabile repressor protein. the coding region of mature human interleukin 2, which is preceded by the ner ribosome binding site of phage mu, was cloned downstream from the pl promoter. the plasmid was introduced into erwinia and serratia species by means of mobilization. ...19872952635
amber suppressors of erwinia chrysanthemi.mutations trp1 and thya1, both of a polyauxotrophic derivative of the erwinia chrysanthemi strain b374, were characterized as amber mutations with an escherichia coli suppressor, supa1p2, which inserts a glutamine in response to uag. simultaneous reversion of both mutations allowed us to isolate amber suppressor mutants of e. chrysanthemi. these suppressors were tested with a set of amber mutants of bacteriophage mu which had been previously characterized on e. coli. the two independently isolat ...19872956976
the arac gene of citrobacter freundii.the arac gene of citrobacter freundii was cloned into plasmid pbr322 and expressed in escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium. the nucleotide sequence and the predicted translational product were determined and compared to those of e. coli, s. typhimurium and erwinia carotovora. the predicted translational product is 281 amino acids (aa) long, identical in size to that of s. typhimurium, and is 11 and 29 aa shorter than that of e. coli and e. carotovora, respectively. the nucleotide sequence ...19872965663
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate transport system in erwinia chrysanthemi.in erwinia chrysanthemi, the gene kdgt encodes a transport system responsible for the uptake of ketodeoxyuronates. we studied the biochemical properties of this transport system. the bacteria could grow on 2,5-diketo-3-deoxygluconate but not on 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate. the 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate entry reaction displayed saturation kinetics, with an apparent km of 0.52 mm (at 30 degrees c and ph 7). 5-keto-4-deoxyuronate and 2,5-diketo-3-deoxygluconate appeared to be competitive inhibitors, with ...19873571157
mercury-resistance and mercuric reductase activity in chromobacterium, erwinia, and bacillus species. 19873580613
chronophytopathology.studies on the chronobiology of plant diseases are sparse. to date three papers can be cited, and two more by the present authors are in press. a vast literature on phytopathology indicates neglect of this potentially important feature of pathogenisis, i.e., progress and outcome of parasitic and abiotic disease of economic plants. neither the host nor the pathogen has been an object of observation by researchers in phytopathology relative to temporal organization prior to or during host-parasite ...19873601981
diversity of the phosphoenolpyruvate/glucose phosphotransferase system in the enterobacteriaceae.the presence of the phosphoenolpyruvate glucose phosphotransferase entry routes was studied in 97 genospecies of enterobacteriaceae. phosphoenolpyruvate(pep)-dependent phosphorylation of alpha-methyl-d-glucoside and 2-deoxyglucose was evidenced in 72 species (group i organisms), suggesting the presence of both the iiglc (formerly ii-bglc/iiiglc) and iiman (formerly ii-b/ii-aman) entry routes. erwinia amylovora, budvicia aquatica and all species of leminorella and proteus (as defined by dna relat ...19873606872
a simple spectrophotometric assay for arogenate dehydratase.a simple spectrophotometric assay for arogenate dehydratase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of l-phenylalanine from l-arogenate, is presented. the method couples the arogenate dehydratase reaction with that of an aromatic aminotransferase partially purified from acinetobacter calcoaceticus. in the presence of 2-ketoglutarate, phenylpyruvate formation is measured at 320 nm at basic ph. the method was compared with two other methods already in use in our laboratory for arogenate dehydrata ...19873619011
molecular cloning of an erwinia chrysanthemi oligogalacturonate lyase gene involved in pectin degradation.mutants of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 deficient in the pectin catabolic enzyme oligogalacturonate lyase were isolated by chemical and phage mud(aplac) insertion mutagenesis. the ogl mutation was biochemically characterized and localized near the trp his markers on the e. chrysanthemi chromosomal map. analysis of mud(aplac) insertions, which generate polar mutations, revealed that oligogalacturonate lyase was the only affected enzyme in the pectin catabolic pathway, indicating that the ogl gene pr ...19873623103
characterization and virulence properties of erwinia chrysanthemi lipopolysaccharide-defective, phi ec2-resistant mutants.outer membrane alterations were characterized in spontaneous mutants of the erwinia chrysanthemi 3937jrh, which were selected for resistance to bacteriophage phi ec2. all but one of the mutants analyzed were affected in their lipopolysaccharide (lps) structure, lacking the entire heterogeneous region of apparent high molecular weight present in the wild-type e. chrysanthemi lps. at least two 3937jrh mutants, one selected as phi ec2 resistant (rh6065) and the other previously selected (d. expert ...19873624200
hemagglutinating activity in phytopathogenic bacteria surface compounds.extracellular components of plant pathogenic bacteria were obtained from their culture medium as well as from the whole cells by using nacl 1 m, ph 6.0; 20% sucrose dissolved in 0.03 m tris buffer, ph 8.0; or 0.05 m na2edta. all the extracts from erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli, pseudomonas solanacearum, and erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica, were assayed for hemagglutinati ...19873625474
structure of the sidechain of lipopolysaccharide from erwinia amylovora t.the sidechain of lipopolysaccharide from erwinia amylovora t was composed of d-fucose, d-galactose and d-glucose in equimolar proportions. using nmr spectroscopy, methylation analysis, mass spectrometry, smith degradation and optical rotation data, the repeat unit was shown to have the following most probable structure: (formula; see text)19873691526
regulation of expression of pectate lyase genes pela, peld, and pele in erwinia chrysanthemi.the regulation of pela, peld, and pele genes encoding three of the five major pectate lyase isoenzymes (pla, pld, and ple) in erwinia chrysanthemi b374 was analyzed by using genetic fusions to lacz. these three genes are clustered on a 5-kilobase dna fragment in the order peld-pele-pela and constitute three independent transcriptional units. we localized the peldea cluster near the pro-1 marker on the genetic map of b374 by chromosomal mobilization with rp4::mini-mu plasmid pulb110. three classe ...19873108234
purification and characterization of a pectin lyase produced by pseudomonas fluorescens w51.a pectin lyase (pnl; ec 4.2.2.10) was isolated from culture filtrates of pseudomonas fluorescens w51 and purified to apparent homogeneity. the enzyme catalyzed a random eliminative cleavage of pectin but not sodium polypectate, and it macerated plant tissue. the mr of the pnl on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels was 32,000 +/- 1,000, and the isoelectric point was 9.4 as determined by isoelectric focusing. the enzyme was constitutively produced, since the highest yields were obtained whe ...19873115958
[cloning of the regulator gene of erwinia carotovora repressing pectate lyase ptla gene expression].pectate lyase synthesis in the cells of erwinia carotovora ela 49 is induced by polypectate. this suggested that the erwinia chromosomes carried a regulator gene responsible for negative regulation of the pectate lyase gene expression. in the present study the regulator gene controlling expression of one of the pectate lyase structural genes was cloned and designated as ptla gene. for this purpose a genetic system with the tester plasmid ppc624 as the main element was constructed. the tester pla ...19873307613
microbial coagulation of alfalfa green juice.of the different bacterial strains isolated from alfalfa raw material, nine were able to coagulate the protein fraction of alfalfa green juice. the two strains showing the highest efficiency were further used for coagulation experiments. they were classified as erwinia carotovora and escherichia coli. juice samples inoculated (1:10 to 1:100) with stationary-phase cultures were efficiently coagulated. the amount of protein recovered was equivalent to that obtained when the juice was heat treated. ...19873314708
a study of predominant aerobic microflora of black bears (ursus americanus) and grizzly bears (ursus arctos) in northwestern alberta.swab specimens were obtained from nasal, rectal, and preputial or vaginal areas of 37 grizzly and 17 black bears, captured during may to june of 1981 to 1983, to determine the types and frequency of predominant aerobic microflora. bacterial genera most frequently isolated from bears were escherichia, citrobacter, hafnia, proteus, staphylococcus, and streptococcus species, comprising about 65% of the isolates. erwinia, xanthomonas, agrobacterium, rhizobium, and gluconobacter/acetobacter were also ...19873447691
[complementation analysis of ts mutants of the temperate phage 59 of erwinia carotovora 268]. 19873508923
[the monosaccharide composition of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora cells]. 19873508943
[reproduction and morphogenesis of phage e105 of erwinia carotovora 268]. 19873508944
[fatty acids of the total lipids in representatives of the genus erwinia and other enterobacteria]. 19873508961
characterization of a new endoglucanase from erwinia chrysanthemi.the structural gene coding for a new endo-beta-1,4-glucanase of erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3665, previously identified in a cosmid library, was subcloned into puc18. the gene is expressed from a 1.9 x 10(3)-base-pair insert and its direction of transcription was determined. the properties of the gene product purified from cell-free extracts of escherichia coli have been studied. the purified protein has an endoglucanase activity but is significantly different from the major endoglucanase z secr ...19873026806
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