Publications

nutrient losses by surface run-off following the application of organic manures to arable land. 1. nitrogen.	research was conducted on nitrogen (n) surface run-off losses following organic manure applications to land, utilising a purpose-built facility on a sloping site in herefordshire under arable tillage. different rates and timing of cattle slurry, farmyard manure and inorganic n and phosphorus (p) fertiliser were compared, over a 4-year period (1993-97). p losses from the same studies are reported in a separate paper. the application of cattle slurries to the silty clay loam soil increased the los ...	2001	11202653
nutrient losses by surface run-off following the application of organic manures to arable land. 2. phosphorus.	phosphorus (p) surface run-off losses were studied following organic manure applications to land, utilising a purpose-built facility on a sloping site in herefordshire under arable tillage. different rates and timing of cattle slurry, farm yard manure (fym) and inorganic nitrogen (n) and p fertiliser were compared, over a 4-year period (1993-97). n losses from the same studies are reported in a separate paper. the application of cattle fym and, especially slurry, to the silty clay loam soil incr ...	2001	11202654
. . . as bva calls for action now.		2001	11232939
foot-and-mouth disease outbreak.		2001	11289556
geographical distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in great britain, 1994-2000.	geographical variation in the distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) might indicate the transmission route of the infectious agent to man. we investigated whether regional incidences of vcjd were correlated with regional dietary data.	2001	11293592
mad cow crisis ii: new casualties.		2001	11317420
characterization of paub, a novel broad-spectrum plasminogen activator from streptococcus uberis.	a bovine plasminogen activator of atypical molecular mass ( approximately 45 kda) from streptococcus uberis strain sk880 had been identified previously (l. b. johnsen, k. poulsen, m. kilian, and t. e. petersen. infect. immun. 67:1072-1078, 1999). the strain was isolated from a clinical case of bovine mastitis. the isolate was found not to secrete paua, a bovine plasminogen activator expressed by the majority of s. uberis strains. analysis of the locus normally occupied by paua revealed an absenc ...	2002	11741851
prion data suggest bse link to sporadic cjd.		2002	12466801
cloned cattle controversy.		2002	12498695
e. coli o157 phage type 21/28 outbreak in north cumbria associated with pasteurized milk.	in march 1999, a large community outbreak of escherichia coli o157 infection occurred in north cumbria. a total of 114 individuals were reported to the outbreak control team (oct); 88 had laboratory confirmed e. coli o157. twenty-eight (32%) of the confirmed cases were admitted to hospital, including three children (3.4%) with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. there were no deaths. a case-control study found that illness was strongly associated with drinking pasteurized milk from a local farm (p = <0 ...	2002	12558327
general dental practitioner advice regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste in two areas with a school-based milk fluoridation programme and one without such a programme.	to describe the knowledge and practice of general denta practitioners (gdps) working in liverpool (where there is no milk fluoridation programme) and st helens and knowsley, and the wirral (where children have fluoridated milk in schools and pre-schools) relating to the advice given for child patients regarding the use of fluoridated toothpaste.	2002	12572739
sub-clinical parasitism in spring-born, beef suckler calves: epidemiology and impact on growth performance during the first grazing season.	sub-clinical parasitism in spring-born single suckled beef calves was investigated from the middle of their first grazing season until weaning or housing later the same year. the study was conducted on four beef suckler herds in southern england over a 3-year period and involved a total of 334 spring-born beef suckler calves and their dams. the animals were grazed extensively on pastures naturally infected with nematode larvae. at the start of each period of observation, faecal samples were take ...	2002	11836034
ammonia emission, deposition and impact assessment at the field scale: a case study of sub-grid spatial variability.	a local ammonia (nh3) inventory for a 5x5 km area in central england was developed, to investigate the variability of emissions, deposition and impacts of nh3 at a field scale, as well as to assess the validity of the uk 5-km grid inventory. input data were available for the study area for 1993 and 1996 on a field by field basis, allowing nh3 emissions to be calculated for each individual field, separately for livestock grazing, livestock housing and manure storage, landspreading of manures and ...	2002	11843529
[new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease].		2002	11845390
bovine tuberculosis: milk and meat safety.		2002	11879889
the epidemiology of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in europe.	variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease is one of a family of neurodegenerative diseases, first diagnosed in 1996. scientific evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that it is acquired through consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected meat. the majority of cases have been diagnosed in the uk in young individuals, with an excess of cases in the north and a significant cluster of cases in leicestershire. many uncertainties in its biology and epidemiology, in particular the length of th ...	2002	11909749
urinary fluoride excretion of young children exposed to different fluoride regimes.	to compare 24-hour urinary fluoride excretion in young children exposed to different fluoride regimes.	2002	11922406
infrared spectroscopy of the mineralogy of coprolites from brean down: evidence of past human activities and animal husbandry.	the mineralogy of 11 concretions from the bronze age settlement horizons at brean down near weston-super-mare, somerset, uk, has been examined by infrared spectroscopy. the concretions are found to contain calcite and apatite and, in some cases, quartz. four further concretions from the later iron age meare village, soil samples from brean down and mineralised samples of known faecal origin from a cesspit within the tudor merchant's house in tenby have been similarly examined. it is found that a ...	2002	11942402
rendering beef safe.		2002	11731959
prevalence and aetiology of clinical mastitis on dairy farms in devon.		2002	12219902
epidemiology of variant cjd.	there are 100 confirmed cases of variant cjd (vcjd) in the u.k., with four cases in other countries (france and the republic of ireland). in the u.k., the mean age of onset is 28 years (range 12-74) with a median duration of 13 months (range 6-39). there are reported regional variations in incidence in the u.k., with a north/south difference and a 'cluster' of cases in one county, leicestershire. the incidence of cases in the u.k. is rising. there are concerns about the possibility of secondary, ...	2002	12220145
the foot and mouth disease (fmd) epidemic in the united kingdom 2001.	the foot and mouth disease epidemic commenced in february 2001 when diseased pigs were identified in an abattoir. the infection had become widespread in sheep in england and wales before this discovery. it was decided to eradicate the disease by slaughter rather than use vaccine. the virus was a pan-asia o strain that caused few lesions in sheep and this made the identification of infected flocks very difficult leading to a long drawn-out epidemic. over four million animals were slaughtered in 2 ...	2002	12365809
stable isotope (13c, 15n and 34s) analysis of the hair of modern humans and their domestic animals.	relationships between dietary status and recent migration were examined by delta(13)c, delta(15)n and delta(34)s analysis of hair samples from 43 modern humans living in a rural community in sw england. the isotopic content of 38 'local' hair samples was compared with that of five recently arrived individuals (from canada, chile, germany and the usa). hair samples from domestic animals (i.e. mainly cats, dogs, cows and horses) were analysed to examine the difference in delta(13)c, delta(15)n and ...	2002	12442295
bvd virus genotype 2 detected in british cattle.		2002	12448496
bse in cattle born after july 31, 1996, in great britain.		2002	12448497
multiple genetic typing of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates of different phage types (dt104, u302, dt204b, and dt49) from animals and humans in england, wales, and northern ireland.	salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium is a common cause of salmonellosis among humans and animals in england, wales, and northern ireland. phage types dt104 and u302 were the most prevalent types in both livestock and humans in 2001. in addition, salmonella serotype typhimurium dt204b was responsible for a recent international outbreak involving england. a total of 119 isolates from humans (n = 28) and animals or their environment (n = 91), belonging to dt104 (n = 66), u302 (n = 33), dt204b ( ...	2002	12454135
increased incidence of streptococcus agalactiae.		2002	11995691
increased incidence of streptococcus agalactiae.		2002	12019541
increased incidence of streptococcus agalactiae.		2002	12019542
faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain.	a 12-month abattoir survey was conducted between january 1999 and january 2000, to determine the prevalence of faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) in cattle and sheep slaughtered for human consumption in great britain. samples of rectum containing faeces were collected from 3939 cattle and 4171 sheep at 118 abattoirs, in numbers proportional to the throughput of the premises. the annual prevalence of faecal carriage of vtec o157 was 4.7 per cent (95 per c ...	2002	12036241
bovine congenital erythrocytic protoporphyria in a limousin calf bred in the uk.		2002	12036245
occurrence of cryptosporidium in agricultural surface waters during an annual farming cycle in lowland uk.	a 17-month survey based on weekly testing for cryptosporidium oocysts in surface waters draining a livestock farm on a warwickshire (uk) estate has shown that the parasite is present throughout the year, with the highest frequency of occurrence and maximum concentrations during the autumn and winter. the 190 ha farm is managed as an exemplar for a teaching institution. there were up to 800 livestock present at peak times of year in the catchment of the stream draining the estate. oocysts were co ...	2002	12044087
antimicrobial resistance in salmonella isolated from animals and their environment in england and wales from 1988 to 1999.	resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents was monitored in 109,125 salmonella cultures isolated from animals, their environment and feedstuffs between 1988 and 1999. the sensitivity of the 6512 isolates of salmonella enterica enterica serotype dublin to all the antimicrobial agents tested varied from 98.2 per cent in 1997 to 99.7 per cent in 1990 and 1996. in contrast, among 28,053 isolates of salmonella enterica enterica serotype typhimurium, there was a marked decrease in their sensitivity to all ...	2002	12054133
fertility of dairy cows in northern ireland.	a comprehensive database was established on the milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows in 19 selected herds in northern ireland, varying in size, management system and genetic merit. data were obtained for 2471 cows, 1775 of which calved in a second year, and 693 were culled from the herd for specific reasons. the estimated mean rate of heat detection (assessed by the interheat interval during the main breeding season) in all the herds was 71 per cent, with a range from 53 to ...	2002	12081305
influence of the design of facilities at auction markets and animal handling procedures on bruising in cattle.	the movements of cattle at 12 livestock auction markets were observed to determine the possible causes of trauma leading to carcase bruising. design faults included right-angled bends in races, dead ends, flooring with insufficient slope or grip, and steps. sliding gates were often misused for goading cattle. projecting fittings and square-edged corners were potentially injurious; conversely, rounded posts and curved races assisted the flow of cattle with minimal impacts. at all the markets, som ...	2002	12092621
[creutzfeldt-jakob disease/bse special issue].		2002	12108405
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis characterization of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 from hides of cattle at slaughter.	contamination of the brisket areas of the hides of healthy adult cattle with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157 at slaughter in england was studied. in total, 73 cattle consignments comprising 584 animals delivered to one abattoir over 3 days during 1 week in july 2001 were studied: 26 cattle consignments arriving on monday, 32 consignments arriving on wednesday, and 15 consignments arriving on friday. consignment sizes ranged from 1 to 23 animals, with a mean consignment size of 8. the ...	2002	12117253
escherichia coli in the rumen and colon of slaughter cattle, with particular reference to e. coli o157.	the distribution of escherichia coli o157 and of total e. coli was surveyed in the digestive tract of cattle under 30 months of age, slaughtered between august 1999 and may 2000 in three abattoirs in southern england. samples were taken from the dorsal and ventral rumen wall, the rumen contents, the colon wall and colon contents, and from faeces or caudal rectal contents. gut wall samples were processed by vortex-mixer to release loosely adherent bacteria, and by stomacher to release firmly atta ...	2003	12618075
fasciolosis causes losses in cattle, sheep and camelids.		2003	12620032
abortion epidemic in a dairy herd associated with horizontally transmitted neospora caninum infection.	a dairy herd experienced an abortion epidemic during which 43 per cent of the cows at risk aborted. neospora caninum infection was demonstrated in four of six fetuses suitable for examination and the group of at-risk cows that aborted had significantly higher n. caninum antibody concentrations than the at-risk cows that delivered a live calf at term (p<0.001). the antibody concentrations in the cow herd were significantly higher than in the youngstock (p<0.001), and the concentrations in the you ...	2003	12620035
verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli infection and private farm visits.		2003	12678261
mastitis and somatic cell counts.		2003	12678268
professional advantage and public health: british veterinarians and state veterinary services, 1865-1939.	at the beginning of the twentieth century, municipal authorities in england and wales, and in scotland, began to develop systems of veterinary public health which encompassed both the welfare of animals and the safety of meat and milk intended for human consumption. this paper examines the motives behind veterinary attempts to extend the integration of human and animal health considerations within the public health framework in the inter-war period. in 1938 the ministry of agriculture implemente ...	2003	12688295
clinical and laboratory investigations of five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the united kingdom.	clinical and laboratory investigations of five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) were made during the early stages of the 2001 epidemic in the uk. the first outbreak, confirmed on february 20, was at an abattoir in essex which specialised in the processing of culled sows and boars. on february 23, the disease was confirmed at a pig farm in northumberland which held cull sows and boars fed on waste food; the findings indicated that it was the first of the five premises to be infected. the ...	2003	12733557
analysis of passive surveillance data for antimicrobial resistance from cases of neonatal bovine enteritis.		2003	12739603
crushed tail head syndrome in cattle.		2003	12739606
crushed tail head syndrome in cattle.		2003	12762492
control of bovine tuberculosis.		2003	12762493
crushed tail head syndrome in cattle.		2003	12790244
the association between quarter somatic-cell counts and clinical mastitis in three british dairy herds.	the association between quarter somatic-cell counts (qsccs) of milk and the risk of clinical mastitis (cm) was investigated in a 1-year study on three dairy herds in somerset, uk. the three herds had 95-130 milking cows and an annual mean bulk milk somatic-cell count (bmscc) of <150 x 10(3)cells/ml. the farms were visited every 4-6 weeks at morning milking when quarter-milk samples were collected. the farmers recorded all cases of cm and were trained to collect sterile milk samples from affected ...	2003	12809761
a comparison of antimicrobial susceptibilities in nontyphoidal salmonellas from humans and food animals in england and wales in 2000.	a joint study by the public health laboratory service and the veterinary laboratories agency of resistance to antimicrobials in isolates of salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis, typhimurium, hadar, and virchow from humans and food-producing animals in england and wales in 2000 has demonstrated that resistance was most common in typhimurium, particularly in strains of definitive phage type (dt) 104. however resistance was also common in other phage types, particularly dts 193 and 208 and pha ...	2003	12820804
the geographical distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease cases in the uk: what can we learn from it?	the causative agents of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) and of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) are currently indistinguishable. however, the route(s) by which humans became infected remain unknown. the path by which humans were infected with the bse agent might impact on the geographical distribution of cases and we therefore sought evidence of regional variation and local clustering of vcjd cases. with the notable exception of a group of five cases in leicestershire, the absence ...	2003	12828244
warble fly survey results, 2002/03.		2003	12877221
dehorning cattle.		2003	12877223
average milk quality data for great britain.		2003	12877224
genetic diversity among escherichia coli o157:h7 isolates from bovines living on farms in england and wales.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of escherichia coli o157:h7 isolates (n = 228) from 122 healthy animals on 11 farms discriminated 57 types. most clones were found only on individual farms. numerous clones were found within each farm, with a prevalent clone normally found in several animals. a variety of clones were found within the different phage types.	2003	12904402
some thoughts on fmd vaccine, outbreaks.		2003	12930077
assessment of the welfare of dairy cattle using animal-based measurements: direct observations and investigation of farm records.	a protocol was developed by consultation with experts on the welfare of cattle to use direct observations of cattle and an examination of farm records to assess welfare. fifty-three dairy farms in england were visited and assessed during the winter of 2000/01. the findings were compiled and the results of the welfare measurements were examined by 50 experts who indicated at what level they considered that improvement was required. more than 75 per cent of them considered that 32 of the 53 farms ...	2003	12956296
effect of the rspca freedom food scheme on the welfare of dairy cattle.	to evaluate the effect of the royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals freedom food (ff) scheme on the welfare of dairy cattle in england, 28 ff and 25 non-ff farms were assessed during the winter of 2000 to 2001. the assessments were based on a protocol which included the examination of the farms' records, the farmers' estimates of the incidence of disease, and independent observations of the behaviour and physical condition of the cows. the data were analysed to identify which me ...	2003	12967145
modelling vaccination strategies against foot-and-mouth disease.	vaccination has proved a powerful defence against a range of infectious diseases of humans and animals. however, its potential to control major epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in livestock is contentious. using an individual farm-based model, we consider either national prophylactic vaccination campaigns in advance of an outbreak, or combinations of reactive vaccination and culling strategies during an epidemic. consistent with standard epidemiological theory, mass prophylactic vaccina ...	2003	12508120
foot and mouth disease and cryptosporidiosis: possible interaction between two emerging infectious diseases.	during 2001, a large outbreak of foot and mouth disease occurred in the united kingdom, during which approximately 2,030 confirmed cases of the disease were reported, >6 million animals were slaughtered, and strict restrictions on access to the countryside were imposed. we report a dramatic decline in the reported incidence of human cryptosporidiosis in northwest england during weeks 13-38 in 2001, compared with the previous 11 years. this decline coincided with the period of foot and mouth rest ...	2003	12533291
conditions in lairages at abattoirs for ruminants in southwest england and in vitro survival of escherichia coli o157, salmonella kedougou, and campylobacter jejuni on lairage-related substrates.	information on lairages (regarding design, construction materials, and use of bedding and cleaning regimes) was collected for 21 commercial cattle and/or sheep abattoirs in southwest england. overall, roughened or grooved concrete was the most common lairage flooring material. straw bedding was used in the majority of lairages and was changed between animal batches, daily, weekly, and monthly in roughly 5, 60, 15, and 10%, respectively, of the surveyed lairages. lairages were commonly washed wit ...	2003	14503707
fmd control strategies.		2003	14509580
long-term study of cryptosporidium prevalence on a lowland farm in the united kingdom.	a longitudinal sample survey testing for cryptosporidium in livestock and small wild mammals conducted over 6 years (1992-1997) on a lowland farm in warwickshire, england, has shown the parasite to be endemic and persistently present in all mammalian categories. faecal samples were taken throughout the year and oocysts concentrated by a formal ether sedimentation method for detection by immunofluorescence staining using a commercially available genus specific monoclonal antibody. cryptosporidium ...	2003	14519315
a longitudinal study of a natural lice infestation in growing cattle over two winter periods.	a group of 61 cattle which were naturally infested with lice was followed over two winter periods. data were collected on the number of lice found at various body sites over this period. summary statistics were produced and due to the repeated measured and hierarchical structure of the data, multi-level analysis was used to model the population dynamics of bovicola bovis and assess the influence of the various hierarchical levels. a four level poisson model was produced-level one, the individual ...	2003	14519329
"unfit for human consumption": tuberculosis and the problem of infected meat in late victorian britain.	by the 1890s, questions about tuberculous meat in britain served to transform the issue of infected meat from an ill-defined to a concrete threat. veterinarians, building on european inoculation (or transmission) experiments, played a prominent part in constructing the debate, with medical officers of health following. with the emergence of bacteriology in the 1880s, a consensus emerged about the dangers of tuberculous meat: robert koch's identification of the tubercle bacillus in 1882, and the ...	2003	14523263
prevalence of faecal excretion of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157 in cattle in england and wales.	during the decade to 1999, the incidence of human infections with the zoonotic pathogen verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) increased in england and wales. this paper describes the results of a survey of 75 farms to determine the prevalence of faecal excretion of vtec o157 by cattle, its primary reservoir host, in england and wales. faecal samples were collected from 4663 cattle between june and december 1999. the prevalence of excretion by individual cattle was 4.2 per cen ...	2003	14533765
spatio-temporal epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in two counties of great britain in 2001.	the spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal features of the 2001 british foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in selected areas within the counties of cumbria and devon, which experienced the greatest incidence of disease, are described using hazard functions, extraction mapping and the space-time k-function. in cumbria, the hazard of foot-and-mouth disease infection peaked at 2.8% in the week commencing 8 march 2001 and farm holdings in this area continued to be identified with disease to 12 septembe ...	2003	14554140
vtec o157 in cattle.		2003	14567669
fibropapillomatosis outbreak in calves.		2003	14627242
quantification of priming and co2 respiration sources following slurry-c incorporation into two grassland soils with different c content.	the fate of incorporated slurry-c was examined in a laboratory experiment using two uk grassland soils, i.e. a pelostagnogley (5.1 %c) and a brown earth (2.3 %c). c3 and c4 slurries were incorporated into these two wet-sieved (c3) soils (from 4-10 cm depth). gas samples were collected 0.2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 20, 30 and 40 days after slurry application and analyzed for co2 concentration and delta13c content. slurry incorporation into the soil strongly increased soil co2 respiration compared with t ...	2003	14648893
gangrenous mastitis in a dairy herd.		2003	14653348
the population structure of mycobacterium bovis in great britain: clonal expansion.	we have analyzed 11,500 isolates of mycobacterium bovis (the cause of tuberculosis in cattle and other mammals) isolated in great britain (england, wales and scotland)] and characterized by spoligotype. genetic exchange between cells is rare or absent in strains of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex so that, by using spoligotypes, it is possible to recognize "clones" with a recent common ancestor. the distribution of variable numbers of tandem repeats types in the most common clone in the da ...	2003	14657373
the impact of local heterogeneity on alternative control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease.	the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in the uk resulted in the death of nearly 10 million livestock at a cost that was estimated to be up to 8 billion pounds. owing to the controversy surrounding the epidemic, the question of whether or not alternative policies would have resulted in significantly better control of the epidemic remains of great interest. a hexagonal lattice simulation of fmd in cumbria is used to address the central question of whether or not better use could have b ...	2003	14728777
genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of a campylobacter coli population isolated from dairy farmland in the united kingdom.	campylobacter infections are the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans, and nearly 8% of such infections are caused by campylobacter coli. most studies have concentrated on campylobacter jejuni, frequently isolated from intensively farmed poultry and livestock production units, and few studies have examined the spread and relatedness of campylobacter across a range of geographical and host boundaries. systematic sampling of a 100-km2 area of mixed farmland in northwest england yield ...	2004	14766560
a generic spreadsheet model of a disease epidemic with application to the first 100 days of the 2001 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the uk.	a generic, stochastic spreadsheet model was developed to calculate the number of cases within the first 100 days of a propagating epidemic and with the ability to incorporate generic control measures. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epidemics were simulated with a range of assumptions about the number of cases incubating the disease on day 1 and the efficiency of control measures. particularly severe epidemics resulted from scenarios with low efficiency of control measures and high numbers incubati ...	2004	14975391
quantitative estimates of the risk of new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease as a result of burning pyres.	the risk of dispersing foot-and-mouth disease virus into the atmosphere, and spreading it to susceptible holdings as a result of burning large numbers of carcases together on open pyres, has been estimated for six selected pyres burned during the 2001 outbreak in the uk. the probability of an animal or holding becoming infected was dependent on the estimated level of exposure to the virus predicted from the concentrations of virus calculated by the met office, bracknell. in general, the probabil ...	2004	14979669
variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease and the acquired and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	in 1995 a fatal epidemic of spongiform encephalopathy appeared in great britain. the new epidemic condition was clinically and pathologically similar to creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), a rare sporadic encephalopathy, and was called "variant cjd" (vcjd). the vcjd epidemic was detected by active epidemiologic surveillance, which had been set up in response to a british epizootic of another new disease called "bovine spongiform encephalopathy" (bse). widespread cattle exposure to the bse agent (a ...	2004	14986255
ischaemic necrosis of the base of the teat in dairy cows.		2004	14994866
national survey for salmonella in pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain (1999-2000).	the objective of these surveys was to estimate the prevalence of faecal carriage of salmonella in healthy pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter, and of pig carcase contamination with salmonella. these data can be used as a baseline against which future change in salmonella prevalence in these species at slaughter can be monitored.	2004	15012813
factors influencing the incidence and scale of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in southwest england.	bovine tuberculosis (tb) in cattle is a major economic problem in britain. in the past 25 years, the infection has been concentrated in the southwest region of england. we investigated the effects of agricultural and farm-management characteristics on the occurrence and scale of tb in cattle in the region (1988-1996) using logistic and linear regression. factors relating to the existence of previous infection in cattle and the management of cattle and badgers are all linked to the incidence of t ...	2004	15099712
histophilus somni myocarditis in cattle in the uk.		2004	15160854
risk of foot-and-mouth disease associated with proximity in space and time to infected premises and the implications for control policy during the 2001 epidemic in cumbria.	an analysis was made that calculated the risk of disease for premises in the most heavily affected parts of the county of cumbria during the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the uk in 2001. in over half the cases the occurrence of the disease was not directly attributable to a recently infected premises being located within 1.5 km. premises more than 1.5 km from recently infected premises faced sufficiently high infection risks that culling within a 1.5 km radius of the infected premises alone ...	2004	15180396
identification and treatment of dermatophilosis in a cumbrian cattle herd.		2004	15180399
effects of three types of trace element supplementation on the fertility of three commercial dairy herds.	the effects on the fertility of three commercial dairy herds of three types of copper- and selenium-containing mineral supplements was investigated. as the cows on each farm were dried off they were allocated to one of three treatment groups, and treated with either subcutaneous injections of copper and selenium, or two matrix intraruminal trace element boluses, or two glass intraruminal trace element boluses. when the data from the 406 cows on the three farms were combined, there was a signific ...	2004	15198313
recent association of cattle botulism with poultry litter.		2004	15214523
assessment of pasteurisation of milk and cream produced by on-farm dairies using a fluorimetric method for alkaline phosphatase activity.	the alkaline phosphatase test is used as an indicator of adequate pasteurisation of milk and cream. a proprietary fluorimetric technique (fluorophos) is a sensitive and quantitative method for the determination of alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity in milk products. currently, adequate pasteurisation of milk products is regarded as confirmed in samples that contain a residual bovine alp activity of < or =500 mu/litre. this is equivalent to the statutory acceptable level of 4ug phenol/ml require ...	2004	15259408
polioencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in a heifer.		2004	15260453
disposal and disease rates in british dairy herds between april 1998 and march 2002.	data derived over four years from 434 dairy herds in 1998/99 to 244 in 2001/02 revealed average disposal rates of 22.6 per cent per year, half of which were for poor fertility, mastitis and lameness. the quartile of herds with the lowest disposal rates sold an average of 11.5 per cent annually and the quartile with the highest rates sold 35.5 per cent. average annual disease rates over the four years were as follows: for assisted calving 7.8 per cent, for digestive disease 1.2 per cent, for keto ...	2004	15285282
acetonaemia and displaced abomasum.		2004	15285289
characterisation of attaching-effacing escherichia coli isolated from animals at slaughter in england and wales.	escherichia coli isolates were recovered from faecal samples taken from cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in england and wales. isolates (n = 1227) selected at random from this collection were each hybridised in colony dot-blot experiments with an eae gene probe that presumptively identified attaching-effacing e. coli (aeec). of the 99 (8.1%) eae positive isolates 72 were of ovine origin, 24 were of bovine origin and three of porcine origin. none were typed as o157:h7 whereas 78 were assigned ...	2004	15288926
a chimeric bovine enteric calicivirus: evidence for genomic recombination in genogroup iii of the norovirus genus of the caliciviridae.	the norovirus genus of the caliciviridae encompasses viruses that cause outbreaks of gastroenteritis in human and viruses that have been associated with diarrhea in cattle. the two bovine noroviruses, bo/newbury2/76/uk and bo/jena/80/de, represent two distinct genetic clusters in the newly described genogroup iii. in the present study, jena-like polymerase sequences were identified for the first time in the uk, but one of these, bo/thirsk10/00/uk, was a chimeric virus. bo/thirsk10/00/uk had a je ...	2004	15302209
risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat.	uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the animal by-products regulations. this paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. th ...	2004	15311800
sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping.	we report a case-control study of sporadic cryptosporidiosis with genotyping of isolates from case-patients. a postal questionnaire was completed by 427 patients and 427 controls. we obtained genotyping data on isolates from 191 patients; 115 were cryptosporidium hominis, and 76 were c. parvum. when all cryptosporidiosis cases were analyzed, three variables were strongly associated with illness: travel outside the united kingdom, contact with another person with diarrhea, and touching cattle. ea ...	2004	15324544
is mad cow disease caused by a bacteria?	transmissible spongioform enchephalopathies (tse's), include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also called bse or "mad cow disease"), creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. they remain a mystery, their cause hotly debated. but between 1994 and 1996, 12 people in england came down with cjd, the human form of mad cow, and all had eaten beef from suspect cows. current mad cow diagnosis lies solely in the detection of late appearing "prions", an acronym for hypothesized, ge ...	2004	15325025
the use of markov chain monte carlo for analysis of correlated binary data: patterns of somatic cells in milk and the risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows.	two analytical approaches were used to investigate the relationship between somatic cell concentrations in monthly quarter milk samples and subsequent, naturally occurring clinical mastitis in three dairy herds. firstly, cows with clinical mastitis were selected and a conventional matched analysis was used to compare affected and unaffected quarters of the same cow. the second analysis included all cows, and in order to overcome potential bias associated with the correlation structure, a hierarc ...	2004	15325770
apparent subclinical hepatopathy due to excess copper intake in lactating holstein cattle.		2004	15328742
increased reporting of displaced abomasum.		2004	15328747
brucellosis outbreak: no evidence for further spread.		2004	15338703
tyre wire disease causes further losses in cornish cattle in june.		2004	15384502