Publications

lung mechanics with relation to pulmonary haemodynamics, gas exchange and extravascular lung water in mechanically ventilated endotoxaemic pigs.	in a porcine model employing a continuous i.v. infusion of e. coli endotoxin the pathophysiology of early adult respiratory distress syndrome was studied with main emphasis on the early changes in lung mechanics and their relation to changes in pulmonary haemodynamics, gas exchange and extravascular lung water in intermittent positive pressure ventilated (ippv) pigs under ketamine anaesthesia. six animals served as controls and revealed no major physiological changes. nine animals received endot ...	1986	3544623
photobiological activity of certain pyranocoumarin derivatives: potential agents for the photochemotherapy of psoriasis.	the photobiological properties of a series of pyranocoumarin derivatives having linear (xanthyletines) and angular structure (seselins) have been studied; while the linear derivative carrying the methyl geminal group, typical of the parent natural compound, appeared to be entirely inactive in all tests performed, very probably because of the steric hindrance in the dark interaction with dna, 4 substances lacking in this group showed a marked capacity for inhibiting dna synthesis in ehrlich cells ...	1986	3547353
[phospholipase a from the pancreas and e. coli].		1986	3547505
bacterial populations on dressed pig carcasses.	samples were collected at two abattoirs from four sites on pig carcasses as they were being placed in a chiller. bacteriological examination showed that no single sampling site could be used to assess the microbiological status of pig carcass surfaces. sampling from multiple sites on a carcass may be required to assess the degree of contamination by different bacteria. it is suggested that the hygiene of slaughtering and dressing of pig carcasses at an abattoir cannot be assessed on a single vis ...	1987	3549337
spacer alterations which increase the expression of porcine growth hormone in e. coli.	full-length porcine growth hormone (pgh) cdna clones were isolated from a porcine pituitary cdna library. when the coding portion of the pgh gene was cloned into an e. coli expression vector downstream from the powerful trc promoter, high levels of mrna, but no protein were detected. mutation directed by an oligodeoxynucleotide primer altered 5'-non-coding sequences and raised the level of pgh produced from undetectable to 15% of the total cellular protein. alteration of four codons infrequently ...	1987	3549357
influence of the hal locus and standardized stress on antibody response and in vitro reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in pigs.	the antibody response to two escherichia coli antigens (o149 and k88) and the in vitro reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) to pokeweed mitogen was studied in growing pigs after exposure to varying degrees of stress. three experimental groups were used; transportation by lorry, transportation by lorry after a previous injection of a tranquillizing drug (amperozide), no transportation but an amperozide injection. another group was used as a control group. this group was not transport ...	1987	3564363
association of enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis with diarrheal disease in young pigs.	enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis (etbf) was isolated from intestinal contents of 10 of 45 pigs with diarrhea. of 10 etbf-positive pigs, seven were 1 to 4 weeks of age, whereas three pigs had diarrhea after weaning (6 to 8 weeks of age). of ten pigs infected with etbf, nine were also infected with k88-positive escherichia coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, coccidia, or cryptosporidium. of 11 conventional pigs exposed to etbf at 1 to 2 days of age, two subsequently developed fatal postweaning diarr ...	1987	3592377
lipocortin-like anti-phospholipase a2 activity of endonexin.	endonexin (protein ii, 32.5 kda) has been purified to homogeneity from bovine liver in the following steps: selective extraction by egta from membranes precipitated with triton x-100/calcium; chromatography on deaf-tsk 545 at ph 7.0, endonexin being eluted at 0.1 m nacl; affinity chromatography on polyacrylamide-immobilized phosphatidylserine; gel filtration on tsk 3000. the amino acid composition was essentially similar to that previously reported. using [3h]oleic acid-labelled escherichia coli ...	1987	2953628
lipocortin inhibition of extracellular and intracellular phospholipases a2 is substrate concentration dependent.	hydrolysis of escherichia coli membrane phospholipids by pancreatic phospholipase a2 was inhibited by lipocortin from human monocytes in a substrate dependent manner. inhibition was completely overcome at substrate concentrations above 250 microm. lipocortin also inhibited partially purified preparations of two intracellular phospholipases a2 isolated from rat liver mitochondria and rat platelets when these enzymes were assayed at low micromolar concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine. inhibi ...	1987	2954856
a vaccine strain of pseudorabies virus with deletions in the thymidine kinase and glycoprotein x genes.	a pseudorabies virus (prv) mutant with deletions in genes for glycoprotein x (gx) and thymidine kinase, designated delta gx delta tk, was constructed and evaluated as a vaccine for protecting swine against prv-induced mortality. doses greater than or equal to 10(3) plaque-forming units (pfu) of this strain given to mice provided protection from challenge exposure with virulent prv. sera tested from mice inoculated with delta gx delta tk had high titers of neutralizing antibody to prv, but reacti ...	1987	2829665
functional genes for cellobiose utilization in natural isolates of escherichia coli.	the genes for utilization of cellobiose are normally cryptic in both laboratory strains and natural isolates of escherichia coli. a survey of natural isolates of e. coli reveals that functional genes for cellobiose utilization, while rare, are present. the fraction of e. coli that utilized cellobiose ranged from less than 0.01% in human fecal samples to 7% in fecal samples obtained from horses. samples obtained from sheep, cows, dogs, and pigs contained 0.1 to 0.5% cellobiose-positive e. coli. n ...	1987	3034866
acute changes in pancreatic insulin secretion and hepatic glucose kinetics in endotoxemic miniature pigs.	we have proposed a misinformed b-cell hypothesis to describe the effects of increased glucose flux across the pancreatic b cell early in endotoxemia, whereby those cells might misinterpret the true glycemic state and thus induce increased insulin release. this hypothesis was supported by the observations that [6-3h]glucose-derived rates of glucose disappearance increased before systemic hyperinsulinemia appeared in endotoxemic yucatan miniature pigs. reevaluation of this hypothesis later showed ...	1987	3296892
virulence factors in escherichia coli isolated from piglets with neonatal and post-weaning diarrhea in japan.	a total of 567 strains of escherichia coli were isolated from piglets with neonatal diarrhea (nd) or post-weaning diarrhea (pwd) in japan. they were investigated for enterotoxigenicity and possession of adhesins and o antigens. there were clear differences between the strains of nd origin and those of pwd origin in the occurrence of enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) strains, type of enterotoxin and frequency of adhesins: etec was found in 77 (25.7%) of 300 strains of nd origin and in 137 (51.3%) of ...	1987	3300012
volume substitution and treatment with prostaglandin e1 in a porcine model of endotoxaemia-induced pulmonary and cardiovascular failure.	the effects of prostaglandin e1 (pge1) and volume substitution (5% albumin) on pulmonary haemodynamics and oxygen transport were evaluated in a porcine model of pulmonary and cardiovascular failure. albumin was infused i.v. to maintain baseline mean left atrial pressure throughout the experiments. ten pigs received endotoxin + albumin and showed ten-fold increase in venous admixture, 90% increased extravascular lung water and 25% fall in cardiac output. oxygen delivery and base excess decreased ...	1987	3300118
[mixed coli-rotavirus and cryptosporidium infection in newborn piglets].	complex morphologic, parasitologic, virologic, and bacteriologic studies on pigs and fecal samples from pigs were carried out on a farm where an enteritis infection in newborn pigs was recorded. a mixed coli-rotavirus and cryptosporidium infection was established in 10--20-day-old pigs of the camborough hybrid with a clinically manifested enteritis syndrome. morphologically, the cryptosporidium component of the infection substantiated atrophic and dystrophic changes in the intestinal epithelium. ...	1987	3303656
enteric infections caused by non-enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in animals: occurrence and pathogenicity mechanisms. a review.	not all e. coli that cause diarrhoea in farm animals act by elaborating the classical heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins. these newly recognised animal enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) attach to and efface the microvilli of the gut epithelium and resemble the well known human epec. in rabbits, only this type of e. coli enteritis is known to be important and a similar disease has been shown to occur in cattle also. there is no doubt that adherence factors are important in the pathogenesis of ...	1987	3307126
[lyophilization of live ca-80 vaccine against coli enteritis in pigs].	a live vaccine against coli enteritis in pigs, ca-80, with a protection medium of 5 per cent hemodex, was successfully freeze-dried in ampoules or vials at the rate of 5 to 10 vaccinal doses each, the titer ranging from 10(9) to 10(10) live bacteria per cu. cm, of a 12-month shelf-life period. the vaccine was found to be innocuous for pigs, and was intended for active immunoprophylaxis on both infected and menaced farms and complexes, applying it to sows in the last third of the gestation period ...	1987	3307134
incidence of the aerobactin iron uptake system among escherichia coli isolates from infections of farm animals.	to assess the importance of aerobactin-mediated iron uptake as a bacterial virulence determinant in animal infections, a total of 576 strains of escherichia coli isolated from cattle, chickens, sheep and pigs were screened by colony hybridization to determine the presence of the aerobactin genetic determinants, and by a bioassay to detect aerobactin secretion in iron-limited conditions. results obtained by the two complementary methods correlated well. the incidence of the aerobactin system was ...	1987	3309175
[passive immunoprophylaxis of dysentery in suckling pigs using maternal vaccination with attenuated escherichia coli mutants. 2. clinical and laboratory results of the combined use of three k88-, k99- and 987-p-containing types derived from escherichia coli mutants].		1987	3314768
secretion of biologically active porcine prophospholipase a2 by saccharomyces cerevisiae. use of the prepro sequence of the alpha-mating factor.	the cdna coding for porcine pancreatic prophospholipase a2 (propla) has been cloned and expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae. expression and secretion of propla could only be obtained after fusing the propla to the prepro sequence of the yeast alpha-mating factor. upon secretion, the fusion protein was cleaved by the kex2 protease yielding a 140-amino-acid zymogen-like form of the phospholipase a2. this protein was purified in high yield by ion-exchange chromatography. limited proteolysis with ...	1987	3319617
verotoxin production among porcine strains of escherichia coli and its association with oedema disease.	strains of escherichia coli isolated from documented cases of disease in pigs and belonging to a wide range of pathogenic serotypes were tested for their ability to produce a heat labile verotoxin (vt). the strains isolated from oedema disease all produced vt, indicating that the cytotoxin detected by the vero-cell assay was identical to "oedema disease principle". strains belonging to the serotypes associated with enterotoxic diarrhoea were vt-. not all the strains belonging to the recognised o ...	1987	3320373
k88 variants k88ab, k88ac and k88ad in oral vaccination of different porcine adhesive phenotypes. immunological aspects.	sows of different adhesive phenotypes were vaccinated orally during the last 4 weeks of gestation with k88-positive escherichia coli. sows susceptible to adhesion by the k88 variant of the vaccination strain produced a significant iga-class specific anti-k88 response in colostrum and milk and post-farrowing serum. indications for an igm and igg-class specific anti-k88 response were also found in this group but only in milk. in sows resistant to adhesion by the k88 variant of the vaccination stra ...	1987	3324461
rapid fluorogenic enumeration of escherichia coli in selected, naturally contaminated high moisture foods.	an assay for the enzyme glucuronidase was used to determine the presence of escherichia coli in selected, naturally contaminated high moisture foods. raw pork sausage, ground turkey, and ground beef were inoculated into tubes containing the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d-glucuronide (mug) in lauryl tryptose (lt) medium. after incubation at 35 degrees c for 24 h, the inoculated lt-mug tubes were examined under longwave ultraviolet light for the presence of a fluorogenic glucuronidase end p ...	1987	3325491
the elimination of furazolidone and its open-chain cyano-derivative from adult swine.	1. a sensitive method for the determination of 3-(4-cyano-2-oxobutylidene amino)-2-oxazolidone, the open-chain cyano-derivative of the veterinary drug furazolidone, in swine plasma and tissues is described. 2. after dosing adult swine orally with furazolidone (690 mg/animal per day) for 10 days no furazolidone was detected in liver, kidney and muscle (less than 2 ng/g). the half life of furazolidone as measured from the terminal phase of the plasma curves was 45 minutes. in urine, small amounts ...	1987	3326298
[modification of isolated malate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase by e. coli endotoxin].		1987	3326321
[serotype characterization of escherichia coli potentially producing enterotoxins in foods].	the incidence of serotypes of escherichia coli usually described as enterotoxins producer was investigated in 137 samples of food from different origins (animal and vegetal). the serological analysis of the somatic "o", capsular "k" and flagellar "h" antigens in 265 isolates of escherichia coli resulted in the characterization of 34 strains, distributed in 12 serotypes. these organisms were obtained from 24 samples of food of animal origin. a possible association with epidemiological markers for ...	1987	3333809
bacterial lectins, cell-cell recognition and infectious disease.	numerous bacterial strains produce surface lectins, commonly in the form of fimbriae that are filamentous assemblies of protein subunits. among the best characterized of these are the type 1 (mannose specific) fimbrial lectins of escherichia coli that consist almost exclusively of one class of subunit with a molecular mass of 17 kda. they possess an extended combining site corresponding to a trisaccharide and preferentially bind carbohydrate units of oligomannose or hybrid type. type 1 fimbriae ...	1987	2885220
inheritance of k88-mediated adhesion of escherichia coli to jejunal brush borders in pigs: a genetic analysis.	the transmission and genetic organization of the adhesion of the serological variants of the k88 adhesin in the jejunum of the pig were investigated. the results of 28 matings of 5 boars with 15 sows are presented. on the basis of previous studies it has been accepted that the presence of specific receptor sites for k88ab and k88ac depends on a gene locus with 2 alleles s and s. the presence of additional receptor sites for k88ad is now presumed to depend on a separate locus with the alleles d a ...	1987	2897739
inhibition of adhesive activity of k88 fibrillae by peptides derived from the k88 adhesin.	a cyanogen bromide fragment derived from the k88ab adhesin inhibited the hemagglutinating activity of k88 fibrillae. smaller fragments which inhibited the adherence of k88 fibrillae to erythrocytes or to intestinal epithelial cells were obtained by digestion of k88ab fibrillae with alpha-chymotrypsin. active peptides were isolated from the digestion mixture and identified as ser-leu-phe and ala-ile-phe. both tripeptides correspond to the peptide stretches ser-148-leu-phe-150 and ala-156-ile-phe- ...	1987	2879831
f41 pili as protective antigens of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli that produce f41, k99, or both pilus antigens.	pigs suckling dams that have been vaccinated with pilus antigen are protected against challenge with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) strains that express the same pilus antigen. however, some etec strains express more than one pilus antigen. pregnant swine were vaccinated either with e. coli hb101 that harbored a recombinant plasmid coding for f41 expression (f41+) or with the hb101 parent strain that carries the phc79 vector (f41-). suckling pigs born to vaccinated dams were challenged ...	1987	2880807
use of monoclonal antibodies to probe subunit- and polymer-specific epitopes of 987p fimbriae of escherichia coli.	the relationship between the structure and biological function of 987p fimbriae of a strain of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (o9:k103:h-) from piglets was investigated. a set of four monoclonal antibodies was prepared from the spleen cells of mice immunized with isolated 987p fimbriae. antibodies e11, d5, and c3, but not g10, reacted in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with 987p fimbriae-bearing e. coli. electron microscopy showed that e11 and d5 reacted in a discrete periodic pattern formi ...	1987	2881894
influence of the lysosomal elastase inhibitor eglin on the development of interstitial lung edema in e. coli bacteremia in pigs.	infusion of 3 x 10(10) live e. coli cells into anesthetized piglets induced severe septicemia with characteristic alterations in systemic and pulmonary circulation, lung function and morphology, blood cell counts and plasma protein composition. the simultaneous infusion of the elastase-cathepsin g inhibitor, r-eglin c, in a doses of 3.85 mg/kg x h for 4 hrs, reduced mortality, plasma protein consumption, and accumulation of interstitial fluid in the lungs. these findings are in favour of the con ...	1987	2441402
c1-esterase inhibitor in early septicemia.	in bacteremic pigs, both administered human c1inh and endogenous c1inh lost inhibitory activity. in septic pigs which received human c1inh a difference between immunologically determined concentration and inhibitory activity of c1inh became apparent. in animals which survived at least 24 hrs the c1inh activity showed an acute phase response. in a model of e. coli bacteremia in weaned pigs administration of human c1inh showed protective effects on lung capillary permeability as well as less leuco ...	1987	2441404
coagulation and fibrinolytic reactions in experimental porcine septic shock: pretreatment with different antiplatelet factors.	the aim of this study was to investigate the influence on various hemostatic factors (alpha 2-macroglobulin, antiplasmin, antithrombin iii, prothrombin-proconvertin activity, fibrinogen concentration, ethanol gelation test, and fibrinolytic activity on fibrin plates) of bacteremic shock in swine and the influence on these factors of drugs interfering with platelet function. anesthetized pigs were given live escherichia coli intravenously (n = 49) or ringer's solution (n = 7) and were monitored f ...	1987	2443265
molecular cloning of cdna for rat liver general acyl coa dehydrogenase and homology between the rat liver and pig kidney enzymes.	cdna clone for general acyl coa dehydrogenase (gad) was isolated from a rat liver cdna expression library in lambda gt11 using anti-pig kidney gad antibody. size of the isolated cdna was estimated to be 1.5-1.6 kb. by immunological analysis of fusion protein and epitope selection, the cdna clone was identified as that containing the gad gene. partial amino acid sequence deduced from nucleotide sequence of the cdna coincided with that of the pig kidney enzyme. the antibody cross-reacted with rat ...	1987	2449213
immunological characterization of thioltransferase from pig liver.	polyclonal antibodies against pig liver thioltransferase were raised in a new zealand rabbit. these antibodies completely neutralized the thioltransferase activity of the homogeneous enzyme and that in the crude cytosolic homogenate at an equivalent titer. the antibodies also cross-reacted equally with calf thymus glutaredoxin and calf liver thioltransferase, but not with escherichia coli thioredoxin, suggesting that thioltransferase and glutaredoxin from the same species are identical. immunobl ...	1988	2454232
virulence factors in escherichia coli strains isolated from swedish piglets with diarrhea.	parenteral vaccination of sows against escherichia coli diarrhea in their newborn piglets has become more common during the last decade in sweden, and the vaccination has generally had positive effects. for more than 20 years we have investigated e. coli strains isolated from piglets and weaned pigs with enteric disorders, noting the presence of o groups, enterotoxins, and adhesins. there has been a continuous change in the frequency of these virulence factors. the present study was performed du ...	1988	2454939
a point mutation abolishes binding of camp to site a in the regulatory subunit of camp-dependent protein kinase.	each regulatory subunit of camp-dependent protein kinase has two tandem camp-binding sites, a and b, at the carboxyl terminus. based on sequence homologies with the camp-binding domain of the escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein, a model has been constructed for each camp-binding domain. two of the conserved features of each camp-binding site are an arginine and a glutamic acid which interact with the negatively charged phosphate and with the 2'-oh on the ribose ring, respectively. ...	1988	2898473
expression of k99 adhesion antigen controlled by the escherichia coli tryptophan operon promoter.	the genetic determinant for the k99 adhesin of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli b41 [o101:k99] has been cloned as a 7.0-kilobase bamhi-generated dna fragment into the vector pbr322 by us and others (j. d. a. van embden, f. k. de graaf, l. m. schouls, and j. s. teppma, infect. immun. 29:1125-1133, 1980). cells harboring one such construction, known as pk99-64, are capable of expressing k99 antigen on the cell surface. we replaced the natural promoter sequence for the gene encoding the k99 pilus s ...	1988	2900812
purification of k88 and k99 pili from porcine enterotoxigenic escherichia coli by affinity chromatography.		1988	2902241
prevalence of fimbrial antigens and enterotoxins in nonclassical serogroups of escherichia coli isolated from newborn pigs with diarrhea.	ninety-nine nonclassical serogroups isolated from newborn pigs with neonatal diarrhea were tested for fimbrial antigens f4(k88), f5(k99), f6(987p), f41, and f165, and for heat-labile enterotoxin, heat-stable enterotoxin a (sta), heat-stable enterotoxin b, verocytotoxin, and cytolethal-distending toxin. thirty-two strains, belonging mostly to serogroups o64:k"v142,", o9:k103, and o20:k101, were f5-positive and usually produced sta, although 5 strains produced only heat-stable enterotoxin b. fifte ...	1988	2902817
production, purification and partial characterization of a new adhesive factor (f42) produced by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli isolated from pigs.	production of the f42 adhesive factor by porcine enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) grown on minimal solid medium was glucose-dependent. the addition of alanine and sodium acetate to this medium repressed the expression of this antigen whose production was also inhibited when the ph of the growing medium was lower than 7.4. the antigen was extracted from f42-positive etec grown in minimal liquid medium supplemented with 0.5% glucose. the cells were suspended in buffered 1 m nacl and heated ...	1988	2902868
[pilus type, hemagglutination titer and hemolysin production of escherichia coli isolated from urogenital infections].		1988	2907594
an epimerase-reductase in l-fucose synthesis.	the first committed enzyme in gdp-l-fucose formation from gdp-d-mannose is gdp-d-mannose 4,6-dehydratase, which forms gdp-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose. the uncertain enzymatic steps beyond this point were examined in this study. assays were developed for the epimerase and reductase activities which the putative pathway would predict. a protein was isolated exhibiting homogeneity by several criteria. this single protein, which forms gdp-l-fucose from gdp-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose and nadh, appears to ...	1988	3338988
[serotypes of enteroinvasive escherichia coli in china].	results of identification and serotyping of enteroinvasive escherichia in china from 13 provinces in china in 1984-85 were reproted.	1988	3044604
inhibition of attachment of escherichia coli rdec-1 to intestinal microvillus membranes by rabbit ileal mucus and mucin in vitro.	intestinal mucus is postulated to play a role in preventing colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by microbial pathogens. to evaluate the ability of both crude mucus and purified mucin, a glycoprotein of goblet cell origin, to inhibit mucosal adherence of enteric pathogens, we examined whether mucus and mucin derived from rabbit ileum interact with the rabbit enteropathogen escherichia coli rdec-1. we examined the manner in which mucus and mucin inhibited adherence of bacteria to rabbit ile ...	1988	3045000
inhibition of parathyroid hormone bioactivity by human parathyroid hormone (pth)-(3-84) and pth-(8-84) synthesized in escherichia coli.	human pth (hpth)-(3-84) and hpth-(8-84) were synthesized in escherichia (e.) coli when the cells were transformed with a multicopy plasmid in which the transcription of human prepropth cdna is directed by the e. coli lac promoter. pth fragments were extracted from cells and purified by reverse phase hplc. pth bioactivity and pth antagonist activity were estimated in a renal cytochemical bioassay. hpth-(3-84) and hpth-(8-84) exhibited less than 1% and less than 0.1%, respectively, of the biologic ...	1988	3046927
[detection of thermolabile enterotoxins of escherichia coli with the vero cell test, ganglioside (gm1)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and latex agglutination test--a comparative study].		1988	3048243
characteristics of verotoxigenic escherichia coli from pigs.	porcine verotoxigenic escherichia coli were characterized with respect to frequency of occurrence, serogroup, and association with disease, weaning, and selected properties of the bacterium. of 668 strains of e. coli from southern ontario pigs with enteric disease, 32 (4.8%) produced verotoxin at 10(3)-10(7) cytotoxic doses per ml of culture supernatant. of 22 isolates which belonged to o serogroups 138, 139 and 141, 15 produced verotoxin. among other enterotoxigenic types of e. coli, two of 57 ...	1988	3048621
characters of escherichia coli 078 isolated from septicaemic animals.	twenty-one escherichia coli isolates of serogroup 078 from animal septicaemia were obtained from laboratories in france, england and canada. the bacteria were compared for outer membrane protein (omp) patterns, lipopolysaccharide patterns, surface proteins of fimbrial types, biotypes, antibiotypes, colicin production, hydroxamate production and virulence in mice. sixteen isolates from bovine, ovine, porcine and avian species in france and england had a similar omp pattern. this characteristic as ...	1988	3055657
escherichia coli sepsis and endotoxemia in conscious young pigs.	in conscious pigs the influence of intravenous infusion of live e. coli (7 x 10(8)/kg), of the equivalent amount of endotoxin (20 micrograms/kg) or of a high dose of endotoxin (2.5 mg/kg) on the hemodynamic, clinical and pathological parameters and on survival rate was studied. e. coli and endotoxin infusion resulted in pulmonary hypertension, systemic arterial hypotension, a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in heart rate. clinical signs were characterized by respiratory and nervous di ...	1988	3057723
towards a live oral vaccine against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli of swine.	a live oral vaccine has been developed against scouring induced in piglets by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec). an attenuated strain of salmonella typhimurium, g30, has been used as a vector for plasmids encoding the production of the fimbrial colonization factors of porcine etec. initial studies with clones expressing k88 or k99 fimbriae have shown them to be well tolerated when administered orally in very high doses. the clones elicited serum, colostral and milk antibodies to the fimbri ...	1988	3057757
development and protective efficacy of a recombinant-dna derived fimbrial vaccine against enterotoxic colibacillosis in neonatal piglets.	a vaccine containing escherichia coli fimbriae produced by recombinant-dna techniques was tested in controlled challenge trials and in commercial piggeries experiencing neonatal enterotoxic colibacillocis. in the challenge trials, piglets suckling vaccinated sows were significantly protected from diarrhoea and colonization of the small intestine by enterotoxigenic e. coli. high titres of anti-fimbrial igg antibody were detected in the serum and colostrum of vaccinated sows and in serum of their ...	1988	3057758
no effects of high intake of nitrate in drinking-water on urinary mutagenicity and cytogenetic tests in pigs.		1988	3061980
effect of acupuncture on young pigs with induced enteropathogenic escherichia coli diarrhea.	thirty-four preweaning pigs with induced enteropathogenic escherichia coli diarrhea were treated with electroacupuncture, traditional acupuncture, or neomycin. in the group treated with electroacupuncture, points gv-1, bilateral st-36, and bai-hui were stimulated electrically. in the group treated with traditional acupuncture, points gv-1, bilateral st-36, bl-20, bulb points, bilateral ear tip, and shan-gen were used. acupuncture points cv-12 and bilateral st-25 also were treated with moxibustio ...	1988	3066247
[preservation of virulent properties of pathogenic escherichia in environmental objects].		1988	3066703
human c5a anaphylatoxin: gene synthesis, expression, and recovery of biologically active material from escherichia coli.		1988	3067055
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli serotype o8:kx105 and o8:k"2829" strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea.	twelve pathogenic and seven nonpathogenic enterotoxigenic escherichia coli strains which were previously identified as belonging to serogroup o8:kx105 (a. broes, j. m. fairbrother, s. larivière, m. jacques, and w. m. johnson, infect. immun. 56:241-246, 1988) were further examined for their phenotypic and genotypic properties. only the 12 pathogenic strains were confirmed to possess the capsular antigen kx105. the seven nonpathogenic strains did not possess this antigen and thus were incorrectly ...	1988	3069863
effects of weaning on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in three-week-old pigs.	we attempted to determine whether weaning is required for induction of diarrhea in pigs with postweaning enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infection. three-week-old newly weaned pigs and their suckling littermates were inoculated with the k88+ enterotoxigenic e coli strain m1823b. fourteen of 21 weaned and 12 of 20 suckling pigs were genetically resistant to intestinal adhesion by the k88+ strain of e coli; they remained healthy, and gained weight at similar rates. both groups of k88-resistant pi ...	1988	3071192
evolutionary relationships among the malate dehydrogenases.		1988	3076279
pig heart calpastatin: identification of repetitive domain structures and anomalous behavior in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.	isolation and nucleotide sequencing of the complementary dna for pig heart calpastatin have been completed. the amino acid sequence of 713 residues predicted from the nucleotide sequence contains five domains, each composed of approximately 140 amino acid residues. a unique n-terminal domain is followed by four mutually homologous domains. the best fit alignment of these four domains gives residue identities between any two domains of 22.5-36.0%. the analysis of the sequence similarities by seve ...	1988	2837276
analysis of structure-function relationship of pig calpastatin by expression of mutated cdnas in escherichia coli.	structure-function relationships in pig calpastatin were investigated. calpastatin is an endogenous inhibitor protein specifically acting on calpains (ca2+-dependent cysteine endopeptidases). we recently cloned and sequenced the cdna for pig heart calpastatin and determined the amino acid sequence of the molecule from the nucleotide sequence. various deletion mutants in one of the four internally repetitive domains (domain 3, approximately 140 amino acid residues) were created by in vitro site-d ...	1988	2839481
purification of the sendai virus nonstructural c protein expressed in e. coli, and preparation of antiserum against c protein.	an expression plasmid, ptac-c, was constructed by inserting the cdna of the coding region of the sendai virus nonstructural c protein downstream of the tac promoter of e. coli expression plasmid ptac12-bam. a new protein produced in e. coli after induction was purified to near homogeneity. the purified protein was found to be identical with the c protein predicted from the c gene cdna in molecular weight, isoelectric point, amino acid composition, and the amino acid sequence at the n-terminal of ...	1988	2850779
purification and characterization of phospholipase a2 inhibitory proteins from pig thyroid gland.	a 32 kda phospholipase a2 inhibitory protein was isolated from pig thyroid gland after calcium precipitation and fast protein liquid anion-exchange chromatography. sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the purity of the protein. the protein activity was assessed by the inhibition of pancreatic phospholipase a2 on [3h]oleic acid-labelled escherichia coli membranes as substrate and on the prostaglandin e2 production of cultured thyroid cells. the amino acid composition and the isoelectri ...	1988	2969830
a new spectrophotometric assay for citrate synthase and its use to assess the inhibitory effects of palmitoyl thioesters.	we have demonstrated that citrate synthase may be assayed by a simple, discontinuous, spectrophotometric procedure based on the measurement of oxaloacetate utilization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. the assay is applicable both to the purified enzyme and to cell extracts, and has the advantage that it can be used in the presence of high concentrations of thiols and thioesters. we have used this new assay in part of our investigations into the inhibitory effects of palmitoyl thioesters on diver ...	1988	3137924
the g protein-gated atrial k+ channel is stimulated by three distinct gi alpha-subunits.	the guanine nucleotide-binding protein, gi, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase, has recently been shown to have three subtypes of the alpha-subunit, termed gi alpha-1, gi alpha-2 and gi alpha-3. they share 87-94% amino-acid sequence homology and so are difficult to separate from one another. among other functions, purified preparations activate k+ channels but there is confusion over which of the subtypes activates the muscarinic k+ channels of the atrial muscle of the heart: gi alpha-3, also terme ...	1988	3143915
effect of an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist on experimentally induced diarrhoea in newly-weaned piglets.		1988	3146182
fever and changes in plasma zinc and iron concentrations in the sow.		1988	3155445
isolation of streptococcus suis from diseased pigs in canada.	a total of 260 isolates of streptococci collected over a 9-year period from diseased pigs submitted for necropsy were studied. seventy-seven percent of isolates were identified as s. suis and 32% of s. suis isolates were retrieved in pure culture. s. suis was found more frequently in lungs and was often isolated in conjunction with actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, pasteurella multocida, escherichia coli and other microorganisms. a total of 151 (76%) of s. suis isolates could be serotyped within ...	1988	3176314
pig bite injuries and infection: report of seven human cases.	six patients developed local infection after being bitten or gored by swine. wounding was often deep and occurred characteristically on the posterior aspect of the thigh. severity of infection varied from simple wound infection with discharge and slough to cellulitis and abscess formation; pathogens included haemolytic streptococci, pasteurellae, bacteroides sp., proteus sp. and escherichia coli and were usually isolated in mixed culture. a patient with pasteurella aerogenes infection appears to ...	1988	3215292
managemental influences on the selective proliferation of two strains of haemolytic escherichia coli in weaned pigs.	in an experimental study on a piggery it was found that haemolytic escherichia coli of o-serotypes 138 or 139 proliferated in the intestinal tracts of pigs following weaning, with e. coli of the o-138 type also being occasionally recovered from unweaned pigs, and once from a sow. organisms of the o-138 type produced heat labile enterotoxin and their presence in weaned pigs was associated with the development of severe post-weaning diarrhoea. e. coli of o-139 type produced a vero cell cytotoxin a ...	1988	3281853
detection of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in piggeries in victoria by dna hybridisation using k88, k99, lt, st1 and st2 probes.	rectal swabs collected from piglets with diarrhoea from commercial pig farms were examined for the presence of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) using dna hybridisation methods. the probes specifically detected genes for the k88 and k99 fimbrial antigens and the heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. dna hybridisation methods detected more etec than could be detected by either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) or slide agglutination methods, and also offered the opportunity to t ...	1988	3287758
synthesis, purification, and active site mutagenesis of recombinant porcine pepsinogen.	in order to carry out studies on structure and function relationships of porcine pepsinogen using site-directed mutagenesis approaches, the cdna of this zymogen was cloned, sequenced, expressed in escherichia coli, and the protein refolded, and purified to homogeneity. porcine pepsinogen cdna, obtained from a lambda gt10 cdna library of porcine stomach contains 1364 base pairs. it contains leader, pro, and pepsin regions of 14, 44, and 326 residues, respectively. in addition, it also contains 5' ...	1989	2494172
effects of exogenous amino acids on the multiplication of porcine escherichia coli.	the multiplication rates of 70 porcine escherichia coli strains were compared in minimal medium and in medium supplemented with aspartic acid, lysine, serine and threonine, which were the amino acids taken up during multiplication of porcine e. coli in a complex medium. the effects of these amino acids singly or in combinations and the amino acids norleucine and norvaline on the growth of porcine e. coli were studied. together, aspartic acid, threonine, serine and lysine increased the multiplica ...	1989	2497578
effect of chlorpromazine on experimental diarrhoea in just-weaned piglets.	in just-weaned piglets (n = 30, 3-4 weeks) diarrhoea (100%) and vomiting (66%) were provoked by inoculation with transmissible gastroenteritis virus and enterotoxigenic e. coli strains (o149: k91: k88ac; lt, sta and stb enterotoxin positive). this combined infection resulted in a mortality of 71% within 7 days. during this period animals revealed a decrease in body weight, in arterial pressure, in leukocyte count, in plasma ph and in plasma lactic acid concentrations, and an increase in heart ra ...	1989	2501952
a possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect of endotoxin on adenylate cyclase.	the possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect of endotoxin on adenylate cyclase was investigated. plasma membranes were isolated from porcine thyroid gland and rat liver. the effects of endotoxin on adenylate cyclase activity was determined. the adenylate cyclase activity followed in the presence of various concentrations of guanosine-imidodiphosphate (5 x 10(-8)-10(-6) m) and naf (0.1-10 mm) was markedly inhibited by endotoxin. moreover, the basal activity of adenylate cyclase was inhibited s ...	1989	2518620
a 32 kda lipocortin from human mononuclear cells appears to be identical with the placental inhibitor of blood coagulation.	a 32 kda protein isolated from human mononuclear cells is a member of the lipocortin family, a new group of ca2+-dependent lipid-binding proteins thought to be involved in the regulation of phospholipase a2, in exocytosis and in membrane-cytoskeleton interactions. purification of this protein was based on its ability to associate with membrane phospholipids in a ca2+-dependent manner and its capacity to inhibit purified phospholipase a2 from pig pancreas. using immunological detection, we show t ...	1989	2532007
comparative analysis of the genomes of intestinal spirochetes of human and animal origin.	the aim of the present work was to compare the genomes of 21 strains of intestinal spirochetes, which were isolated from patients suffering intestinal disorders, with those of treponema hyodysenteriae (strain p18), the known etiological agent of swine dysentery (bloody scours), and of a nonpathogenic strain (m1) of treponema innocens. the percent guanine-plus-cytosine value of the 23 dnas was found to be 25.5 to 30.1, as determined by a double-labeling procedure based on nick-translation by dna ...	1989	2535832
site-directed mutagenesis of pro-17 located in the glycine-rich region of adenylate kinase.	proline 17 in the glycine-rich region of adenylate kinase was replaced by gly (the gly-mutant) or val (the val-mutant) by site-directed mutagenesis. the mutant enzymes were purified to homogeneous states on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis after solubilization of the proteins from the pellets of cell lysates of escherichia coli. the apparent km values of the gly- and the val-mutants for amp increased approximately 7- and 24-fold, respectively, as compared with that of the wild-type enz ...	1989	2536029
a new compound, withangulatin a, promotes type ii dna topoisomerase-mediated dna damage.	withangulatin a, a new compound with a known chemical structure and from the antitumor chinese herb physalis angulata l, was found to act on topoisomerase ii to induce topoisomerase ii-mediated dna damage in vitro. it has two effective dosage ranges of approximate 0.5 and 20 microm, with about one-third the activity of 20 microm vm-26.	1989	2539141
transfer of plasmid hly in vivo in pigs intestine.	the results of our study suggest the in vivo transfer of hly plasmid from native pathogenic and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli strain to autochtonous escherichia coli, using ileal loop test. to confirm this hypothesis phly::tn5 and phly::tn3 were obtained using an in vitro recombination method, and introduced to escherichia coli laboratory strain. for experiments the laboratory strain, carrying phly::tn5 and phly::tn3 and phly::tn5 strain which acquired k88(f4) by means of conjugation, were us ...	1989	2550170
modulatory activity of 9-hydroxy- and 9-hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acid towards reactive oxygen species from guinea-pig pulmonary macrophages.	as guinea-pig pulmonary macrophages (pm) synthesize the linoleic acid metabolite 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (9-oh-lin) under non-stimulated conditions in relatively large quantities, we investigated whether this product has an effect on the macrophage's own phagocytic cell function. 9-oh-lin, and also its hydroperoxy precursor 9-hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acid (9-ooh-lin), influenced the generation of pm chemiluminescence, a measure of the production of reactive oxygen species. the generati ...	1989	2550227
opossum kidney contains a functional receptor for the escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin.	the escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (st1 or sta) binds to specific receptors on mammalian intestinal brush border membranes, and stimulates guanylate cyclase in those membranes. we have found a similar signal transduction system in brush border membranes prepared from kidney cortex of the american opossum (didelphis virginiana, and in a cell line (ok cell) derived from that tissue. activation of guanylate cyclase by st1 is therefore not limited to intestinal cells. furthermore, since it ...	1989	2564275
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase is the cyclosporin a-binding protein cyclophilin.	peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (ppiase) catalyses the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and has been shown to accelerate the refolding of several proteins in vitro. its activity has been detected in yeast, insects and escherichia coli as well as in mammals, and it is though to be essential for protein folding during protein synthesis in the cell. we purified ppiase from pig kidney and found that its amino-acid sequence is identical to that reported for ...	1989	2644542
antibodies to escherichia coli j5 core glycolipids in gnotobiotic and conventionally reared piglets.	antibody titers to escherichia coli j5 endotoxin core glycolipids were determined in 5-week-old, unvaccinated, conventionally reared and gnotobiotic pigs in a micro-elisa. both groups of pigs had naturally occurring antibody of all major isotypes. the conventionally reared pigs had significantly (p less than 0.05) more serum antibody to j5 endotoxin glycolipids (geometric mean titer, gmt = 2.07) than gnotobiotes (gmt = 0.85). this relationship was not necessarily true in fluids from various anat ...	1989	2655265
conjunctival oxygen tension monitoring in experimental septic shock.	continuous non-invasive monitoring of conjunctival oxygen tension (pcjo2) versus 'conventional' invasive hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables was evaluated in a porcine model of septic shock induced by a continuous i.v. infusion of e. coli endotoxin over 2 hours. seventeen pigs under ketamine anesthesia and breathing air spontaneously were investigated. pcjo2, which reflects local oxygen tension at tissue level, correlated significantly at baseline and throughout the septic course with mix ...	1989	2656892
complement depletion with naje haje cobra venom factor limits prostaglandin release and improves visceral perfusion in porcine endotoxic shock.	we tested the hypothesis that complement (c')-dependent release of prostaglandin (pg) i2 is an important factor contributing to the development of hypotension and low systemic vascular resistance index (svri) in endotoxic shock. two groups (n = 7) of pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs (12-15 kg) were infused over 40 min with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps; 200 micrograms/kg) and continuously resuscitated with normal saline (1 ml/kg min): lps-control (no pretreatment) and lps-decomplemente ...	1989	2668544
molecular cloning and characterization of chromosomal virulence region kcpa of shigella flexneri.	in shigella flexneri, in addition to several well-recognized plasmid-borne virulence loci, at least three genetic loci implicated in pathogenesis have been recognized on the chromosome. to understand more about the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery at a molecular level, the genetically recognized but previously unidentified kcpa region (one of the chromosomal regions near pure) was cloned and sequenced. a single translatable open reading frame encoding a 12310 dalton protein corresponding to t ...	1989	2668687
effects of escherichia coli shiga-like toxins (verotoxins) in pigs.	escherichia coli k12 strains tb1(pcg5), with the genes for shiga-like toxin iiv from an edema disease isolate of e. coli and tb1(pcg5-1), with the toxin genes inactivated by transposon mutagenesis, were used to test the hypothesis that shiga-like toxin iiv was the same as edema disease principle. ammonium sulfate precipitated culture supernatants from the pair of e. coli k12 strains and from a wild edema disease isolate of e. coli (e145) were tested for their ability to induce signs and lesions ...	1989	2670167
effect of antisecretory drugs on experimentally induced weanling diarrhoea in piglets.	in 45 newly-weaned 3 to 4-week-old piglets, diarrhoea was induced by a combined infection with transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus and enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) strains. in untreated control animals this dual inoculation resulted in profuse diarrhoea, vomiting, hypovolaemic shock and death of 77% of the animals within five days of tge virus inoculation. antisecretory drugs were administered intramuscularly for three consecutive days after experimental infection. the neurolepticum chlo ...	1989	2672557
immunoserological comparison of 104-kilodalton proteins associated with hemolysis and cytolysis in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, actinobacillus suis, pasteurella haemolytica, and escherichia coli.	a homologous polyclonal antibody was produced in a rabbit to the 104-kilodalton (kda) protein hemolysin of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 strain cm-5. in immunoblots, this antibody recognized a similar 104-kda protein produced in culture supernatants by a. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 to 12 and taxon "minor group" in addition to pasteurella haemolytica, actinobacillus suis, and alpha-hemolysin-producing escherichia coli (but only weakly in the latter two organisms). these results wer ...	1989	2674017
cloning and expression of the pasteurella multocida toxin gene, toxa, in escherichia coli.	a chromosomal dna library of a toxigenic type d strain of pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida was established in escherichia coli. from this library two clones, spe308 and spe312, were identified by using a monoclonal antibody against the osteoclast-stimulating p. multocida toxin (pmt). extracts of these clones showed cytopathic activity identical to that of extracts of toxigenic p. multocida. the recombinant plasmids, pspe308 and pspe312, directed the synthesis of a protein with an apparent ...	1989	2680987
close association of verotoxin (shiga-like toxin) production with enterohemolysin production in strains of escherichia coli.	sixty-four verotoxin-producing (vt+) escherichia coli strains were analyzed for vt1- and vt2-specific dna sequences and for production of hemolysin. strains of human origin were of the following serotypes: o157:h7 or h-, o111:h8 or h-, o26:h11, o114:h4, and rough:h7. strains of serotypes o157:h7, o113:h21, o116:h21, and rough:h- were from cattle, while those of serotype o139:k12:h1 were from pigs. all 64 isolates carried either vt1 or vt2 or both genes. sixty of the strains (93.8%) were hemolyti ...	1989	2681256
glutaredoxin from rabbit bone marrow. purification, characterization, and amino acid sequence determined by tandem mass spectrometry.	a glutaredoxin was purified from rabbit bone marrow, and its amino acid sequence was determined by high performance tandem mass spectrometry. the sequences of peptides generated by digestion with trypsin alone or in combination with thermolysin were determined from their collision-induced dissociation (cid) mass spectra. alignment of these sequences and additional sequence information were obtained from the collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of peptides obtained from digestion of the in ...	1989	2684977
enhancement of humoral immune responses against viral vaccines by a non-pyrogenic 6-o-acylmuramyldipeptide and synthetic low toxicity analogues of lipid a.	6-o-acyl derivatives of n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (mdp) and synthetic, low toxicity lipid-a analogues were examined for their ability to enhance the potency of current viral vaccines. 6-o-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-mdp (b30-mdp) in non-irritative vehicles such as physiological saline, phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), squalene-pbs emulsion, intralipid or liposomes, significantly stimulated the primary and secondary antibody production of guinea-pigs against influenza split or subuni ...	1989	2718605
effect of lipopolysaccharide on intestinal intramucosal hydrogen ion concentration in pigs: evidence of gut ischemia in a normodynamic model of septic shock.	we tested the hypothesis that lipopolysaccharide (lps) leads to an imbalance between mesenteric oxygen delivery (do2) and gut metabolic demand for oxygen, even when cardiac index (ci) is within the normal range. two groups of pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs (13 to 17 kg) were studied. the first group (lps; n = 9) was infused over 20 min with escherichia coli lps (100 micrograms/kg) and resuscitated with normal saline (1.2 ml/kg.min). the second group (ns; n = 5) was not infused with lps, but was ...	1989	2736925
k-antigen identification, hemolysin production, and hemagglutination types of escherichia coli o6 strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections.	serotyping of 1918 escherichia coli strains isolated in significant cell numbers from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections (uti) revealed the presence of 117 o6 strains. the k antigens were identified by means of k-specific phages and serological methods. the phages used included a k1 phage pool (phi 1, a-e) and the separate phages phi 2, phi 5, phi 7, phi 12 and phi 13. the presence of h antigens, type 1 fimbriae formation, hemolysin production and mannose-resistant hemagglutinat ...	1990	2090152
[hemolytic-uremic syndrome: association with vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli. an epidemiological and microbiological study on possible animal reservoirs].	vero cytotoxin-producing strains of escherichia coli (vtec) appear to be in man associated with a range of clinical symptoms from mild non bloody diarrhoea to haemorrhagic colitis and severe haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus). we present two patients affected by hus who were investigated to determine evidence of infection by vtec. in one of the patient free fecal cytotoxin active on vero cells was detected as well as seroconversion of vt-neutralizing antibody titre. both children were living in t ...	1990	2093884
synthesis and characterization of escherichia coli o18 o-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.	nontoxic, serologically reactive o polysaccharide was derived from escherichia coli o18 lipopolysaccharide by acid hydrolysis, extraction with organic solvents, and gel filtration chromatography. oxidized o polysaccharide was covalently coupled to either pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin a or cholera toxin by using adipic acid dihydrazide as a spacer molecule in the presence of carbodiimide. the resulting conjugates were composed of approximately equal amounts of o polysaccharide and protein and were ...	1990	2105272
mono-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids during porcine endotoxemia. effect of a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist.	infusion of endotoxin into domestic pigs induces an acute respiratory failure that has many similarities with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. we hypothesized that mono-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (hete) and platelet-activating factor (paf) might be involved in this model of respiratory failure. escherichia coli endotoxin (055-b5) was infused intravenously into anesthetized young pigs at 5 micrograms/kg the first hour, followed by 2 micrograms/kg/hour for 3 hours in the presence and ab ...	1990	2116563