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development, stability, and molecular mechanisms of macrolide resistance in campylobacter jejuni.previous studies of macrolide resistance in campylobacter were primarily focused on strains from various origins or used in vitro systems. in this study, we conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to examine the development, stability, and genetic basis of macrolide resistance in campylobacter jejuni using erythromycin-resistant (ery(r)) mutants derived from the same parent strain. chickens inoculated with low-level ery(r) mutants (mic = 32 or 64 microg/ml) at 15 days old did not shed hi ...200818779354
genotypic and phenotypic diversity within three campylobacter populations isolated from broiler ceca and carcasses.the main aim of this study was to trace campylobacter subtypes colonizing italian broilers and carcasses in and between flocks. overall, 209 campylobacter isolates were collected from ceca (n = 94) and carcasses (n = 115) of broilers belonging to 3 different flocks reared in the same farm during subsequent rotations and processed in the same slaughterhouse. all isolates were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and genotyped by amplified fragment length polymorphism. furthermore, 16 ...200818809880
cross-contamination in the kitchen: effect of hygiene measures.to determine the effect of hygiene measures on cross-contamination of campylobacter jejuni at home and to select a safe tracer organism for c. jejuni.200818341559
amino acid-dependent growth of campylobacter jejuni: key roles for aspartase (aspa) under microaerobic and oxygen-limited conditions and identification of aspb (cj0762), essential for growth on glutamate.amino acids are key carbon and energy sources for the asaccharolytic food-borne human pathogen campylobacter jejuni. during microaerobic growth in amino acid rich complex media, aspartate, glutamate, proline and serine are the only amino acids significantly utilized by strain nctc 11168. the catabolism of aspartate and glutamate was investigated. an aspartase (aspa) mutant (unable to utilize any amino acid except serine) and a cj0762c (aspb) mutant lacking aspartate:glutamate aminotransferase (u ...200818433445
comparison of challenge models for determining the colonization dose of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chicks.coprophagous activity is normal among broiler chickens. the purpose of this study was to compare an individually housed chick model (where bird-to-bird coprophagia was prevented) to a group-housed chick model (where bird-to-bird coprophagia was allowed) for determining estimates of the number of campylobacter jejuni rm1221 necessary to colonize 50% of broiler chicks inoculated (colonization dose 50% or cd(50)). campylobacter jejuni rm1221 was orally administered in measured doses to newly hatche ...200818753435
characterisation of chicken campylobacter jejuni isolates using resolution optimised single nucleotide polymorphisms and binary gene markers.the principal objective of this study was to determine if campylobacter jejuni genotyping methods based upon resolution optimised sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and binary genetic markers were capable of identifying epidemiologically linked clusters of chicken-derived isolates. eighty-eight c. jejuni isolates of known flaa rflp type were included in the study. they encompassed three groups of ten isolates that were obtained at the same time and place and possessed the same flaa t ...200818835503
salmonella species and campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization model in broilers.salmonella and campylobacter are of concern to the poultry industry because of the continuing association of poultry-borne transmission of these diseases to humans. live, mature bird interventions can be demonstrated only by comparing colonization in nontreated groups of control birds with treated bird groups. this study attempted to create a reproducible broiler chicken colonization model. when chicks were challenged 2 d posthatch with both salmonella and campylobacter, cecal colonization was a ...200818931193
multilocus sequence typing of campylobacter jejuni isolates from humans, chickens, raw milk, and environmental water in quebec, canada.molecular strain typing is essential for deciphering the epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni infections. we applied two different methods, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and analysis of the flaa short variable repeat (svr), to 289 isolates (163 human, 56 chicken, 34 raw milk, and 36 environmental water isolates) collected in the province of québec, canada, over 3 years; in addition, the analysis included the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing results for a subset of 131 isolates ...200818701662
cross-contamination in the kitchen: estimation of transfer rates for cutting boards, hands and knives.to quantify cross-contamination in the home from chicken to ready-to-eat salad.200818713282
tracing the source of campylobacteriosis.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastro-enteritis in the developed world. it is thought to infect 2-3 million people a year in the us alone, at a cost to the economy in excess of us $4 billion. c. jejuni is a widespread zoonotic pathogen that is carried by animals farmed for meat and poultry. a connection with contaminated food is recognized, but c. jejuni is also commonly found in wild animals and water sources. phylogenetic studies have suggested that genotypes pathogenic ...200818818764
quantitative risk assessment of human campylobacteriosis related to the consumption of chicken meat in two italian regions.campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans within the european union. the consumption of contaminated chicken meat is considered one of the main sources of human infection. although there are no official data on the incidence of campylobacter infection in italy, the available studies suggest that this infection is a major problem also in italy. the authors developed a simulation model to quantitatively estimate the expected annual number of human cases of campy ...200818842315
experimental chick colonization by campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is commonly isolated from animals, including rodents, farm animals, and especially birds. the most common route of infection for humans is through the ingestion of contaminated chicken. although c. jejuni commonly inhabits a number of animals, it does so asymptomatically. many animals have been explored for use in pathogenic models; however, the most commonly used and established animal model is the chick colonization model described in this unit.200819016444
campylobacter jejuni invade chicken lmh cells inefficiently and stimulate differential expression of the chicken cxcli1 and cxcli2 cytokines.campylobacter jejuni is a major food-borne bacterial pathogen, which is capable of causing diarrhoea containing blood and leukocytes. c. jejuni invasion of the intestinal epithelial cells and the release of proinflammatory molecules contribute to the pathophysiology of campylobacteriosis. given the commensal relationship of c. jejuni with chickens, we hypothesized that c. jejuni invasion of chicken cells and the release of host cell cytokines would be significantly less than with human cells. to ...200819047751
bacteriophages for prophylaxis and therapy in cattle, poultry and pigs.the successful use of virulent (lytic) bacteriophages (phages) in preventing and treating neonatal enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infections in calves, lambs and pigs has prompted investigation of other applications of phage therapy in food animals. while results have been very variable, some indicate that phage therapy is potentially useful in virulent salmonella and e. coli infections in chickens, calves and pigs, and in control of the food-borne pathogens salmonella and campylobacter jejuni ...200819102791
occurrence of campylobacter spp. in raw and ready-to-eat foods and in a canadian food service operation.the occurrence of campylobacter spp. in a variety of foods from ottawa, ontario, canada, and raw milk samples from across canada was determined over a 2-year period. the samples consisted of 55 raw foods (chicken, pork, and beef), 126 raw milk samples from raw milk cheese manufacturers, and 135 ready-to-eat foods (meat products, salads, and raw milk cheeses). campylobacter jejuni was detected in 4 of the 316 samples analyzed: 1 raw beef liver sample and 3 raw chicken samples. an isolation rate o ...200818939758
comparative metagenomics reveals host specific metavirulomes and horizontal gene transfer elements in the chicken cecum microbiome.the complex microbiome of the ceca of chickens plays an important role in nutrient utilization, growth and well-being of these animals. since we have a very limited understanding of the capabilities of most species present in the cecum, we investigated the role of the microbiome by comparative analyses of both the microbial community structure and functional gene content using random sample pyrosequencing. the overall goal of this study was to characterize the chicken cecal microbiome using a pa ...200818698407
therapeutic supplementation of caprylic acid in feed reduces campylobacter jejuni colonization in broiler chicks.poultry colonized with campylobacter species are a significant source of human food-borne illness. the therapeutic use of the medium chain fatty acid caprylic acid consistently reduced enteric c. jejuni colonization in chicks by 3 to 4 logs in three separate trials. these results support caprylic acid's potential to reduce campylobacter carriage in poultry.200818502935
quantification of campylobacter jejuni cross-contamination via hands, cutlery, and cutting board during preparation of a chicken fruit salad.using artificially contaminated chicken, the quantitative overall effect of campylobacter jejuni cross-contamination, either via cutlery, cutting board, or hands, on the microbiological quality of a chicken salad was tested to identify the most critical transfer route. the end contamination level of salads prepared according to different scenarios, with or without cross-contamination, was compared. it was shown that the mean transfer rate calculated for all salads prepared allowing cross-contami ...200818522039
genomic differences between campylobacter jejuni isolates identify surface membrane and flagellar function gene products potentially important for colonizing the chicken intestine.campylobacter spp. are one of the leading bacterial etiologic agents of acute human gastroenteritis among industrialized countries. poultry are implicated as a major source of the organism for human illness; however, the factors involved with colonization of poultry gastrointestinal systems remain unclear. genomics and proteomics analyses were used to identify differences between poor- versus robust-colonizing campylobacter jejuni isolates, 11168(gs) and a74/c, respectively. sequence analyses of ...200818592283
topology and patch-clamp analysis of the sodium channel in relationship to the anti-lipid a antibody in campylobacteriosis.an infecting strain vla2/18 of campylobacter jejuni was obtained from an individual with campylobacteriosis and used to prepare chicken sera by experimental infection to investigate the role of serum anti-ganglioside antibodies in guillain-barré syndrome. both sera of the patient and chicken contained anti-ganglioside antibodies and anti-lipid a (anti-kdo2-lipid a) antibodies directed against the lipid a portion of the bacterial lipooligosaccharide. the anti-kdo2-lipid a activities inhibited vol ...200818627035
diversity of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from broiler chickens in france.in 2003 to 2004, 26 free-range broilers flocks excreting campylobacter were studied for identification of campylobacter species and genotype diversity. seventeen flocks were sampled at the end of the indoor rearing period and 9 before departure to the slaughterhouse after access to an open area. out of 513 isolates, 315 were identified as campylobacter jejuni and 198 as campylobacter coli. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed 35 genotypes for c. jejuni and 43 genotypes for c. coli; ...200818648064
key role of mfd in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is a major food-borne pathogen and a common causative agent of human enterocolitis. fluoroquinolones are a key class of antibiotics prescribed for clinical treatment of enteric infections including campylobacteriosis, but fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacter readily emerges under the antibiotic selection pressure. to understand the mechanisms involved in the development of fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacter, we compared the gene expression profiles of c. jejuni in th ...200818535657
influxed insects as vectors for campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in danish broiler houses.the vector potential of flies (diptera: brachycera) for spread of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli on 5 danish broiler farms was evaluated in a longitudinal field study from april to november 2004. first, the prevalence of c. jejuni- and c. coli-positive flies was determined in 2,816 flies captured from farm surroundings. each individual fly was macerated, preenriched in bolton broth for 24 h at 42 degrees c, streaked onto modified campylobater blood-free selective agar and incubated ...200818577626
cytokine responses in primary chicken embryo intestinal cells infected with campylobacter jejuni strains of human and chicken origin and the expression of bacterial virulence-associated genes.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of inflammatory diarrhoea in humans and is considered a commensal of the gastroenteric tract of the avian host. however, little is known about the interaction between c. jejuni and the avian host including the cytokine responses and the expression of the bacterial genes. we have investigated the invasiveness of primary chicken embryo intestinal cells (ceics) by c. jejuni strains of human and chicken origins and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as ...200818588667
an investigation of sources of campylobacter in a poultry production and packing operation in barbados.chicken meat is frequently contaminated with campylobacter jejuni and is thought to be the major source of organisms causing human campylobacter enteritis. genotypic similarities between campylobacter isolates from chicken meat at retail outlets and patients with gastroenteritis in barbados suggested that it is a vehicle for infection of humans on the island and prompted this investigation of transmission of campylobacter in a local poultry operation. campylobacter testing was conducted at the h ...200818061296
cmer functions as a pleiotropic regulator and is required for optimal colonization of campylobacter jejuni in vivo.cmer functions as a transcriptional repressor modulating the expression of the multidrug efflux pump cmeabc in campylobacter jejuni. to determine if cmer also regulates other genes in c. jejuni, we compared the transcriptome of the cmer mutant with that of the wild-type strain using a dna microarray. this comparison identified 28 genes that showed a > or = 2-fold change in expression in the cmer mutant. independent real-time quantitative reverse transcription-pcr experiments confirmed 27 of the ...200818178742
colonization strategy of campylobacter jejuni results in persistent infection of the chicken gut.although poultry meat is now recognized as the main source of campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis, little is known about the strategy used by the bacterium to colonize the chicken intestinal tract. in this study, the mechanism of c. jejuni colonization in chickens was studied using four human and four poultry isolates of c. jejuni. the c. jejuni strains were able to invade chicken primary cecal epithelial crypt cells in a predominantly microtubule-dependent way (five out of eight strains). inva ...200818187272
camplyobacter empyema due to food aspiration. 200818257052
identification of campylobacter jejuni proteins recognized by maternal antibodies of chickens.campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading bacterial causes of food-borne gastroenteritis. infection with c. jejuni is frequently acquired through the consumption of undercooked poultry or foods cross-contaminated with raw poultry. given the importance of poultry as a reservoir for campylobacter organisms, investigators have performed studies to understand the protective role of maternal antibodies in the ecology of campylobacter colonization of poultry. in a previous study, chicks with maternal ...200818805999
detection of campylobacter jejuni from the skin of broiler chickens, ducks, squab, quail, and guinea fowl carcasses.campylobacter jejuni is often found on broiler carcasses and can cause gastroenteritis in humans. both carcass rinses and swabs of the skin have been utilized to ascertain the prevalence of c. jejuni in the processing plant. not all poultry commodities are equally capable of carrying c. jejuni on the carcass skin. our objective was to measure the probability of c. jejuni detection (sensitivity) for the skin swabbing method followed by enrichment in semisolid media, and to ascertain the sensitivi ...200818260815
investigating the effects of dietary probiotic feeding regimens on broiler chicken production and campylobacter jejuni presence.an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of restricted feeding of a commercially available probiotic diet on production/processing performance, campylobacter jejuni prevalence, and organ weights in broiler chickens. five hundred forty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a control or a direct-fed microbial (primalac, dfm) diet and subjected to ad libitum full-fed (a), restricted 8-h (r), or skip-a-day (s) feeding regimens. each of the 6 treatments was replicated 3 times ...200818339979
trends in antibiotic sensitivity pattern and molecular detection of tet(o)-mediated tetracycline resistance in campylobacter jejuni isolates from human and poultry sources.this study was conducted to determine the trends in campylobacter antibiotic resistance occurring in our setting and to assess the differences in the isolates using patterns of plasmid profiles. one hundred campylobacter jejuni strains of human and poultry origin isolated in 2002-2003 (phase a) and 2005-2006 (phase b) in the kingdom of bahrain were evaluated. susceptibility to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was determined, and plasmid extraction and polymerase chain reaction detect ...200818219143
genetic instability is associated with changes in the colonization potential of campylobacter jejuni in the avian intestine.a panel of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) type variants of campylobacter jejuni, previously identified as of clonal origin, were investigated to determine whether genomic instability could be observed during competitive growth.200818298527
prevalence of antibiotic resistance in campylobacter isolates from commercial poultry suppliers in kwazulu-natal, south africa.campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler and layer chickens from registered abattoirs in kwazulu-natal, south africa, were tested for their susceptibility to eight antibiotics.200818819970
caprylic acid supplemented in feed reduces enteric campylobacter jejuni colonization in ten-day-old broiler chickens.campylobacter is one of the leading causes of human foodborne illness in the united states, and epidemiological evidence indicates that poultry and poultry products are a significant source of human campylobacter infections. reducing campylobacter in the intestinal tract would reduce contamination of poultry products and eggs. caprylic acid, an 8-carbon medium-chain fatty acid has been shown to be bactericidal against several pathogenic bacteria. it has, however, not been tested in the control o ...200818340004
bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis after an outbreak of campylobacter jejuni enteritis.twenty-eight patients suffered campylobacter jejuni enteritis after eating raw chicken. among them, only one patient developed bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis, who carried anti-gq1b igg antibodies. in contrast, none of the others did the autoantibodies. c. jejuni was cultured from all stool samples from five patients with enteritis alone. all the isolates had the same genotype, cst-ii (asn51), which are characteristic of strains isolated from bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis. these find ...200818406474
molecular typing, serotyping and cytotoxicity testing of campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from commercial broilers in puerto rico.thirty campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from fecal samples (n = 94; 32%) from 13 positive farms (n = 17; 76%) from commercial broiler chickens in puerto rico were analysed by molecular methods.200818410342
recovery of campylobacter jejuni from surfaces of poultry slaughterhouses after cleaning and disinfection procedures: analysis of a potential source of carcass contamination.campylobacters are a primary cause of human bacterial enteritis worldwide. they are usually considered susceptible to the disinfectant molecules used in the food industry. the purpose of this study was to see if campylobacters could survive cleaning and disinfection in poultry slaughterhouses and whether the strains recovered could contaminate carcasses during processing. samples obtained from the environment before and after cleaning and disinfection (transport crates, processing equipment surf ...200818472175
campylobacter infection of broiler chickens in a free-range environment.campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated chicken meat considered to represent a major source of human infection. biosecurity measures can reduce c. jejuni shedding rates of housed chickens, but the increasing popularity of free-range and organic meat raises the question of whether the welfare benefits of extensive production are compatible with food safety. the widespread assumption that the free-range environment contaminates extens ...200818412548
competing isogenic campylobacter strains exhibit variable population structures in vivo.consumption of poultry contaminated with campylobacter jejuni is a risk factor for human gastrointestinal disease. the rational development of control strategies for campylobacter within chickens requires an understanding of the colonization process at the molecular and population levels, both within and between hosts. experiments employing competing strains of campylobacter have been used to investigate colonization. implicit in these studies is the assumption that the behavior of competing str ...200818424530
comparison of antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from humans and chicken carcasses in poland.campylobacter-associated gastroenteritis remains an important cause of morbidity worldwide, and some evidence suggests that poultry is an important source of this foodborne infection in humans. this study was conducted to analyze the prevalence and genetic background of resistance of 149 campylobacter jejuni and 54 campylobacter coli strains isolated from broiler chicken carcasses and from stool samples of infected children in poland from 2003 through 2005. nearly all isolates were susceptible t ...200818389707
harmonised monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella and campylobacter isolates from food animals in the european union.many member states of the european union (eu) currently monitor antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents, including salmonella and campylobacter. according to directive 2003/99/ec, member states shall ensure that the monitoring provides comparable data on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance. the european commission asked the european food safety authority to prepare detailed specifications for harmonised schemes for monitoring antimicrobial resistance. the objective of these specificat ...200818397331
antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler flocks in iceland 2001-2005.minimum inhibitory concentrations of six antimicrobial agents were determined for one campylobacter sp. isolate from each of the 362 campylobacter-positive commercial chicken flocks in iceland in the years 2001-2005. of all isolates tested, 6.9% were resistant, although none were multiresistant. resistance to ampicillin was most commonly observed (3.6%) followed by resistance to enrofloxacin (3%), nalidixic acid (1.9%), and oxytetracyclin (0.3%), with cross-resistance between enrofloxacin and na ...200818321203
temperature and nutrient effects on campylobacter jejuni attachment on multispecies biofilms on stainless steel.campylobacterjejuni is a thermophilic microaerophilic pathogen that is commonly found in the intestinal tract of chickens. in this study, attachment of c. jejuni 1221gfp in biofilms on stainless steel was assessed at various temperatures and with reduced nutrients. bacteria collected from a saline rinse of processed broiler chicken carcasses were used to form initial biofilms. the whole carcass rinse (wcr) biofilms were formed by incubation of the bacteria for 16 h at 13, 20, 37, and 42 degrees ...200818326175
a temperature-regulated campylobacter jejuni gluconate dehydrogenase is involved in respiration-dependent energy conservation and chicken colonization.campylobacter jejuni is a gastrointestinal pathogen of humans but can asymptomatically colonize the avian gut. c. jejuni therefore grows at both 37 degrees c and 42 degrees c, the internal temperatures of humans and birds respectively. microarray and proteomic studies on temperature regulation in c. jejuni strain 81-176 revealed the upregulation at 42 degrees c of two proteins, cj0414 and cj0415, orthologous to gluconate dehydrogenase (gadh) from pectobacterium cypripedii. 81-176 demonstrated ga ...200818284594
diverse antimicrobial killing by enterococcus faecium e 50-52 bacteriocin.an effective bacteriocin was identified and characterized. lactic acid bacteria were screened against campylobacter jejuni. one bacteriocin producer, enterococcus faecium (nrrl b-30746), was studied. the isolate was grown, and the bacteriocin was purified to single-band homogeneity. biochemical traits indicated that the peptide was a class iia bacteriocin, and it was named e 50-52. the bacteriocin had a molecular weight of 3339.7 and an isoelectric point of 8.0. the minimal inhibitory concentrat ...200818293921
role of campylobacter jejuni respiratory oxidases and reductases in host colonization.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis. the c. jejuni genome sequence predicts a branched electron transport chain capable of utilizing multiple electron acceptors. mutants were constructed by disrupting the coding regions of the respiratory enzymes nitrate reductase (napa::cm), nitrite reductase (nrfa::cm), dimethyl sulfoxide, and trimethylamine n-oxide reductase (termed cj0264::cm) and the two terminal oxidases, a cyanide-insensitive oxidase (cy ...200818192421
real-time pcr approach for detection of environmental sources of campylobacter strains colonizing broiler flocks.reducing colonization of poultry flocks by campylobacter spp. is a key strategy in the control and prevention human campylobacteriosis. horizontal transmission of campylobacters, from in and around the farm, is the presumed route of flock colonization. however, the identification and prioritization of sources are confounded by the ubiquitous nature of these organisms in the environment, their poor rates of recovery by standard culture methods, and the need for cost-effective and timely methods f ...200818203857
risk factors for infection with campylobacter jejuni flaa genotypes.we aimed to explore campylobacter genotype-specific risk factors in australia. isolates collected prospectively from cases recruited into a case-control study were genotyped using flaa restriction fragment-length polymorphism typing (flaa genotyping). exposure information for cases and controls was collected by telephone interview. risk factors were examined for major flaa genotypes using logistic and multinomial regression. five flaa genotypes accounted for 325 of 590 (55%) cases - flaa-6b (n=1 ...200818205975
characterization of two putative cytochrome c peroxidases of campylobacter jejuni involved in promoting commensal colonization of poultry.campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans throughout the world, but infection of animals, especially poultry, results in a commensal colonization of the intestines. we previously found that a mutant lacking doca, which encodes a putative cytochrome c peroxidase (ccp), demonstrates up to a 10(5)-fold reduction in colonization of the chick cecum compared to wild-type c. jejuni strain 81-176. predictions from genomic sequences identified cjj0382 as a second locu ...200818086814
isolation and purification of enterocin e-760 with broad antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.strain nrrl b-30745, isolated from chicken ceca and identified as enterococcus durans, enterococcus faecium, or enterococcus hirae, was initially identified as antagonistic to campylobacter jejuni. the isolate produced a 5,362-da bacteriocin (enterocin) that inhibits the growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, s. enterica serovar choleraesuis, s. enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enterica serovar gallinarum, escherichia coli o157:h7, yersinia enterocolitica, citrobacter freundii, klebs ...200818086839
antimicrobial drug resistance as determined by the e-test in campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari isolates from the ceca of broiler and layer chickens in grenada.one hundred and twenty five chickens from grenada, consisting of 77 broilers and 48 layers were examined for carriage of thermophilic campylobacters in their ceca by culture. seventy nine percent of chickens were positive for campylobacters, with an isolation rate of 93.5% for broilers and 56.3% for layers, the difference being significant. sixty-four pure cultures comprising 39 campylobacter coli, 21 campylobacter jejuni, and 4 campyilobacter lari isolates were tested for their resistance again ...200918329712
campylobacter immunity and coinfection following a large outbreak in a farming community.an outbreak of campylobacteriosis affected approximately one-half of 165 people attending an annual farmers' dance in montrose, scotland, in november 2005. epidemiological investigations, including a cohort study (n = 164), identified chicken liver paté as the most likely vehicle of infection. paté preparation involved deliberate undercooking of chicken livers by flash-frying, followed by mechanical homogenization. typing of 32 campylobacter strains (isolated from submitted stools) by multilocus ...200919005146
campylobacter and arcobacter species sensitivity to commercial orange oil fractions.seven orange oil fractions were screened for their ability to inhibit the growth of selected campylobacter and arcobacter spp. using the standard agar-disk diffusion assay. cold pressed (cp) terpeneless valencia orange oil was found to be the most inhibitory to both campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli, exhibiting maximum zones of inhibition up to 80+/-0.0 mm. five-fold concentrated valencia oil and distilled d-limonene resulted in campylobacter inhibition zones ranging from 11.0+/-1.4 to ...200919070381
[pulsed field gel electrophoresis for determining the molecular homology of campylobacter jejuni isolates].to establish a genetic typing map for campylobacter jejuni in china by using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge).200919621643
genotyping campylobacter jejuni by comparative genome indexing: an evaluation with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flaa svr sequencing.comparative genome indexing (cgi) using whole-genome dna microarrays was evaluated as a means of genotyping campylobacter jejuni relative to two standard methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and flaa short variable region sequencing (flaa svr typing). thirty-six geographically diverse c. jejuni isolates were selected from a collection of cattle and chicken isolates. the bionumerics software program was used for cluster analysis of the data from all 36 isolates for each of the three t ...200919272009
clonal population structure and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni in chicken meat from belgium.campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important causes of human diarrhea worldwide. in the present work, multilocus sequence typing was used to study the genotypic diversity of 145 c. jejuni isolates from 135 chicken meat preparations sampled across belgium. isolates were further typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and their susceptibilities to six antimicrobials were determined. fifty-seven sequence types (sts) were identified; 26.8% of the total typed isolates were st-50, st-45, or st ...200919411429
multilocus sequence typing of campylobacter jejuni, and the correlation between clonal complex and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis macrorestriction profile.the characterization of campylobacter jejuni has been significantly improved by the use of multilocus sequence typing (mlst), which allows the relationship between isolates to be determined. the sequence types (sts) of 261 isolates of c. jejuni from new zealand were determined. isolates were obtained from a range of sources including chicken meat, cattle, pigs, duck, sheep, water and human infections. thirty-two new alleles and 44 new sts were identified. comparison of the mlst data and pulsed-f ...200919624746
innate immune gene expression differentiates the early avian intestinal response between salmonella and campylobacter.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and campylobacter jejuni are major human pathogens, yet colonise chickens without causing pathology. the aim of this study was to compare intestinal innate immune responses to both bacterial species, in a 4-week-old broiler chicken model. challenged and control birds were sacrificed and tissue samples taken for histopathology and rna extraction. no significant clinical or pathological changes were observed in response to infection with either bacterial spe ...200919632728
decontamination of chicken skin surfaces inoculated with listeria innocua, salmonella enteritidis and campylobacter jejuni by contact with a concentrated lactic acid solution.1. the aim was to establish how poultry skin could be efficiently decontaminated without changing its organoleptic properties. 2. chicken skins were surface inoculated with listeria innocua and treated with different acid solutions (2 and 10% lactic acid for 1 and 30 min). surviving bacteria were enumerated immediately after treatment and after 7 d storage at 4 degrees c. 3. reductions of up to 2.6 log were reached immediately after treatment. the treatment effect persisted for 7 d storage, when ...200919637030
validation of an improved method for detection of campylobacter jejuni in foods.campylobacter jejuni atcc 29428 and 33560 were inoculated separately into beef muscle, ground beef, and chicken skin to yield approximately 10 to 100 cfu/g of food sample. the samples were stored at 4 degrees c for 10 d. on days 0, 3, 7, and 10, enrichment cultures in bolton broth supplemented with antibiotics, with and without blood supplementation were made for each sample, for 24 and 48 h following the food and agricultural products center (fapc) and the food and drug administration (fda) pro ...200919646049
importance of polyphosphate kinase 1 for campylobacter jejuni viable-but-nonculturable cell formation, natural transformation, and antimicrobial resistance.campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium, is a predominant cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. although considered fragile and fastidious and lacking many classical stress response mechanisms, c. jejuni exhibits a remarkable capacity for survival and adaptation, successfully infecting humans and persisting in the environment. consequently, understanding the physiological and genetic properties that allow c. jejuni to survive and adapt to various stress condition ...200919837830
analysis of the pan genome of campylobacter jejuni isolates recovered from poultry by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) reveals different discriminatory capabilities.campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading bacterial causes of food-borne illness in the usa. molecular typing methods are often used in food safety for identifying sources of infection and pathways of transmission. moreover, the identification of genetically related isolates (i.e., clades) may facilitate the development of intervention strategies for control and prevention of food-borne diseases. we analyzed the pan genome (i.e., core and variable genes) of 63 c. jejuni isolates recovered from ...200919697077
isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific for campylobacter jejuni.human infection by campylobacter jejuni is mainly through the consumption of contaminated poultry products, which results in gastroenteritis and, rarely, bacteremia and polyneuropathies. in this study, six c. jejuni-specific bacteriophages (cps1-6) were isolated by the spot-on-the-lawn technique from chicken samples in korea and characterized for potential use as biocontrol agents. all isolated bacteriophages exhibited a high specificity, being able to lyse only c. jejuni, but not other gram-neg ...200919780969
functional characterization of the twin-arginine translocation system in campylobacter jejuni.human campylobacterosis is one of the most commonly occurring types of bacterial food poisoning in the united states and other developed countries. most human cases are due to campylobacter jejuni that is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. the twin-arginine translocase (tat) secretion system uses n-terminal peptide tags with a distinct twin-arginine-containing motif to identify partially or fully folded proteins and directs them across the cytoplasmic membrane. in other ba ...200919799526
campylobacter spp among children with acute diarrhea attending mulago hospital in kampala--uganda.campylobacter infections occur worldwide. a recent study in kampala, uganda, found that 87% of broiler chickens had campylobacter jejuni; these are potential source of human infection. isolation rate in developing countries is between 5-35%. this study aimed at finding prevalence of children with campylobacter infection among children with acute diarrhea attending mulago hospital.200920589152
age-dependent variation of virulence-associated genes retained in campylobacter jejuni isolated from chickens in a poultry farm.the presence of 11 virulence-associated genes in campylobacter jejuni isolated from chickens at different stages of their development was examined by pcr. multiple groups of c. jejuni were colonized in one chicken at the same time. two hundred thirty one c. jejuni in total were isolated from the same group at four different ages and 12 groups of c. jejuni possessing of 11 virulence-associated genes were observed. eleven, eight, five and three groups of c. jejuni were detected at 21, 28, 42 and 5 ...200919801909
a modified weibull model for describing the survival of campylobacter jejuni in minced chicken meat.campylobacter is one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial enteritis. since chicken meat may be an important source of c. jejuni, the aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the survival/inactivation of c. jejuni strain 49/7r and its antimicrobial resistant variants (49/7rat and 49/7ratcip32) in minced chicken meat during extended storage at temperatures ranging from -20 degrees c to 25 degrees c and (ii) to test the suitability of the weibull model for predicting the inactivation of c. j ...200919833401
cross-contamination versus undercooking of poultry meat or eggs - which risks need to be managed first?epidemiological studies show that poultry meat and eggs are important sources for consumers' exposure to pathogens such as salmonella and campylobacter. there is a focus in many countries to reduce the level of human illness from food-borne pathogens. reduction of the prevalence of contaminated poultry meat or eggs is one major area of focus. the other is risk communication to the consumer, where information aimed at changing the food preparation behaviour has been utilised as a risk management ...200919272666
comparison of in vitro virulence factors of campylobacter jejuni to in vivo lesion production.campylobacter jejuni is recognized as one of the most common agents of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. previous work has shown that c. jejuni isolates vary in their ability to invade and survive in laboratory grown cells. the correlation of these assays to actual lesion development in the hosts has not been determined. therefore, this study aims to define the relationship between in vitro and in vivo assays for determining the virulence of c. jejuni isolates. fifty-nine c. jejuni ...200919278341
easy-to-use rapid test for direct detection of campylobacter spp. in chicken feces.human campylobacteriosis is the leading cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in developed countries. one important source of infection is poultry. results from the dutch campylobacter risk management and assessment project indicate that meat from broiler flocks shedding >or=7 log cfu campylobacter per g of feces poses the greatest risk of transmitting campylobacteriosis. the objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid test that would identify chicken flocks shedding high number ...200920003729
update on campylobacter jejuni vaccine development for preventing human campylobacteriosis.campylobacteriosis constitutes a serious medical and socioeconomic problem worldwide. rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains compels us to develop alternative therapeutic strategies and to search for efficient immunoprophylactic methods. the vast majority of campylobacter infections in developed countries occur as sporadic cases, mainly caused by eating undercooked campylobacter-contaminated poultry. the most efficient strategy of decreasing the number of human campylobact ...200919397419
prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among serotypes of campylobacter jejuni isolates from cattle and poultry in japan.penner serotypes of c. jejuni in a total of 601 isolates from apparently healthy cattle, layer and broiler chickens in japan were examined between 2001 and 2006. predominant serotypes were b (o: 2, 19.1%), d (o: 4, 13.5%), y (o: 37, 7.3%) and g (o: 8, 5.8%), whereas the remaining serotypes made up less than 5% of the total isolates. the frequency of ampicillin resistance in serotype g (65.6%) was significantly higher than in serotypes d (12.5%), b (11.2%), and y (0%). our results suggest that se ...200919291094
trends in occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter jejuni isolates from broiler chickens, broiler chicken meat, and human domestically acquired cases and travel associated cases in denmark.campylobacter jejuni is a frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. often it causes self-limiting disease but severe or prolonged cases may require antimicrobial treatment. the agricultural use of antimicrobial agents selects for resistance among c. jejuni which is transmitted to humans via food. in denmark, the use of fluoroquinolones in animal husbandry has been restricted since 2003. the purpose of the present study was to look at trends in occurrence of resistance among c. jejuni from bro ...200919345436
correlation between genotypic diversity, lipooligosaccharide gene locus class variation, and caco-2 cell invasion potential of campylobacter jejuni isolates from chicken meat and humans: contribution to virulotyping.significant interest in studying the lipooligosaccharide (los) of campylobacter jejuni has stemmed from its potential role in postinfection paralytic disorders. in this study we present the results of pcr screening of five los locus classes (a, b, c, d, and e) for a collection of 116 c. jejuni isolates from chicken meat (n = 76) and sporadic human cases of diarrhea (n = 40). we correlated los classes with clonal complexes (cc) assigned by multilocus sequence typing (mlst). finally, we evaluated ...200919411422
protective effect of potentially probiotic lactobacillus strain on infection with pathogenic bacteria in chickens.the probiotic potential of a lactobacillus salivarius 3d strain isolated from chicken faeces was assessed in one day old chickens. lactobacillus salivarius 3d was administered per os at a concentration of 10(8) cfu in 100 microl of pbs. the chickens were then challenged with pathogenic bacteria: salmonella enteritidis, campylobacter jejuni and clostridium perfringens. samples of caecal contents and livers were collected after 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days after infection. lactobacilli and pathogenic ba ...200919459435
resistance to antimicrobial agents of campylobacter spp. strains isolated from animals in poland.a total of 69 campylobacter jejuni and 16 campylobacter coli strains isolated from chicken, dog and pig stool samples were characterized based on their resistance to five antimicrobial agents and on plasmid ptet profiles. antimicrobials used in this study were: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. among the isolates studied, 91.7% were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agent. the highest level of resistance for the whole t ...200920169919
examination of campylobacter jejuni putative adhesins leads to the identification of a new protein, designated flpa, required for chicken colonization.campylobacter jejuni colonization of chickens is presumably dependent upon multiple surface-exposed proteins termed adhesins. putative c. jejuni adhesins include cadf, capa, jlpa, major outer membrane protein, peb1, cj1279c, and cj1349c. we examined the genetic relatedness of 97 c. jejuni isolates recovered from human, poultry, bovine, porcine, ovine, and canine sources by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and examined their profile of putative adhesin-encoding genes by dot blot hybridization. t ...200919349427
chemical decontamination of campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and meat.this study evaluated the effectiveness of 11 chemical compounds to reduce campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and meat samples dipped in chemical solutions. treatment of skin samples for 1 min using tartaric acid (2%) and caprylic acid sodium salt (5%) caused reductions of c. jejuni nctc11168, which were not significantly different from the reduction obtained by sterile water (0.95 log). statistically larger reductions (1.57 to 3.81 log) were caused by formic acid (2%), lactic acid (2.5%), tris ...200919610327
genomic and phenotypic changes of campylobacter jejuni strains after passage of the chicken gut.the ability to colonize the chicken gut was determined for 17 campylobacter jejuni strains of human and bovine origin. the level of colonization varied according to the strain used for experimental infection. two campylobacter isolates from patients suffering from gastroenteritis were found in the group of non-colonizing strains, suggesting that other reservoirs as poultry are also important sources of human campylobacter infections. bovine campylobacter isolates can also effective colonize the ...200919058931
application of a group ii campylobacter bacteriophage to reduce strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli colonizing broiler chickens.members of the genus campylobacter are frequently responsible for human enteric disease worldwide. persistent campylobacter contamination of poultry meat is a common problem that represents a significant food safety risk through the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or through cross-contamination of other foods during the preparation of poultry. bacteriophage therapy is one possible means by which this colonization of poultry could be controlled, thus limiting the entry of campylobacter in ...200919435220
campylobacter genotyping to determine the source of human infection.campylobacter species cause a high proportion of bacterial gastroenteritis cases and are a significant burden on health care systems and economies worldwide; however, the relative contributions of the various possible sources of infection in humans are unclear.200919275496
molecular, antigenic, and functional characteristics of ferric enterobactin receptor cfra in campylobacter jejuni.the ferric enterobactin receptor cfra not only is responsible for high-affinity iron acquisition in campylobacter jejuni but also is essential for c. jejuni colonization in animal intestines. in this study, we determined the feasibility of targeting the iron-regulated outer membrane protein cfra for immune protection against campylobacter colonization. alignment of complete cfra sequences from 15 campylobacter isolates showed that the levels of amino acid identity for cfra range from 89% to 98%. ...200919737895
cost analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing comparing the e test and the agar dilution method in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.although numerous reports have compared the antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter spp., controversy still exists about the use of the e test as an alternative to the agar dilution method suggested by the clinical and laboratory standards institute. mics of 8 antimicrobials were determined using the e test and agar dilution methods for 103 campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates from fresh chicken randomly purchased from stores in 3 southern ontario counties. overall, 72.6% o ...200919748428
prevalence of campylobacter spp. in raw retail poultry on sale in northern ireland.a year-long survey of fresh, retail poultry products on sale in northern ireland was undertaken to define the prevalence of campylobacter spp. by using protocols based on iso (standard) 10272-1:2006. incubation at 37 and 42 degrees c was undertaken to increase the diversity of isolates obtained. overall, 652 isolates were identified as campylobacter spp. by using pcr and amplified fragment length polymorphic typing. phenotyping wrongly identified 21% of isolates. prevalences of campylobacter fou ...200919777882
comparative in vivo infection models yield insights on early host immune response to campylobacter in chickens.salmonella typhimurium and campylobacter jejuni pose significant risks to human health and poultry are a major vector for infection. comparative in vivo infection models were performed to compare the avian host immune response to both bacterial species. forty-five commercial broiler chickens were orally challenged with either c. jejuni or s. typhimurium whilst 60 similar control birds were mock challenged in parallel. birds were sacrificed at 0, 6, 20 and 48 h post-infection and cloacal swabs, b ...200919082824
the natural feed additive caprylic acid decreases campylobacter jejuni colonization in market-aged broiler chickens.campylobacter causes human foodborne illness, and epidemiological evidence indicates poultry and poultry products as a significant source of human infection. decreasing campylobacter in the poultry intestinal tract would decrease contamination of poultry products. caprylic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid reported to be effective in killing a variety of bacterial pathogens, including campylobacter jejuni, but its effect has not been investigated in the control of c. jejuni in preslaughter marke ...200919096058
bovine campylobacter jejuni strains differ from human and chicken strains in an analysis of certain molecular genetic markers.the association of four new genetic markers with a chicken, bovine, or human host was studied among 645 campylobacter jejuni isolates. the gamma-glutamate transpeptidase gene and dmsa were common in human and chicken isolates but uncommon among bovine isolates. in the t test, bovine isolates differed significantly (p < 0.05) from human and chicken isolates.200919098218
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among campylobacter spp. in louisiana retail chickens after the enrofloxacin ban.effective in september 2005, enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone group antimicrobial, was withdrawn from use in the u.s. poultry farms. in this 1-year study initiated in october 2006, we isolated and characterized campylobacter spp. from louisiana retail conventionally raised (n = 141) and organic (n = 53) chickens as a comparison to evaluate the postban bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. campylobacter was present in 43.3% of the chickens; similar rates were observed among conventional and orga ...200919099357
survival rate of thermotolerant campylobacter on poultry meat during microwave heating.survival rates of campylobacterjejuni atcc 33 291, campylobacter jejuni pzh 38 and campylobacter coli atcc 43 478 in leg quarters (ca 330 g) of chicken broilers after microwave heating (480 and 760 watt) for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 minutes were determined. heating the meat in a microwave oven (moulinex, type dialog cook) at 480 watts caused a gradual decrease in the number of cells of the studied bacterial strains to total inactivation after 8-10 minutes of heating. increasing the heating power to 760 ...200919459438
the dual-functioning fumarate reductase is the sole succinate:quinone reductase in campylobacter jejuni and is required for full host colonization.campylobacter jejuni encodes all the enzymes necessary for a complete oxidative tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle. because of its inability to utilize glucose, c. jejuni relies exclusively on amino acids as the source of reduced carbon, and they are incorporated into central carbon metabolism. the oxidation of succinate to fumarate is a key step in the oxidative tca cycle. c. jejuni encodes enzymes annotated as a fumarate reductase (cj0408 to cj0410) and a succinate dehydrogenase (cj0437 to cj0439) ...200919525346
role of oxidative stress in c. jejuni inactivation during freeze-thaw treatment.campylobacter jejuni represents one of the leading causes of bacterial enteritis throughout the world. poultry is an important source of c. jejuni. despite hygiene measures taken in the production chain, c. jejuni is frequently isolated from poultry meat. c. jejuni is a microaerophilic pathogen, affected by oxidative stress. freeze-thaw treatment induces cell death by several mechanisms, including oxidative stress. in this article, we investigate the role of oxidative stress in c. jejuni sensiti ...200918956226
chickens and cattle as sources of sporadic domestically acquired campylobacter jejuni infections in finland.a substantial sampling among domestic human campylobacter cases, chicken process lots, and cattle at slaughter was performed during the seasonal peak of human infections. campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 419) were subtyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with smai, and isolates representing overlapping types (n = 212) were further subtyped using kpni for restriction. the smai/kpni profiles of 55.4% (97/175) of the human isolates were indistinguishable from those of the chicken or cattle ...200919542336
campylobacter biofilm phenotype exhibits reduced colonization potential in young chickens and altered in vitro virulence.in this study, we evaluated the ability of different campylobacter phenotypes (biofilm versus planktonic) to colonize young poultry. it has been suggested that a persistent campylobacter biofilm reservoir may be involved in the initial contamination of poultry flocks. campylobacter jejuni cultured adherent to agar was utilized as the biofilm model and c. jejuni cultured in broth was evaluated as the planktonic model. in 2 independent trials, 1-d-old broiler chicks were given 1 of 3 treatments: 1 ...200919359701
energy taxis drives campylobacter jejuni toward the most favorable conditions for growth.campylobacter jejuni is a serious food-borne bacterial pathogen in the developed world. poultry is a major reservoir, and c. jejuni appears highly adapted to the gastrointestinal tract of birds. several factors are important for chicken colonization and virulence, including a taxis mechanism for environmental navigation. to explore the mechanism of chemotaxis in c. jejuni, we constructed mutants with deletions of five putative mcp (methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein) genes (tlp1, tlp2, tlp3, do ...200919542337
potential use of characterised hyper-colonising strain(s) of campylobacter jejuni to reduce circulation of environmental strains in commercial poultry.sixty-two persistently colonising campylobacter jejuni strains were tested for their ability to dominate colonisation of the chicken gastrointestinal tract in competition with each other leading to selection of dominant or "hyper-colonising"campylobacter strains, which are able to displace others in the chicken intestinal tract. one such strain was shown to be a hyper-efficient coloniser of chickens, as it was able to displace other colonising strains, as well as maintain itself in the chicken i ...200918977611
virulence spectra of typed strains of campylobacter jejuni from different sources: a blinded in vivo study.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human diarrhoeal disease, but specific virulence mechanisms have not been well defined. the aims of the present blinded study were to measure and compare the in vivo properties of 40 serotyped, biotyped and genotyped c. jejuni isolates from different sources and genetic makeup. an 11-day-old chick embryo lethality assay, which measured embryo deaths and total viable bacteria over 72 h following inoculation of bacteria into the chorioallantoic membrane, re ...200919369514
autoinducer-2 production in campylobacter jejuni contributes to chicken colonization.inactivation of luxs, encoding an ai-2 biosynthesis enzyme, in campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 significantly reduced colonization of the chick lower gastrointestinal tract, chemotaxis toward organic acids, and in vitro adherence to lmh chicken hepatoma cells. thus, ai-2 production in c. jejuni contributes to host colonization and interactions with epithelial cells.200919011073
the role of respiratory donor enzymes in campylobacter jejuni host colonization and physiology.the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni utilizes oxidative phosphorylation to meet all of its energy demands. the genome sequence of this bacterium encodes a number of respiratory enzymes in a branched electron transport chain that predicts the utilization of a number of electron transport chain donor and acceptor molecules. three of these electron donor enzymes: hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, and 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase (oor), oxidize hydrogen, formate and alpha-ketoglutarat ...200919397993
campylobacter jejuni glycosylation island important in cell charge, legionaminic acid biosynthesis, and colonization of chickens.previously, we identified five genes (cj1321 to cj1326, of which cj1325 and cj1326 are a single gene) in the o-linked flagellin glycosylation island that are highly prevalent in campylobacter jejuni isolates from chickens. we report mutagenesis, functional, and structural data to confirm that this locus, and cj1324 in particular, has a significant contributory role in the colonization of chickens by c. jejuni. a motile deltacj1324 mutant with intact flagella was considerably less hydrophobic and ...200919307210
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