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solution structures of the bacillus cereus metallo-β-lactamase bcii and its complex with the broad spectrum inhibitor r-thiomandelic acid.metallo-β-lactamases, enzymes which inactivate β-lactam antibiotics, are of increasing biological and clinical significance as a source of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. in the present study we describe the high-resolution solution nmr structures of the bacillus cereus metallo-β-lactamase bcii and of its complex with r-thiomandelic acid, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases. this is the first reported solution structure of any metallo-β-lactamase. there are differenc ...201324059435
new derivatives of salicylamides: preparation and antimicrobial activity against various bacterial species.three series of salicylanilides, esters of n-phenylsalicylamides and 2-hydroxy-n-[1-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-1-oxoalkan-2-yl]benzamides, in total thirty target compounds were synthesized and characterized. the compounds were evaluated against seven bacterial and three mycobacterial strains. the antimicrobial activities of some compounds were comparable or higher than the standards ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or isoniazid. derivatives 3f demonstrated high biological activity against staphylococcus au ...201324045008
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of polyhalobenzonitrile quinazolin-4(3h)-one derivatives.a novel series of polyhalobenzonitrile quinazolin-4(3h)-one derivatives were synthesized and characterized by nmr, ir, ms, and hrms spectra. all of the newly prepared compounds were screened for antimicrobial activities against four strains of bacteria (gram-positive bacterial: staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus; gram-negative bacterial: escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one strain of fungi (candida albicans). among the synthesized compounds, 5-(dimethylamino)-8-(2,4,5-tric ...201324044873
combination of extracts from aristolochia cymbifera with streptomycin as a potential antibacterial drug.the appearance of new antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a societal problem that requires the development of new alternative treatments. therefore, this work evaluated the antibacterial activity of ethanolic (ehi), dichloromethanic (edi) and hexanic (ehe) extracts from aristolochia cymbifera stems and the combination of these extracts with an antimicrobial drug to develop a new antibacterial therapy. the edi, ehe and ehi extracts were obtained by maceration using three different solvents. the mini ...201324040585
structure of the nhea component of the nhe toxin from bacillus cereus: implications for function.the structure of nhea, a component of the bacillus cereus nhe tripartite toxin, has been solved at 2.05 å resolution using selenomethionine multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion (mad). the structure shows it to have a fold that is similar to the bacillus cereus hbl-b and e. coli clya toxins, and it is therefore a member of the clya superfamily of α-helical pore forming toxins (α-pfts), although its head domain is significantly enlarged compared with those of clya or hbl-b. the hydrophobic β-h ...201324040335
biosorption of as (iii) by non-living biomass of an arsenic-hypertolerant bacillus cereus strain sz2 isolated from a gold mining environment: equilibrium and kinetic study.the ability of non-living biomass of an arsenic-hypertolerant bacillus cereus strain sz2 isolated from a gold mining environment to adsorb as (iii) from aqueous solution in batch experiments was investigated as a function of contact time, initial as (iii) concentration, ph, temperature and biomass dosage. langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data better in comparison to freundlich isotherm. the maximum biosorption capacity of the sorbent, as obtained from the langmuir isotherm, was 153.41 mg/g. ...201324037600
antibacterial activity of actinomycetes isolated from different soil samples of sheopur (a city of central india).the main objective of the present study was isolation, purification, and characterization of actinomycetes from soil samples, having antimicrobial activity against 12 selected pathogenic strains. soils samples were taken from different niche habitats of sheopur district, madhya pradesh, india. these samples were serially diluted and plated on actinomycete isolation agar media. potential colonies were screened, purified, and stored in glycerol stock. isolates were morphologically and biochemicall ...201323833752
bacillus cereus immune escape: a journey within macrophages.during bacterial infection, professional phagocytes are attracted to the site of infection, where they constitute a first line of host cell defense. their function is to engulf and destroy the pathogens. thus, bacteria must withstand the bactericidal activity of professional phagocytes, including macrophages to counteract the host immune system. bacillus cereus infections are characterized by bacteremia despite the accumulation of inflammatory cells at the site of infection. this implies that th ...201323827020
evolutionary dynamics of the accessory genome of listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne bacterial pathogen, is comprised of four phylogenetic lineages that vary with regard to their serotypes and distribution among sources. in order to characterize lineage-specific genomic diversity within l. monocytogenes, we sequenced the genomes of eight strains from several lineages and serotypes, and characterized the accessory genome, which was hypothesized to contribute to phenotypic differences across lineages. the eight l. monocytogenes genomes sequenced ...201323825666
transcriptional and proteomic stress responses of a soil bacterium bacillus cereus to nanosized zero-valent iron (nzvi) particles.nanosized zero valent iron (nzvi) is emerging as an option for treating contaminated soil and groundwater even though the potentially toxic impact exerted by nzvi on soil microorganisms remains uncertain. in this work, we focus on nanotoxicological studies performed in vitro using commercial nzvi and one common soil bacterium (bacillus cereus). results showed a negative impact of nzvi on b. cereus growth capability, consistent with the entrance of cells in an early sporulation stage, observed by ...201323816452
direct analysis of water content and movement in single dormant bacterial spores using confocal raman microspectroscopy and raman imaging.heavy water (d2o) has a distinct molecular vibration spectrum, and this has been used to analyze the water content, distribution, and movement in single dormant bacillus cereus spores using confocal raman microspectroscopy and raman imaging. these methods have been used to measure the kinetics of d2o release from spores suspended in h2o, the spatial distribution of d2o in spores, and the kinetics of d2o release from spores during dehydration in air at room temperature. the results obtained were ...201323815288
polyphosphate storage during sporulation in the gram-negative bacterium acetonema longum.using electron cryotomography, we show that the gram-negative sporulating bacterium acetonema longum synthesizes high-density storage granules at the leading edges of engulfing membranes. the granules appear in the prespore and increase in size and number as engulfment proceeds. typically, a cluster of 8 to 12 storage granules closely associates with the inner spore membrane and ultimately accounts for ∼7% of the total volume in mature spores. energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (edx) analyses ...201323813732
extractive bioconversion of cyclodextrins by bacillus cereus cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase in aqueous two-phase system.an extractive bioconversion with bacillus cereus cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (cgtase, ec 2.4.1.19) in aqueous two-phase system (atps) was investigated for the synthesis and recovery of cyclodextrins (cds). optimum condition for the extractive bioconversion of cds was achieved in atps consisted of 7.7% (w/w) polyethylene glycol (peg) 20,000 and 10.3% (w/w) dextran t500 with volume ratio (vr) of 4.0. enzymatic conversion of starch occurred mainly in dextran-rich bottom phase whereas the produ ...201323806510
[isolation and purification of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhlf) from transgenic rice and its antibacterial activities].to study the isolation and purification of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhlf) from transgenic rice, and to check its antibacterial activities.201323805514
development of a time-to-detect growth model for heat-treated bacillus cereus spores.the microbiological safety and quality of refrigerated processed foods of extended durability (repfeds) relies on a combination of mild heat treatment and refrigeration, sometimes in combination with other inhibitory agents that are ineffective when used alone. in this context, a predictive model describing the time-to-detect growth (measured by turbidimetry) of psychrotrophic bacillus cereus spores submitted to various combinations of ph, water activity (aw), heat treatment and storage temperat ...201323796655
antibacterial and antimutagenic activities of novel zerumbone analogues.zerumbone, the key constituent of zingiber zerumbet smith, is a very important bioactive phytochemical. two new compounds viz. azazerumbone 1 and azazerumbone 2 were synthesised by zncl2-catalysed beckmann rearrangement of the zerumbone oxime. the structure elucidation of these analogues of zerumbone was carried out by 1d ((1)h nmr and (13)c nmr) and 2d-nmr (cosy, hsqc and noesy) spectral analysis. studies on the antibacterial activity established that azazerumbone 2 had better activity than zer ...201323790891
peptide-binding dependent conformational changes regulate the transcriptional activity of the quorum-sensor nprr.the transcriptional regulator nprr controls the expression of genes essential for the adaptative response of bacillus cereus. nprr belongs to the rnpp family of directly regulated quorum sensors from gram-positive bacteria. it is activated by the re-imported signaling peptide nprx. to elucidate the activation mechanism of this quorum-sensing system, we analyzed the conformation changes induced on binding of nprx. we solved the crystal structure of the nprr/nprx binary complex and characterized t ...201323793817
anti-biofilm forming and anti-quorum sensing activity of selected essential oils and their main components on food-related micro-organisms.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of clary sage, juniper, lemon and marjoram essential oils (eos) and their major components on the formation of bacterial and yeast biofilms and on the inhibition of ahl-mediated quorum sensing (qs).201323789847
growth-inhibitory activity of natural and synthetic isothiocyanates against representative human microbial pathogens.the aim of this study was to test the growth inhibition activity of isothiocyanates (itcs), defence compounds of plants, against common human microbial pathogens.201323789822
synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel thiazole compounds as potential anti-inflammatory agents.in the present investigation, furo[2,3-d]thiazol-5(2h)-one 5 was obtained from reaction of thiosemicarbazone derivative 2 with diethyl acetylene dicarboxylate. a series of newly synthesized 2-(hydrazinyl)thiazol-4(5h)-one 6, 7 &8 and 2-(4-(substituted)-thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono derivatives 9a, b &10 were synthesized from treatment of thiosemicarbazone derivative 2 with appropriate α-halogenated compounds. also, a one pot synthesis of thiazole derivatives 13 &15 was achieved from three components re ...201323787438
spectroscopic and solvatochromism studies along with antioxidant and antibacterial activities investigation of 2-((2-mercaptophenylimino)methyl)-4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenol.the condensation reaction of 2-hydroxy-5-(aryldiazenyl)benzaldehyde (1a-d) with 2-aminothiophenole affored schiff base compounds 2-((2-mercaptophenylimino)methyl-4-(-aryldiazenyl)phenol (2a-d). the structures of compounds (2a-d) were characterized by elemental analysis, mass, infrared, uv-vis and nmr spectroscopy. the 2a-d shows enol-keto tautomeric and positive solvatochromism. the antibacterial activities of 2a-d were also evaluated by disc diffusion method. compound 2b displayed activity agai ...201323786981
a novel synthetic lipopeptide is allergy-protective by the induction of lps-tolerance.exposure to the environment of traditional farms can protect children from some allergic disease. due to this exposure, tlr2 expression in these children is increased. tlr2 ligands derived from gram-positive bacteria are found in the dust of these farms.201323786285
skin-associated bacillus, staphylococcal and micrococcal species from the house dust mite, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and bacteriolytic enzymes.dust mites produce bacteriolytic enzymes, one of which belongs to the nlpc/p60 superfamily comprising bacterial and fungal proteins. whether this enzyme is derived from the mite or from mite-associated microbes is unclear. to this end, the bacteriology of mites per se, and carpet and mattress dust from a group of asthmatic children and their parents was investigated. dust from parents' and children's mattresses yielded significantly more colony forming units compared with dust from their corresp ...201323783892
bacillus cereus in infant foods: prevalence study and distribution of enterotoxigenic virulence factors in isfahan province, iran.this study was carried out in order to investigate the presences of bacillus cereus and its enterotoxigenic genes in infant foods in isfahan, iran. overall 200 infant foods with various based were collected and immediately transferred to the laboratory. all samples were culture and the genomic dna was extracted from colonies with typical characters of bacillus cereus. the presences of enterotoxigenic genes were investigated using the pcr technique. eighty-four of two hundred samples (42%) were f ...201323781153
structural and biochemical characterization of an active arylamine n-acetyltransferase possessing a non-canonical cys-his-glu catalytic triad.arylamine n-acetyltransferases (nats), a class of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, catalyze the acetylation of aromatic amine compounds through a strictly conserved cys-his-asp catalytic triad. each residue is essential for catalysis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic nats. indeed, in (human)nat2 variants, mutation of the asp residue to asn, gln, or glu dramatically impairs enzyme activity. however, a putative atypical nat harboring a catalytic triad glu residue was recently identified in bacill ...201323770703
nucleation of platelets with blood-borne pathogens on kupffer cells precedes other innate immunity and contributes to bacterial clearance.through the use of intravital imaging of the liver, we demonstrate a collaborative role for platelets with kupffer cells (kcs) in eradicating blood-borne bacterial infection. under basal conditions, platelets, via the platelet-adhesion receptor gpib, formed transient 'touch-and-go' interactions with von willebrand factor (vwf) constitutively expressed on kcs. bacteria such as bacillus cereus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) were rapidly caught by kcs and triggered platelets ...201323770641
bacillus cereus and severe intestinal infections in preterm neonates: putative role of pooled breast milk.bacillus cereus is an environmental pathogen whose spores resist the usual cleaning procedure applied by the food industry and hospitals. we reported a cluster of severe intestinal infections due to b cereus in 2 very low birth weight neonates from a neonatal intensive care unit.201323769834
microbiological quality of chicken- and pork-based street-vended foods from taichung, taiwan, and laguna, philippines.the microbiological quality of chicken- and pork-based street-food samples from taichung, taiwan's night markets (50) and laguna, philippines' public places (69) was evaluated in comparison to a microbiological guideline for ready-to-eat foods. different bacterial contamination patterns were observed between 'hot-grilled' and 'cold cooked/fried' food types from the two sampling locations with 'hot grilled' foods generally showing better microbiological quality. several samples were found to be u ...201323764220
biological and chemical detection of fumonisins produced on agar medium by fusarium verticillioides isolates collected from corn in sohag, egypt.fusarium verticillioides (sacc.) nirenberg is among the most common fusarium species corn pathogens worldwide, and has been recognized as a fumonisin b1 (fb1) and fumonisin b2 (fb2) producer. in the present work, extracts of 58 f. verticillioides isolates from corn samples collected from sohag governorate, egypt, were tested for their biotoxicity and production of fumonisin toxins. forty-four fusarium verticillioides isolates out of 58 tested produced fb1 or fb1 and fb2 (15 and 29 isolates, resp ...201323760819
antibacterial activity of selected malaysian honey.antibacterial activity of honey is mainly dependent on a combination of its peroxide activity and non-peroxide components. this study aims to investigate antibacterial activity of five varieties of malaysian honey (three monofloral; acacia, gelam and pineapple, and two polyfloral; kelulut and tualang) against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, and pseudomonas aeruginosa.201323758747
physiological and transcriptional response of bacillus cereus treated with low-temperature nitrogen gas plasma.this study was conducted to investigate the inactivation kinetics of bacillus cereus vegetative cells upon exposure to low-temperature nitrogen gas plasma and to reveal the mode of inactivation by transcriptome profiling.201323758316
bioactive phenylalanine derivatives and cytochalasins from the soft coral-derived fungus, aspergillus elegans.one new phenylalanine derivative 4'-ome-asperphenamate (1), along with one known phenylalanine derivative (2) and two new cytochalasins, aspochalasin a1 (3) and cytochalasin z24 (4), as well as eight known cytochalasin analogues (5-12) were isolated from the fermentation broth of aspergillus elegans zj-2008010, a fungus obtained from a soft coral sarcophyton sp. collected from the south china sea. their structures and the relative configurations were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic ...201323752358
a novel combinatorial biocatalytic approach for producing antibacterial compounds effective against mycobacterium tuberculosis (tb).two bacterial hosts expressing cloned aromatic oxygenases were used to catalyze the oxidation and polymerization of indole and related substrates, creating mixtures of indigoid compounds comprised of novel dimers and trimers. crude extracts and purified compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of gram-positive organisms, in general, and mycobacterium tuberculosis (tb), in particular. of the 74 compounds tested against m. tuberculosis, ~66 % had minimum inhibitory concentrati ...201323749163
the pore-forming haemolysins of bacillus cereus: a review.the bacillus cereus sensu lato group contains diverse gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal diseases and severe eye infections in humans. they have also been incriminated in a multitude of other severe, and frequently fatal, clinical infections, such as osteomyelitis, septicaemia, pneumonia, liver abscess and meningitis, particularly in immuno-compromised patients and preterm neonates. the pathogenic properties of this organism are mediated by the synergistic effec ...201323748204
synthesis and antibacterial activities of novel nanocomposite films of chitosan/phosphoramide/fe3o4 nps.new nanocomposite films of chitosan/phosphoramide/1-5% fe3o4 nps were prepared. the fe3o4 nps were synthesized as core-shell nps with starch as a capping agent. the phosphoramide compound was synthesized from the reaction of morpholine with n-4-nitrophenyl phosphoramidic dichloride. the xrd and sem analysis of fe3o4 nps, chitosan (cs), phosphoramide (ph), cs/ph and cs/fe3o4 nps films as well as the nanocomposite films 1-5 containing cs/ph/1-5% fe3o4 nps were investigated and the results confirme ...201323748004
combinational expression of sorbose/sorbosone dehydrogenases and cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone increases 2-keto-l-gulonic acid production in ketogulonigenium vulgare-bacillus cereus consortium.the expression levels of sorbose/sorbosone dehydrogenase genes (sdh and sndh) and the synthesis genes (pqqabcden) of the adjoint cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq) were genetically manipulated in ketogulonigenium vulgare to increase the production of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-klg), the precursor of vitamin c, in the consortium of k. vulgare and bacillus cereus. we found that overexpression of sdh-sndh alone in k. vulgare could not significantly enhance the production of 2-klg, revealing the ...201323747604
rapid identification of dairy mesophilic and thermophilic sporeforming bacteria using dna high resolution melt analysis of variable 16s rdna regions.due to their ubiquity in the environment and ability to survive heating processes, sporeforming bacteria are commonly found in foods. this can lead to product spoilage if spores are present in sufficient numbers and where storage conditions favour spore germination and growth. a rapid method to identify the major aerobic sporeforming groups in dairy products, including bacillus licheniformis group, bacillus subtilis group, bacillus pumilus group, bacillus megaterium, bacillus cereus group, geoba ...201323743474
methyl carnosate, an antibacterial diterpene isolated from salvia officinalis leaves.ethanolic extracts of salvia officinalis leaves demonstrated antibacterial activity against bacillus cereus. fractionation of the extracts led to the isolation of the most active antibacterial compound, which, from spectroscopic and lc-ms evidence, was proved to be the diterpene, methyl carnosate.201323738442
development of blood-yolk-polymyxin b-trimethoprim agar for the enumeration of bacillus cereus in various foods.blood-yolk-polymyxin b-trimethoprim agar (bypta) was developed by the addition of egg yolk, laked horse blood, sodium pyruvate, polymyxin b, and trimethoprim, and compared with mannitol-yolk-polymyxin b agar (mypa) for the isolation and enumeration of bacillus cereus (b. cereus) in pure culture and various food samples. in pure culture, there was no statistical difference (p>0.05) between the recoverability and sensitivity of mypa and bypta, whereas bypta exhibited higher specificity (p<0.05). t ...201323732830
aerobic biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) by bacillus cereus isolated from contaminated soil.in this study, biological degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) which is very highly toxic environmentally and an explosive in nitroaromatic character was researched in minimal medium by bacillus cereus isolated from north atlantic treaty organization (nato) tnt-contaminated soils. in contrast to most previous studies, the capability of this bacteria to transform in liquid medium containing tnt was investigated. during degradation, treatment of tnt was followed by high-performance liquid ch ...201323715804
antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan-propolis coated polypropylene films against foodborne pathogens.antibacterial properties of chitosan are well documented in the literature. however its antibacterial effectiveness in the film form is controversial due to the methodological differences in test methods used. in this study, antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan-coated polypropylene films alone and incorporating ethanolic extract of propolis (eep) were evaluated against six foodborne pathogens (bacillus cereus, cronobacter sakazakii, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella ...201323707735
cooperation and the evolutionary ecology of bacterial virulence: the bacillus cereus group as a novel study system.how significant is social evolution theory for the maintenance of virulence in natural populations? we assume that secreted, distantly acting virulence factors are highly likely to be cooperative public goods. using this assumption, we discuss and critically assess the potential importance of social interactions for understanding the evolution, diversity and distribution of virulence in the bacillus cereus group, a novel study system for microbial social biology. we conclude that dynamic equilib ...201323702950
expression, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) from bacillus cereus.aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) catalyses the oxidation of aldehydes using nad(p)(+) as a cofactor. most aldehydes are toxic at low levels. aldhs are used to regulate metabolic intermediate aldehydes. the aldh gene from bacillus cereus was cloned and the aldh protein was expressed, purified and crystallized. a crystal of the aldh protein diffracted to 2.6 å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group p21, with unit-cell parameters a = 83.5, b = 93.3, c = 145.5 å, β = 98.05°. four protome ...201323695569
antimicrobial activity of schinus lentiscifolius (anacardiaceae).schinus lentiscifolius marchand (syn. schinus weinmannifolius engl) is a plant native to rio grande do sul (southern brazil) and has been used in brazilian traditional medicine as antiseptic and antimicrobial for the treatment of many different health problems as well as to treat leucorrhea and to assist in ulcer and wound healing. although it is a plant widely used by the population, there are no studies proving this popular use.201323684720
2,2'-dithienyl diselenide pro-oxidant activity accounts for antibacterial and antifungal activities.the aim of this study was to explore if 2,2'-dithienyl diselenide (dtds) pro-oxidant activity is related to its antibacterial and antifungal actions. the antimicrobial activity of dtds against bacterial and fungal was investigated in the broth microdilution assay (3.02-387 μg/ml). additionally, the survival curve of microorganisms in the presence of dtds (12.09-193.5 μg/ml) was performed. the involvement of pro-oxidant activity in the dtds antimicrobial action was investigated by supplementing t ...201323683588
sphingomyelin regulates the transbilayer movement of diacylglycerol in the plasma membrane of madin-darby canine kidney cells.diacylglycerol (dag) is a key component in lipid metabolism and signaling. previous model membrane studies using dag analogs suggest their rapid membrane transbilayer movement. however, little is known about the dag distribution and dynamics in cell membranes. using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we monitored the transbilayer movement of dag with the yellow fluorescent protein-tagged c1ab domain from protein kinase c-γ (eyfp-c1ab), which selectively binds dag. when hela cells were treated wi ...201323682124
two rep genes in small cryptic plasmid pkst21 of escherichia coli.the complete nucleotide sequence of a small cryptic plasmid pkst21 from escherichia coli was determined. this plasmid is 1,460 bp long with an overall gc content of 51 %. based on sequence analysis, the presence of two segments with different average gc density was observed. the segment with higher gc content revealed 98-90 % similarity to several small plasmids of e. coli and to pcr1 from gram-positive corynebacterium renale. plasmid pkst21 possesses two conversely oriented open reading frames ...201323680975
causes of infectious acute diarrhea in infants treated at pediatric clinic.the aim of this work has been a presentation of causes of acute infectious diarrhea.201323678831
potential applications for annona squamosa leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease.foodborne disease is a major public health problem. the present study examined annona squamosa leaves, which are traditionally used to treat diarrhea and other infections, for their potential to be used in modern food safety or medicine. active constituents were partially purified by ethanol extraction and column chromatography. mics of the extract were 62.5 to 125 microg/ml against bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus, and 250 microg/ml against campylobacter jejuni. ...201323678817
[transcriptional regulation of exosporium basal layer structural gene exsb in bacillus thuringiensis by sigmak and gere].to identify the transcriptional regulation of exosporium basal layer structural gene exsb in bacillus thuringiensis.201323678570
bacillus subtilis as a tool for screening soil metagenomic libraries for antimicrobial activities.finding new antimicrobial activities by functional metagenomics has been shown to depend on the heterologous host used to express the foreign dna. therefore, efforts are devoted to developing new tools for constructing metagenomic libraries in shuttle vectors replicatable in phylogenetically distinct hosts. here we evaluated the use of the escherichia coli-bacillus subtilis shuttle vector pht01 to construct a forest-soil metagenomic library. this library was screened in both hosts for antimicrob ...201323676924
synthesis of poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-12 mol % 3-hydroxyvalerate) by bacillus cereus fb11: its characterization and application as a drug carrier.the synthesis of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate is investigated in this work for it potential application as drug carrier for cancer therapy. the bacterial isolate bacillus cereus fb11 has synthesized poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer under nutrient stress conditions using glucose as a sole carbon source. the ftir spectrum of the purified copolymer showed the characteristic absorption bands at 1,719, 1,260 and 2,931 cm(-1) attributing to c=o, c-o stretching and c-h vibratio ...201323674059
effects of nisin-incorporated films on the microbiological and physicochemical quality of minimally processed mangoes.the aim of this study is to examine the effects of nisin-incorporated cellulose films on the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of minimally processed mangoes. the use of antimicrobial films did not affect the physicochemical characteristics of mangoes and showed antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and bacillus cereus. the mango slices were inoculated with s. aureus and l. monocytogenes (10(7)cfu/g), and the vi ...201323673058
study of the interference between plectranthus species essential oils from brazil and aminoglycosides.plectranthus is one of the most representative genera of lamiaceae family. in this study, the essential oils from plectranthus amboinicus, plectranthus ornatus, and plectranthus barbatus were investigated for their chemical composition and antimicrobial and modulatory activities. the major components found were carvacrol (54.4%-p. amboinicus) and eugenol (22.9%-p. ornatus e 25.1%-p. barbatus). in vitro antimicrobial activity was conducted against escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris, bacillus cere ...201323662150
identifying risk factors for eggshell contamination by bacillus cereus group bacteria in french laying farms.1. the growth of bacillus cereus group bacteria often limits the shelf-life of pasteurised liquid egg products and is also a putative toxin producer. this study was performed to better understand the route of contamination by b. cereus in egg products by studying the factors affecting eggshell contamination on-farm. 2. eggs were collected in warm and cold seasons in 50 conventional laying farms in western france. egg surfaces were analysed for the presence of b. cereus group bacteria, environmen ...201323650940
characterization and complete genome sequence of a virulent bacteriophage b4 infecting food-borne pathogenic bacillus cereus.bacillus cereus causes food poisoning, resulting in vomiting and diarrhea, due to production of enterotoxins. as a means of controlling this food-borne pathogen, the virulent bacteriophage b4 was isolated and characterized. bacterial challenge assays showed that phage b4 effectively inhibited growth of members of the b. cereus group as well as b. subtilis, and growth inhibition persisted for over 20 h. one-step growth analysis also revealed the host lysis activity of phage b4, with relatively sh ...201323649177
contaminated ventilator air flow sensor linked to bacillus cereus colonization of newborns.we investigated bacillus cereus-positive tracheal aspirates from infants on ventilators in a neonatal intensive care unit. multilocus sequence typing determined a genetic match between strains isolated from samples from a case-patient and from the air flow sensor in the ventilator. changing the sterilization method for sensors to steam autoclaving stopped transmission.201323647973
partial purification and characterization of chiio8, a novel antifungal chitinase produced by bacillus cereus io8.to investigate the distribution of chitinase io8 in bacillus cereus strains, the enhancing effects of the chitinase-producing b. cereus strains on biocontrol potential by dual culture assay and in vivo assay against botrytis cinerea and also the enhancing effects of the chiio8 on disinfectant properties against seed-borne diseases. moreover, the application of chiio8 treatment was also observed to improve the germinative energy.201323647603
cinnamon oil nanoemulsion formulation by ultrasonic emulsification: investigation of its bactericidal activity.cinnamon oil (extracted from cinnamomum zeylanicum) nanoemulsion was formulated using tween 80 and water by ultrasonic emulsification. process of nanoemulsion formulation was optimized for parameters such as surfactant concentration, oil-surfactant mixing ratio and emulsification time. surfactant concentration was found to be inversely related to droplet size and directly related to stability. increase in emulsification time resulted in decrease in droplet diameter. stable cinnamon oil formulati ...201323646705
food safety knowledge and practices of abattoir and butchery shops and the microbial profile of meat in mekelle city, ethiopia.to assess the food safety knowledge and practices in meat handling, and to determine microbial load and pathogenic organisms in meat at mekelle city.201323646306
complex formation between nheb and nhec is necessary to induce cytotoxic activity by the three-component bacillus cereus nhe enterotoxin.the nonhemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) is known as a major pathogenicity factor for the diarrheal type of food poisoning caused by bacillus cereus. the nhe complex consists of nhea, nheb and nhec, all of them required to reach maximum cytotoxicity following a specific binding order on cell membranes. here we show that complexes, formed between nheb and nhec under natural conditions before targeting the host cells, are essential for toxicity in vero cells. to enable detection of nhec and its interact ...201323646182
effect of the temperature of the dipping solution on the antimicrobial effectiveness of various chemical decontaminants against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria on poultry.the influence of the temperature of the dipping solution on the antimicrobial effectiveness of several chemical poultry decontaminants was assessed. a total of 765 poultry legs were inoculated with gram-positive bacteria (listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, or brochothrix thermosphacta) or gram-negative bacteria (salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis, escherichia coli, yersinia enterocolitica, or pseudomonas fluorescens). samples were dipped for 15 min in solutions ...201323643125
interaction between bacillus cereus and cultured human enterocytes: effect of calcium, cell differentiation, and bacterial extracellular factors.bacillus cereus interaction with cultured human enterocytes and the signaling pathways responsible for the biological effects of the infection were investigated. results demonstrate that calcium depletion increases the ability of strains t1 and 2 to invade cells. bacteria associated in greater extent to undifferentiated enterocytes and extracellular factors from strain 2 increased its own association and invasion. inhibitors of signaling pathways related to phosphorylated lipids (u73122 and wort ...201323643123
effects of copaifera duckei dwyer oleoresin on the cell wall and cell division of bacillus cereus.the aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of copaifera duckei oleoresin and to determine its possible mechanism of action against bacteria of clinical and food interest. the antibacterial activity was determined by agar diffusion and dilution methods; the mechanism of action by transmission electron microscopy and by sds-page; the bioactive compounds by bioautography; and the chemical analysis by gc/ms. oleoresin showed activity against nine of the 11 strains of bacteria te ...201323639986
process parameters for decolorization and biodegradation of orange ii (acid orange 7) in dye-simulated minimal salt medium and subsequent textile effluent treatment by bacillus cereus (mtcc 9777) rmlau1.in this study, bacillus cereus isolate from tannery effluent was employed for orange ii dye decolorization in simulated minimal salt broth and textile effluent. most of the physicochemical parameters of textile effluent were above the permissible limits. the strain was highly tolerant to dye up to 500 mg l(-1). increasing dye concentration exerted inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth and decolorization. the maximum decolorization of initial 100 mg dye l(-1) was achieved at optimum ph 8.0 an ...201323636502
drosophila melanogaster selection for survival after infection with bacillus cereus spores: evolutionary genetic and phenotypic investigations of respiration and movement.laboratory populations of d. melanogaster have been subjected to selection for survival after live spores of b. cereus were introduced as a pathogenic agent. the present study was designed to investigate correlated traits: respiration as a metabolic trait and movement as a behavioral trait. an underlying hypothesis was that the evolution of increased survival after b. cereus infection exerts a metabolic cost associated with elevated immunity and this would be detected by increased respiration ra ...201323634317
biochemical composition, antimicrobial activities,and anti-quorum-sensing activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from hypericum connatum lam. (guttiferae).we studied the polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of hypericum connatum (guttiferae), in addition to their antimicrobial and antiquorum-sensing (aqs) properties. the extracts exhibited a similar polyphenol content and a notable antioxidant activity, which was stronger in the ethanolic extract (ec50=3.2 μg/ml). ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed different polyphenol profiles, with rutin and apigen being the main c ...201323631492
probing determinants of cyclopiazonic acid sensitivity of bacterial ca2+-atpases.cyclopiazonic acid (cpa) is a specific and potent inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ca(2+)-atpase 1a (serca1a). despite high sequence similarity to serca1a, listeria monocytogenes ca(2+)-atpase 1 (lmca1) is not inhibited by cpa. to test whether a cpa binding site could be created while maintaining the functionality of the atpase we targeted four amino acid positions in lmca1 for mutational studies based on a multiple sequence alignment of serca-like ca(2+)-atpases and structural analysis o ...201323621633
concerted action of sphingomyelinase and non-hemolytic enterotoxin in pathogenic bacillus cereus.bacillus cereus causes food poisoning and serious non-gastrointestinal-tract infections. non-hemolytic enterotoxin (nhe), which is present in most b. cereus strains, is considered to be one of the main virulence factors. however, a b. cereus δnhebc mutant strain lacking nhe is still cytotoxic to intestinal epithelial cells. in a screen for additional cytotoxic factors using an in vitro model for polarized colon epithelial cells we identified b. cereus sphingomyelinase (smase) as a strong inducer ...201323613846
identification of tet45, a tetracycline efflux pump, from a poultry-litter-exposed soil isolate and persistence of tet(45) in the soil.to characterize a tetracycline resistance (tc(r)) determinant, closely related to the tetl efflux pump, in a bhargavaea cecembensis strain previously isolated from a poultry-litter-impacted soil.201323595824
evaluation of the haccp system in a university canteen: microbiological monitoring and internal auditing as verification tools.food safety is essential in mass catering. in europe, regulation (ec) no. 852/2004 requires food business operators to put in place, implement and maintain permanent procedures based on hazard analysis and critical control point (haccp) principles. each haccp plan is specifically implemented for the processing plant and processing methods and requires a systematic collection of data on the incidence, elimination, prevention, and reduction of risks. in this five-year-study, the effectiveness of t ...201323594937
reactive oxygen species and the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of isoconazole nitrate.bacterial superinfections often occur in dermatomycoses, resulting in greatly inflamed or eczematous skin. the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of isoconazole nitrate (isn), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial imidazole, commonly used to treat dermatomycoses. several gram-positive bacteria minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) for isn (isn solution or isn-containing creams: travogen or corticosteroid-containing travocort) and ampicillin were obtained using the bro ...201323574020
foodborne disease outbreaks caused by bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus--united states, 1998-2008.from 1998 to 2008, 1229 foodborne outbreaks caused by bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus were reported in the united states; 39% were reported with a confirmed etiology. vomiting was commonly reported in b. cereus (median, 75% of cases) and s. aureus outbreaks (median, 87%), but rarely in c. perfringens outbreaks (median, 9%). meat or poultry dishes were commonly implicated in c. perfringens (63%) and s. aureus (55%) outbreaks, and rice dishes were commonly impli ...201323592829
optimization of cultural conditions using response surface methodology versus artificial neural network and modeling of l-glutaminase production by bacillus cereus mtcc 1305.response surface methodology and artificial neural network were used to optimize cultural conditions of l-glutaminase production from bacillus cereus mtcc 1305. ann model was superior to rsm model with higher value of coefficient of determination (99.97ann>97.78rsm), predicted distribution coefficient (0.9992ann>0.896rsm) and lower value of absolute average deviation (1.17%ann<18.47%rsm). optimum cultural conditions predicted by ann were ph (7.5), fermentation time (40 h), temperature (34°c), in ...201323587828
kinetics of bacillus cereus spore inactivation in cooked rice by combined pressure-heat treatment.the efficacy of pressure-heat treatment was evaluated for the inactivation of bacillus cereus spores in cooked rice. the spores of b. cereus atcc 9818 were inoculated (1.1 × 10(8) cfu/g) in a parboiled rice product (ph 6.0, water activity of 0.95) and inactivated to an undetectable level (<10 cfu/g) by treatment of 600 mpa and process temperatures of 60 to 85 °c or 0.1 mpa and 85 °c. kinetic inactivation parameters were estimated with linear and nonlinear models. the potential recovery of injure ...201323575123
antibacterial activity-guided purification and identification of a novel c-20 oxygenated ent-kaurane from rabdosia serra (maxim.) hara.the objective of this work was to conduct an activity-guided isolation of antibacterial compounds from rabdosia serra. the ethanol extracts of r. serra leaf and stem were partitioned sequentially into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions, respectively. the ethanol extract of leaf evidenced broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacterial, including bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes. the ethyl acetate ...201323561188
synthesis of amino acid conjugates of tetrahydrocurcumin and evaluation of their antibacterial and anti-mutagenic properties.tetrahydrocurcumin (thc), the hydrogenated and stable form of curcumin, exhibits physiological and pharmacological activities similar to curcumin. a protocol has been developed for the synthesis of novel conjugates of thc with alanine (2a), isoleucine (2b), proline (2c), valine (2d), phenylalanine (2e), glycine (2f) and leucine (2g) in high yields (43-82%). all the derivatives of thc exhibited more potent anti-microbial activity than thc against bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichi ...201323561114
genetic diversity of bacillus thuringiensis from different geo-ecological regions of ukraine by analyzing the 16s rrna and gyrb genes and by ap-pcr and saaflp.the bacillus cereus group consists of closely related species of bacteria and is of interest to researchers due to its importance in industry and medicine. however, it remains difficult to distinguish these bacteria at the intra- and inter-species level. bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a member of the b. cereus group. in this work, we studied the inter-species structure of five entomopathogenic strains and 20 isolates of bt, which were collected from different geo-ecological regions of ukraine, u ...201323556134
microbial diversity and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in cheap and junk foods consumed by primary schoolchildren.aerobic plate counts (apc), coliforms, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli and eight foodborne pathogens were tested in 1008 cheap and junk foods, including candies, dried cakes, chewing gum, chocolate, dried and seasoned seafood, ice cream, and sugary foods. apcs were positive for 342 samples (33·9%), and the majority of the counts were 2-3 log cfu g(-1) or ml(-1) (average: 1·10 log cfu g(-1) or ml(-1) ). most samples (97·3%) contained no coliforms (average: 0·07 log cfu g(-1) or ml(-1) ). bacill ...201323551123
bacillus cereus. 201323547067
germination and proliferation of emetic bacillus cereus sensu lato strains in milk.the bacillus cereus sensu lato group includes potentially pathogenic bacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment and, importantly, could also be present in food products. this study focuses on emetic isolates which presumably could cause acute food poisoning and emetic syndrome. here, we evaluate the ability of psychrotolerant bacillus weihenstephanensis mc118 (isolated from soil) and mesophilic b. cereus bod3/9 isolated from milk to germinate and multiply at 7 and 30 °c. whereas the rates o ...201323546831
activity and regulation of various forms of cwlj, sleb, and ypeb proteins in degrading cortex peptidoglycan of spores of bacillus species in vitro and during spore germination.germination of bacillus spores requires degradation of a modified layer of peptidoglycan (pg) termed the spore cortex by two redundant cortex-lytic enzymes (cles), cwlj and sleb, plus sleb's partner protein, ypeb. in this study, in vitro and in vivo analyses have been used to clarify the roles of individual sleb and ypeb domains in pg degradation. purified mature bacillus cereus sleb without its signal sequence (sleb(m)) and the sleb c-terminal catalytic domain (sleb(c)) efficiently triggered ge ...201323543708
microbiological examination of ready-to-eat foods and ready-to-bake frozen pastries from university canteens.during a 10-year inspection survey (2001-2010), a microbiological study of ready-to-eat (rte) foods and ready-to-bake frozen pastries from 15 canteens of the university campus was undertaken to determine their microbiological quality. the cumulative study revealed that the aerobic colony counts for the rte product groups were as follows: from 10(6) to 10(8) cfu/g for 50% of sandwiches; under the detection limit (<10 cfu/g) for 88.6% of oven baked pastries; <10(5) cfu/g for 86.5% of desserts oven ...201323541200
in vitro assessment of functional properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from faecal microbiota of healthy dogs for potential use as probiotics.lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified in the faeces of chinese crested and yorkshire terrier pups and their probiotic features were investigated in vitro. thirty seven isolates were identified as lactobacillus or enterococcus. out of these isolates, 31 were lactic acid bacteria (lab) and belonged to the species lactobacillus reuteri (16/37; 43.3%), lactobacillus animalis (7/37; 18.9%), lactobacillus acidophilus (3/37; 8.1%), lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (2/37; 5.4%), lactobacillus ...201323538205
pathogenic psychrotolerant sporeformers: an emerging challenge for low-temperature storage of minimally processed foods.sporeforming bacteria are a significant problem in the food industry as they are ubiquitous in nature and capable of resisting inactivation by heat and chemical treatments designed to inactivate them. beyond spoilage issues, psychrotolerant sporeformers are becoming increasingly recognized as a potential hazard given the ever-expanding demand for refrigerated processed foods with extended shelf-life. in these products, the sporeforming pathogens of concern are bacillus cereus, bacillus weihenste ...201323536982
synthesis of 1-isopropyl-3-acyl-5-methyl-benzimidazolone derivatives and their antimicrobial activity.a series of n-acylated analogues of 1-isopropyl-3-acyl-5-methyl-benzimidazolone were synthesized. bioassay results indicated that analogues 5-07 and 5-19 exhibited the most potency against bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. analogues 5-02, 5-07, 5-12, 5-15, 5-19, 5-20 and 5-25 could effectively inhibit the spore germination of botrytis cinerea. the relationship between structure and their antimicrobial activity (sar) has also b ...201323531538
potato crop as a source of emetic bacillus cereus and cereulide-induced mammalian cell toxicity.bacillus cereus, aseptically isolated from potato tubers, were screened for cereulide production and for toxicity on human and other mammalian cells. the cereulide-producing isolates grew slowly, the colonies remained small (~1 mm), tested negative for starch hydrolysis, and varied in productivity from 1 to 100 ng of cereulide mg (wet weight)(-1) (~0.01 to 1 ng per 10(5) cfu). by dna-fingerprint analysis, the isolates matched b. cereus f5881/94, connected to human food-borne illness, but were di ...201323524678
microbial contamination of hospital reusable cleaning towels.hospital cleaning practices are critical to the prevention of nosocomial infection transmission. to this end, cloth towels soaked in disinfectants are commonly used to clean and disinfect hospital surfaces. cloth cleaning towels have been linked to an outbreak of bacillus cereus and have been shown to reduce the effectiveness of commonly used quaternary ammonium disinfectants. thus, it is important to determine whether the reuse of cloth towels increases the risk of pathogen transmission in hosp ...201323523522
application of asian pumpkin (cucurbita ficifolia) serine proteinase for production of biologically active peptides from casein.the main objective of this study was to determine potential application of a serine proteinase derived from asian pumpkin for obtaining biologically active peptides from casein. the course of casein hydrolysis by three doses of the enzyme (50, 150, 300 u/mg of protein) was monitored for 24 hours by the determinations of: hydrolysis degree dh (%), free amino group content (μmole gly/g), rp hplc peptide profiles and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. in all hydrolyzates analyzed antioxidant ac ...201323520577
antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of mycelia of a medicinal mushroom from taiwan, taiwanofungus salmoneus (higher basidiomycetes).taiwanofungus salmoneus (t.t. chang et w.n. chou) sheng h. wu et al. (shiang-shan-chih), is a medicinal fungus indigenous to taiwan. the mycelium was prepared from submerged culture and its ethanolic and hot-water extracts were used to study its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. gram-positive species (bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative species (escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium) of bacteria were used. in addition to the i ...201323510283
selection of dna aptamers for capture and detection of salmonella typhimurium using a whole-cell selex approach in conjunction with cell sorting.alternative ligands such as nucleic acid aptamers can be used for pathogen capture and detection and offer advantages over antibodies, including reduced cost, ease of production and modification, and improved stability. dna aptamers demonstrating binding specificity to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were identified by whole-cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) beginning with a combinatorial library of biotin-labeled single stranded dna molecules. aptame ...201323494620
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of polyhalo isophthalonitrile derivatives.a series of polyhalo isophthalonitrile derivatives (3 and 4) that incorporate a variety of substituents at the 2-, 4-, 5- and/or 6-positions of the isophthalonitrile moieties have been designed and synthesized. these derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus (gram-positive bacteria), escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria); and candida albicans (fungi). compounds 3 and 4 showed stronger inhibition of gram- ...201323489634
diversity of bacillus cereus group strains is reflected in their broad range of pathogenicity and diverse ecological lifestyles.bacillus cereus comprises a highly versatile group of bacteria, which are of particular interest because of their capacity to cause disease. emetic food poisoning is caused by the toxin cereulide produced during the growth of emetic b. cereus in food, while diarrhoeal food poisoning is the result of enterotoxin production by viable vegetative b. cereus cells in the small intestine, probably in the mucus layer and/or attached to the host's intestinal epithelium. the numbers of b. cereus causing d ...201323488744
complete genome of bacillus thuringiensis myophage bigbertha.bigbertha is a myophage of bacillus thuringiensis, a widely used biocontrol agent that is active against many insect pests of plants. here, we present the complete annotated genome of bigbertha. the genome shares 85.9% sequence identity with bacillus cereus phage b4.201324309723
effects of aronia melanocarpa constituents on biofilm formation of escherichia coli and bacillus cereus.many bacteria growing on surfaces form biofilms. adaptive and genetic changes of the microorganisms in this structure make them resistant to antimicrobial agents. biofilm-forming organisms on medical devices can pose serious threats to human health. thus, there is a need for novel prevention and treatment strategies. this study aimed to evaluate the ability of aronia melanocarpa extracts, subfractions and compounds to prevent biofilm formation and to inhibit bacterial growth of escherichia coli ...201324317526
chemical composition and biological activity of essential oils of origanum vulgare l. subsp. vulgare l. under different growth conditions.this research was aimed at investigating the essential oil production, chemical composition and biological activity of a crop of pink flowered oregano (origanum vulgare l. subsp. vulgare l.) under different spatial distribution of the plants (single and binate rows). this plant factor was shown to affect its growth, soil covering, fresh biomass, essential oil amount and composition. in particular, the essential oil percentage was higher for the binate row treatment at the full bloom. the chemica ...201324304588
efficient degradation of feather by keratinase producing bacillus sp.keratinase producing microorganisms are being increasingly utilized for degradation and recycling of poultry feather waste. two native strains bf11 (bacillus subtilis) and bf21 (bacillus cereus) degrading keratin completely were characterized. the native strains produced more than 10 ku/ml of enzyme. strain improvement resulted in isolation of mbf11 and mbf21 from bf11 and bf21 isolates, respectively. optimization of nutritional and physical parameters of these mbf isolates at laboratory scale i ...201324298284
contrasting evolutionary patterns of spore coat proteins in two bacillus species groups are linked to a difference in cellular structure.the bacillus subtilis-group and the bacillus cereus-group are two well-studied groups of species in the genus bacillus. bacteria in this genus can produce a highly resistant cell type, the spore, which is encased in a complex protective protein shell called the coat. spores in the b. cereus-group contain an additional outer layer, the exosporium, which encircles the coat. the coat in b. subtilis spores possesses inner and outer layers. the aim of this study is to investigate whether differences ...201324283940
evolution and dynamics of megaplasmids with genome sizes larger than 100 kb in the bacillus cereus group.plasmids play a crucial role in the evolution of bacterial genomes by mediating horizontal gene transfer. however, the origin and evolution of most plasmids remains unclear, especially for megaplasmids. strains of the bacillus cereus group contain up to 13 plasmids with genome sizes ranging from 2 kb to 600 kb, and thus can be used to study plasmid dynamics and evolution.201324295128
effects of a skin neuropeptide (substance p) on cutaneous microflora.skin is the largest human neuroendocrine organ and hosts the second most numerous microbial population but the interaction of skin neuropeptides with the microflora has never been investigated. we studied the effect of substance p (sp), a peptide released by nerve endings in the skin on bacterial virulence.201324250813
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