Publications

challenging packaging limits and infectivity of phage λ	the terminase motors of bacteriophages have been shown to be among the strongest active machines in the biomolecular world, being able to package several tens of kilobase pairs of viral genome into a capsid within minutes. yet, these motors are hindered at the end of the packaging process by the progressive buildup of a force-resisting packaging associated with already packaged dna. in this experimental work, we raise the issue of what sets the upper limit on the length of the genome that can be ...	2011	22108169
[anaerobic synthesis of succinic acid by escherichia coli strains with activated nad+ reducing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex].	effect of constitutive expression of the aceef-lpda operon genes coding for the enzymes of nad+ reducing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex on the anaerobic production of succinic acids from glucose by recombinant escherichia coli strains was studied. basic producer strains were obtained by inactivation of the main pathways for synthesis of acetic and lactic acids by deletion of the genes acka, pta, poxb, and ldha (sgmo.1) in e. coli strain mg 1655 cells and additional introduction of the bacillus s ...	2011	21950115
bacteria-based in vivo peptide library screening using biopanning approach.	traditionally, library screening has been performed to identify biologically active agents including small molecules or peptides that inhibit target proteins or molecules with therapeutic interests. due to its chemical nature, library screening is usually performed under in vitro environments using purified proteins and molecules. however, active agents identified from in vitro screenings often fail to exhibit biological activities in cells. to overcome this inherent limitation, we have develope ...	2011	22068505
A one-step miniprep for the isolation of plasmid DNA and lambda phage particles.	Plasmid DNA minipreps are fundamental techniques in molecular biology. Current plasmid DNA minipreps use alkali and the anionic detergent SDS in a three-solution format. In addition, alkali minipreps usually require additional column-based purification steps and cannot isolate other extra-chromosomal elements, such as bacteriophages. Non-ionic detergents (NIDs) have been used occasionally as components of multiple-solution plasmid DNA minipreps, but a one-step approach has not been developed. He ...	2011	21858126
gold micro-flowers: one-step fabrication of efficient, highly reproducible surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy platform.	we present a new method enabling simultaneous synthesis and deposition of gold micro-flowers (aumfs) on solid substrates in a one-pot process that uses two reagents, auric acid and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, in aqueous reaction mixture. the aumfs deposited onto the substrate form mechanically stable gold layer of expanded nanostructured surface. the morphology of the aumfs depends on and can be controlled by the composition of the reaction solution as well as by the reaction time. the nanostru ...	2011	22081763
site-specific binding of short peptides with dna modulated eukaryotic endonuclease activity.	short peptides (2-4 amino acid residues) inhibit or stimulate hydrolysis of λ phage dna by eukaryotic endonucleases wen1 and wen2 depending on dna methylation status. peptide modulation of endonucleases activity most likely appears as a result of their binding to dna. peptides discriminate (recognize) not only certain dna sequences, but also their methylation status. apart from intact dna, the test peptides bind to single-stranded dna structures (oligonucleotides) containing ng- and cg-sites met ...	2011	22442805
the drosophila gap gene network is composed of two parallel toggle switches.	drosophila "gap" genes provide the first response to maternal gradients in the early fly embryo. gap genes are expressed in a series of broad bands across the embryo during first hours of development. the gene network controlling the gap gene expression patterns includes inputs from maternal gradients and mutual repression between the gap genes themselves. in this study we propose a modular design for the gap gene network, involving two relatively independent network domains. the core of each ne ...	2011	21747931
Following cell-fate in E. coli after infection by phage lambda.	The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant). We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells. Here, we d ...	2011	22025187
chemical mapping of dna and counter-ion content inside phage by energy-filtered tem.	double-stranded dna in many bacterial viruses (phage) is strongly confined, which results in internal genome pressures of tens of atmospheres. this pressure is strongly dependent on local ion concentration and distribution within the viral capsid. here, we have used electron energy loss spectroscopy (eels), energy-filtered tem (eftem) and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy to provide such chemical information from the capsid and the phage tail through which dna is injected into the cell. to ac ...	2011	23449697
logical stochastic resonance with correlated internal and external noises in a synthetic biological logic block.	following the advent of synthetic biology, several gene networks have been engineered to emulate digital devices, with the ability to program cells for different applications. in this work, we adapt the concept of logical stochastic resonance to a synthetic gene network derived from a bacteriophage λ. the intriguing results of this study show that it is possible to build a biological logic block that can emulate or switch from the and to the or gate functionalities through externally tuning the ...	2011	22225395
prediction of protein-protein interactions between human host and a pathogen and its application to three pathogenic bacteria.	molecular understanding of disease processes can be accelerated if all interactions between the host and pathogen are known. the unavailability of experimental methods for large-scale detection of interactions across host and pathogen organisms hinders this process. here we apply a simple method to predict protein-protein interactions across a host and pathogen organisms. we use homology detection approaches against the protein-protein interaction databases, dip and ipfam in order to predict int ...	2011	21310175
coupling of transcription and replication machineries in λ dna replication initiation: evidence for direct interaction of escherichia coli rna polymerase and the λo protein.	transcription proceeding downstream of the λ phage replication origin was previously shown to support initial steps of the λ primosome assembly in vitro and to regulate frequency and directionality of λ dna replication in vivo. in this report, the data are presented indicating that the rna polymerase β subunit makes a direct contact with the λo protein, a replication initiator of λ phage. these results suggest that the role of rna polymerase during the initiation of λ phage dna replication may b ...	2011	20833633
joint effects of topoisomerase alterations and plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant determinants in salmonella enterica typhimurium.	alterations in topoisomerases and plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant (pmqr) determinants have been identified as main quinolone-resistant mechanisms in salmonella enterica typhimurium. but the joint effects of these mechanisms have not been thoroughly characterized in homologous salmonella typhimurium strains. in this study, isogenic topoisomerase mutants were constructed using phage λ red recombinase system and phage transduction. and the joint effects of topoisomerase mutations (gyra [s83f], ...	2011	20818995
dense display of hiv-1 envelope spikes on the lambda phage scaffold does not result in the generation of improved antibody responses to hiv-1 env.	the generation of strong, virus-neutralizing antibody responses to the hiv-1 envelope spike (env) is a major goal in hiv-1 vaccine research. to try to enhance the env-specific response, we displayed oligomeric gp140 on a virus-like scaffold provided by the lambda phage capsid. to do this, an in vitro complementation system was used to "decorate" phage particles with glycosylated, mammalian cell-derived envelope oligomers. we compared the immune response to lambda phage particles displaying hiv-1 ...	2011	21310193
functional characterization of an alkaline exonuclease and single strand annealing protein from the sxt genetic element of vibrio cholerae.	abstract: background: sxt is an integrating conjugative element (ice) originally isolated from vibrio cholerae, the bacterial pathogen that causes cholera. it houses multiple antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes on its ca. 100kb circular double stranded dna (dsdna) genome, and functions as an effective vehicle for the horizontal transfer of resistance genes within susceptible bacterial populations. here, we characterize the activities of an alkaline exonuclease (s066, sxt-exo) and single ...	2011	21501469
analysis of the fluctuations of a single-tethered, quantum-dot labeled dna molecule in shear flow.	a novel technique for analyzing the conformational fluctuations of a single, surface-tethered dna molecule by fluorescence microscopy is reported. attaching a nanometer-sized fluorescent quantum dot to the free end of a λ-phage dna molecule allows us to study the fluctuations of a native dna molecule without the mechanical properties being altered by fluorescent dye staining. we report on the investigation of single-tethered dna in both the unperturbed and the shear flow induced stretched state. ...	2011	21508487
secondary structure of double-stranded dna under stretching: elucidation of the stretched form.	almost two decades ago, measurements of force versus extension on isolated double-stranded dna molecules revealed a force plateau. this unusual stretching phenomenon in dna suggests that the long molecules may be extended from the usual b form into a new conformation. different models have been proposed to describe the nature of dna in its stretched form, s-dna. using atomic force microscopy combined with a molecular combing method, we identified the structure of λ-phage dna for different stretc ...	2011	21517521
nmr structure of the bordetella bronchiseptica protein np_888769.1 establishes a new phage-related protein family pf13554.	the solution structure of the hypothetical phage-related protein np_888769.1 from the gram-negative bacterium bordetella bronchoseptica contains a well-structured core comprising a five-stranded, antiparallel β-sheet packed on one side against two α-helices and a short β-hairpin with three flexibly disordered loops extending from the central β-sheet. a homology search with the software dali identified two protein data bank deposits with z-scores > 8, where both of these proteins have less than 8 ...	2011	21520320
studies on escherichia coli hflkc suggest the presence of an unidentified ? factor that influences the lysis-lysogeny switch.	the lysis-lysogeny decision in the temperate coliphage ? is influenced by a number of phage proteins (cii and ciii) as well as host factors, viz. escherichia coli hflb, hflkc and hfld. prominent among these are the transcription factor cii and hflb, an atp-dependent protease that degrades cii. stabilization of cii promotes lysogeny, while its destabilization induces the lytic mode of development. all other factors that influence the lytic/lysogenic decision are known to act by their effects on t ...	2011	21324212
arm site independence of coliphage hk022 integrase in human cells.	the integrase encoded by the lambdoid phage hk022 (int-hk022) resembles its coliphage ? counterpart (int-?) in the roles of the cognate dna arm binding sites and in controlling the direction of the reaction. we show here that within mammalian cells, int-hk022 does not exhibit such a control. rather, int-hk022 recombined between all ten possible pairwise att site combinations, including attb × attb that was more effective than the conventional integrative attp × attb reaction. we further show tha ...	2011	21442327
replication of plasmids derived from shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages in starved escherichia coli.	the pathogenicity of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) depends on the expression of stx genes that are located on lambdoid prophages. effective toxin production occurs only after prophage induction, and one may presume that replication of the phage genome is important for an increase in the dosage of stx genes, positively influencing their expression. we investigated the replication of plasmids derived from shiga toxin (stx)-converting bacteriophages in starved e. coli cells, as star ...	2011	20829283
targeting vector construction through recombineering.	gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells is an essential, yet still very expensive and highly time-consuming, tool and method to study gene function at the organismal level or to create mouse models of human diseases. conventional cloning-based methods have been largely used for generating targeting vectors, but are hampered by a number of limiting factors, including the variety and location of restriction enzymes in the gene locus of interest, the specific pcr amplification of repetitive dn ...	2011	21080281
comparison of a bacteriophage-delivered dna vaccine and a commercially available recombinant protein vaccine against hepatitis b.	a bacteriophage lambda dna vaccine expressing the small surface antigen (hbsag) of hepatitis b was compared with engerix b, a commercially available vaccine based on the homologous recombinant protein (r-hbsag). rabbits (five per group) were vaccinated intramuscularly at weeks 0, 5 and 10. antibody responses against r-hbsag were measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, by limiting dilutions and by subtyping. specific lymphocyte proliferation in vitro was also measured. after one v ...	2011	21204995
bac-recombineering for studying plant gene regulation: developmental control and cellular localization of snrk1 kinase subunits.	recombineering, permitting precise modification of genes within bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) through homologous recombination mediated by lambda phage-encoded red proteins, is a widely used powerful tool in mouse, caenorhabditis and drosophila genetics. as agrobacterium-mediated transfer of large dna inserts from binary bacs and tacs into plants occurs at low frequency, recombineering is so far seldom exploited in the analysis of plant gene functions. we have constructed binary plant ...	2011	21235649
linear nicking endonuclease-mediated strand-displacement dna amplification.	we describe a method for linear isothermal dna amplification using nicking endonuclease-mediated strand displacement by a dna polymerase. the nicking of one strand of a dna target by the endonuclease produces a primer for the polymerase to initiate synthesis. as the polymerization proceeds, the downstream strand is displaced into a single-stranded form while the nicking site is also regenerated. the combined continuous repetitive action of nicking by the endonuclease and strand-displacement synt ...	2011	21342654
expression, purification, and characterization of authentic mouse prolactin obtained in escherichia coli periplasmic space.	prolactin (prl) is a pleiotropic hormone produced by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland and is mainly related to lactation control and reproduction. recombinant mouse prolactin (r-mprl), never obtained in its authentic form, can be very useful for research and tests in animal models, in which human prolactin (hprl) is usually employed in a heterologous mode. synthesis of r-mprl was carried out here via secretion in escherichia coli periplasmic space using a plasmid containing mprl ...	2012	23586827
capstan friction model for dna ejection from bacteriophages.	bacteriophages infect cells by attaching to the outer membrane and injecting their dna into the cell. the phage dna is then transcribed by the cell's transcription machinery. a number of physical mechanisms by which dna can be translocated from the phage capsid into the cell have been identified. a fast ejection driven by the elastic and electrostatic potential energy of the compacted dna within the viral capsid appears to be used by most phages, at least to initiate infection. in recent in vitr ...	2012	23368388
plug-and-play, infrared, laser-mediated pcr in a microfluidic chip.	microfluidic polymerase chain reaction (pcr) systems have set milestones for small volume (100 nl-5 μl), amplification speed (100-400 s), and on-chip integration of upstream and downstream sample handling including purification and electrophoretic separation functionality. in practice, the microfluidic chips in these systems require either insertion of thermocouples or calibration prior to every amplification. these factors can offset the speed advantages of microfluidic pcr and have likely hind ...	2012	22218821
canine hepacivirus ns3 serine protease can cleave the human adaptor proteins mavs and trif.	canine hepacivirus (chv) was recently identified in domestic dogs and horses. the finding that chv is genetically the virus most closely related to hepatitis c virus (hcv) has raised the question of whether hcv might have evolved as the result of close contact between dogs and/or horses and humans. the aim of this study was to investigate whether the ns3/4a serine protease of chv specifically cleaves human mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (mavs) and toll-il-1 receptor domain-containing ...	2012	22870331
improved quantitative pcr protocols for adenovirus and cmv with an internal inhibition control system and automated nucleic acid isolation.	with the establishment of routine virus load (dnaemia) screening for human adenovirus (hadv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) in post-transplant care quality standards for quantitative pcr-assays are increasing. established real-time pcr assays were improved with a fully automated dna-extraction and with a competitive internal control dna packaged into a lambda phage which serves as an extraction and amplification control in each sample. hadv and cmv dna were detected and quantified simultaneously in v ...	2012	22499011
competing pathways control host resistance to virus via trna modification and programmed ribosomal frameshifting.	viral infection depends on a complex interplay between host and viral factors. here, we link host susceptibility to viral infection to a network encompassing sulfur metabolism, trna modification, competitive binding, and programmed ribosomal frameshifting (prf). we first demonstrate that the iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis pathway in escherichia coli exerts a protective effect during lambda phage infection, while a trna thiolation pathway enhances viral infection. we show that trna(lys) uridine ...	2012	22294093
graphical analysis of flow cytometer data for characterizing controlled fluorescent protein display on λ phage.	as native virus particles typically cannot be resolved using a flow cytometer, the general practice is to use fluorescent dyes to label the particles. in this work, an attempt was made to use a common commercial flow cytometer to characterize a phage display strategy that allows for controlled levels of protein display, in this case, egfp. to achieve this characterization, a number of data processing steps were needed to ensure that the observed phenomena were indeed capturing differences in the ...	2012	23027705
repeatability and contingency in the evolution of a key innovation in phage lambda.	the processes responsible for the evolution of key innovations, whereby lineages acquire qualitatively new functions that expand their ecological opportunities, remain poorly understood. we examined how a virus, bacteriophage λ, evolved to infect its host, escherichia coli, through a novel pathway. natural selection promoted the fixation of mutations in the virus's host-recognition protein, j, that improved fitness on the original receptor, lamb, and set the stage for other mutations that allowe ...	2012	22282803
thermodynamic characterization of viral procapsid expansion into a functional capsid shell.	the assembly of "complex" dna viruses such as the herpesviruses and many tailed bacteriophages includes a dna packaging step where the viral genome is inserted into a preformed procapsid shell. packaging triggers a remarkable capsid expansion transition that results in thinning of the shell and an increase in capsid volume to accept the full-length genome. this transition is considered irreversible; however, here we demonstrate that the phage λ procapsid can be expanded with urea in vitro and th ...	2012	22365932
recovery of small dna fragments from serum using compaction precipitation.	while most nucleic acids are intracellular, trace amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) and ribonucleic acid (rna), including micro rnas, can also be found in peripheral blood. many studies have suggested the potential utility of these circulating nucleic acids in prenatal diagnosis, early cancer detection, and the diagnosis of infectious diseases. however, dna circulating in blood is usually present at very low concentrations (ng/ml), and is in the form of relatively small fragments (<1,000 bp ...	2012	23284792
hsm - a hybrid system based approach for modelling intracellular networks.	the paper proposes a hybrid system based approach for modelling of intracellular networks and introduces a restricted subclass of hybrid systems - hsm - with an objective of still being able to provide sufficient power for the modelling of biological systems, while imposing some restrictions that facilitate analysis of systems described by such models. the use of hybrid system based models has become increasingly popular, likely due to the facts that: 1) they provide sufficiently powerful mathem ...	2012	23266641
Logical Modelling of Gene Regulatory Networks with GINsim.	Discrete mathematical formalisms are well adapted to model large biological networks, for which detailed kinetic data are scarce. This chapter introduces the reader to a well-established qualitative (logical) framework for the modelling of regulatory networks. Relying on GINsim, a software implementing this logical formalism, we guide the reader step by step towards the definition and the analysis of a simple model of the lysis-lysogeny decision in the bacteriophage ?.	2012	22144167
λ phage nanobioparticle expressing apoptin efficiently suppress human breast carcinoma tumor growth in vivo.	using phages is a novel field of cancer therapy and phage nanobioparticles (nbps) such as λ phage could be modified to deliver and express genetic cassettes into eukaryotic cells safely in contrast with animal viruses. apoptin, a protein from chicken anemia virus (cav) has the ability to specifically induce apoptosis only in carcinoma cells. we presented a safe method of breast tumor therapy via the apoptin expressing λ nbps. here, we constructed a λ zap-cmv-apoptin recombinant nbp and investiga ...	2013	24278212
recombinant λ bacteriophage displaying nanobody towards third domain of her-2 epitope inhibits proliferation of breast carcinoma skbr-3 cell line.	phage display of many nanobodies via filamentous phage in combination with helper phage has been reported by many scientists. the aim of this study was to produce lambda (λ) bacteriophage displaying high-affinity nanobody against her-2 expressing breast carcinoma cells. bacteriophage λ is a temperate phage with inherent biological safety in mammalian cells. here we report the construction of a recombinant λ phage that efficiently expresses specific nanobody towards third domain of her-2 target o ...	2013	23224340
a touch of glue to complete bacteriophage assembly: the tail-to-head joining protein (thjp) family.	bacteriophage spp1 is a nanomachine built to infect the bacterium bacillus subtilis. the phage particle is composed of an icosahedric capsid, which contains the viral dna, and a long non-contractile tail. capsids and tails are produced in infected cells by two distinct morphogenetic pathways. characterization of the suppressor-sensitive mutant spp1sus82 showed that it produces dna-filled capsids and tails but is unable to assemble complete virions. its purified tails have a normal length but lac ...	2014	24443902
recombination promoted by dna viruses: phage λ to herpes simplex virus.	the purpose of this review is to explore recombination strategies in dna viruses. homologous recombination is a universal genetic process that plays multiple roles in the biology of all organisms, including viruses. recombination and dna replication are interconnected, with recombination being essential for repairing dna damage and supporting replication of the viral genome. recombination also creates genetic diversity, and viral recombination mechanisms have important implications for understan ...	2014	25002096
stochastic holin expression can account for lysis time variation in the bacteriophage λ.	the inherent stochastic nature of biochemical processes can drive differences in gene expression between otherwise identical cells. while cell-to-cell variability in gene expression has received much attention, randomness in timing of events has been less studied. we investigate event timing at the single-cell level in a simple system, the lytic pathway of the bacterial virus phage λ. in individual cells, lysis occurs on average at 65 min, with an s.d. of 3.5 min. interestingly, mutations in the ...	2014	24718449
enhanced cell immune responses to hepatitis c virus core by novel heterologous dna prime/lambda nanoparticles boost in mice.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a worldwide problem which does not have an effective vaccine and more than 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected by hcv. t cell responses are associated with spontaneous clearance of hcv infection. we report here the development of recombinant lambda bacteriophage nanoparticles encoding hcv core antigen. the aim of this study was to investigate the antigen-specific immune responses triggered in mice by different prime-boost combinations of dna and lambd ...	2014	24752903
bacteriophage spp1 tail tube protein self-assembles into β-structure-rich tubes.	the majority of known bacteriophages have long tails that serve for bacterial target recognition and viral dna delivery into the host. these structures form a tube from the viral capsid to the bacterial cell. the tube is formed primarily by a helical array of tail tube protein (ttp) subunits. in phages with a contractile tail, the ttp tube is surrounded by a sheath structure. here, we report the first evidence that a phage ttp, gp17.1 of siphophage spp1, self-assembles into long tubes in the abs ...	2015	25525268
exploring the balance between dna pressure and capsid stability in herpesviruses and phages.	we have recently shown in both herpesviruses and phages that packaged viral dna creates a pressure of tens of atmospheres pushing against the interior capsid wall. for the first time, using differential scanning microcalorimetry, we directly measured the energy powering the release of pressurized dna from the capsid. furthermore, using a new calorimetric assay to accurately determine the temperature inducing dna release, we found a direct influence of internal dna pressure on the stability of th ...	2015	26136570
bacteriophage lambda: early pioneer and still relevant.	molecular genetic research on bacteriophage lambda carried out during its golden age from the mid-1950s to mid-1980s was critically important in the attainment of our current understanding of the sophisticated and complex mechanisms by which the expression of genes is controlled, of dna virus assembly and of the molecular nature of lysogeny. the development of molecular cloning techniques, ironically instigated largely by phage lambda researchers, allowed many phage workers to switch their effor ...	2015	25742714
influence of internal dna pressure on stability and infectivity of phage λ.	viruses must remain infectious while in harsh extracellular environments. an important aspect of viral particle stability for double-stranded dna viruses is the energetically unfavorable state of the tightly confined dna chain within the virus capsid creating pressures of tens of atmospheres. here, we study the influence of internal genome pressure on the thermal stability of viral particles. using differential scanning calorimetry to monitor genome loss upon heating, we find that internal press ...	2015	26254570
dna topology and the initiation of virus dna packaging.	during progeny assembly, viruses selectively package virion genomes from a nucleic acid pool that includes host nucleic acids. for large dsdna viruses, including tailed bacteriophages and herpesviruses, immature viral dna is recognized and translocated into a preformed icosahedral shell, the prohead. recognition involves specific interactions between the viral packaging enzyme, terminase, and viral dna recognition sites. generally, viral dna is recognized by terminase's small subunit (ters). the ...	2016	27144448
why be temperate: lessons from bacteriophage λ.	many pathogens have evolved the ability to induce latent infections of their hosts. the bacteriophage λ is a classical model for exploring the regulation and the evolution of latency. here, i review recent experimental studies on phage λ that identify specific conditions promoting the evolution of lysogenic life cycles. in addition, i present specific adaptations of phage λ that allow this virus to react plastically to variations in the environment and to reactivate its lytic life cycle. all of ...	2016	26946976
ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry.	understanding the conditions that allow speciation to occur is difficult because most research has focused on either long-lived organisms or asexual microorganisms. we propagated bacteriophage λ, a virus with rapid generations and frequent recombination, on two escherichia coli host genotypes that expressed either the lamb or ompf receptor. when supplied with either single host (allopatry), phage λ improved its binding to the available receptor while losing its ability to use the alternative. wh ...	2016	27884940
carriage of λ latent virus is costly for its bacterial host due to frequent reactivation in monoxenic mouse intestine.	temperate phages, the bacterial viruses able to enter in a dormant prophage state in bacterial genomes, are present in the majority of bacterial strains for which the genome sequence is available. although these prophages are generally considered to increase their hosts' fitness by bringing beneficial genes, studies demonstrating such effects in ecologically relevant environments are relatively limited to few bacterial species. here, we investigated the impact of prophage carriage in the gastroi ...	2016	26871586
display of hiv-1 envelope protein on lambda phage scaffold as a vaccine platform.	the generation of a strong antibody response to target antigens is a major goal for vaccine development. here we describe the display of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope spike protein (env) on a virus-like scaffold provided by the lambda phage capsid. phage vectors, in general, have advantages over mammalian virus vectors due to their genetic tractability, inexpensive production, suitability for scale-up, as well as their physical stability, making them an attractive vaccine platf ...	2017	28374253
fragmentation of the crispr-cas type i-b signature protein cas8b.	crispr arrays are transcribed into long precursor rna species, which are further processed into mature crispr rnas (crrnas). cas proteins utilize these crrnas, which contain spacer sequences that can be derived from mobile genetic elements, to mediate immunity during a reoccurring virus infection. type i crispr-cas systems are defined by the presence of different cascade interference complexes containing large and small subunits that play major roles during target dna selection.	2017	28238733