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a flucytosine-responsive mbp1/swi4-like protein, mbs1, plays pleiotropic roles in antifungal drug resistance, stress response, and virulence of cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcosis, caused by the basidiomycetous fungus cryptococcus neoformans, is responsible for more than 600,000 deaths annually in aids patients. flucytosine is one of the most commonly used antifungal drugs for its treatment, but its resistance and regulatory mechanisms have never been investigated at the genome scale in c. neoformans. in the present study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis by employing two-component system mutants (tco1δ and tco2δ) exhibiting opposing flucytos ...201222080454
molecular characterization of the early b cell response to pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection.the role of b cells in host defense against fungi has been difficult to establish. we quantified and determined the molecular derivation of b-1a, b-1b, and b-2 b cell populations in c57bl/6 mice after pulmonary infection with cryptococcus neoformans. total b-1 and b-2 cell numbers increased in lungs and peritoneal cavity as early as day 1 postinfection, but lacked signs of clonal expansion. labeled capsular (24067) and acapsular (cap67) c. neoformans strains were used to identify c. neoformans-b ...201223175699
analysis of cell cycle and replication of mouse macrophages after in vivo and in vitro cryptococcus neoformans infection using laser scanning cytometry.we investigated the outcome of the interaction of cryptococcus neoformans (cn) with murine macrophages using laser scanning cytometry (lsc). previous results in our lab had shown that phagocytosis of cn promoted cell cycle progression. lsc allowed us to simultaneously measure the phagocytic index, macrophage dna content and 5-ethynyl-2' -deoxyuridine (edu) incorporation such that it was possible to study host cell division as a function of phagocytosis. lsc proved to be robust, reliable and high ...201222252872
antifungal activity of eugenol analogues. influence of different substituents and studies on mechanism of action.twenty one phenylpropanoids (including eugenol and safrole) and synthetic analogues, thirteen of them new compounds, were evaluated for antifungal properties, first with non-targeted assays against a panel of human opportunistic pathogenic fungi. some structure-activity relationships could be observed, mainly related to the influence of an allyl substituent at c-4, an oh group at c-1 and an och(3) at c-2 or the presence of one or two no(2) groups in different positions of the benzene ring. all a ...201222262200
capsules from pathogenic and non-pathogenic cryptococcus spp. manifest significant differences in structure and ability to protect against phagocytic cells.capsule production is common among bacterial species, but relatively rare in eukaryotic microorganisms. members of the fungal cryptococcus genus are known to produce capsules, which are major determinants of virulence in the highly pathogenic species cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. although the lack of virulence of many species of the cryptococcus genus can be explained solely by the lack of mammalian thermotolerance, it is uncertain whether the capsules from these organisms are ...201222253734
Blood-brain barrier invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans is enhanced by functional interactions with plasmin.Cryptococcus neoformans can invade the central nervous system through diverse mechanisms. We examined a possible role for host plasma proteases in the neurotropic behaviour of this blood-borne fungal pathogen. Plasminogen is a plasma-enriched zymogen that can passively coat the surface of blood-borne pathogens and, upon conversion to the serine protease plasmin, facilitate pathogen dissemination by degrading vascular barriers. In this study, plasminogen-to-plasmin conversion on killed and viable ...201221998162
epidemiology of bloodstream infections and predictive factors of mortality among hiv-infected adult patients in thailand in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.few studies have described the pattern of bloodstream infections (bsi) among hiv-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) era, particularly in resource-limited settings. a retrospective cohort study was conducted among 140 hiv-infected patients who had a positive blood culture from 2004-2008. of the 140 patients, 91 (65%) were male with a mean (sd) age of 38 (9.1) years and a median (iqr) cd4 cell count of 32 (9-112) cells/mm(3). community-acquired infection was ...201222274154
Amoeba provide insight into the origin of virulence in pathogenic fungi.Why are some fungi pathogenic while the majority poses no threat to humans or other hosts? Of the more than 1.5 million fungal species only about 150-300 are pathogenic for humans, and of these, only 10-15 are relatively common pathogens. In contrast, fungi are major pathogens for plants and insects. These facts pose several fundamental questions including the mechanisms responsible for the origin of virulence among the few pathogenic species and the high resistance of mammals to fungal diseases ...201222127880
cryptococcus neoformans activates rhogtpase proteins followed by protein kinase c, focal adhesion kinase, and ezrin to promote traversal across the blood-brain barrier.cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis. previous studies have demonstrated that cryptococcus binding and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmec) is a prerequisite for transmigration across the blood-brain barrier. however, the molecular mechanism involved in the cryptococcal blood-brain barrier traversal is poorly understood. in this study we examined the signaling events in hbmec during interaction with c. neoformans. ...201222898813
aetiological agents of cerebrospinal meningitis: a retrospective study from a teaching hospital in ghana.meningitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in low-resource settings. in sub-saharan africa, the meningitis belt has been characterized by particularly high and seasonal incidences of bacterial meningitis extending throughout life. despite the progress being made in treating the condition, the mortality rates continue to be high, ranging between 2% and 30% globally. in ghana, the mortality rate of meningitis has been estimated to range from 36% to 50%. however little information ...201223035960
bacterial infections in lilongwe, malawi: aetiology and antibiotic resistance.life-threatening infections present major challenges for health systems in malawi and the developing world because routine microbiologic culture and sensitivity testing are not performed due to lack of capacity. use of empirical antimicrobial therapy without regular microbiologic surveillance is unable to provide adequate treatment in the face of emerging antimicrobial resistance. this study was conducted to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in order to inform treatment choices and ...201222436174
persistence of nosocomial pathogens on various fabrics.fabrics can become contaminated with high numbers of microorganisms that may be pathogenic to patients in a hospital setting and can play an important role in the chain of infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of several clinical bacterial and fungal isolates on several fabrics commonly used in hospitals.201225610201
macrophage autophagy in immunity to cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans.autophagy is used by eukaryotes in bulk cellular material recycling and in immunity to intracellular pathogens. we evaluated the role of macrophage autophagy in the response to cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans, two important opportunistic fungal pathogens. the autophagosome marker lc3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha) was present in most macrophage vacuoles containing c. albicans. in contrast, lc3 was found in only a few vacuoles containing c. neoformans previous ...201222710871
the role of dendritic cells in the innate recognition of pathogenic fungi (a. fumigatus, c. neoformans and c. albicans).dendritic cells (dcs) are the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system. dcs are responsible for sensing and patrolling the environment, initiating a host response and instructing the proper adaptive immune response against pathogens. recent advances in medical treatments have led to increased use of immunosuppressive drugs, leading to the emergence of fungal species that cause life-threatening infections in humans. three of these opportunistic fungal pathogens: aspergillus fumigatus, ...201223076328
evaluation of the acetone and aqueous extracts of mature stem bark of sclerocarya birrea for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.we assayed the antimicrobial activity of acetone and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of sclerocarya birrea on some selected bacteria and fungi species including; streptococcus pyogenes, plesiomonas shigelloides, aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella typhimurium, cryptococcus neoformans, candida glabrata, trichosporon mucoides, and candida krusei using both agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) assays. based on the levels of activity, the acetone extract was examined for tot ...201222675390
[agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) for the screening for genes involved in laccase glucose repression in the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans].to identify genes in glucose repression of laccase in the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.201222489459
use of 18s ribosomal dna polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to study composition of fungal community in 2 patients with intestinal transplants.fungi form a diverse microbial community in the human intestine. little is known about the succession of species after intestinal transplantation. we investigated the alterations of the gut fungal population in 2 patients with intestinal allografts. the ileal effluent and feces were fingerprinted using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, with confirmation by dna sequencing. analysis of 18s ribosomal dna indicated that the phylogenetic diversity of the fungal communities was higher soon afte ...201222305239
[establishment of real-time pcr and loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detecting cryptococcus neoformans cap10 gene].to establish real-time pcr and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) systems for detecting cryptococcus neoformans cap10 gene.201222699061
essential oil of juniperus communis subsp. alpina (suter) čelak needles: chemical composition, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity.essential oils are known to possess antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria and fungi. in the present work the composition and the antifungal activity of the oils of juniperus communis subsp. alpina (suter) čelak were evaluated. moreover, the skin cytotoxicity, at concentrations showing significant antifungal activity, was also evaluated. the oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. minimal inhibitory ...201222294341
genetic circuits that govern bisexual and unisexual reproduction in cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans is a human fungal pathogen with a defined sexual cycle. nutrient-limiting conditions and pheromones induce a dimorphic transition from unicellular yeast to multicellular hyphae and the production of infectious spores. sexual reproduction involves cells of either opposite (bisexual) or one (unisexual) mating type. bisexual and unisexual reproduction are governed by shared components of the conserved pheromone-sensing cpk1 mapk signal transduction cascade and by mat2, the m ...201323966871
a novel amalgamation of 1,2,3-triazoles, piperidines and thieno pyridine rings and evaluation of their antifungal activity.it is the first report of the novel amalgamation of 1,2,3-triazoles, piperidines, thieno pyridine rings and evaluation of their antifungal activity. the synthesized compounds showed interesting moderate to good antifungal activity, wherein they were able to discriminate between the two species aspergillus flavus and aspergillus niger of the same genus. in addition, the main highlight of this series is the sensitivity of the fungal strain cryptococcus neoformans to the compounds having p-chlorobe ...201323807083
clinical experience in invasive fungal infections: multiple fungal infection as the first presentation of hiv.fungal infections constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hiv-infected patients. the authors describe the case of a 40-year-old healthy male patient with a 2-month history of fever, shivers, asthenia and anorexia, who had lost weight during the past 6 months. laboratory investigations revealed a positive hiv screening. computed tomography scans of the chest and abdomen showed thoracic and lumbo-aortic adenopathies. cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from cultures of blood, ...201323381983
isolation of the volatile fraction from apium graveolens l. (apiaceae) by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation: chemical composition and antifungal activity.apium graveolens l. (wild celery), belonging to the family of apiaceae, is a scaposus hemicryptophyte. instead, the cultivate plant is an annual or biennial herb widely used as a spice and seasoning in food. a broad range of biological activities have been attributed to a. graveolens. these include antimicrobial activity, larvicidal activity, hepatoprotective activity, nematicidal and mosquito repellent potential and antihyperlipidaemic properties.in this study, the authors compare the compositi ...201322974401
fungal virulence in a lepidopteran model is an emergent property with deterministic features.abstract virulence has been proposed to be an emergent property, which by definition implies that it is not reducible to its components, but this application of a philosophical concept to the host-microbe interaction has not been experimentally tested. the goals of our study were to analyze the correlation of the phenotype with the ability to cause disease and to determine the dynamics of an experimental cryptococcal infection in galleria mellonella and acanthamoeba castellanii. by studying the ...201323631914
the transcriptional response of cryptococcus neoformans to ingestion by acanthamoeba castellanii and macrophages provides insights into the evolutionary adaptation to the mammalian host.virulence of cryptococcus neoformans for mammals, and in particular its intracellular style, was proposed to emerge from evolutionary pressures on its natural environment by protozoan predation, which promoted the selection of strategies that allow intracellular survival in macrophages. in fact, acanthamoeba castellanii ingests yeast cells, which then can replicate intracellularly. in addition, most fungal factors needed to establish infection in the mammalian host are also important for surviva ...201323524994
cryptococcus neoformans promotes its transmigration into the central nervous system by inducing molecular and cellular changes in brain endothelial cells.cryptococcus spp. cause fungal meningitis, a life-threatening infection that occurs predominately in immunocompromised individuals. in order for cryptococcus neoformans to invade the central nervous system (cns), it must first penetrate the brain endothelium, also known as the blood-brain barrier (bbb). despite the importance of the interrelation between c. neoformans and the brain endothelium in establishing cns infection, very little is known about this microenvironment. here we sought to reso ...201323774597
genomic insights into the atopic eczema-associated skin commensal yeast malassezia sympodialis.malassezia commensal yeasts are associated with a number of skin disorders, such as atopic eczema/dermatitis and dandruff, and they also can cause systemic infections. here we describe the 7.67-mbp genome of malassezia sympodialis, a species associated with atopic eczema, and contrast its genome repertoire with that of malassezia globosa, associated with dandruff, as well as those of other closely related fungi. ninety percent of the predicted m. sympodialis protein coding genes were experimenta ...201323341551
reactive oxygen species homeostasis and virulence of the fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans requires an intact proline catabolism pathway.degradation of the multifunctional amino acid proline is associated with mitochondrial oxidative respiration. the two-step oxidation of proline is catalyzed by proline oxidase and δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (p5c) dehydrogenase, which produce p5c and glutamate, respectively. in animal and plant cells, impairment of p5c dehydrogenase activity results in p5c-proline cycling when exogenous proline is supplied via the actions of proline oxidase and p5c reductase (the enzyme that converts p5c to pro ...201323564202
x-linked immunodeficient mice exhibit enhanced susceptibility to cryptococcus neoformans infection.abstract bruton's tyrosine kinase (btk) is a signaling molecule that plays important roles in b-1 b cell development and innate myeloid cell functions and has recently been identified as a target for therapy of b cell lymphomas. we examined the contribution of b-1 b cells to resistance to cryptococcus neoformans infection by utilizing x-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice (cba-cahn-xid), which possess a mutation in btk. xid mice had significantly higher brain fungal burdens than the controls 6 wee ...201323820392
the uve1 endonuclease is regulated by the white collar complex to protect cryptococcus neoformans from uv damage.the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans uses the bwc1-bwc2 photoreceptor complex to regulate mating in response to light, virulence and ultraviolet radiation tolerance. how the complex controls these functions is unclear. here, we identify and characterize a gene in cryptococcus, uve1, whose mutation leads to a uv hypersensitive phenotype. the homologous gene in fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe encodes an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease acting in the uvde-dependent excision repai ...201324039606
structural determinants of oligomerization of δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase: identification of a hexamerization hot spot.the aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) superfamily member δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (p5cdh) catalyzes the nad(+)-dependent oxidation of glutamate semialdehyde to glutamate, which is the final step of proline catabolism. defects in p5cdh activity lead to the metabolic disorder type ii hyperprolinemia, p5cdh is essential for virulence of the fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans, and bacterial p5cdhs have been targeted for vaccine development. although the enzyme oligomeric state is ...201323747974
radioimmunotherapy of cryptococcus neoformans spares bystander mammalian cells.previously, we showed that radioimmunotherapy (rit) for cryptococcal infections using radioactively labeled antibodies recognizing the cryptococcal capsule reduced fungal burden and prolonged survival of mice infected with cryptococcus neoformans. here, we investigate the effects of rit on bystander mammalian cells.201324020737
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of adenylosuccinate synthetase from the fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.with increasingly large immunocompromised populations around the world, opportunistic fungal pathogens such as cryptococcus neoformans are a growing cause of morbidity and mortality. to combat the paucity of antifungal compounds, new drug targets must be investigated. adenylosuccinate synthetase is a crucial enzyme in the atp de novo biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the formation of adenylosuccinate from inosine monophosphate and aspartate. although the enzyme is ubiquitous and well characterize ...201323989157
factors required for activation of urease as a virulence determinant in cryptococcus neoformans.urease in cryptococcus neoformans plays an important role in fungal dissemination to the brain and causing meningoencephalitis. although urea is not required for synthesis of apourease encoded by ure1, the available nitrogen source affected the expression of ure1 as well as the level of the enzyme activity. activation of the apoenzyme requires three accessory proteins, ure4, ure6, and ure7, which are homologs of the bacterial urease accessory proteins ured, uref, and ureg, respectively. a yeast ...201323653445
cloning of the lentinula edodes b mating-type locus and identification of the genetic structure controlling b mating.during the life cycle of heterothallic tetrapolar agaricomycetes such as lentinula edodes (berk.) pegler, the mating type system, composed of unlinked a and b loci, plays a vital role in controlling sexual development and resulting formation of the fruit body. l. edodes is produced worldwide for consumption and medicinal purposes, and understanding its sexual development is therefore of great importance. a considerable amount of mating type factors has been indicated over the past decades but fe ...201324029079
the non-mammalian host galleria mellonella can be used to study the virulence of the fungal pathogen candida tropicalis and the efficacy of antifungal drugs during infection by this pathogenic yeast.although candida tropicalis is a frequent cause of invasive fungal diseases, its interaction with the host remains poorly studied. galleria mellonella is a lepidoptera model which offers a useful tool to study virulence of different microorganisms and drug efficacy. in this work we investigated the virulence of c. tropicalis in g. mellonella at different temperatures and the efficacy of antifungal drugs in this infection model. when larvae were infected with yeast inocula suspensions of differen ...201323170962
[fungal pneumonias: do they exist?].as typical opportunistic pathogens fungi, for example pneumocystis jirovecii, infect predominantly immunocompromised hosts. there are, however, others, for example coccidioides immitis and cryptococcus neoformans, which endanger otherwise healthy people, too. fungi are not mentioned as causative agents of pneumonias in the german guidelines for community acquired pneumonia. in the german guidelines for nosocomial pneumonia only very few, namely aspergillus spp. and candida spp., are shortly disc ...201324006197
chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the edible aromatic plant aristolochia delavayi.the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of aristolochia delavayi franch. (aristolochiaceae), a unique edible aromatic plant consumed by the nakhi (naxi) people in yunnan, china, was investigated using gc/ms analysis. in total, 95 components, representing more than 95% of the oil composition, were identified, and the main constituents found were (e)-dec-2-enal (52.0%), (e)-dodec-2-enal (6.8%), dodecanal (3.35%), heptanal (2.88%), and decanal (2.63%). the essential oi ...201324243612
caulerprenylols a and b, two rare antifungal prenylated para-xylenes from the green alga caulerpa racemosa.two new prenylated para-xylenes, named caulerprenylols a (1) and b (2), were isolated from the green alga caulerpa racemosa, collected from the zhanjiang coastline, china. the structures of the two metabolites were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. this is the first report of prenylated para-xylenes from marine algae and from marine organisms as well. moreover, caulerprenylol b (2) is also characterized by an uncommon indane ring system. in in vitro bioassays, the new c ...201323548547
chest radiography for predicting the cause of febrile illness among inpatients in moshi, tanzania.to describe chest radiographic abnormalities and assess their usefulness for predicting causes of fever in a resource-limited setting.201323809268
multicenter study evaluating the vitek ms system for identification of medically important yeasts.the optimal management of fungal infections is correlated with timely organism identification. matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry (ms) is revolutionizing the identification of yeasts isolated from clinical specimens. we present a multicenter study assessing the performance of the vitek ms system (biomérieux) in identifying medically important yeasts. a collection of 852 isolates was tested, including 20 candida species (626 isolates, includin ...201323658267
use of the vitek 2 system to identify and test the antifungal susceptibility of clinically relevant yeast species.eleven quality control isolates (candida albicans atcc 64548, c. tropicalis atcc 200956, c. glabrata atcc 90030, c. lusitaniae atcc 200951, c. parapsilosis atcc 22019, c. krusei atcc 6258, c. dubliniensis atcc 6330, saccharomyces cerevisiae atcc 9763, cryptococcus neoformans atcc 90012, c. gattii fiocruz-cpf 60, and trichosporon mucoides atcc 204094) and 32 bloodstream isolates, including c. albicans, c. tropicalis, c. parapsilosis, c. glabrata, c. krusei, c. guilliermondii, c. pelliculosa (pich ...201324688520
the cellular roles of ccr4-not in model and pathogenic fungi-implications for fungal virulence.the fungal ccr4-not complex has been implicated in orchestrating gene expression networks that impact on pathways key for virulence in pathogenic species. the activity of ccr4-not regulates cell wall integrity, antifungal drug susceptibility, adaptation to host temperature, and the developmental switches that enable the formation of pathogenic structures, such as filamentous hyphae. moreover, ccr4-not impacts on dna repair pathways and genome stability, opening the possibility that this gene reg ...201324391665
quorum sensing-mediated, cell density-dependent regulation of growth and virulence in cryptococcus neoformans.quorum sensing (qs) is a cell density-dependent mechanism of communication between microorganisms, characterized by the release of signaling molecules that affect microbial metabolism and gene expression in a synchronized way. in this study, we investigated cell density-dependent behaviors mediated by conditioned medium (cm) in the pathogenic encapsulated fungus cryptococcus neoformans. cm produced dose-dependent increases in the growth of planktonic and biofilm cells, glucuronoxylomannan releas ...201324381301
ordered kinetochore assembly in the human-pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast cryptococcus neoformans.kinetochores facilitate interaction between chromosomes and the spindle apparatus. the formation of a metazoan trilayered kinetochore is an ordered event in which inner, middle, and outer layers assemble during disassembly of the nuclear envelope during mitosis. the existence of a similar strong correlation between kinetochore assembly and nuclear envelope breakdown in unicellular eukaryotes is unclear. studies in the hemiascomycetous budding yeasts saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida albicans ...201324085781
antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi derived from three seagrass species: cymodocea serrulata, halophila ovalis and thalassia hemprichii.endophytic fungi from three commonly found seagrasses in southern thailand were explored for their ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. one hundred and sixty endophytic fungi derived from cymodoceaserrulata (family cymodoceaceae), halophilaovalis and thalassiahemprichii (family hydrocharitaceae) were screened for production of antimicrobial compounds by a colorimetric broth microdilution test against ten human pathogenic microorganisms including staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, a clini ...201323977310
isolation of cryptococcus neoformans and other opportunistic fungi from pigeon droppings.invasive fungal infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. pigeon droppings could especially be a potential carrier in the spread of pathogenic yeasts and mold fungi into the environment. the objective of this study was to isolation of cryptococcus neoformans and other opportunistic fungi from pigeon droppings.201323901339
lipolytic enzymes involved in the virulence of human pathogenic fungi.pathogenic microbes secrete various enzymes with lipolytic activities to facilitate their survival within the host. lipolytic enzymes include extracellular lipases and phospholipases, and several lines of evidence have suggested that these enzymes contribute to the virulence of pathogenic fungi. candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans are the most commonly isolated human fungal pathogens, and several biochemical and molecular approaches have identified their extracellular lipolytic enzymes. ...201323874127
invasive fungal infections in argentine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). invasive fungal infections (ifi) comprise a group of diseases caused by cryptococcus, histoplasma, aspergillus and candida. few studies of ifi have been published in patients with sle and associated factors have not been completely defined.201323861029
use of image cytometry for quantification of pathogenic fungi in association with host cells.studies of the cellular pathogenesis mechanisms of pathogenic yeasts such as candida albicans, histoplasma capsulatum, and cryptococcus neoformans commonly employ infection of mammalian hosts or host cells (i.e. macrophages) followed by yeast quantification using colony forming unit analysis or flow cytometry. while colony forming unit enumeration has been the most commonly used method in the field, this technique has disadvantages and limitations, including slow growth of some fungal species on ...201323851941
in vitro activities of isavuconazole and comparator antifungal agents tested against a global collection of opportunistic yeasts and molds.isavuconazole is a new broad-spectrum triazole with a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile. we report the mic distributions for isavuconazole and 111 isolates of candida (42 candida albicans, 25 candida glabrata, 22 candida parapsilosis, 14 candida tropicalis, and 8 candida krusei isolates), as determined by clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) and european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) broth microdilution (bmd) methods. also, the relative activ ...201323740727
echinocandin and triazole antifungal susceptibility profiles for clinical opportunistic yeast and mold isolates collected from 2010 to 2011: application of new clsi clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values for characterization of geographic and temporal trends of antifungal resistance.the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program monitors global susceptibility and resistance rates of newer and established antifungal agents. we report the echinocandin and triazole antifungal susceptibility patterns for 3,418 contemporary clinical isolates of yeasts and molds. the isolates were obtained from 98 laboratories in 34 countries during 2010 and 2011. yeasts not presumptively identified by chromagar, the trehalose test, or growth at 42°c and all molds were sequence identified using in ...201323720791
discovery of highly potent triazole antifungal derivatives by heterocycle-benzene bioisosteric replacement.on the basis of our previously discovered triazole antifungal lead compounds, heterocycle-benzene bioisosteric replacement was used to improve their pharmacokinetic profile. the designed new triazole derivatives have good antifungal activity toward a wide range of pathogenic fungi. their binding mode with the target enzyme was clarified by molecular docking. the mic value of the highly potent compound 8f against candida albicans, candida tropicalis, and cryptococcus neoformans is 0.016 μg/ml, 0. ...201323643831
facile construction of structurally diverse thiazolidinedione-derived compounds via divergent stereoselective cascade organocatalysis and their biological exploratory studies.in this article, we present a new approach by merging two powerful synthetic tactics, divergent synthesis and cascade organocatalysis, to create a divergent cascade organocatalysis strategy for the facile construction of new "privileged" substructure-based dos (pdos) library. as demonstrated, notably 5 distinct molecular architectures are produced facilely from readily available simple synthons thiazolidinedione and its analogues and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in 1-3 steps with the powerful strat ...201323614347
regulation of copper toxicity by candida albicans gpa2.copper is an essential nutrient that is toxic to cells when present in excess. the fungal pathogen candida albicans employs several mechanisms to survive in the presence of excess copper, but the molecular pathways that govern these responses are not completely understood. we report that deletion of gpa2, which specifies a g-protein α subunit, confers increased resistance to excess copper and propose that the increased resistance is due to a combination of decreased copper uptake and an increase ...201323584994
ploidy variation as an adaptive mechanism in human pathogenic fungi.changes in ploidy have a profound and usually negative influence on cellular viability and proliferation, yet the vast majority of cancers and tumours exhibit an aneuploid karyotype. whether this genomic plasticity is a cause or consequence of malignant transformation remains uncertain. systemic fungal pathogens regularly develop aneuploidies in a similar manner during human infection, often far in excess of the natural rate of chromosome nondisjunction. as both processes fundamentally represent ...201323380396
determination of chitin content in fungal cell wall: an alternative flow cytometric method.the conventional methods used to evaluate chitin content in fungi, such as biochemical assessment of glucosamine release after acid hydrolysis or epifluorescence microscopy, are low throughput, laborious, time-consuming, and cannot evaluate a large number of cells. we developed a flow cytometric assay, efficient, and fast, based on calcofluor white staining to measure chitin content in yeast cells. a staining index was defined, its value was directly related to chitin amount and taking into cons ...201323359335
assessment of plant lectin antifungal potential against yeasts of major importance in medical mycology.the search for new compounds with antifungal activity is accelerating due to rising yeast and fungal resistance to commonly prescribed drugs. among the molecules being investigated, plant lectins can be highlighted. the present work shows the potential of six plant lectins which were tested in vitro against yeasts of medical importance, candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, cryptococcus gattii, cryptococcus neoformans, malassezia pachydermatis, rhodotorula sp. and trichospo ...201323161017
new secondary metabolites from bioactive extracts of the fungus armillaria tabescens.ethyl acetate extracts of armillaria tabescens (strain jnb-oz344) showed significant fungistatic and bacteristatic activities against several major human pathogens including candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, escherichia coli and mycobacterium intracellulare. chemical analysis of these extracts led to the isolation and identification of four new compounds, emestrin-f (1), emestrin-g (2), 6-o-(4-o-methyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-8-hydroxy-2,7-dimethyl-4h-benzopyran-4-one (3) and cephalosporoli ...201323140424
1-alkyl-(n,n-dimethylamino)pyridinium bromides: inhibitory effect on virulence factors of candida albicans and on the growth of bacterial pathogens.a homologous series of 1-alkyl-(n,n-dimethylamino)pyridinium bromides, termed compounds 1-11, was synthesized and studied for antibacterial and antifungal activity. of these, compound 8, containing a ten-carbon alkyl chain, showed maximum inhibition against all the tested bacterial strains. the highest antibacterial activity using a disc diffusion method was recorded against mycobacterium smegmatis [zone of inhibition (zoi): 45.75±0.25 mm], followed by escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, vibrio ...201323118472
detection and identification of yeasts from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by use of pcr-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.diagnosis of yeast infection is typically accomplished by fungal smear and culture, histopathologic examination, and/or serologic studies. newer assays based on mass spectrometry may be useful for yeast identification when histologic examination is inconclusive, fungal cultures are not ordered, or cultures fail to yield a causative agent. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the plex-id broad fungal assay to accurately detect and identify yeasts in formalin-fixed paraffin-emb ...201323985922
granulomatous rhinitis due to candida parapsilosis in a cat.a 9-year-old female spayed domestic medium hair cat presented to the referring veterinarian with a 2-week history of sneezing, which progressed to swelling over the nasal planum. the cat had been under veterinary care for inflammatory bowel disease and had been treated with 1.25 mg/kg prednisolone once a day for approximately 1 year. on physical examination, an approximately 2-3 mm diameter, round polypoid pink soft-tissue mass was protruding slightly from the right nostril. through histologic e ...201323883665
kannurin, a novel lipopeptide from bacillus cereus strain ak1: isolation, structural evaluation and antifungal activities.this study was performed to isolate and characterize novel antifungal lipopeptide from bacillus cereus.201323937170
antimicrobial activity of schinus lentiscifolius (anacardiaceae).schinus lentiscifolius marchand (syn. schinus weinmannifolius engl) is a plant native to rio grande do sul (southern brazil) and has been used in brazilian traditional medicine as antiseptic and antimicrobial for the treatment of many different health problems as well as to treat leucorrhea and to assist in ulcer and wound healing. although it is a plant widely used by the population, there are no studies proving this popular use.201323684720
phosphorylation of calcineurin at a novel serine-proline rich region orchestrates hyphal growth and virulence in aspergillus fumigatus.the fungus aspergillus fumigatus is a leading infectious killer in immunocompromised patients. calcineurin, a calmodulin (cam)-dependent protein phosphatase comprised of calcineurin a (cnaa) and calcineurin b (cnab) subunits, localizes at the hyphal tips and septa to direct a. fumigatus invasion and virulence. here we identified a novel serine-proline rich region (sprr) located between two conserved cnaa domains, the cnab-binding helix and the cam-binding domain, that is evolutionarily conserved ...201323990785
gβ-like cpcb plays a crucial role for growth and development of aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus.growth, development, virulence and secondary metabolism in fungi are governed by heterotrimeric g proteins (g proteins). a gβ-like protein called gib2 has been shown to function as an atypical gβ in gpa1-camp signaling in cryptococcus neoformans. we found that the previously reported cpcb (cross pathway control b) protein is the ortholog of gib2 in aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus. in this report, we further characterize the roles of cpcb in governing growth, development and toxige ...201323936193
synthesis and antifungal activities of miltefosine analogs.miltefosine is an alkylphosphocholine that shows broad-spectrum in vitro antifungal activities and limited in vivo efficacy in mouse models of cryptococcosis. to further explore the potential of this class of compounds for the treatment of systemic mycoses, nine analogs (3a-3i) were synthesized by modifying the choline structural moiety and the alkyl chain length of miltefosine. in vitro testing of these compounds against the opportunistic fungal pathogens candida albicans, candida glabrata, can ...201323891181
kb425796-a, a novel antifungal antibiotic produced by paenibacillus sp. 530603.the novel antifungal macrocyclic lipopeptidolactone, kb425796-a (1), was isolated from the fermentation broth of bacterial strain 530603, which was identified as a new paenibacillus species based on morphological and physiological characteristics, and 16s rrna sequences. kb425796-a (1) was isolated as white powder by solvent extraction, hp-20 and ods-b column chromatography, and lyophilization, and was determined to have the molecular formula c79h115n19o18. kb425796-a (1) showed antifungal activ ...201323778117
nitrogen regulation of virulence in clinically prevalent fungal pathogens.the habitats of fungal pathogens range from environmental to commensal, and the nutrient content of these different niches varies considerably. upon infection of humans, nutrient availability changes significantly depending on the site and pathophysiology of infection. nonetheless, a common feature enabling successful establishment in these niches is the ability to metabolise available nutrients including sources of nitrogen, carbon and essential metals such as iron. in particular, nitrogen sour ...201323701678
evaluation of pharmacological activities, cytotoxicity and phenolic composition of four maytenus species used in southern african traditional medicine to treat intestinal infections and diarrhoeal diseases.microbial infections and resulting inflammation and oxidative stress are common pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract (git) disorders. in south africa, several species of the genus maytenus are used in traditional medicine to treat various infectious diseases. most of the previous work on this genus was focused on nonpolar extracts from the root and bark. in this study, leaf extracts of polar extracts of maytenus peduncularis, maytenus procumbens, maytenus senegalensis and maytenus undata were ...201323663902
design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel benzothiazole analogs.in an attempt to design and synthesize a new class of antimicrobials, dialkyne substituted 2-aminobenzothiazole was reacted with various substituted aryl azides to generate a small library of 20 compounds (3a-t) by click chemistry. structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of spectral data. these compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against gram+ bacteria (staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus faecalis), gram- bacteria (salmonella typhi, esc ...201323567952
fungal cell wall organization and biosynthesis.the composition and organization of the cell walls from saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida albicans, aspergillus fumigatus, schizosaccharomyces pombe, neurospora crassa, and cryptococcus neoformans are compared and contrasted. these cell walls contain chitin, chitosan, β-1,3-glucan, β-1,6-glucan, mixed β-1,3-/β-1,4-glucan, α-1,3-glucan, melanin, and glycoproteins as major constituents. a comparison of these cell walls shows that there is a great deal of variability in fungal cell wall composition ...201323419716
current understanding of hog-mapk pathway in aspergillus fumigatus.aspergillus fumigatus is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes lethal systemic invasive aspergillosis. it must be able to adapt to stress in the microenvironment during host invasion and systemic spread. the high-osmolarity glycerol (hog) mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathway is a key element that controls adaptation to environmental stress. it plays a critical role in the virulence of several fungal pathogens. in this review, we summarize the current knowled ...201323161019
unraveling the antifungal activity of a south american rattlesnake toxin crotamine.crotamine is a highly basic peptide from the venom of crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnake. its common gene ancestry and structural similarity with the β-defensins, mainly due to an identical disulfide bond pattern, stimulated us to assess the antimicrobial properties of native, recombinant, and chemically synthesized crotamine. antimicrobial activities against standard strains and clinical isolates were analyzed by the colorimetric microdilution method showing a weak antibacterial activity ...201323022146
secondary metabolites from the fungus emericella nidulans.a new polyketide derivative koninginin h (1), has been isolated from the fungus emericella nidulans, together with koninginin e (2), koninginin a (3), trichodermatide b (4), citrantifidiol (5), (4s,5r)-4-hydroxy-5-methylfuran-2-one (6), the glycerol derivatives gingerglycolipid b (7), (2s)-bis[9z,12z]-1-o, 2-o-dilinoleoyl-3-o-[alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-(1" --> 6') beta-d-galactopyranosyl]glycerol (8), (2s)-bis[9z,12z]-1-o, 2-o-dilinoleoyl-3-o-beta-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (9), the cerebroside f ...201324273867
three bioactive sesquiterpene quinones from the fijian marine sponge of the genus hippospongia.a sesquiterpenoid quinone, epi-ilimaquinone (1), and two sesquiterpene amino quinones, smenospongine (2) and glycinylilimaquinone (3), were isolated from the fijian marine sponge hippospongia sp. the structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. compounds 1 and 3 were reported for the first time in this study from the sponge of the genus hippospongia. compound 1 displayed potent cytotoxic activity and showed antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylo ...201322963320
a multi-target real-time pcr assay for rapid identification of meningitis-associated microorganisms.a central nervous system (cns) infection, such as meningitis, is a serious and life-threatening condition. bacterial meningitis can be severe and may result in brain damage, disability or even death. rapid diagnosis of cns infections and identification of the pathogenic microorganisms are needed to improve the patient outcome. bacterial culture of a patient's cerebrospinal fluid (csf) is currently considered the "gold standard" for diagnosing bacterial meningitis. from the csf cultures researche ...201322450734
[recognition of intact cells from cryptococcus neoformans by the anti-glucuronoxylomannan 4b3 monoclonal antibody].the capacity of the 4b3 monoclonal antibody, previously obtained by immunization of balb/c mice with the capsular polysaccharide of cryptococcus neoformans was studied to recognize this structure as part of the intact cell of this yeast. with this aim, 4b3 was evaluated by cellular elisa and indirect immunofluorescence, using as an antigen a cell suspension of the 028 lmipk c. neoformans strain. serum from the mouse used in the fusion for obtaining 4b3 monoclonal antibody was used as a positive ...201323427436
a purified capsular polysaccharide markedly inhibits inflammatory response during endotoxic shock.capsular material of the opportunistic fungus cryptococcus neoformans is composed mainly of a polysaccharide named glucuronoxylomannan (gxm). in this study, the effects of gxm were analyzed in an in vivo experimental system of lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced shock. endotoxic shock was induced in mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of lps from escherichia coli. gxm treatment reduced the mortality of mice at early stages. mice treated with lps alone showed markedly increased plasma levels ...201323090956
cryptococcus neoformans phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (pdk1) ortholog is required for stress tolerance and survival in murine phagocytes.cryptococcus neoformans pkh2-01 and pkh2-02 are orthologous to mammalian pdk1 kinase genes. although orthologs of these kinases have been extensively studied in s. cerevisiae, little is known about their function in pathogenic fungi. in this study, we show that pkh2-02 but not pkh2-01 is required for c. neoformans to tolerate cell wall, oxidative, nitrosative, and antifungal drug stress. deletion of pkh2-02 leads to decreased basal levels of pkc1 activity and, consequently, reduced activation of ...201323087368
cryptococcus neoformans requires the escrt protein vps23 for iron acquisition from heme, for capsule formation, and for virulence.iron availability is a key regulator of virulence factor elaboration in cryptococcus neoformans, the causative agent of fungal meningoencephalitis in hiv/aids patients. in addition, iron is an essential nutrient for pathogen proliferation in mammalian hosts but little is known about the mechanisms of iron sensing and uptake in fungal pathogens that attack humans. in this study, we mutagenized c. neoformans by agrobacterium-mediated t-dna insertion and screened for mutants with reduced growth on ...201323132495
activity of the calcium channel pore cch1 is dependent on a modulatory region of the subunit mid1 in cryptococcus neoformans.calcium (ca(2+))-mediated signaling events in fungal pathogens such as cryptococcus neoformans are central to physiological processes, including those that mediate stress responses and promote virulence. the cch1-mid1 channel (cmc) represents the only high-affinity ca(2+) channel in the plasma membrane of fungal cells; consequently, cryptococci cannot survive in low-ca(2+) environments in the absence of cmc. previous electrophysiological characterization revealed that cch1, the predicted channel ...201323175710
crystal structures of acetate kinases from the eukaryotic pathogens entamoeba histolytica and cryptococcus neoformans.acetate kinases (acks) are members of the acetate and sugar kinase/hsp70/actin (askha) superfamily and catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of acetate, with adp/atp the most common phosphoryl acceptor/donor. while prokaryotic acks have been the subject of extensive biochemical and structural characterization, there is a comparative paucity of information on eukaryotic acks, and prior to this report, no structure of an ack of eukaryotic origin was available. we determined the structures of ack ...201323159802
role of cryptococcus neoformans rho1 gtpases in the pkc1 signaling pathway in response to thermal stress.to initiate and establish infection in mammals, the opportunistic fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans must survive and thrive upon subjection to host temperature. primary maintenance of cell integrity is controlled through the protein kinase c1 (pkc1) signaling pathway, which is regulated by a rho1 gtpase in saccharomyces cerevisiae. we identified three c. neoformans rho gtpases, rho1, rho10, and rho11, and have begun to elucidate their role in growth and activation of the pkc1 pathway in re ...201323159519
a new f-actin structure in fungi: actin ring formation around the cell nucleus of cryptococcus neoformans.the f-actin cytoskeleton of cryptococcus neoformans is known to comprise actin cables, cortical patches and cytokinetic ring. here, we describe a new f-actin structure in fungi, a perinuclear f-actin collar ring around the cell nucleus, by fluorescent microscopic imaging of rhodamine phalloidin-stained f-actin. perinuclear f-actin rings form in cryptococcus neoformans treated with the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole or with the drug solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) or grown in yeast extract pe ...201323155113
dictyostelium host response to legionella infection: strategies and assays.the professional phagocyte dictyostelium discoideum is a simple eukaryotic microorganism, whose natural habitat is deciduous forest soil and decaying leaves, where the amoebae feed on bacteria and grow as separate, independent, single cells. in the last decade, the organism has been successfully used as a host for several human pathogens, including legionella pneumophila, mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium marinum,pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, cryptococcus neoformans, and sal ...201323150412
antifolates inhibit cryptococcus biofilms and enhance susceptibility of planktonic cells to amphotericin b.the cryptococcus neoformans species complex contains the most important agents of fungal meningoencephalitis. therapeutic choices are limited and issues related to toxicity and resistance to antifungals have been described. the present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of the antifolate combinations sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (smx/tmp) and sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine (sdz/pyr) against planktonic cells and biofilms of c. neoformans and c. gattii. the influence of the antifolate combinations ...201323192488
flavodonfuran: a new difuranylmethane derivative from the mangrove endophytic fungus flavodon flavus psu-ma201.one new difuranylmethane derivative, flavodonfuran (1), together with tremulenolide a (2) was isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus flavodon flavus psu-ma201.the difuranylmethane derivative based on 1 is rare in natural products. their structures were established by spectroscopic evidence. compound 2 exhibited mild antibacterial and antifungal activities against staphylococcus aureus atcc25923 and cryptococcus neoformans atcc90113, respectively.201323234367
antibody binding to cryptococcus neoformans impairs budding by altering capsular mechanical properties.abs to microbial capsules are critical for host defense against encapsulated pathogens, but very little is known about the effects of ab binding on the capsule, apart from producing qualitative capsular reactions ("quellung" effects). a problem in studying ab-capsule interactions is the lack of experimental methodology, given that capsules are fragile, highly hydrated structures. in this study, we pioneered the use of optical tweezers microscopy to study ab-capsule interactions. binding of prote ...201323233725
hiv and co-infections.despite significant reductions in morbidity and mortality secondary to availability of effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cart), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection still accounts for 1.5 million deaths annually. the majority of deaths occur in sub-saharan africa where rates of opportunistic co-infections are disproportionately high. in this review, we discuss the immunopathogenesis of five common infections that cause significant morbidity in hiv-infected patients globally. ...201323772618
histidine phosphotransfer proteins in fungal two-component signal transduction pathways.the histidine phosphotransfer (hpt) protein ypd1 is an important participant in the saccharomyces cerevisiae multistep two-component signal transduction pathway and, unlike the expanded histidine kinase gene family, is encoded by a single gene in nearly all model and pathogenic fungi. ypd1 is essential for viability in both s. cerevisiae and in cryptococcus neoformans. these and other aspects of ypd1 biology, combined with the availability of structural and mutational data in s. cerevisiae, sugg ...201323771905
a repurposing approach identifies off-patent drugs with fungicidal cryptococcal activity, a common structural chemotype, and pharmacological properties relevant to the treatment of cryptococcosis.new, more accessible therapies for cryptococcosis represent an unmet clinical need of global importance. we took a repurposing approach to identify previously developed drugs with fungicidal activity toward cryptococcus neoformans, using a high-throughput screening assay designed to detect drugs that directly kill fungi. from a set of 1,120 off-patent medications and bioactive molecules, we identified 31 drugs/molecules with fungicidal activity, including 15 drugs for which direct antifungal act ...201323243064
cryptococcus neoformans constitutes an ideal model organism to unravel the contribution of cellular aging to the virulence of chronic infections.aging affects all organisms, from unicellular yeasts to multicellular humans. studies in model organisms demonstrate that the pathways that mediate the two forms of aging, replicative and chronological, are highly conserved. most studies are focused on the effect of aging on an individual cell rather than a whole population. complex longevity regulation, however, makes aging a highly adaptive trait that is subject to natural selection. recent studies have shed light on the potential relevance of ...201323631868
cryptococcal sternal osteomyelitis in a healthy woman: a review of cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus, an opportunistic yeast, known to afflict immune-compromised patients is often overlooked in immune-competent patients. this has led to increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. we present a case of cryptococcus causing sternal osteomyelitis in an immune-competent individual. till date no case of cryptococcus causing sternal osteomyelitis in an immune-competent patient has been reported in the english literature since 1946-2011. with the rising incidence of cryptococcus infectio ...201323625673
cytotoxic and antibacterial substances against multi-drug resistant pathogens from marine sponge symbiont: citrinin, a secondary metabolite of penicillium sp.to isolate, purify, characterize, and evaluate the bioactive compounds from the sponge-derived fungus penicillium sp. ff001 and to elucidate its structure.201323620853
microbiological, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cryptococcosis in taiwan, 1997-2010.among members of cryptococcus neoformans- cryptococcus gattii species complex, c. neoformans is distributed worldwide whereas c. gattii is considered to be more prevalent in the subtropics and tropics including taiwan. this nationwide study was undertaken to determine the distribution of genotypes, clinical characteristics and outcomes of 219 patients with proven cryptococcosis at 20 hospitals representative of all geographic areas in taiwan during 1997-2010.201323613973
prezygotic and postzygotic control of uniparental mitochondrial dna inheritance in cryptococcus neoformans.uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial dna is pervasive in nonisogamic higher eukaryotes during sexual reproduction, and postzygotic and/or prezygotic factors are shown to be important in ensuring such an inheritance pattern. although the fungus cryptococcus neoformans undergoes sexual production with isogamic partners of opposite mating types a and α, most progeny derived from such mating events inherit the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from the a parent. the homeodomain protein complex sxi1α/sxi ...201323611907
msi1-like (msil) proteins in fungi.msi1-like (msil) proteins, which are eukaryote-specific and contain a series of wd40 repeats, have pleiotropic roles in chromatin assembly, dna damage repair, and regulation of nutrient/stress-sensing signaling pathways. in the fungal kingdom, the functions of msil proteins have been studied most intensively in the budding yeast model saccharomyces cerevisiae, an ascomycete. yet their functions are largely unknown in other fungi. recently, an msil protein, msl1, was discovered and functionally c ...201323610533
binding of the wheat germ lectin to cryptococcus neoformans chitooligomers affects multiple mechanisms required for fungal pathogenesis.the principal capsular component of cryptococcus neoformans, glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), interacts with surface glycans, including chitin-like oligomers. although the role of gxm in cryptococcal infection has been well explored, there is no information on how chitooligomers affect fungal pathogenesis. in this study, surface chitooligomers of c. neoformans were blocked through the use of the wheat germ lectin (wga) and the effects on animal pathogenesis, interaction with host cells, fungal growth ...201323608320
[frequency distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens from the cerebrospinal fluid of 116 children with bacterial meningitis].to determine the frequency distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid samples of children with bacterial meningitis (bm) and to provide a basis for the timely and effective treatment of childhood bm.201323607947
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