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cd8+ t-cell-mediated response to listeria monocytogenes taken up in the liver and replicating within hepatocytes.like most other organisms that enter the bloodstream, the bulk of listeria monocytogenes injected i.v. into mice is taken up by the liver. listeriae not killed rapidly by infiltrating neutrophils are internalized by hepatocytes which constitute the principal site of intracellular replication in the liver. cd8+ t cells play a critical role in eliminating infected hepatocytes and resolving listerial infections of the liver; the specific mechanisms involved are not understood fully. here, we review ...200010807511
innate defenses in the liver during listeria infection.the majority of pathogens entering the bloodstream are cleared by the liver. listeria monocytogenes, an important natural pathogen of humans, is a useful tool for examining protective immune responses during systemic infections of mice. innate immunity contributes to blood clearance and eventual sterilization of the liver subsequent to listeria infections. effector mechanisms expressed in the liver early after infections are orchestrated by complex interactions between resident populations, i.e. ...200010807514
[the multiplication dynamics of pathogenic bacteria in relation to the trophic and temperature cultivation conditions].the comparative study of the dynamics of multiplication of listeria monocytogenes and yersinia pseudotuberculosis in organic and synthetic media and in distilled water at temperatures of 37 degrees c and 6 degrees c was carried out. this study revealed that in organic media the multiplication of bacteria was good at 37 degrees c and 6 degrees c. in mineral media and distilled water their multiplication was observed only at 6 degrees c. moreover, conditions necessary for the multiplication of pat ...200010808565
mutational analysis of the sbo-alb locus of bacillus subtilis: identification of genes required for subtilosin production and immunity.the bacillus subtilis 168 derivative jh642 produces a bacteriocin, subtilosin, which possesses activity against listeria monocytogenes. inspection of the amino acid sequence of the presubtilosin polypeptide encoded by the gene sboa and sequence data from analysis of mature subtilosin indicate that the precursor subtilosin peptide undergoes several unique and unusual chemical modifications during its maturation process. the genes of the sbo-alb operon are believed to function in the synthesis and ...200010809709
listeriolysin o as a reporter to identify constitutive and in vivo-inducible promoters in the pathogen listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular gram-positive bacterium capable of growing in the cytoplasm of infected host cells. bacterial escape from the phagosomal vacuole of infected cells is mainly mediated by the pore-forming hemolysin listeriolysin o (llo) encoded by hly. llo-negative mutants of l. monocytogenes are avirulent in the mouse model. we have developed a genetic system with hly as a reporter gene allowing the identification of both constitutive and in vivo-inducible pro ...200010816469
interaction of listeria monocytogenes with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: an electron microscopic study.internalization of listeria monocytogenes into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmec) has recently been demonstrated to be dependent upon the inlb gene. in the present scanning electron microscopic study we show that l. monocytogenes efficiently interacts with the surface of hbmec in an inlb-independent manner which is also different from invasion. the inlb-dependent invasion of hbmec by l. monocytogenes is accompanied by intracellular multiplication, movement, and production of bac ...200010816473
listeria monocytogenes-infected human dendritic cells: uptake and host cell response.dendritic cells (dcs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and play a crucial role in initiation and modulation of specific immune responses. various pathogens are able to persist inside dcs. however, internalization of the gram-positive bacterium listeria monocytogenes into human dcs has not yet been shown. in the present study, we demonstrate that human monocyte-derived immature dcs can efficiently phagocytose l. monocytogenes. this uptake is independent of listerial adhesion factors internalin ...200010816528
beta 2 integrins are involved in cytokine responses to whole gram-positive bacteria.proinflammatory cytokines have an important pathophysiologic role in septic shock. cd14 is involved in cytokine responses to a number of purified bacterial products, including lps. however, little is known of monocyte receptors involved in cytokine responses to whole bacteria. to identify these receptors, human monocytes were pretreated with different mabs and tnf-alpha was measured in culture supernatants after stimulation with whole heat-killed bacteria. human serum and anti-cd14 abs significa ...200010820267
yersinia enterocolitica-mediated translocation of defined fusion proteins to the cytosol of mammalian cells results in peptide-specific mhc class i-restricted antigen presentation.yersinia enterocolitica delivers a set of effector proteins [yersinia outer proteins (yop)] into the cytosol of target cells to modulate host cell signal transduction pathways required for the extracellular survival of the bacterium. secretion and subsequent translocation of yop across the eukaryotic cell membrane are achieved via a type iii secretion system. about 50 - 100 amino acids of the n terminus of yop are required for chaperone-directed secretion and translocation. in this study, it is ...200010820384
retinoid-mediated inhibition of interleukin-12 production in mouse macrophages suppresses th1 cytokine profile in cd4(+) t cells.interleukin-12 (il-12) plays a central role in the immune system by driving the immune response towards t helper 1 (th1) type responses characterized by high ifn-gamma and low il-4 production. in this study we investigated whether retinoid-mediated inhibition of interleukin-12 production in mouse macrophages could regulate cytokine profile of antigen (ag)-primed cd4(+) th cells. pretreatment with retinoids (9-cis-ra, all-trans-ra, ttnpb) significantly inhibited il-12 production by mouse macropha ...200010821786
protective effect of a traditional japanese medicine, bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (japanese name: hochu-ekki-to), on the restraint stress-induced susceptibility against listeria monocytogenes.in this study, the effect of traditional japanese (chinese) medicine, bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (japanese name: hochu-ekki-to, hot), on the restraint stress treatment (rst)-induced susceptibility against listeria monocytogenes (l. monocytogenes) was examined. when rst was performed every day for 10 h from the day of infection, the bacterial numbers were increased at 3 and 5 days after the infection. oral pretreatment with hot for 7 days prevented such increases. pretreatment with hot prevented the sup ...200010822087
an outbreak of listeria monocytogenes serotype 3a infections from butter in finland.in february 1999, an outbreak of listeriosis caused by listeria monocytogenes serotype 3a occurred in finland. all isolates were identical. the outbreak strain was first isolated in 1997 in dairy butter. this dairy began delivery to a tertiary care hospital (tch) in june 1998. from june 1998 to april 1999, 25 case patients were identified (20 with sepsis, 4 with meningitis, and 1 with abscess; 6 patients died). patients with the outbreak strain were more likely to have been admitted to the tch t ...200010823797
a 9-month-old boy with fever and lethargy. 200010826077
antimicrobial effect of herb extracts against escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella typhimurium associated with beef.the effects of plant extracts against pathogenic bacteria in vitro are well known, yet few studies have addressed the effects of these compounds against pathogens associated with muscle foods. a series of experiments was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a commercially available, generally recognized as safe, herb extract dispersed in sodium citrate (protecta one) or sodium chloride (protecta two) against escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes asso ...200010826716
fate of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium dt104, and escherichia coli o157:h7 in labneh as a pre- and postfermentation contaminant.commercially pasteurized milk (approximately 2% milkfat) was heated at 85 to 87 degrees c/30 min, inoculated to contain 2,000 to 6,000 cfu/ml of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium dt104, or escherichia coli o157:h7, cultured at 43 degrees c for 4 h with a 2.0% (wt/wt) commercial yogurt starter culture, stored 12 to 14 h at 6 degrees c, and centrifuged to obtain a labneh-like product. alternatively, traditional salted and unsalted labneh was prepared using a 3.0% (wt/wt) starter cultu ...200010826717
pathogenicity and production of virulence factors by listeria monocytogenes isolates from channel catfish.pathogenicity of four channel catfish listeria monocytogenes isolates (ccf1, ccf4, hcc7, and hcc23) was examined in a comparative manner with virulent type strains l. monocytogenes atcc 19115 and egd and avirulent type strain atcc 15313 in bdf and a/j mice. isolates hcc7 and ccf1 (both serovar 1) caused similar percent mortalities and 50% lethal concentration values when compared with virulent type strains and were therefore considered pathogenic. the presence of the virulence factors listerioly ...200010826718
temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of the amplified product of a small 16s rrna gene fragment for the identification of listeria species isolated from food.the development of a rapid method for the identification of listeria spp. is described. it is based on the polymerase chain reaction amplification of a small fragment from the 16s rrna gene followed by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. forty-five strains of listeria spp. (listeria monocytogenes, listeria innocua, listeria ivanovii, listeria seeligeri, and listeria welshimeri) were used for the optimization of the protocol. no differences were observed between the results of the identific ...200010826726
inactivation of listeria monocytogenes scott a on artificially contaminated frankfurters by high-pressure processing.vacuum-packaged frankfurters, inoculated with 24-h cultures of listeria monocytogenes scott a (approximately 10(9) cfu/ml) by injection into the packages, were held at pressures of 300, 500, and 700 mpa for up to 9 min. l. monocytogenes were washed from the surface of the frankfurter and plated onto brain heart infusion agar. during the time to achieve 300, 500, and 700 mpa (come-up time), l. monocytogenes populations decreased by 1, >3, and >5 logs, respectively. additional inactivation of l. m ...200010826727
listeria monocytogenes as an alternative vaccine vector for hiv.the necessity for an hiv vaccine and a brief review of current strategies towards this aim are given here to set into context contemporary studies towards exploiting the bacterium listeria monocytogenes as an hiv vaccine vector. the cell biology and immunology of this unusual intracellular organism are also reviewed, in addition to its application to introducing viral antigens, including hiv antigens, to the immune system.200010912619
current status and future perspectives of dna vaccine delivery by attenuated intracellular bacteria.vaccination by intradermal or intramuscular injection of antigen-encoding plasmid-dna elicits strong cellular and humoral immune responses. professional antigen presenting cells (apc) seem to induce these responses, making it, therefore, desirable to deliver the plasmid molecules directly to these cells. the exploitation of attenuated intracellular bacteria as dna delivery vehicles makes the direct targeting of dna vaccine vectors to professional apc feasible.200010912622
antimicrobial activity of a 14-residue synthetic peptide against foodborne microorganisms.a chemically synthesized short-chain peptide composed of six leucine and eight lysine (6k8l) residues was demonstrated to be biocidal against several foodborne organisms including escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, pseudomonas fluorescens, and kluyveromyces marxianus suspended in phosphate buffer at concentrations of 5 to 50 microg/ml. all strains were reduced by 3 log10 cfu/ml within 10 min at peptide concentrations of <10 microg/ml. the peptide reduced by 3 log10 cfu/ml e. coli ...200010914655
effectiveness of two cooking systems in destroying escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes in ground beef patties.a rapid, high-temperature double-sided grilling-broiling (dgb) system was compared to a single-sided broiling (ssb) system for cooking of foodservice ground beef patties to reduce microbial numbers and maintain textural quality. patties (110 g) containing either escherichia coli o157:h7 or listeria monocytogenes (10(6-7) cfu/g) were cooked to target internal temperatures of 60 or 68 degrees c on each cooking system and immediately removed from the grills without the additional holding time at 60 ...200010914656
growth and survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes in egg products held at different temperatures.growth and survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes in steamed eggs and scrambled eggs held at different temperatures (5, 18, 22, 37, 55, and 60 degrees c) were investigated in the present study. among the holding temperatures tested, both pathogens multiplied best at 37 degrees c followed by 22, 18, and 5 degrees c. in general, e. coli o157:h7 grew better in the egg products than l. monocytogenes did at all the storage temperatures tested except at 5 degrees c. e. coli o1 ...200010914658
behavior of listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk during fermentation with lactic acid bacteria.the behavior of listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk during fermentation with starter and nonstarter lactic acid bacteria was investigated. pasteurized milk was co-inoculated with approximately 10(4) cfu/ml of l. monocytogenes and 10(6) cfu/ml of lactococcus lactis, lactococcus cremoris, lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus bulgaricus, or streptococcus thermophilus. inoculated milks were incubated at 30 degrees c or 37 degrees c for 24 to 72 h. listeria monocytogenes survived and also gr ...200010914660
use of capillary tubes and plate heat exchanger to validate u.s. department of agriculture pasteurization protocols for elimination of listeria monocytogenes in liquid egg products.d-values for a five-strain cocktail of listeria monocytogenes in five different liquid egg products (whole egg, egg yolk, egg white, egg yolk + 5% sucrose + 5% nacl, and egg yolk + 10% nacl) were determined using 100-microl capillary tubes. the egg products were inoculated with approximately 1 x 10(10) organisms/ml and heated in capillary tubes to temperatures ranging from 53 to 69 degrees c for various time intervals. using a pilot scale plate heat exchanger, the u.s. department of agriculture ...200010914661
natural variation in susceptibility of listeria strains to class iia bacteriocins.thirty-one listeria strains were tested for sensitivity to four class iia bacteriocins, namely, enterocin a, mesentericin y105, divercin v41, and pediocin ach, and to nisin a. class iia bacteriocins displayed surprisingly similar antimicrobial patterns ranging from highly susceptible to fully resistant strains, whereas nisin a showed a different pattern in which all listeria strains were inhibited. particularly, it was observed that the strain listeria monocytogenes v7 could not be inhibited by ...200010919390
optimization of green fluorescent protein expression vectors for in vitro and in vivo detection of listeria monocytogenes.the green fluorescent protein (gfp) of the jellyfish aequorea victoria is a useful reporter molecule for monitoring in vivo gene expression in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. we constructed a series of gfp vectors for in situ detection of the intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogenes. the gfp-mutl gene, which encodes a red-shifted gfp, was transcriptionally fused to a strong l. monocytogenes promoter and inserted into various escherichia coli-listeria shuttle vectors: i) the integrative mo ...200010919515
real-time measurements of the interaction between single cells of listeria monocytogenes and nisin on a solid surface.a method to obtain real-time measurements of the interactions between nisin and single cells of listeria monocytogenes on a solid surface was developed. this method was based on fluorescence ratio-imaging microscopy and measurements of changes in the intracellular ph (ph(i)) of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-stained cells during exposure to nisin. immobilized cells were placed in a chamber mounted on a microscope and attached to a high-precision peristaltic pump which allowed rapid change ...200010919824
a framework for interpreting the leucine-rich repeats of the listeria internalins.the surface protein inlb of the bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes is required for inducing phagocytosis in various nonphagocytic mammalian cell types in vitro. inlb causes tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell adaptor proteins, activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. these events lead to phagocytic uptake of the bacterium by the host cell. inlb belongs to the internalin family of listeria proteins, which also includes inla, another surface p ...200010922035
rapid molecular typing of listeria monocytogenes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is a highly discriminating tool for molecular typing, but the conventional pfge protocol is time consuming. this paper describes a rapid method of pfge for listeria monocytogenes that yields results within 2 days.200010924402
three regions within acta promote arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation and listeria monocytogenes motility.the listeria monocytogenes acta protein induces actin-based motility by enhancing the actin nucleating activity of the host arp2/3 complex. using systematic truncation analysis, we identified a 136-residue nh(2)-terminal fragment that was fully active in stimulating nucleation in vitro. further deletion analysis demonstrated that this fragment contains three regions, which are important for nucleation and share functional and/or limited sequence similarity with host wasp family proteins: an acid ...200010931865
consumption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid impair murine interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma production in vivo.in mice, individual dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 (pufa) were found to be sufficient to effect the changes in circulating interleukin (il)-12 and interferon (ifn)-gamma levels that were previously seen in fish oil-fed mice. weanling female c3h mice were fed one of five experimental diets. all five diets met all known nutritional requirements for mice and differed only in the fat source. after 4 weeks, mice were challenged with live listeria monocytogenes or sterile pbs. twenty- ...200010944484
immunostimulatory dna sequences help to eradicate intracellular pathogens. 200010944809
activation of the innate immune system by cpg oligodeoxynucleotides: immunoprotective activity and safety. 200010944812
rapid detection of salmonella typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water using an immunoelectrochemical method.an immunoelectrochemical method coupled with immunomagnetic separation was developed for rapid detection of salmonella typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water. samples of chicken carcass wash water were inoculated with salmonella typhimurium at different cell numbers. possible nonspecified inhibitors in the wash water were minimized by filtration and centrifugation. an approximately 9.4% loss of salmonella cells was found after filtration (p < 0.01). the samples were mixed with anti-salmonella ...200010945578
comparison of different reducing agents for enhanced detection of heat-injured listeria monocytogenes.the effect of different reducing agents (l-cysteine, oxyrase, and enterococcus faecium) and their combinations on the detection of heat-injured (62.8 degrees c, 7.5 min or 10 min) listeria monocytogenes was examined. the incorporation of l-cysteine (0.5 g/liter) yielded higher percentage detection than any of the other reducing agents (p < 0.05). the combination of oxyrase (10 u/ml) and e. faecium (10(3) cfu/ml) synergistically enhanced the detection of l. monocytogenes heat-injured for 10 min a ...200010945581
feasibility of a defined microflora challenge method for evaluating the efficacy of foodborne listeria monocytogenes selective enrichments.comparison of isolation methods for microbial pathogens is complicated by the variable interference caused by the competitive microflora present in test samples such as foods. in principle, using measured amounts of a standard competitor in a defined surrogate food matrix might control the effect of variable interference. this possibility was investigated using listeria monocytogenes and enrichment broths belonging to the acriflavine-nalidixate selective agent class. triplicate test sample sets ...200010945582
high-pressure processing applied to cooked sausages: bacterial populations during chilled storage.vacuum-packaged cooked sausages were pressurized at 500 mpa for 5 or 15 min at mild temperature (65 degrees c) and later stored at 2 and 8 degrees c for 18 weeks. counts of aerobic mesophiles and psychrotrophs, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, baird-parker microbiota, and listeria spp. were determined 1 day and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 weeks after treatment and compared with those of cooked sausages treated at 80 to 85 degrees c for 40 min. pressurization generated reductions of about 4 log ...200010945586
recalls of foods and cosmetics due to microbial contamination reported to the u.s. food and drug administration.in the u.s., food product recalls serve as an important intervention in stemming the consumption of food products contaminated with infectious disease agents. we summarize the number and nature of foods and cosmetics recalled as a result of microbial contamination reported to the u.s. food and drug administration (fda) for the period 1 october 1993 through 30 september 1998. during this period, microbial contamination of food and cosmetic products was the leading cause for recalls, accounting fo ...200010945589
microbiological safety of mayonnaise, salad dressings, and sauces produced in the united states: a review.the literature on the death and survival of foodborne pathogens in commercial mayonnaise, dressing, and sauces was reviewed and statistically analyzed with emphasis on salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes. the absence of reports of foodborne illness associated directly with the consumption of commercially prepared acidic dressings and sauces is evidence of their safety. salmonella, e. coli o157:h7, e. coli, l. monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, and yersinia enteroc ...200010945595
cytokine profile and natural killer cell activity in listeria monocytogenes infected mice treated orally with petiveria alliacea extract.in this work, we investigated the effects of petiveria alliacea extract on the production of th1-type and th2-type cytokines and on nk cells activity in normal and listeria monocytogenes infected mice. our results demonstrated that in normal/non-infected mice p. alliacea administration led to increased levels of interleukin-2 (il-2). the infection alone enhanced inf-gamma levels and nk cell activity at 48 and 72 hours of infection. the treatment with five consecutive doses of 1000 mg/kg/day of p ...200010946828
evaluation of the impact of short-term temperature abuse on the microbiology and shelf life of a model ready-to-use vegetable combination product.the growth dynamics of indigenous aerobic mesophilic populations (amp), lactic acid bacteria (lab) and inoculated (listeria spp.) microbial populations on cooked and fresh vegetable products, packaged as separate entities and in combination, subjected to temperature fluctuation, were assessed. microbial proliferation was temperature and product dependent, being most pronounced at 12 degrees c in all products with maximum growth rates of 0.140, 0.175 and 0.126 log10 cfu/g per h being identified f ...200010946838
prevalence and contamination levels of listeria monocytogenes in retail foods in japan.retail foods in japan were surveyed for the presence and contamination levels of l. monocytogenes. it was isolated from 12.2, 20.6, 37.0 and 25.0% of 41 minced beef, 34 minced pork, 46 minced chicken and 16 minced pork-beef mixture samples, respectively. mpn values were higher than 100/g in five (10.9%) minced chicken samples, but lower than 100/g in all minced beef, pork and pork-beef mixture samples. the organism was also isolated from 5.4% of the 92 smoked salmon samples at mpn values lower t ...200010946841
induction of interleukin-4 (il-4) by legionella pneumophila infection in balb/c mice and regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha, il-6, and il-1beta.infection of balb/c mice with a sublethal concentration of legionella pneumophila causes an acute disease that is resolved by innate immune responses. the infection also initiates the development of adaptive th1 responses that protect the mice from challenge infections. to study the early responses, cytokines induced during the first 24 h after infection were examined. in the serum, interleukin-12 (il-12) was detectable by 3 h and peaked at 10 h, while gamma interferon was discernible by 5 h and ...200010948149
interleukin-1 signaling is essential for host defense during murine pulmonary tuberculosis.interleukin (il)-1 signaling is required for the containment of infections with intracellular microorganisms, such as listeria monocytogenes and leishmania major. to determine the role of il-1 in the host response to tuberculosis, we infected il-1 type i receptor-deficient (il-1r(-/-)) mice, in which il-1 does not exert effects, with mycobacterium tuberculosis. il-1r(-/-) mice were more susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis, as reflected by an increased mortality and an enhanced mycobacterial ou ...200010950787
antibodies to the junctional adhesion molecule cause disruption of endothelial cells and do not prevent leukocyte influx into the meninges after viral or bacterial infection.a hallmark of infectious meningitis is the invasion of leukocytes into the subarachnoid space. in experimental meningitis triggered by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, the interaction of leukocytes with endothelial cells and the subsequent migration of the cells through the vessel wall can be inhibited by an antibody to the junctional adhesion molecule (jam). in contrast to the cytokine-induced meningitis model, anti-jam antibodies failed to prevent leukocyte influx into the ce ...200010950802
an updated model of cell-mediated immunity--listeriosis: clinical and research aspects.listeria monocytogenes causes sepsis and meningitis in immunocompromised hosts and a devastating maternal/fetal infection in pregnant women. in recent years a more benign gastroenteritis in normal hosts has been described. listeria has been increasingly identified as a food-borne pathogen, and large-scale contamination of processed foods with resulting outbreaks has occurred in recent years, possibly as a result of consolidation of the food industry. experimental listeriosis in mice has proven t ...200010951886
mutations of arginine residues within the 146-kkrrk-150 motif of the acta protein of listeria monocytogenes abolish intracellular motility by interfering with the recruitment of the arp2/3 complex.the recruitment of actin to the surface of intracellular listeria monocytogenes and subsequent tail formation is dependent on the expression of the bacterial surface protein acta. of the different functional domains of acta identified thus far, the n-terminal region is absolutely required for actin filament recruitment and intracellular motility. mutational analysis of this domain which abolished actin recruitment by intracellular listeria monocytogenes identified two arginine residues within th ...200010954425
infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients.central nervous system (cns) infections, accounting for 4-29% of cns lesions in transplant recipients, are a significant post-transplant complication. focal cns infectious lesions or brain abscesses have been documented in 0.36-1% of the transplant recipients. mycelial fungi, particularly aspergillus, are by far the most frequent etiologies of post-transplant brain abscesses. bacteria, with the exception of nocardia, are rarely associated with brain abscesses in transplant recipients. time of on ...200011429020
effect of silica inhalation on the pulmonary clearance of a bacterial pathogen in fischer 344 rats.silica inhalation predisposes workers to bacterial infection and impairments in pulmonary defense function. in this study, we evaluated the effect of pre-exposure to silica on lung defense mechanisms by use of a rat pulmonary listeria monocytogenes infection model. male fischer 344 rats were exposed by inhalation to filtered air or silica (15 mg/m3 x 6 h/day x 5 days/wk). after 21 or 59 days of silica exposure, the rats were inoculated intratracheally with 5 x 10(3) l. monocytogenes. at 0 (nonin ...200011361057
[clinical and laboratory diagnosis of listeria monocytogenes on the basis of own investigations].the authors have described the issues surrounding listeria monocytogenes infection with reference to cases diagnosed and managed during the 5-year period (1995-2000) in the clinical department of neonatal pathology and intensive care of the national institute of mother and child in warsaw. four cases of congenital listeriosis have been diagnosed. some mothers presented with "flu-like" symptoms. all mothers delivered prematurely (29 hbd - 32 hbd). among the 4 infants the most common clinical feat ...200011328973
evaluation of the bacteriological quality of ice cream sold at san jose, costa rica.the presence of total and fecal coliforms, e. coli, listeria sp and salmonella sp. was evaluated in 65 samples of both commercial and homemade ice cream. 37.1% of homemade ice cream and 20% of commercial ice cream did not fulfill the international standard for total coliforms. at the same time 82.9% of home made samples and 56.7% of commercial ones presented fecal coliforms. e. coli was found in 51.4% of home made samples and 26.7% of commercial ones. sixteen listeria sp. isolates were obtained, ...200011347303
[cerebromeningeal listeriosis associated with a cytolytic hepatitis. first case report in senegal].hepatitis due to listeria monocytogenes is uncommon in adults. this report describes the first case observed in senegal. the patient was a 73-year old man presenting listeria-related hepatitis presumably secondary to low-grade meningeal encephalitis. treatment using ampicillin was unsuccessful and the patient died four days after hospitalization. the authors note that the incidence of adult listeriosis has risen constantly for the past twenty years in relation with alcohol abuse, cirrhosis, diab ...200011436588
interactions between listeriae and lectins.interactions between members of the genus listeria and lectins are described. l. monocytogenes was shown to be heterogenous with respect to agglutination by lectins. l. monocytogenes serotype 4b had a pattern of lectin binding distinct from the other listeriae. titration of the listeriae with lectins proved to be useful in further distinguishing serotype 4b. the results show that lectins may provide useful probes as diagnostic reagents for listeriae.200011845476
[current epidemiological and clinical features meningitis in a northern italian area]objectives: to study etiological, epidemiological and clinical features of 97 cases of acute meningitis. methods: ninety-seven cases of acute meningitis were examined in adult hiv-negative patients admitted to the infectious diseases unit of the azienda ospedale-universita s. anna in ferrara. demographic, etiological, epidemiological and clinical data were analyzed. results: all cases were divided into two groups according to the macroscopic aspect of cerebrospinal fluid (csf): purulent csf (50 ...200012711895
immunohistochemical study of constitutive neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system of goat with natural listeriosis.the expression of both constitutive and inducible forms of nitric oxide synthase (nos) was investigated by immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections in normal and listeria monocytogenes-infected brains of goats. in normal control goats, a small number of neurons showed immunoreactivity of both inos and nnos, and the number of inos-positive neurons was higher than the number of nnos-positive neurons. in natural listeriosis, listeria antigens were easily immunostain ...200014614301
effects of chemical hurdles on microbiological and oxidative stability of a cooked cured emulsion type meat product.two combinations of hurdles, 2.0% lactate+0.5% acetate or 2.0% lactate+0.25 % glucono-delta-lactone (gdl), were both found to prevent growth of listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto sliced saveloys manufactured with 60 or 150 ppm nitrite. the saveloys were packed in modified atmosphere (80% n(2)/20% co(2)) using a film with low oxygen transmission rate (0.45 cm(3)/m(2)/atm/24 h) and stored at 5 or 10°c for up to 4 weeks. changes in red colour (measured as minolta a-values) and lipid oxidation [ ...200022061582
microbiological contamination of raw beef trimmings and ground beef.to survey the microbiological quality of beef trimmings and final-ground beef, samples were collected from eight commercial grinding facilities, including trimmings from fed-cattle, culled-beef cows, culled-dairy cows, imported-beef trimmings and finished-ground products. trim samples (core and purge) and ground product samples (n=586) were evaluated for aerobic plate (apc), total coliform (tcc), escherichia coli (ecc) and staphylococcus aureus counts and the presence of salmonella spp. and list ...200022061902
utilization of microbes to process and preserve meat.this paper discusses how, and to what extent, the addition of microorganisms to meats helps to meet the needs of consumers and industry. lactic acid bacteria adapted to meats improve the safety of fermented sausages by means of acid formation. using selected strains, the safety of certain non-fermented, perishable meat products may be improved without affecting their shelf life. certain bacteriocin-forming cultures may reduce the levels of listeria monocytogenes in some meat products significant ...200022061897
production of bacteriocin-like metabolites by lactic acid cultures isolated from sucuk samples.a total of 51 sucuk samples, obtained from different regions of turkey, were examined for lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains producing putative bacteriocin-like metabolites. for detection of antagonistic activity, agar spot and well diffusion assay tests were used. lactobacillus sake lb790, listeria monocytogenes li6, staphylococcus aureus st44 and escherichia coli nrrl b-3704 were used as indicator organisms. strains having antimicrobial activity were also tested against clostridium perfringens ...200022060908
effect of nisin and its combination with sodium chloride on the survival of listeria monocytogenes added to raw buffalo meat mince.antilisterial activity of nisin (nisaplin), alone at concentrations of 400 and 800 iu/g and in combination with 2% sodium chloride was incorporated in raw buffalo meat mince. samples of the raw meat mince were inoculated with 10(3) colony forming units (cfu)/g of l. monocytogenes and stored at 4°c for 16 days and at 37°c for 36 h. initial estimates of ph, extract release volume, mesophilic and psychrophilic counts were found to be 5.74, 48 ml, 3.5×10(5) and 1.0×10(5) cfu/g of meat, respectively. ...200022062071
[hematometra & listeria monocytogenes].the hematometra is a nosological entity that may not always be attributed to an embryonic defect of the paramesonefros; cervical-vaginal infections such as etiological possibilities due to listeria monocytogenes (lm), cervix malignant neoplasias, iatrogenias due to endometrial ablation with lasser, traumatic bloody uterine curetage and because of cervical cryocoagulation or electrocoagulation are also mentioned. the case to be reported is from a woman in reproductive stage, who is 32 years old, ...200115326808
[listeria monocytogenes induces thymocyte apoptosis in mice].the murine thymocyte apoptosis induced by listeria monocytogenes(lm) was detected with morphology, fcm, and dna electrophoresis. the results were that lm elicited typical morphological changes of thymocyte apoptosis; the typical apoptosis peak was displayed with fcm, and typical "ladder pattern" with agarose gel electrophoresis. the apoptotic cells were found at 8 h after the mice had infected lm and reached climax at 48 h. the thymus weight significantly reduced at 16 h, and reached the lowest ...200112536719
conditioning of dendritic cells by pathogen-derived stimuli. 200111846223
bacterial carriers and virus-like-particles as antigen delivery devices: role of dendritic cells in antigen presentation.replicating attenuated strains of intracellular bacteria like salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes or mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette guérin (bcg), and non-replicating virus-like-particles (vlp) consisting, for instance, of the vp1-surface component of polyoma virus offer great potential as heterologous carriers delivering foreign protein antigens for immune recognition. moreover, attenuated s. typhimurium and l. monocytogenes strains hold also great promise as delivery vehicles f ...200112455402
evaluation of immunotoxicity induced by single or concurrent exposure to n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet), pyridostigmine bromide (pyr), and jp-8 jet fuel.approximately 5,000 to 80,000 of the us service personnel involved in the persian gulf war have complained of a variety of nonspecific symptoms since their return in 1991. these symptoms have been collectively labeled gulf war illness and include muscle fatigue, general malaise, myalgia, impaired cognition, ataxia, headaches, fever, joint pain, skin rash, gastrointestinal disturbances, sleep disturbances, and respiratory difficulties. exposures of military and service personnel were diverse and ...200112539864
occurrence of listeria spp. in captive antelope herds and their environment.two juvenile scimitar-horned oryx (oryx dammah) at the wild animal park planckendael died from acute septicemia caused by listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b. subsequently, listeria spp. were isolated from the feces, food, and environment of seven antelope species and examined using a two-stage enrichment procedure in fraser broth, followed by isolation on palcam agar. a total of 40/170 samples (23.5%) was positive for listeria spp. no organisms were cultured in 83/170 samples (48.8%), and 47 samp ...200112785709
involvement of listeria monocytogenes in the abortive disease.listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular facultative germ that causes the invasion, sometimes fatal, in susceptible hosts is a food borne pathogen with ubiquitary spread that has generated a public health problem for such risk groups as: pregnant women, foetuses, new borns. 504 women with abortive disease were serologically investigated in 1999 for serotype 1a circulating in romania. the most affected age group proved to be that in the range of 20-30 yrs: 378 (75%) cases. 107 (21.23%) female pat ...200112561675
regulation of virulence genes in listeria.as in all pathogenic bacteria, virulence of the facultative intracellular listeria species is a multifactorial trait. the expression of the bacterial genes involved in the different steps of the infectious process--invasion, intracellular multiplication and spreading--is temporally and spatially controlled, thus ensuring the presence of the respective gene products at the right moment and place. so far, one network which is involved in the regulation of listerial virulence, the prfa regulon, has ...200111437337
cervical lymphadenitis--a rare case of focal listeriosis.cervical lymphadenopathy is a condition with a broad differential diagnosis. malignant tumors, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases as well as various infectious agents can be the cause. we report the case of a 75-year-old man who had a cervical lymphadenopathy without symptoms of infection. the draining lymph nodes were excised. histology revealed a granulomatous abscess and culture yielded pure growth of listeria monocytogenes. because food is occasionally contaminated with l. monocytogenes ...200111440390
cutting edge: ifn-inducible elr- cxc chemokines display defensin-like antimicrobial activity.recent reports highlighted the chemotactic activities of antimicrobial peptide defensins whose structure, charge, and size resemble chemokines. by assaying representative members of the four known families of chemokines we explored the obverse: whether some chemokines exert antimicrobial activity. in a radial diffusion assay, only recombinant monokine induced by ifn-gamma (mig/cxcl9), ifn-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kda (ip-10/cxcl10), and ifn-inducible t cell alpha chemoattractant (i-tac/cxcl ...200111441062
spontaneous nisin-resistant listeria monocytogenes mutants with increased expression of a putative penicillin-binding protein and their sensitivity to various antibiotics.a concern regarding the use of bacteriocins, as for example the lantibiotic nisin, for biopreservation of certain food products is the possibility of resistance development and potential cross-resistance to antibiotics in the target organism. the genetic basis for nisin resistance development is as yet unknown. we analyzed changes in gene expression following nisin resistance development in listeria monocytogenes 412 by restriction fragment differential display. the mutant had increased expressi ...200111442339
listeria monocytogenes: a continuing challenge.as a leading cause of death from a foodborne pathogen, listeria monocytogenes continues to cause sporadic cases and outbreaks of illness. the most recent of these outbreaks in the united states involved consumption of hot dogs, with 101 cases of illness and 21 deaths reported to the centers for disease control and prevention for the years 1998-1999. epidemiologic analysis determined that contamination levels in hot dogs were remarkably low (0.3 cfu [colony-forming units] l monocytogenes serotype ...200111444596
identification and characterization of a novel secreted immunoglobulin binding protein from group a streptococcus.immunoglobulin binding proteins are one of several pathogenicity factors which have been associated with invasive disease caused by group a streptococci. the surface-bound m and m-like proteins of streptococcus pyogenes are the most characterized of these immunoglobulin binding proteins, and in most cases they bind only a single antibody class. here we report the identification of a novel non-m-type secreted protein, designated siba (for secreted immunoglobulin binding protein from group a strep ...200111447160
stress-induced clpp serine protease of listeria monocytogenes is essential for induction of listeriolysin o-dependent protective immunity.the stress-induced protease clpp is required for virulence of the facultative intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogenes. we previously found that in the absence of clpp, the virulence of this pathogen was strongly reduced, mainly due to the decreased production of functional listeriolysin o (llo), a major immunodominant virulence factor promoting intracellular growth. in this work, a clpp deletion mutant of l. monocytogenes was used to study the generation of anti-listeria protective immunit ...200111447171
identification of listeria monocytogenes in vivo-induced genes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, intracellular, food-borne pathogen capable of causing severe infections in immunocompromised or pregnant individuals, as well as numerous animal species. genetic analysis of listeria pathogenesis has identified several genes which are crucial for virulence. the transcription of most of these genes has been shown to be induced upon entry of listeria into the host cell. to identify additional genes that are induced in vivo and may be required for l. monoc ...200111447181
systemic and intracerebral infections of mice with listeria monocytogenes successfully treated with linezolid.linezolid is an oxazolidinone derivative which is active mostly against gram-positive bacteria. in this work its activity against the facultatively intracellular bacterium listeria monocytogenes was examined in vitro, in tissue culture and in animal models of systemic and intracerebral infection and compared with ampicillin which is the antibiotic of choice for treatment of listeriosis. all strains of l. monocytogenes were susceptible to the substance, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic ...200111450884
activities of gemifloxacin and five other antimicrobial agents against listeria monocytogenes and coryneform bacteria isolated from clinical samples.the in vitro activities of gemifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, doxycycline, gentamicin, and vancomycin were evaluated against 15 listeria monocytogenes strains and 205 coryneform bacteria isolated from clinical samples. the percentages of strains inhibited by gemifloxacin at 0.5 microg/ml were 100% (l. monocytogenes), 93.3% (brevibacterium spp.), 90% (corynebacterium minutissimum), 42.5% (corynebacterium amycolatum), 20% (corynebacterium striatum), 12.5% (corynebacterium jeikeium), and 10% ...200111451706
effect of age on respiratory defense mechanisms: pulmonary bacterial clearance in fischer 344 rats after intratracheal instillation of listeria monocytogenes.to examine the lung defense mechanisms of both young and aged rats before and after pulmonary challenge with a bacterial pathogen.200111451845
optimizing detection of heat-injured listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk.optimal conditions for the detection of heat-injured cells of listeria monocytogenes in modified pennsylvania state university (mpsu) broth were determined using a response surface design generated by a computer program, echip. different combinations of incubation temperatures and lithium, magnesium, and d-serine concentrations were evaluated to determine the optimum conditions for the detection of heat-injured l. monocytogenes in filter-sterilized whole milk inoculated with selected problematic ...200111456184
antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms.the beneficial health effects of extracts from many types of plants that are used as seasoning agents in foods and beverages have been claimed for centuries. the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of selected herb and spice essential oils for control of growth and survival of microorganisms. inhibition of growth was tested by the paper disc agar diffusion method. antibiotic susceptibility discs were used as control. minimum lethal concentration (mlc) was determined by the tub ...200111456186
evaluation of thin agar layer method for recovery of acid-injured foodborne pathogens.the thin agar layer (tal) method of kang and fung was used to enumerate acid-injured foodborne pathogens. this method involves overlaying 14 ml of nonselective medium (tryptic soy agar [tsa]) onto a prepoured and solidified pathogen-specific, selective medium in a petri dish. after surface plating, injured cells resuscitated and grew on tsa during the first few hours of incubation; then, the selective agents from the selective medium diffused to the top layer, interacted with the recovered micro ...200111456194
fate of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium dt 104, and listeria monocytogenes in fresh meat decontamination fluids at 4 and 10 degrees c.bacterial pathogens may colonize meat plants and increase food safety risks following survival, stress hardening, or proliferation in meat decontamination fluids (washings). the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium dt 104, and listeria monocytogenes to survive or grow in spray-washing fluids from fresh beef top rounds sprayed with water (10 or 85 degrees c) or acid solutions (2% lactic or acetic acid, 55 degrees c) during storage ...200111456202
survival of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes in and on vacuum packaged lebanon bologna stored at 3.6 and 13.0 degrees c.escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, or listeria monocytogenes was spread onto the surface of lebanon bologna luncheon slices using sterile glass rods. the inoculated slices were stacked and vacuum packaged. the packages were stored at 3.6 or 13 degrees c. the foodborne pathogens. e. coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, or l. monocytogenes were reduced in lebanon bologna during storage at 3.6 or 13 degrees c. the higher storage temperature (13.0 degrees c) resulted in significantly ...200111456203
prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in broilers at the abattoir, processing plant, and retail level.the environment and products from two broiler abattoirs and processing plants and raw broiler pieces at the retail level were sampled for listeria monocytogenes in order to evaluate the contamination level of the broiler carcasses and products. sampling started in the slaughtering process and finished with raw broiler meat or ready-to-eat cooked product. sampling sites positive for l. monocytogenes at the broiler abattoir were the air chiller, the skin-removing machine, and the conveyor belt lea ...200111456209
outbreak of listeriosis associated with homemade mexican-style cheese--north carolina, october 2000-january 2001.on november 13, 2000, health-care providers at a hospital in winston-salem, north carolina, contacted the local health department about three cases of listeriosis within a 2-week period in recent mexican immigrants. the north carolina general communicable disease control branch, in collaboration with the forsyth county health department, the north carolina departments of agriculture and consumer services (ncda&cs) and environment and natural resources, the food and drug administration (fda), and ...200111456331
protective ctl response is induced in the absence of cd4+ t cells and ifn-gamma by gene gun dna vaccination with a minigene encoding a ctl epitope of listeria monocytogenes.our work was undertaken to learn the mechanism of induction of protective cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) by gene gun dna vaccination with p91m encoding an h-2kd-restricted t cell epitope of listeriolysin o (llo). vaccination with p91m induced vigorous antigen-specific cd8+ ctl that produce ifn-gamma and was able to confer partial protection against listerial challenge. however, the p91m-induced protective immunity was revealed to be independent of the ifn-gamma and cd4+ t cell help. the ctl induc ...200111457557
inactivation of lrg-47 and irg-47 reveals a family of interferon gamma-inducible genes with essential, pathogen-specific roles in resistance to infection.the cytokine interferon (ifn)-gamma regulates immune clearance of parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. recently, a family of ifn-gamma-induced genes has been identified that encode 48-kd gtp-binding proteins that localize to the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. the prototype of this family, igtp, has been shown to be required for host defense against acute infections with the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii, but not for normal ...200111457893
retrospective evidence for nosocomial listeria infection. 200111461136
recovery of intraoperative microbicidal and inflammatory functions of alveolar immune cells after a tobacco smoke-free period.tobacco smoking inhibits alveolar macrophage function, but cessation of smoking markedly reduces the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. the authors therefore evaluated the effect of nonsmoking duration on both antimicrobial and inflammatory functions of alveolar macrophages during anesthesia and surgery.200111465626
brain abscess due to listeria monocytogenes: five cases and a review of the literature. 200111470983
initiation of alcoholic fatty liver and hepatic inflammation with a specific recall immune response in alcohol-consuming c57bl/6 mice.whether immunological responses are involved in initiation and progression of alcoholic liver disease is unclear. we describe a mouse model of alcoholic liver injury characterized by steatosis and hepatic inflammation initiated by a recall immune response. mice immune to listeria monocytogenes fed a liquid diet containing ethanol and challenged with viable bacteria developed steatosis within 24 h and, at a later time, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels, indicating more liver damage i ...200111472435
automated ribotyping using different enzymes to improve discrimination of listeria monocytogenes isolates, with a particular focus on serotype 4b strains.to develop improved automated subtyping approaches for listeria monocytogenes, we characterized the discriminatory power of different restriction enzymes for ribotyping. when 15 different restriction enzymes were used for automated ribotyping of 16 selected l. monocytogenes isolates, the restriction enzymes ecori, pvuii, and xhoi showed high discriminatory ability (simpson's index of discrimination > 0.900) and produced complete and reproducible restriction cut patterns. these three enzymes were ...200111474034
[microbial growth and cold. study of the particular case of listeria monocytogenes].some of micro-organisms are able to adapt themselves to hardest environmental conditions. so, about cold conditions, most of them can still grow at very low temperatures under 0 degree celsius (nitrogen liquefied at -169 degrees c is the best way for preserving microbes). by another way some germs, qualified psychrotophic bacteria, grow quite easily between 0 degree c and +10 degrees c. among these bacteria the author draw the attention to listeria monocytogenes, a germ contaminating often foods ...200111474584
detection of anti-listeriolysin o and listeria monocytogenes in experimentally infected buffaloes (bubalus bubalis).the kinetics of antibody production against listeriolysin o (allo) and the recovery pattern of listeria monocytogenes from bacteriological samples were studied following oral infection of buffalo calves with 3 x 10(9) cells each of pathogenic l. monocytogenes. antibodies to llo appeared by 7-10 days post infection (pi), with a shallow peak between days 16 and 36 pi, when tested by indirect plate-elisa. the titres of allo in all the animals then declined slowly but remained detectable up to day 7 ...200111474862
listeria monocytogenes: a causative agent of gastroenteritis?the intestinal tract is the major portal of entry for listeria monocytogenes, which becomes ingested via contaminated food. the pathogenic strains penetrate the mucosal tissue either directly, via engulfment by enterocytes, or indirectly, via active penetration of the peyer's patches. there are now several reports clearly demonstrating that, in some cases, acute enteritis may be the only symptom of listeria infection or may precede the typical symptoms of listeriosis such as sepsis and meningiti ...200111476434
dicynthaurin: an antimicrobial peptide from hemocytes of the solitary tunicate, halocynthia aurantium.we isolated a novel antimicrobial peptide, dicynthaurin, from hemocytes of a tunicate, halocynthia aurantium. the native peptide had a mass of approximately 6.2 kda and was composed of two 30-residue monomers without sequence homology to any previously identified peptides (ilqkavldclkaagsslskaaitaiynkit). most cynthaurin molecules were c-terminally amidated and were linked covalently by a single cystine disulfide bond. when performed in membrane-mimetic environments, circular dichroism studies o ...200111479030
effects of trimethoprim and co-trimoxazole on the morphology of listeria monocytogenes in culture medium and after phagocytosis.the purpose of this study was to compare the extra- and intracellular activity of antifolates on listeria monocytogenes. the fortuitous discovery of elongated bacteria in response to trimethoprim revealed a novel effect on the morphology of listeria in cell culture medium and after phagocytosis. this phenomenon permitted the quantification of trimethoprim activity, revealing comparable activity intra- and extracellularly. subinhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim resulted in bacterial elongat ...200111481287
the in vitro activity of daptomycin against 514 gram-positive aerobic clinical isolates.the in vitro activity of daptomycin was assessed in comparison with that of vancomycin and penicillin against a wide range of gram-positive aerobic clinical isolates. mics were determined by an agar dilution method on mueller-hinton agar (nccls/eucast) and on isotonic agar adjusted to contain 50 mg/l free calcium (bsac). both media were enriched with 5% horse blood for fastidious organisms. daptomycin mics for all 172 staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant sta ...200111481291
implication of milk and milk products in food-borne diseases in france and in different industrialised countries.a study was carried out to estimate the proportion of diseases due to milk and milk products among food-borne diseases recorded in france and in other countries since 1980. particular attention was given to whether the milk involved was heat-treated or not. four etiologic agents were considered: salmonella spp., staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, and pathogenic escherichia coli. an overview of food-borne disease annual reports from seven countries indicated that milk and milk product ...200111482557
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