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partitioning studies of l-glutaminase production by bacillus cereus mtcc 1305 in different peg-salt/dextran.partitioning studies of l-glutaminase production by bacillus cereus mtcc 1305 was carried out in different peg-salt/peg-dextran system. the partitioning value of l-glutaminase increased with increasing molecular weight of peg from 2000-4000 kda and decreased with higher molecular weight of 6000 kda. phase system of peg 4000 (8.5%)/dextran t500 (9.5%) was selected for the extractive fermentative production of l-glutaminase on the basis maximum partition coefficient (1.31). the production of l-glu ...201222513254
foodborne outbreaks surveillance in the piedmont region, italy (2002-2009).this article summarises the results of eight years (2002-2009) of investigations on food borne disease outbreaks carried out the regional agency for public health in piedmont, which is an italian region (4,432,571 citizens, 2008).201222508645
inactivation kinetics of spores of bacillus cereus strains treated by a peracetic acid-based disinfectant at different concentrations and temperatures.the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a commercial peracetic acid-based disinfectant against spores of bacillus cereus, to identify the most influential factor for the final number of microorganisms after different disinfection procedures, and to evaluate the nature of the inactivation kinetics. the spores of four different strains of b. cereus (dsm 318, 4312, 4313, and 4384) were treated with five different disinfectant concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% [w/v]) at ...201222506696
microbiological and physicochemical characterisation of caxiri, an alcoholic beverage produced by the indigenous juruna people of brazil.caxiri is a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage produced from cassava and sweet potatoes by the indigenous juruna or yudjá people in brazil. our results showed that caxiri fermentation is invariably associated with the following: (i) an increase in the total microbial population, with yeast being the largest group detected; (ii) a decrease in reducing sugars, malic, tartaric, succinic, oxalic and propionic acid; and (iii) a final product characterised by a high content of ethanol and a high ...201222497838
[screening and identification of a microcystin-degrading bacterium strain and its enzymatic degradation of microcystin-lr by intracellular extract of bacillus cereus].to provide effective microorganisms for the treatment of water polluted by microcystins (mcs), the strains capable of biodegrading microcystin lr (mc-lr) were isolated from the sediment of chaohu lake. the degradation of microcystin-lr by the intracellular extracts of the strains were studied.201222489466
microbiological performance of a food safety management system in a food service operation.the microbiological performance of a food safety management system in a food service operation was measured using a microbiological assessment scheme as a vertical sampling plan throughout the production process, from raw materials to final product. the assessment scheme can give insight into the microbiological contamination and the variability of a production process and pinpoint bottlenecks in the food safety management system. three production processes were evaluated: a high-risk sandwich p ...201222488059
antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles against bacterial cells adhered to stainless steel surfaces.given the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the need to synthesize new antimicrobials, silver has attracted interest in the scientific community because of its recognized antimicrobial activity. this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles (np) obtained by a new method and tested at concentrations of 6 μg/ml and 60 μg/ml against the species staphylococcus aureus, listeria innocua, salmonella choleraesuis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia ...201222488058
survival of bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores during in vitro simulation of gastric passage.the enteric pathogen bacillus cereus must survive gastric passage in order to cause diarrhea by enterotoxin production in the small intestine. the acid resistance and the survival after gastric passage were assessed by in vitro experiments with acidified growth medium and gastric simulation medium with b. cereus nvh 1230-88 vegetative cells and spores. first, batch incubations at constant ph values for 4 h, which represented different physiological states of the stomach, showed that spores were ...201222488056
[antibacterial activity of rare streptomyces species against clinical resistant bacteria].in the search for new antibiotics from steptomyces, investigating extremes habitats enhances the probability of isolating novel producers. in this context, the antibacterial activity of four streptomyces strains isolated from ezzmoul saltpans was studied. two of them showed antibacterial activity against antibiotic's resistant bacteria (bacillus cereus: β-lactamines and sulfamides resistant, streptococcus faecalis: penicillin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole resistant, and staphylococcus aureus m ...201222484527
phyto-synthesis of silver nanoscale particles using morinda citrifolia l. and its inhibitory activity against human pathogens.leaf extract of morinda citrifolia l. was assessed for the synthesis of silver nanoscale particles under different temperature and reaction time. synthesized nanoscale (mcagnps) particles were confirmed by analysing the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (spr) using uv-visible spectrophotometer at 420 nm. further sem, hrtem analysis confirmed the range of particle size between 10 and 60 nm and sead pattern authorizes the face centered cubic (fcc) crystalline nature of the mcagnps. fourier t ...201222483838
bacterial contamination of an automated pharmacy robot used for intravenous medication preparation.multiple cultures were positive for bacillus cereus during routine quality assurance testing of a pharmacy robot that prepares intravenous medications. an investigation confirmed bacterial contamination of the robot as well as drug product made by the robot. the process and outcomes of the investigation are described in this report.201222476280
bacteriophages bcp1-1 and bcp8-2 require divalent cations for efficient control of bacillus cereus in fermented foods.bacillus cereus is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that causes diarrhea and vomiting. in this study, the usefulness of bacteriophages to eradicate b. cereus from fermented foods was investigated. a total of 13 phages were isolated from korean fermented food products, and 2 (bcp1-1 and bcp8-2) were further characterized. transmission electron microscopy (tem), restriction enzyme digestion pattern analysis, and sds-page of the structural proteins suggest that both phages belong to the family myovir ...201222475937
lc-ms analysis of the emetic toxin, cereulide, produced by bacillus cereus.a quantitative and chemical assay of cereulide produced in the cultures by some strains of bacillus cereus was performed on a hplc and a esi electrospray ion trap mass analyzer, using the synthetic cereulide as a standard. all 20 strains of emetic b. cereus were found to produce 27 - 740 ng/ml of cereulide by the lc-ms analysis. in contrast, none of the 10 diarrheal strains produced it. 10(2) cfu/ml of the cereulide producible strain with a 210 ng/ml yield was inoculated into the 10% suspensions ...201223269221
plcra, a new quorum-sensing regulator from bacillus cereus, plays a role in oxidative stress responses and cysteine metabolism in stationary phase.we characterized a new quorum-sensing regulator, plcra, which is present in various members of the b. cereus group and identified a signaling heptapeptide for plcra activity: papra(7). we demonstrated that plcra is a 3d structural paralog of plcr using sequence analysis and homology modeling. a comparison of the transcriptomes at the onset of stationary phase of a δplcra mutant and the wild-type b. cereus atcc 14579 strain showed that 68 genes were upregulated and 49 genes were downregulated in ...201223239999
enterotoxin production by bacillus cereus under gastrointestinal conditions and their immunological detection by commercially available kits.currently, three commercial kits for bacillus cereus enterotoxins nhe and/or hbl detection are available, namely, the bacillus diarrheal enterotoxin visual immunoassay (bde via™) kit (3m tecra), b. cereus enterotoxin reversed passive latex agglutination (bcet-rpla) kit (oxoid), and the duopath(®) cereus enterotoxins (merck). the performance of the kits and their applicability to gastrointestinal simulation samples were evaluated. then, the stability and production of enterotoxins hbl and nhe und ...201223237409
functional annotation analytics of bacillus genomes reveals stress responsive acetate utilization and sulfate uptake in the biotechnologically relevant bacillus megaterium.bacillus species form an heterogeneous group of gram-positive bacteria that include members that are disease-causing, biotechnologically-relevant, and can serve as biological research tools. a common feature of bacillus species is their ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions by formation of resistant endospores. genes encoding the universal stress protein (usp) domain confer cellular and organismal survival during unfavorable conditions such as nutrient depletion. as of february 20 ...201223226010
variation in the annual unsatisfactory rates of selected pathogens and indicators in ready-to-eat food sampled from the point of sale or service in wales, united kingdom.the welsh food microbiological forum "shopping basket" survey is a long running, structured surveillance program examining ready-to-eat food randomly sampled from the point of sale or service in wales, united kingdom. the annual unsatisfactory rates for selected indicators and pathogens for 1998 through 2008 were examined. all the annual unsatisfactory rates for the selected pathogens were <0.5%, and no pattern with the annual rate was observed. there was also no discernible trend observed for t ...201223212024
essential oil of mitracarpus frigidus as a potent source of bioactive compounds.in our previous work (fabri et al. 2009), we showed that different extracts of mitracarpus frigidus had significant antibacterial, antifungal and leishmanicidal activities. in order to increase our knowledge about this species, this work assesses the chemical composition and the in vitro biological activity of its essential oil. thus, the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of m. frigidus was analyzed by gc/ms. among several compounds detected, 11 were identified, bei ...201223207707
dna extract characterization process for microbial detection methods development and validation.quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays used in pathogen detection require rigorous methods development including characterizing dna extraction products. a dna extract characterization process is demonstrated using dna extracted from five different cells types (two gram-negatives: escherichia coli, and burkholderia thailandensis, spores and vegetative cells from the gram-positive bacillus cereus, and yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae) with six different methods.201223206278
crystallization and preliminary x-ray data analysis of the pxo1 plasmid-partitioning factor tubz from bacillus cereus.tubz is a structural homologue of tubulin and ftsz gtpases, which are involved in the type iii plasmid-partitioning system. tubz assembles into polymers in a gtp-dependent manner and drives plasmid segregation as `cytomotive' filaments. in this study, c-terminally truncated tubz from bacillus cereus was crystallized in the presence or absence of gdp by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. the crystal of tubz in complex with gdp belonged to the monoclinic space group p2(1), with unit-cell pa ...201223192045
[lead adsorption by trametes gallica, bacillus cereus, and their co-immobilized biomaterial].taking trametes gallica mycelium pellets, bacillus cereus, and their co-immobilized biomaterial as bio-adsorbents, this paper studied their pb2+ adsorption under effects of different contact time, medium initial ph value and pb2+ concentration, and bio-adsorbent concentration, and compared the infrared spectra of the bio-adsorbents before and after pb2+ absorption. the pb2+ adsorption efficiency of the bio-adsorbents was the highest when the bio-adsorbent concentration was 2 g x l(-1), initial p ...201223189701
crystal structures of two transcriptional regulators from bacillus cereus define the conserved structural features of a padr subfamily.padr-like transcriptional regulators form a structurally-related family of proteins that control the expression of genes associated with detoxification, virulence and multi-drug resistance in bacteria. only a few members of this family have been studied by genetic, biochemical and biophysical methods, and their structure/function relationships are still largely undefined. here, we report the crystal structures of two padr-like proteins from bacillus cereus, which we named bcpadr1 and bcpadr2 (pr ...201223189126
germination inhibition of bacillus cereus spores: impact of the lipophilic character of inhibiting compounds.in this study, the impact of a range of organic acids and structurally similar alcohols with three to six carbon backbones and increasing lipophilic character, were tested on the germination behavior of b. cereus atcc 14579 spores. this approach allowed substantiating whether the effectivity of the various compounds was largely dictated by membrane interference or a classic weak acid acidification effect. the octanol-water partition coefficient (log p(oct/water)) ranges from 0.25/0.33 to 2.03/1. ...201223177052
probiotic potential of lactobacillus spp. isolated from brazilian regional ovine cheese.twelve lactobacillus isolates from brazilian starter-free ovine cheeses were evaluated for their probiotic potential. the strains were identified by 16s rdna sequencing as lactobacillus plantarum (7), lb. brevis (2), lb. casei (2) and lb. parabuchneri (1). all strains showed variable resistance to gastric juices and relative tolerance to pancreatin and bile salts. only five strains of lb. plantarum could not deconjugate the sodium salt of taurodeoxycholic acid. autoaggregation ability after 24 h ...201223171587
antagonistic effects of bacillus cereus strain b-02 on morphology, ultrastructure and cytophysiology of botrytis cinerea.the study on antagonistic mechanism of biocontrol strains gives the premise and basis for efficient and stable biological control. this study aimes to overcome of biocontrol agent in aspects of complicated and diversified mode of action, short-lasting and unstable efficacy in the production processes. this study elucidated the antagonistic mechanism of bacillus cereus strain b-02 on botrytis cinerea by detecting changes in morphology, ultrastructure and physiology in affected hyphae of botrytis ...201223163211
genome sequence of the aerobic bacterium bacillus sp. strain fjat-13831.bacillus sp. strain fjat-13831 was isolated from the no. 1 pit soil of emperor qin's terracotta warriors in xi'an city, people's republic of china. the isolate showed a close relationship to the bacillus cereus group. the draft genome sequence of bacillus sp. fjat-13831 was 4,425,198 bp in size and consisted of 5,567 genes (protein-coding sequences [cds]) with an average length of 782 bp and a g+c value of 36.36%.201223144388
a nine-coordinated bismuth(iii) complex derived from pentadentate 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis((4)n-methylthiosemicarbazone): crystal structure and both in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation.up to now, bismuth(iii) complexes with thiosemicarbazones have been comparatively rare. few in vivo biological studies have been carried out in comparison to the plentiful in vitro data. here, an interesting nine-coordinated bismuth(iii) complex, [bi(h2l)(no3)2]no3 [1; h2l = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis((4)n-methylthiosemicarbazone)], has been synthesized and structurally characterized. the analytical data reveal the formation of 1:1 (metal/ligand) stoichiometry. in vitro biological studies have ind ...201223136979
heterologously expressed β-hydroxyl fatty acids from a metagenomic library of a marine sponge.functional screening based on the antibacterial activity of a metagenomic library of the japanese marine sponge, discodermia calyx, afforded three β-hydroxyl fatty acids: 3-hydroxypalmitic acid, 3-hydroxylauric acid and 3-hydroxymyristic acid, heterologously expressed in an antibacterial clone, pdc113. 3-hydroxypalmitic acid showed moderate antibacterial activity against bacillus cereus and candida albicans. a sequence analysis of the insert dna revealed 23 putative orfs, with most sharing homol ...201223127887
quorum-sensing regulates biofilm formation in vibrio scophthalmi.in a previous study, we demonstrated that vibrio scophthalmi, the most abundant vibrio species among the marine aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria inhabiting the intestinal tract of healthy cultured turbot (scophthalmus maximus), contains at least two quorum-sensing circuits involving two types of signal molecules (a 3-hydroxy-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone and the universal autoinducer 2 encoded by luxs). the purpose of this study was to investigate the functions regulated by these quor ...201223198796
[clinical case of the month. acute post-traumatic panophthalmitis].panophtalmitis is an intra-ocular and intra-orbital rare infection, but its consequences are often horrendous, with loss of both function and anatomy of the eye. the surgical approach and the antibiotherapy should be given as soon as possible, both by intra-vitreal and intra-venous injections. we report the case of a 49-year-old man who developed a bacillus cereus panophtalmitis. a delay in the diagnosis lead to the loss of vision and the evisceration of the sick eye. bacillus cereus panopthalmi ...201223115844
chemical composition and antioxidative activity of echinophora platyloba dc. essential oil, and its interaction with natural antimicrobials against food-borne pathogens and spoilage organisms.this study was undertaken to determine the chemical composition and antioxidative capacity of echinophora platyloba dc. essential oil, and its antimicrobial potency against listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans, candida tropicalis, rhodotorula rubra, and rhodotorula mucilaginosa. the essential oil was analyzed by gc and gc-ms; and evaluated for its antioxidative ...201223106123
divergence of the sigb regulon and pathogenesis of the bacillus cereus sensu lato group.the bacillus cereus sensu lato group currently includes seven species (b. cereus, b. anthracis, b. mycoides, b. pseudomycoides, b. thuringiensis, b. weihenstephanensis and b. cytotoxicus) that recent phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses suggest are likely a single species, despite their varied phenotypes. although horizontal gene transfer and insertion-deletion events are clearly important for promoting divergence among these genomes, recent studies have demonstrated that a major basis for phe ...201223088190
production and purification of a protease, a chitosanase, and chitin oligosaccharides by bacillus cereus tku022 fermentation.a protease- and chitosanase-producing strain was isolated and identified as bacillus cereus tku022. the protease and chitosanase were both produced using 1.5% (w/v) shrimp head powder (shp) as the sole carbon/nitrogen source, and these enzymes were purified from the culture supernatant. the molecular masses of the tku022 protease and chitosanase determined using sds-page were approximately 45 and 44kda, respectively. the high stability of the tku022 protease toward surfactants, an optimal ph of ...201223079238
chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of salvia x jamensis essential oil.this is the first report about the composition of the essential oil of salvia x jamensis. the major compounds identified by gc-ms were beta-caryophyllene (14.8 %), beta-pinene (6.8 %), caryophyllene oxide (6.0 %), delta-cadinene (5.5 %), alpha-pinene (5.2 %) and spatulenol (5.2 %). the oil showed antimicrobial activity against three gram (+) bacteria: bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, and s. epidermidis, and three candida strains: c. albicans, c. glabrata and c. tropicalis, while it was in ...201223074919
[evaluation of multiplex pcr to identify the species of microorganisms from bacillus cereus group].bacillus genus comprises about 215 species. the most closely related are b. cereus, b. thuringiensis, b. anthracis, b. mycoides, b. pseudomycoides and b. weihenstephanensis. these bacterial species belong to the bacillus cereus group. identification and differentiation of bacillus cereus group bacteria is difficult because of genetic and phenotypic similarity. many molecular methods have already been suggested to differentiate b. cereus group members. however easier and more convenient methods a ...201223072054
can bacillus cereus food poisoning cause sudden death? 201223066123
sr1--a small rna with two remarkably conserved functions.sr1 is a dual-function srna that acts as a base-pairing regulatory rna on the ahrc mrna and as a peptide-encoding mrna on the gapa operon. the sr1-encoded peptide sr1p binds gapa thereby stabilizing gapa mrna. under glycolytic conditions, sr1 transcription is repressed by ccpn and ccpa. a computer-based search identified 23 sr1 homologues in bacillus, geobacillus, anoxybacillus and brevibacillus species. all homologues share a high structural identity with bacillus subtilis sr1, and the encoded ...201223034808
inactivation of bacillus cereus vegetative cells by gastric acid and bile during in vitro gastrointestinal transit. 201223034184
bacillus cereus iron uptake protein fishes out an unstable ferric citrate trimer.citrate is a common biomolecule that chelates fe(iii). many bacteria and plants use ferric citrate to fulfill their nutritional requirement for iron. only the escherichia coli ferric citrate outer-membrane transport protein feca has been characterized; little is known about other ferric citrate-binding proteins. here we report a unique siderophore-binding protein from the gram-positive pathogenic bacterium bacillus cereus that binds multinuclear ferric citrate complexes. we have demonstrated tha ...201223027976
impact of sorbic acid on germination and outgrowth heterogeneity of bacillus cereus atcc 14579 spores.population heterogeneity complicates the predictability of the outgrowth kinetics of individual spores. flow cytometry sorting and monitoring of the germination and outgrowth of single dormant spores allowed the quantification of acid-induced spore population heterogeneity at ph 5.5 and in the presence of sorbic acid. this showed that germination efficiency was not a good predictor for heterogeneity in final outgrowth.201223001664
production of keratinolytic enzyme by an indigenous feather-degrading strain bacillus cereus wu2.a novel feather-degrading microorganism was isolated from a poultry farm in taiwan, and was identified bacillus cereus wu2 according to 16s rrna sequencing. the isolated strain produces keratinolytic enzyme using chicken feather as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. the experimental results indicated that the extra carbon sources (glucose, fructose, starch, sucrose, or lactose) could act as a catabolite repressor to the enzyme secretion or keratinolytic activity when keratinous substrates were ...201222999356
effective microbes for simultaneous bio-oxidation of ammonia and manganese in biological aerated filter system.this study determined the most effective microbes acting as ammonia-oxidising (aob) and manganese-oxidising bacteria (mnob) for the simultaneous removal of ammonia (nh(4)(+)-n) and manganese (mn(2+)) from water. two conditions of mixed culture of bacteria: an acclimatised mixed culture (mixed culture: mc) in a 5-l bioreactor and biofilm attached on a plastic medium (stages of mixed culture: smc) in a biological aerated filter were isolated and identified using biolog microsystem and 16s rrna seq ...201222995166
isolation, identification and characterization of a glyphosate-degrading bacterium, bacillus cereus cb4, from soil.a bacterial strain named cb4, with highly effective glyphosate degradation capability, was isolated from soil after enrichment. on the basis of the biolog omnilog identification system (biolog) and 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene sequencing methods, strain cb4 was identified as bacillus cereus. further experiments were carried out to optimize the growth of strain cb4 and the glyphosate degradation activity by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the optimal conditions were found as follo ...201222990486
a piscidin-like antimicrobial peptide from the icefish chionodraco hamatus (perciformes: channichthyidae): molecular characterization, localization and bactericidal activity.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are considered one of the most ancient components of the innate immune system. they are able to exert their protection activity against a variety of microorganisms, and are widely distributed in both vertebrates and invertebrates. in this paper we focused on an amp identified in the antarctic teleost chionodraco hamatus, an icefish species. the cdna sequence of the amp, named chionodracine, is comprised of 515 bp and translates for a putative protein precursor of 80 ...201222982327
taiwanofungus camphorata nitroreductase: cdna cloning and biochemical characterisation.nitroreductases (nrs) play important roles in redox system via nadph or nadh as a reductant. a tcnr cdna encoding a putative nr was cloned from taiwanofungus camphorata. a 3-d structural model of the tcnr has been created based on the known structure of bcnr (bacillus cereus). to characterise the tcnr, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector and transformed into escherichia coli. the recombinant his(6)-tagged tcnr was purified by ni affinity chromatography. the purified enzyme ...201222980862
improvement of mannitol-yolk-polymyxin b agar by supplementing with trimethoprim for quantitative detection of bacillus cereus in foods.mannitol-yolk-polymyxin b agar (mypa) was modified by supplementation with trimethoprim. the ability of the supplemented medium to select for and recover bacillus cereus from pure cultures and food samples with high background microflora was compared with mypa. for evaluation of the modified mypa (mmypa) in food samples with high background microflora, b. cereus was experimentally spiked into red pepper powder, fermented soybean paste, vegetable salad, and radish sprouts, and then it was recover ...201222980022
comparison of sample preparation methods for the recovery of foodborne pathogens from fresh produce.sample preparation methods (pummeling, pulsifying, sonication, and shaking by hand) were compared for achieving maximum recovery of foodborne pathogens from iceberg lettuce, perilla leaves, cucumber, green pepper, and cherry tomato. antimicrobial and dehydration effects also were examined to investigate causes of poor recovery of pathogens. each produce type was inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, and bacillus cereus at ...201222980003
phytochemical profiles of volatile constituents from centaurea ragusina leaves and flowers and their antimicrobial effects.the volatile oils obtained from the leaves and flowers of the croatian endemic plant centaurea ragusina l. were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. the chemical compositions, determined by gc and gc-ms, were complex, with sesquiterpenes the most abundant class of compound. nonterpene hydrocarbons were also identified in high quantities, while acids and ketones were found in high quantities only in the leaf volatile oil. aldehydes, alcohols, esters and other compounds were identified in lower q ...201222978236
functional properties of some new zealand fruit extracts towards selected probiotic and pathogenic bacteria.the functional properties of aqueous extracts of four fruits commonly consumed in new zealand, namely blueberry, strawberry, green kiwifruit and feijoa, towards the growth of probiotic and pathogenic bacteria were investigated in this study. a concentration range of 0.1-30.0 g/l was evaluated in a high-throughput assay to determine their effects. in general, the four fruit extracts exerted growth-stimulating effects on the probiotic bacteria, except with bifidobacterium longum, whereas they were ...201222968373
biosorption of as(v) from aqueous solutions by living cells of bacillus cereus.in this work, the biosorption of as(v) from aqueous solutions by living cells of bacillus cereus has been reported. the batch biosorption experiments were conducted with respect to biosorbent dosage 0.5 to 15 g/l, ph 2 to 9, contact time 5 to 90 min, initial concentration 1 to 10 mg/l and temperature 10 to 40 °c. the maximum biosorption capacity of b. cereus for as(v) was found to be 30.04 at ph 7.0, at optimum conditions of contact time of 30 min, biomass dosage of 6 g/l, and temperature of 30 ...201222907454
bacillus cereus infection outbreak in captive psittacines.this study reports an uncommon epizootic outbreak of bacillus cereus that caused the sudden death of 12 psittacines belonging to the species anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (1 individual), diopsittaca nobilis (1 individual), ara severa (1 individual) and ara ararauna (9 individuals) in a brazilian zoo. post-mortem examination of the animals reveled extensive areas of lung hemorrhage, hepatic congestion, hemorrhagic enteritis and cardiac congestion. histopathological examination of the organs showed t ...201222902190
isolation and characterization of two novel antibacterial cyclic hexapeptides from streptomyces alboflavus 313.two novel cyclic hexapeptides, designated nw-g08 (1) and nw-g09 (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of streptomyces alboflavus 313. their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, ms experiments, and chemical analysis. their antibacterial activities against several strains of bacteria were evaluated by micro-broth dilution method. nw-g08 (1) and nw-g09 (2) were highly antibacterial against gram-positive but not active against gram-negative bactaria. ...201222899617
statistical optimization of a novel low-cost medium based on regional agro-industrial by-products for the production of proteolytic enzymes by bacillus cereus.bacillus sp. are specific producers of peptidase amongst bacteria and peptidase enzymes and are of significant ones due to their multifarious applications. advances in industrial biotechnology offer potential opportunities for economic utilization of agro-industrial by-products for many biochemical reactions. due to their rich organic nature, they can serve as an ideal substrate for the production of different value added products like peptidases. in the present work, an attempt was made to opti ...201222897765
exposure to anacardiaceae volatile oils and their constituents induces lipid peroxidation within food-borne bacteria cells.the chemical composition of the volatile oils from five anacardiaceae species and their activities against gram positive and negative bacteria were assessed. the peroxidative damage within bacterial cell membranes was determined through the breakdown product malondialdehyde (mda). the major constituents in anacardium humile leaves oil were (e)-caryophyllene (31.0%) and α-pinene (22.0%), and in anacardium occidentale oil they were (e)-caryophyllene (15.4%) and germacrene-d (11.5%). volatile oil f ...201222893019
prevalence and levels of bacillus cereus emetic toxin in rice dishes randomly collected from restaurants and comparison with the levels measured in a recent foodborne outbreak.whereas the prevalence of bacillus cereus emetic strains in the environment has been shown to be very low, there is a lack of information on the prevalence of its toxin, cereulide, in food. yet, the rice leftovers of a family outbreak which occurred after the consumption of dishes taken away from an asian restaurant revealed significant amounts of cereulide, reaching up to 13,200 ng/g of food. the occurrence of cereulide in rice dishes collected from various restaurants was therefore evaluated u ...201222891880
[the significance of some potentially pathogenic microorganisms in occurence of food toxicoinfections. report 2. assessment of the role of toxigenic strains of bacillus cereus].the data on nomenclature, classification and taxonomy of aerobic spore-forming bacillus cereus are summarized. the main features of the two types of diseases, caused b. cereus, and statistical information on outbreaks of food-borne disease caused by b. cereus are presented. the detailed description of emetic toxin cereulide properties are given. the analysis of existing methods for detection of the presence of b. cereus and their toxins in foods are conducted. the data on the use of different ce ...201222888667
complete genome sequence of bacillus cereus nc7401, which produces high levels of the emetic toxin cereulide.we report the complete and annotated genome sequence of bacillus cereus nc7401, a representative of the strain group that causes emetic-type food poisoning. the emetic toxin, cereulide, is produced by a nonribosomal protein synthesis (nrps) system that is encoded by a gene cluster on a large resident plasmid, pnccld.201222887669
preparation, stability and antimicrobial activity of cationic cross-linked starch-iodine complexes.cationic cross-linked starch (ccs)-iodine complexes containing different amounts of quaternary ammonium groups (different degrees of substitution (ds)) and iodine have been obtained by iodine adsorption on ccs from aqueous iodine potassium iodide solution. equilibrium adsorption studies showed that with an increase of ds the amount of iodine adsorbed on ccs and the affinity of iodine to ccs increased linearly. the influences of the ds of ccs and the amount of adsorbed iodine on the stability of ...201222885019
development of a high-resolution melting-based approach for efficient differentiation among bacillus cereus group isolates.strains belonging to bacillus cereus group include six different species, among which are bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus weihenstephanensis, and bacillus cereus sensu stricto, a causative agent of food poisoning. sequence of the panc-housekeeping gene is used for b. cereus group affiliation to seven major phylogenetic groups (i-vii) with different ecological niches and variations in thermal growth range and spore heat resistance of b. cereus group microorganisms varies among phylogenetic group ...201222881064
screening and identification of polyhydroxyalkanoates producing bacteria and biochemical characterization of their possible application.polyhydroxyalkanoates (phas) accumulating bacteria were isolated under various selective conditions such as ph, salt concentrations and types of heavy metal. fifty strains of bacterial isolates were found to belong to bacillus, proteus, pseudomonas, aeromonas, alcaligenes and chromobacterium, based on phenotypical features and genotypic investigation. only twenty five bacterial isolates were selected and observed for the production of phas. interestingly, bacteria belonging to firmucutes bacillu ...201222878735
the gut bacteria associated with camponotus japonicus mayr with culture-dependent and dgge methods.the bacterial composition and distribution in the different gut regions of camponotus japonicus were investigated using both culture-dependent method and culture-independent method of polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge). five different bacterial strains were isolated using culture-dependent method, and they all belong to the phylum firmicutes, including three genera of bacteria bacillus, paenibacillus, and enterococcus. bacillus cereus and enterococcu ...201222878556
application of maldi-tof mass spectrometry for the detection of enterotoxins produced by pathogenic strains of the bacillus cereus group.enterotoxins produced by different species of the bacillus cereus group, such as cytotoxin k1 (cytk1) and non-haemolytic enterotoxin (nhe), have been associated with diarrhoeal food poisoning incidents. detection of cytk1 is not possible with commercial assays while nhe is recognised by an immunological kit (tecra) that does not specifically target this protein because it is based on polyclonal antibodies. it is evident that the lack of suitable tools for the study of enterotoxins hampers the po ...201222875537
the constituents of essential oil: antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of micromeria congesta boiss. & hausskn. ex boiss. from east anatolia.the chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, total phenol content, total antioxidant activity, and total oxidant status of the essential oil from micromeria congesta boiss. & hausskn. ex boiss. were investigated. steam distillation was used to obtain the essential oil, and the chemical analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the antimicrobial activity was tested by an agar disc diffusion method against the tested microorganisms: bacillus subtilis nrrl b-744, bacillu ...201222871061
a new sphingolipid and furanocoumarins with antimicrobial activity from ficus exasperata.from the methanol extract of the stem bark of ficus exasperata, a new sphingolipid named ficusamide, (2s,3s,4r,11e)-2-[(2',3'-dihydroxyhexacosanoylamino)]-11-octadecene-1,3,4-triol (1), along with three known furanocoumarins, (s)-(-) oxypeucedanin hydrate (2), (r)-(+) oxypeucedanin hydrate (3), bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) and six other known compounds, were isolated. their structures were characterized basing on spectroscopic methods and chemical evidence. compounds (1-3) were analyzed for the ...201222863713
addition of bacillus sp. inoculums in bedding for swine on a pilot scale: effect on microbial population and bedding temperature.thermal and microbiological characteristics of beddings for swine were compared according to their depth and of addition of inoculums. bedding was added to boxes at 0.25 (25d) and 0.50 m (50d), with three treatments: control (no inoculums); t1, with 250 g of bacillus cereus var. toyoii at 8.4 × 10(7) cfu; and t2, with 250 g of a pool of b. subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus polymyxa at 8.4 × 10(7) cfu (250 g for 25d and 500 g for 50d). mean temperatures were 28.5 ± 3.9 at the surface ...201222858476
manduca sexta gloverin binds microbial components and is active against bacteria and fungi.hyalophora gloveri gloverin is a glycine-rich and heat stable antimicrobial protein with activity mainly against escherichia coli. however, spodoptera exigua gloverin is active against a gram-positive bacterium but inactive against e. coli. in this study, we investigated expression profile, binding ability and antimicrobial activity of manduca sexta gloverin (msglv). msglv transcript was detected in several tissues of naïve larvae with higher levels in the midgut and testis. expression of msglv ...201222858411
modulation of cell surface hydrophobicity and attachment of bacteria to abiotic surfaces and shrimp by malaysian herb extracts.the use of simple crude water extracts of common herbs to reduce bacterial attachment may be a cost-effective way to control bacterial foodborne pathogens, particularly in developing countries. the ability of water extracts of three common malaysian herbs (andrographis paniculata, eurycoma longifolia, and garcinia atroviridis) to modulate hydrophobicity and attachment to surfaces of five food-related bacterial strains (bacillus cereus atcc 14576, escherichia coli atcc 25922, pseudomonas aerugino ...201222856578
detection and enumeration of four foodborne pathogens in raw commingled silo milk in the united states.a nationwide survey was conducted to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on bacterial contamination of raw commingled silo milk intended for pasteurization. the levels of total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, enterobacteriaceae, escherichia coli, and staphylococcus aureus were determined using the tempo system. the prevalence rates and levels of presumptive bacillus cereus, e. coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella spp. were determined in 214 samples. b. cereus was detected ...201222856561
toxin profile, antibiotic resistance, and phenotypic and molecular characterization of bacillus cereus in sunsik.sunsik, a ready-to-eat food in korea, is comprised of various agricultural and marine products, and has been an important concern in bacillus cereus food poisoning. the aim of this study was to investigate the toxin profiles, genotypic and phenotypic patterns as well as antibiotic resistance of b. cereus strains isolated from sunsik. a subtyping method known as automated repetitive sequence-based pcr system (diversilab™) was used to assess the intraspecific biodiversity of these isolates. thirty ...201222850397
prevalence of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) in food samples associated with foodborne illness in alberta, canada from 2007 to 2010.consumption of foods containing staphylococcus aureus can cause severe gastro-intestinal illness. given the fact that over the past decade, canada has seen increasing rates of methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) carriage and infection, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of methicillin-susceptible s. aureus (mssa) and mrsa on foodborne illness in alberta, canada. between january 2007 and december 2010, there were 693 food samples associated with foodborne investigations ...201222850394
synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of dextran stabilized silver nanoparticles in aqueous medium.a simple one-step rapid synthetic route is described for the preparation of silver nanoparticles by reduction of silver nitrate (agno3) using aqueous dextran solution which acts as both reducing and capping agent. the formation of silver nanoparticles is assured by characterization with uv-vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (afm), transmission electron microscopy (tem) and x-ray diffraction (xrd). the absorbance of the silver nanoparticles is observed at 423 nm. the afm image clearly show ...201224750927
photo-inactivation of bacillus endospores: inter-specific variability of inactivation efficiency.the aims of this work were to (a) evaluate the susceptibility of endospores of bacillus cereus, b. licheniformis, b. sphaericus and b. subtilis to photodynamic inactivation using a tricationic porphyrin as photosensitizer, (b) assess the efficiency of adsorption of the photosensitizer in endospore material as a determinant of the susceptibility of endospores of different bacillus species to photo-inactivation, (c) determine the value of b. cereus as a model organism for studies of antimicrobial ...201222823121
high-salt stress conditions increase the paw63 transfer frequency in bacillus thuringiensis.conjugation experiments with bacillus thuringiensis and transfer kinetics demonstrated that salt stress has a positive impact on plasmid transfer efficiency. compared to standard osmotic conditions (0.5% nacl), plasmid transfer occurred more rapidly, and at higher frequencies (>100-fold), when bacteria were exposed to a high-salt stress (5% nacl) in liquid brain heart infusion (bhi). under milder salt conditions (2.5% nacl), only a 10-fold effect was observed in luria-bertani broth and no differ ...201222820331
a pseudo-trna modulates antibiotic resistance in bacillus cereus.bacterial genomic islands are often flanked by trna genes, which act as sites for the integration of foreign dna into the host chromosome. for example, bacillus cereus atcc14579 contains a pathogenicity island flanked by a predicted pseudo-trna, trna(other), which does not function in translation. deletion of trna(other) led to significant changes in cell wall morphology and antibiotic resistance and was accompanied by changes in the expression of numerous genes involved in oxidative stress resp ...201222815980
biodegradation of malathion by brevibacillus sp. strain kb2 and bacillus cereus strain pu.we report here the degradation of a pesticide, malathion, by brevibacillus sp. strain kb2 and bacillus cereus strain pu, isolated from soil samples collected from malathion contaminated field and an army firing range respectively. both the strains were cultured in the presence of malathion under aerobic and energy-limiting conditions. both strains grew well in the medium having malathion concentration up to 0.15%. reverse phase hplc-uv analysis indicated that strain kb2 was able to degrade 72.20 ...201222805834
detection and sequencing of plasmid encoded tetracycline resistance determinants (teta and tetb) from food-borne bacillus cereus isolates.to investigate the detection and sequencing of plasmid encoded tetracycline resistance genes (teta and tetb) from food-borne and standard strains of bacillus cereus (b. cereus).201222805722
[gene expression and characterisation of three pullulanases from bacillus cereus gxbc-3].exploring excellent new pullulanase genes, and enriching pullulanase theory are of great importance to realize the industrialization of pullulanase. three genes, pula, pulb and pulc, encoding pullulanases, were cloned from bacillus cereus gxbc-3 by bioinformatics analyzing the open reading frame in bacillus cereus, annotated as putative i and ii pullulanases in the genbank database. characteristics of these recombinant enzymes were inducible intracellular expressed in escherichia coli, the resul ...201222803396
[endophytic bacterial community analysis of catharanthus roseus and its association with huanglongbing pathogen].to analyze the microbial diversity in healthy and hlb-affected catharanthus roseus under manual-grafting conditions and to find the association between the endophytic bacteria and the hlb pathogen.201222799214
[diversity and antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes from pesticide-contaminated spots in shandong peninsula].in order to study diversity and find antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes from pesticide-contaminated spots in shandong peninsula.201222799208
modelling the effects of temperature and osmotic shifts on the growth kinetics of bacillus weihenstephanensis in broth and food products.bacillus weihenstephanensis is a psychrotolerant bacterium belonging to the bacillus cereus group. some strains may be cytotoxic although they have not been described as food-poisoning agents so far. the objective of this work is to model the effects of temperature and a(w) downshifts on the lag time of b. weihenstephanensis and the dependence of μ(max) on the growth conditions (temperature and a(w)). effects of temperature downshifts were studied on 30 experimental conditions (shifts magnitude ...201222795512
discrimination of the bacillus cereus group members by pattern analysis of random amplified polymorphic dna-pcr.we tried to discriminate 16 strains of the bacillus cereus group including b. cereus, b. thuringiensis, b. mycoides, b. pseudomycoides, and b. weihenstephanensis strains by the pattern analysis of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) -pcr. eight oligonucleotides primers were prepared and the polymorphic patterns of the dna of each strain were compared with those of others. the primers e and f gave different patterns of rapd-pcr products in all strains of the b. cereus group, so these primers ...201222790844
sensitivity of hep g2 cells to bacillus cereus emetic toxin.we herein examined the sensitivity of hep g2 human hepatoma cells to bacillus cereus emetic toxin. hep g2 cells were treated with the emetic toxin, and the cell shape was observed. the same experiments were performed for comparison purposes, using hep-2 cells, which are currently used by most laboratories for a bioassay of the emetic toxin. hep g2 cells showed clearer vacuolation in the cytosol within 2 hr and required a shorter incubation period than hep-2 cells (10 hr). the number of vacuoles ...201222785028
composition and antimicrobial activity of fatty acids detected in the hygroscopic secretion collected from the secretory setae of larvae of the biting midge forcipomyia nigra (diptera: ceratopogonidae).the hygroscopic secretion produced by the secretory setae of terrestrial larvae of the biting midge forcipomyia nigra (winnertz) was analysed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (gc-ms). the viscous secretion is stored at the top of each seta and absorbs water from moist air. gc-ms analyses (four independent tests) showed that the secretion contained 12 free fatty acids, the most abundant of which were oleic (18:1), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1) and linoleic (18:2). oth ...201222781366
[diagnosis and control of human food poisoning outbreaks].medical microbiology laboratories play a key role in the investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks. bacterial pathogens (salmonella, escherichia coli, campylobacter, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, etc) have historically been implicated in foodborne illness, while the role of viruses (especially norovirus) appears to have been underestimated. culture-based diagnosis has gradually been complemented, or replaced, by rapid molecular methods applied directly to bi ...201224313020
growth of enterotoxin producing bacillus cereus in meat substrate at 10ºc and 30ºc.the behaviour of enterotoxin-producing bacillus cereus in meat was investigated by inoculating spore suspensions of five cultures into meat substrate (ph 5.8) and incubating at 10ºc and 30ºc. the bacterial populations were evaluated after different times by plate counts in nutrient agar. all the cultures presented growth at 30ºc with the generation time varying from 28.8 to 36.0 minutes. three cultures also presented growth at 10ºc with generation times between 10.16 and 28.38 h. considering the ...201224031969
[bacillus anthracis: a molecular look at a famous pathogen].bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive rod belonging to the bacillus cereus group, has an extremely monomorphic genome, and presents high structural and physiological similarity with b. cereus and bacillus thuringiensis. in this work, the new molecular methods for the identification and typing of b. anthracis developed in the last years, based on variable number tandem repeats or on genetic differences detected through sequencing, are described. the molecular aspects of traditional virulence factor ...201322274828
an amoeba phagocytosis model reveals a novel developmental switch in the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis.the bacillus cereus group bacteria contain pathogens of economic and medical importance. from security and health perspectives, the lethal mammalian pathogen bacillus anthracis remains a serious threat. in addition the potent insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis is extensively used as a biological control agent for insect pests. this relies upon the industrial scale induction of bacterial spore formation with the associated production of orally toxic cry-toxins. understanding the ecology and p ...201322750551
host cell cytotoxicity and cytoskeleton disruption by ceradpr, an adp-ribosyltransferase of bacillus cereus g9241.bacillus cereus g9241 was isolated from a welder suffering from an anthrax-like inhalation illness. b. cereus g9241 encodes two megaplasmids, pbcxo1 and pbc210, which are analogous to the toxin- and capsule-encoding virulence plasmids of bacillus anthracis. protein modeling predicted that the pbc210 lf homologue contained an adp-ribosyltransferase (adpr) domain. this putative bacterial adp-ribosyltransferase domain was denoted ceradpr. iterative modeling showed that ceradpr possessed several con ...201322934824
bacillus cereus sensu lato genomes: basis for identifying anthrax disease strain sources. 201324092785
whole-genome sequences of 94 environmental isolates of bacillus cereus sensu lato.bacillus cereus sensu lato is a species complex that includes the anthrax pathogen bacillus anthracis and other bacterial species of medical, industrial, and ecological importance. their phenotypes of interest are typically linked to large plasmids that are closely related to the anthrax plasmids pxo1 and pxo2. here, we present the draft genome sequences of 94 isolates of b. cereus sensu lato, which were chosen for their plasmid content and environmental origins.201324092776
bacillus anthracis diagnostic detection and rapid antibiotic susceptibility determination using 'bioluminescent' reporter phage.genetically modified phages have the potential to detect pathogenic bacteria from clinical, environmental, or food-related sources. herein we assess an engineered 'bioluminescent' reporter phage (wß::luxab) as a clinical diagnostic tool for bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax. wß::luxab is able to rapidly (within minutes) detect a panel of b. anthracis strains by transducing a bioluminescent phenotype. the reporter phage displays species specificity by its inability, or signific ...201323994352
differentiation of strains from the bacillus cereus group by rflp-pfge genomic fingerprinting.bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides, bacillus weihenstephanensis, bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus cereus belong to the b. cereus group. the last three species are characterized by different phenotype features and pathogenicity spectrum, but it has been shown that these species are genetically closely related. the macrorestriction analysis of the genomic dna with the noti enzyme was used to generate polymorphism of restriction profiles for 39 food-borne isolates (b ...201323893780
characterization of amiba2446, a novel bacteriolytic enzyme active against bacillus species.there continues to be a need for developing efficient and environmentally friendly treatments for bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. one emerging approach for inactivation of vegetative b. anthracis is the use of bacteriophage endolysins or lytic enzymes encoded by bacterial genomes (autolysins) with highly evolved specificity toward bacterium-specific peptidoglycan cell walls. in this work, we performed in silico analysis of the genome of bacillus anthracis strain ames, using a ...201323872558
razor ex anthrax air detection system for detection of bacillus anthracis spores from aerosol collection samples: collaborative study.the razor ex anthrax air detection system was validated in a collaborative study for the detection of bacillus anthracis in aerosol collection buffer. phosphate-buffered saline was charged with 1 mg/ml standardized dust to simulate an authentic aerosol collection sample. the dust-charged buffer was spiked with either b. anthracis ames at 2000 spores/ml or bacillus cereus at 20 000 spores/ml. twelve collaborators participated in the study, with four collaborators at each of three sites. each coll ...201323767365
cross-functionalities of bacillus deacetylases involved in bacillithiol biosynthesis and bacillithiol-s-conjugate detoxification pathways.bshb, a key enzyme in bacillithiol biosynthesis, hydrolyses the acetyl group from n-acetylglucosamine malate to generate glucosamine malate. in bacillus anthracis, ba1557 has been identified as the n-acetylglucosamine malate deacetylase (bshb); however, a high content of bacillithiol (~70%) was still observed in the b. anthracis ∆ba1557 strain. genomic analysis led to the proposal that another deacetylase could exhibit cross-functionality in bacillithiol biosynthesis. in the present study, ba155 ...201323758290
differentiation of bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis on the basis of the csab gene reflects host source.csab gene analysis clustered 198 strains of bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis into two groups related to mammalian and insect hosts, respectively. mammal-related group i strains also have more s-layer homology (slh) protein genes than group ii strains. this indicates that csab-based differentiation reflects selective pressure from animal hosts.201323563945
bacillus weihenstephanensis characteristics are present in bacillus cereus and bacillus mycoides strains.the bacillus cereus group comprises seven bacterial species: bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides, bacillus cytotoxicus, and bacillus weihenstephanensis. bacillus weihenstephanensis is distinguished based on its capability to grow at 7 °c but not at 43 °c, and the presence of specific signature sequences in the 16s rrna and cspa genes and in several housekeeping genes: glpf, gmk, purh, and tpi. bacillus weihenstephanensis-specifi ...201323413955
vaccine protection against bacillus cereus-mediated respiratory anthrax-like disease in mice.bacillus cereus strains harboring a pxo1-like virulence plasmid cause respiratory anthrax-like disease in humans, particularly in welders. we developed mouse models for intraperitoneal as well as aerosol challenge with spores of b. cereus g9241, harboring pbcxo1 and pbc218 virulence plasmids. compared to wild-type b. cereus g9241, spores with a deletion of the pbcxo1-carried protective antigen gene (paga1) were severely attenuated, whereas spores with a deletion of the pbc218-carried protective ...201323319564
study of charge distribution on the surface of biocolloids.potentiometric titration and zeta potential measurements are crucial techniques for the characterization of the surface properties of bacterial cells. in this study, we investigated the effects of two commonly used electrolytes, nano(3) and naclo(4), on the viability and acid-base properties of gram-positive bacteria bacillus subtilis. b. subtilis are non-pathogenic bacteria which are often used to model the surface properties of pathogenic microorganisms of the same genus, including bacillus an ...201323298596
bacillus cereus g9241 s-layer assembly contributes to the pathogenesis of anthrax-like disease in mice.bacillus cereus g9241, the causative agent of anthrax-like disease, harbors virulence plasmids encoding anthrax toxins as well as hyaluronic acid (ha) and b. cereus exopolysaccharide (bps) capsules. b. cereus g9241 also harbors s-layer genes, including homologs of bacillus anthracis surface array protein (sap), extractable antigen 1 (ea1), and the s-layer-associated proteins (bsls). in b. anthracis, s-layer proteins and bsls attach via their s-layer homology domains (slh) to the secondary cell w ...201323204457
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