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prevalence and risk factors associated with herpes simplex virus-2 infection in a contemporary cohort of hiv-infected persons in the united states.we compared the herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seroprevalence in a contemporary hiv cohort with the general us population and determined risk factors for hsv-2 infection among hiv-infected persons.201222249305
prevalence and concordance of hpv, hiv, and hsv-2 in heterosexual couples in kigali, rwanda.in the absence of prospectively collected transmission data, the transmission potential of a sexually transmissible infection (sti) can be estimated by its proxy of concordance in sexual partners. here we report concordance data of 3 viral stis: human papillomavirus (hpv), hiv, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) among heterosexual couples in kigali, rwanda.201222249302
sequential changes in pathophysiology of systemic inflammatory response in a disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection.disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection causes a typical systemic inflammatory response syndrome and has a high mortality rate. however, the validity of anti-inflammatory intervention against this condition remains unknown.201222237001
standard-dose and high-dose daily antiviral therapy for short episodes of genital hsv-2 reactivation: three randomised, open-label, cross-over trials.skin and mucosal herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) shedding predominantly occurs in short subclinical episodes. we assessed whether standard-dose or high-dose antiviral therapy reduces the frequency of such shedding.201222225814
exploring the ethics of observational research: the case of an hiv study in tanzania.observational studies have generally been viewed as incurring minimal risk to participants, resulting in fewer ethical obligations for investigators than intervention studies. in 2004, the lead author (an) carried out an observational study measuring sexual behavior and the prevalence of hiv, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), among tanzanian agricultural plantation residents (results reported elsewhere). this article uses an ethical lens to consider the consequences of the obser ...201224069546
meningitis retention syndrome.a 50-year-old caucasian woman presented with signs and symptoms of meningitis preceded by a 3 day history of flu-like symptoms and progressive difficulty with urination. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis was consistent with aseptic meningitis. she was found to have a significant urinary retention secondary to atonic bladder. mri of the brain and spine were normal and csf-pcr (polymerase chain reaction) was positive for hsv-2. urinary retention in the context of meningitis and csf pleocytosis is ...201223882352
fulminant gestational hepatitis due to primary herpes simplex type 2 infection: use of serum hsv polymerase chain reaction for noninvasive diagnosis.acute gestational hepatitis from herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. we present the first reported case of primary hsv type 2 hepatitis in a pregnant woman who was diagnosed by detection of hsv-2 viremia via real-time polymerase chain reaction. the patient was successfully treated with acyclovir and delivered a healthy infant.201222104186
delayed but effective induction of mucosal memory immune responses against genital hsv-2 in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs.to examine whether local immunization in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs (slos) could establish effective antiviral memory responses in the female genital tract, we examined immunity in the vaginal tracts of ltα-/- mice, ltα-/- spl (splenectomized), and control c57bl/6 (wt) mice. all three groups of mice were immunized intravaginally (ivag) with attenuated thymidine kinase-negative (tk(-)) herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and challenged 4-6 weeks later with wild-type (wt) hsv-2. both ...201322718264
herpes simplex virus type 2 mediated acute retinal necrosis in a pediatric population: case series and review.we report 15 eyes with herpes simples virus type 2 (hsv-2) mediated acute retinal necrosis (arn) in order to better characterize pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnosis, and outcomes of the disease.201323052715
serologic screening for herpes simplex virus type 2 in persons with human immunodeficiency virus.screening for subclinical herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) may be a useful adjunct in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) care. however, hsv-2 serological tests have been suggested to perform less well in hiv-infected populations. in this study, herpeselect hsv-2 elisa was compared with the sure-vue rapid hsv-2 test for hsv-2 screening of sera from 310 hiv-infected persons receiving care at an hiv-dedicated clinic in the southeastern united states. in the study, assay agreement and whether the ...201323154653
herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) prevents dendritic cell maturation, induces apoptosis, and triggers release of proinflammatory cytokines: potential links to hsv-hiv synergy.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) may cause frequent recurrences, highlighting its ability to evade host defense. this study tested the hypothesis that hsv-2 interferes with dendritic cell (dc) function as an escape mechanism, which may contribute to enhanced hiv replication in coinfected populations. immature monocyte-derived human dcs were exposed to live or uv-inactivated hsv-2 or lipopolysaccharide. little or no increase in the maturation marker cd83 was observed in response to hsv-2 and hsv-2 ...201323152529
correlation between pill counts and biologic effects in an hiv-1 prevention clinical trial: implications for measuring adherence.clinic-based pill counts of unused study medication are frequently used to measure adherence in hiv-1 prevention trials. monthly pill count adherence data from the partners in prevention hsv/hiv transmission study, a double-blind, placebo controlled trial of twice-daily acyclovir suppression of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in hiv-1 infected persons was used to compare changes between 3,381 placebo and active arm participants in two objective biologic measures of acyclovir's drug activity: ...201322869103
response to 'herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) assay specificity and male circumcision to reduce hsv-2 acquisition. 201323221431
herpes simplex virus type-2 assay specificity and male circumcision to reduce herpes simplex virus type-2 acquisition. 201323221430
in vitro antiviral activity of dermaseptin s(4) and derivatives from amphibian skin against herpes simplex virus type 2.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections have become a public health problem worldwide. the emergence of acyclovir-resistant viral strains and the failure of vaccination to prevent herpetic infections have prompted the search for new antiviral drugs. accordingly, the present study was undertaken to synthesize chemically and evaluate dermaseptin s(4) (s(4)), an anti-microbial peptide derived from amphibian skin, and its derivatives in terms of anti-herpetic activity. the effects of biochemical modif ...201323161023
limited benefit of repeating a sensitive question in a cross-sectional sexual health study.sexual health research relies heavily on self-reported data. we explored whether repeating a key measure - number of lifetime sexual partners - improved the validity of this self-reported response.201323496958
herpes simplex virus 2 meningitis: a retrospective cohort study.herpes simplex virus 2 is a leading cause of viral meningitis and the most commonly recognized infectious cause of benign, recurrent meningitis. we report a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) meningitis, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). the terms "herpes simplex," "meningitis," or "encephalitis" were searched in the medical records system of the mayo clinic in rochester, minnesota (1995-2008 ...201323494382
herpes simplex virus type 2 serological testing at a community court: predictors of test acceptance and seropositivity among female defendants.despite the high prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), testing for asymptomatic infections is uncommon. one population for whom targeted interventions may be prioritized include individuals involved with the correctional system. here we describe the acceptability of a novel hsv-2 screening program, implemented in a court setting, as a possible intervention for corrections-involved women. female defendants completed an interviewer administered survey assessing factors associated with ...201323467289
rapid host immune response and viral dynamics in herpes simplex virus-2 infection.herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) is periodically shed throughout the human genital tract. although a high viral load correlates with the development of genital ulcers, shedding also commonly occurs even when ulcers are absent, allowing for silent transmission during coitus and contributing to high seroprevalence of hsv-2 worldwide. frequent viral reactivation occurs within ganglia despite diverse and complementary host and viral mechanisms that predispose toward latency, suggesting that viral repl ...201323467247
an improved system for the evaluation of antiviral compounds against herpes simplex virus type 2.infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) can result in lesions in reproductive organs, along with long-term latency. in this work, a non-lethal strain of hsv-2 which was isolated clinically was used to infect female mice intravaginally. body weight, vulval lesions, histological examination of vaginal tissue, and viral load were monitored and used as indices for evaluating antiviral drugs against hsv-2 infection. the results indicated that mice infected with hsv-2 exhibited significant ...201323454799
regulation of herpes simplex virus gb-induced cell-cell fusion by mutant forms of gh/gl in the absence of gd and cellular receptors.herpesvirus entry requires the viral glycoprotein triad of gb and gh/gl to carry out fusion between the virion envelope and a cellular membrane in order to release the nucleocapsid into the target cell. herpes simplex virus (hsv) also requires glycoprotein gd to initiate the fusion cascade by binding a cell receptor such as nectin 1 or herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem). while the structure of gb is that of a class iii fusion protein, gh/gl has no features that resemble other viral fusion protein ...201323443004
plantar leukocytoclastic vasculitis with detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 by pcr assay. 201323432087
cyclic changes in hiv shedding from the female genital tract during the menstrual cycle.factors increasing genital human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) shedding may increase female-to-male hiv transmission risk. we examined hiv shedding in 67 women with hiv type 1 and herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection, during 2 menstrual cycles. shedding occurred in 60%, 48%, and 54% of samples during the follicular, periovulatory, and luteal phases, respectively (p = .01). shedding declined after menses until ovulation, with a slope -0.054 log10 copies/swab/day (p < .001), corresponding to a c ...201323417658
an adjuvanted herpes simplex virus 2 subunit vaccine elicits a t cell response in mice and is an effective therapeutic vaccine in guinea pigs.immunotherapeutic herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) vaccine efficacy depends upon the promotion of antigen-specific immune responses that inhibit reactivation or reactivated virus, thus controlling both recurrent lesions and viral shedding. in the present study, a candidate subunit vaccine, gen-003/mm-2, was evaluated for its ability to induce a broad-spectrum immune response in mice and therapeutic efficacy in hsv-2-infected guinea pigs. gen-003 is comprised of hsv-2 glycoprotein d2 (gd2δtmr340-36 ...201323365421
evaluation of antiherpetic activity of crude extract and fractions of avicenna marina, in vitro.this study was carried out to check antiherpetic substances of crude methanol leaf extract of avicenna marina and its column chromatographic fractions.201323333436
antimicrobial peptide ll-37 produced by hsv-2-infected keratinocytes enhances hiv infection of langerhans cells.herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2 shedding is associated with increased risk for sexually acquiring hiv. because langerhans cells (lcs), the mucosal epithelium resident dendritic cells, are suspected to be one of the initial target cell types infected by hiv following sexual exposure, we examined whether and how hsv-2 affects hiv infection of lcs. although relatively few hsv-2/hiv-coinfected lcs were detected, hsv-2 dramatically enhanced the hiv susceptibility of lcs within skin explants. hsv-2 stimu ...201323332157
polyethylenimine combined with liposomes and with decreased numbers of primary amine residues strongly enhanced therapeutic antiviral efficiency against herpes simplex virus type 2 in a mouse model.the development of antiviral agents that have novel mechanisms of action is urgently required in the topical therapy of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infections. we reported previously that topical application of branched 3610-da polyethylenimine (pei) exhibited preventative antiviral activity. in this study, to develop therapeutic anti-hsv-2 agents, the most potent pei combined with ~200 nm-sized liposomes with or without oleic acid (liposomes/pei) was selected in vitro and further evalua ...201323298614
the epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type-2 infection among pregnant women in rural mysore taluk, india.objectives. to assess the prevalence and determinants of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infections among pregnant women attending mobile antenatal health clinic in rural villages in mysore taluk, india. methods. between january and september 2009, 487 women from 52 villages participated in this study. each participant consented to provide a blood sample for hsv-2 and hiv testing and underwent an interviewer-administered questionnaire. results. hsv-2 prevalence was 6.7% (95% confidence inter ...201326316964
[protective activity of aqueous extracts from higher mushrooms against herpes simplex virus type-2 on albino mice model].toxicity and antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from higher mushrooms such as lentinula edodes (berk.) pegler (shiitake), pleurotus ostreatus (jacq.) p. kumm. (oyster), inonotus obliquus (ach. ex pers.) pilát (chaga), hydnellum compactum (pers.) p. karst. (compact tooth) were studied. in doses of 0.8 to 4.0 mg (dry weight) per mouse administered orally or intraperitoneally the extracts showed no acute toxicity. when the dose of the chaga extract was increased to 20 mg per mouse, a half of th ...201324738237
cd8+ t lymphocyte epitopes from the herpes simplex virus type 2 icp27, vp22 and vp13/14 proteins to facilitate vaccine design and characterization.cd8+ t cells have the potential to control hsv-2 infection. however, limited information has been available on cd8+ t cell epitopes or the functionality of antigen specific t cells during infection or following immunization with experimental vaccines. peptide panels from hsv-2 proteins icp27, vp22 and vp13/14 were selected from in silico predictions of binding to human hla-a*0201 and mouse h-2kd, ld and dd molecules. nine previously uncharacterized cd8+ t cell epitopes were identified from hsv-2 ...201324709642
serological investigation of the role of selected sexually transmitted infections in the aetiology of ectopic pregnancy.to investigate the association between selected sexually transmitted infections (stis) and the later occurrence of ectopic pregnancy.201323256948
unusual concurrence of heterotopic glial nodule of the scalp and congenital herpes simplex virus type-2 infection.heterotopic glial nodules are rare congenital cutaneous lesions; only 13 cases of scalp localized lesions of this kind are reported in the english medical literature. herpes simplex virus is a rare cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality and is a rare cause of intrauterine infection. we report the first case of concurrent presence of a heterotopic glial nodule of the scalp and neonatal, in utero-acquired, fatal herpes simplex virus type-2 infection.201323998268
rapid viral expansion and short drug half-life explain the incomplete effectiveness of current herpes simplex virus 2-directed antiviral agents.the nucleoside analogues acyclovir (acv) and famciclovir (fcv) reduce the frequency and severity of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) genital shedding, yet despite their high potency in vitro and a lack of induced drug resistance, frequent episodes of breakthrough mucosal shedding occur. we tested a published stochastic, spatial mathematical model of hsv-2 replication and spread, in concert with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic equations, against virologic data from clinical trials of twice-dail ...201324018260
trends in seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among non-hispanic blacks and non-hispanic whites aged 14 to 49 years--united states, 1988 to 2010.genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in the united states. we sought to assess differences in hsv-2 seroprevalence among non-hispanic blacks and non-hispanic whites and describe trends over time from 1988 to 2010.201324113408
interleukin-21 receptor signalling is important for innate immune protection against hsv-2 infections.interleukin (il) -21 is produced by natural killer t (nkt) cells and cd4(+) t cells and is produced in response to virus infections, where il-21 has been shown to be essential in adaptive immune responses. cells from the innate immune system such as natural killer (nk) cells and macrophages are also important in immune protection against virus. these cells express the il-21 receptor (il-21r) and respond to il-21 with increased cytotoxicity and cytokine production. currently, however it is not kn ...201324358128
apparent rarity of asymptomatic herpes cervicitis in a woman with intra-uterine contraceptive device.infection with genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) remains a common viral sexually transmitted disease, often subclinical and a major worldwide problem of women of reproductive age group. herpes cervicitis is an unusual presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in females. the finding of herpes cervicitis on routine pap smear of an asymptomatic woman on intrauterine contraceptive device still further supports the need for increased awareness on the possibility of herpes simplex virus infecti ...201328299103
non-immune hydrops fetalis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in the setting of recurrent maternal infection.we report a case of non-immune hydrops fetalis (nihf) caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in an infant whose mother had recurrent hsv-2 infection. in spite of prematurity, severe disseminated infection and hydrops, the infant survived and was neurologically intact. hsv-2-induced nihf is extremely rare, particularly in the setting of recurrent maternal infection, and this case is, to our knowledge, the first report of a surviving infant. hsv-2 should be considered in the differential di ...201324071962
recalcitrant pseudotumoral anogenital herpes simplex virus type 2 in hiv-infected patients: evidence for predominant b-lymphoplasmocytic infiltration and immunomodulators as effective therapeutic strategy.in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, genital herpetic lesions may be extensive and tend to persist for longer periods; in addition, atypical hypertrophic, ulcerative, or pseudotumor forms have been reported, frequently showing resistance to acyclovir (acv) treatment.201324065320
herpes simplex virus type 2 incidence and associated risk factors among female sex workers in a high hiv-prevalence area of china.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) can contribute to the spread of hiv. from march 2006 to november 2009, female sex workers (fsws) in yunnan, china were recruited into an open cohort study to determine incidence and risk factors for hsv-2 acquisition. participants were interviewed and tested for hsv-2 and other sexually transmitted infections (stis) every six months. a multivariate cox proportional hazards regression model with time-dependent variables was used to measure associations with hsv ...201323970745
determinants of generalized herpes simplex virus-2 epidemics: the role of sexual partner concurrency.little is known as to why some populations develop generalized herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) epidemics. sexual network-level factors, such as the proportion of partnerships that run concurrently, are plausible explanations. in this ecological analysis, we used spearman's correlation coefficients to assess if there is an association between population prevalence of point-concurrency and hsv-2 in a number of national and subnational populations. we found that there is an association between preva ...201323970705
partner-concurrency associated with herpes simplex virus 2 infection in young south africans.whilst much is known about the individual-level risk factors for herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection, little is known about why only some populations develop generalized hsv-2 epidemics. this study aims to assess the extent to which partner-concurrency (a factor which operates at both the partnership- and network-level) may be responsible. we utilized multivariate logistic regression to analyse the relationship between hsv-2 seropositivity and potential risk factors in data from a represent ...201323970590
in peru, reporting male sex partners imparts significant risk of incident hiv/sexually transmitted infection: all men engaging in same-sex behavior need prevention services.detailed information on the sexual behavior of bisexual, non-gay-identified men and the relationship between same-sex behavior and hiv/sexually transmitted infection (sti) incidence is limited. this study provides information on the sexual behavior with male partners of non-gay-identified men in urban, coastal peru and the relationship of this behavior with hiv/sti incidence.201323965772
financial implications of male circumcision scale-up for the prevention of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections in a sub-saharan african community.the financial implications of male circumcision (mc) scale-up in sub-saharan africa associated with reduced hiv have been evaluated. however, no analysis has incorporated the expected reduction of a comprehensive set of other sexually transmitted infections including human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus type 2, genital ulcer disease, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis.201323965771
a randomized controlled pilot trial of valacyclovir for attenuating inflammation and immune activation in hiv/herpes simplex virus 2-coinfected adults on suppressive antiretroviral therapy.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is associated with increased systemic inflammation and immune activation that persist despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (art). herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is a common coinfection that may contribute to this inflammation.201323946220
a multi-targeted drug candidate with dual anti-hiv and anti-hsv activity.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is often accompanied by infection with other pathogens, in particular herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). the resulting coinfection is involved in a vicious circle of mutual facilitations. therefore, an important task is to develop a compound that is highly potent against both viruses to suppress their transmission and replication. here, we report on the discovery of such a compound, designated pmeo-dapym. we compared its properties with those of the ...201323935482
hsv-2 regulates monocyte inflammatory response via the fas/fasl pathway.monocytic cells represent important cellular elements of the innate and adaptive immune responses in viral infections. we assessed the role of fas/fasl in promoting monocyte apoptosis during hsv-2 infection by using an in vitro model based on the murine raw 264.7 monocytic cell line and an in vivo murine model of hsv-2 infection applied to c57bl6, mrl-fas(lpr)/j (fas-/-) and c3-fasl(gld)/j (fasl-/-) mice. hsv-2 infection of the monocytic cell line led to early induction of apoptosis, with no pro ...201323922974
mucosal hsv-2 specific cd8+ t-cells represent containment of prior viral shedding rather than a correlate of future protection.it is largely unknown why certain infected hosts shed herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) more frequently and have more severe disease manifestations than others. one idea is that different density or functional capacity of tissue resident effector memory cd8+ t-cells between infected persons may explain phenotypic variability. to generate hypotheses for contrasting shedding patterns in different infected hosts, a spatial mathematical model was employed to evaluate the effects of variability in tissu ...201323908652
daily acyclovir to decrease herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) transmission from hsv-2/hiv-1 coinfected persons: a randomized controlled trial.daily suppressive therapy with valacyclovir reduces risk of sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in hsv-2-serodiscordant heterosexual couples by 48%. whether suppressive therapy reduces hsv-2 transmission from persons coinfected with hsv-2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is unknown.201323901094
seropositivity and risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among female sex workers in guangxi, china.to determine seropositivity of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection and associated risk factors among female sex workers (fsws) in guangxi, china.201323894526
novel deletion in glycoprotein g forms a cluster and causes epidemiologic spread of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.the herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein g (gg-2) gene of 106 clinical isolates was analyzed and six isolates were identified with 63 nucleotides comprising 21 amino acids (aa) deleted in the immunodominant region. compared with strain hg52, variations in the gg-2 gene were found at 276 and 27 sites in nucleotide and aa sequences, respectively, in the 106 strains. significant variations in both nucleotides and aa were accumulated in the immunodominant region rather than in the other ...201323861013
acute liver failure caused by herpes simplex virus in a pregnant patient: is there a potential role for therapeutic plasma exchange?a young woman presented with a febrile illness in the third trimester of pregnancy. laboratory investigation revealed severe acute hepatitis with thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. liver injury progressed despite emergent caesarian section and delivery of a healthy infant. therefore, therapeutic plasma exchange (tpe) was performed on three consecutive days post-partum for a presumed diagnosis of acute liver failure (alf) associated with pregnancy due to hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low ...201323857723
incident hsv-2 infections are common among hiv-1-discordant couples.the synergy between herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is well known, but lack of knowledge about the epidemiology of hsv-2 acquisition in hiv-1-discordant couples hampers development of hsv-2 prevention interventions that could reduce hiv-1 transmission.201323840044
hsv-2 infection as a cause of female/male and racial/ethnic disparities in hiv infection.to examine the potential contribution of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection to female/male and racial/ethnic disparities in hiv among non-injecting heroin and cocaine drug users. hsv-2 infection increases susceptibility to hiv infection by a factor of two to three.201323825055
reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 2 after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.the association between initiation of antiretroviral therapy (art) for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and possible herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) shedding and genital ulcer disease (gud) has not been evaluated.201323812240
summary measures of adherence using pill counts in two hiv prevention trials: the need for standardisation in reporting.for trials of user-dependent hiv prevention products, accurate adherence measurements are essential to interpret and compare results across trials. we used pill count data from two recent hiv prevention trials of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) suppression, to show that estimates of adherence vary substantially depending on assumptions that are made in analysing pill count data. we associate calculated adherence with biological markers of anti-hsv-2 activity. in both trials, calculated adher ...201323801018
herpes simplex virus type 2 cross-sectional seroprevalence and the estimated rate of neonatal infections among a cohort of rural malawian female adolescents.to assess herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seroprevalence among rural malawian adolescent women and estimate the number of neonatal herpes infections among infants of these adolescents.201323794069
the us2 gene product of herpes simplex virus 2 is a membrane-associated ubiquitin-interacting protein.the us2 gene encodes a tegument protein that is conserved in most members of the alphaherpesvirinae. previous studies on the pseudorabies virus (prv) us2 ortholog indicated that it is prenylated, associates with membranes, and spatially regulates the enzymatic activity of the map (mitogen-activated protein) kinase erk (extracellular signal-related kinase) through direct binding and sequestration of erk at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. here we present an analysis of the herpes simp ...201323785212
an unusual presentation of herpes simplex in an immunocompromised patient.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a host-adapted human pathogen. hsv-i usually infects non-genital sites at a variety of locations. hsv-2 primarily involves genitalia. both types can cause genital and orofacial infections, which are clinically indistinguishable. initial hsv infection is usually asymptomatic or mild and self-limited, but instead of disappearing from the body during convalescence, the virus establishes a latent infection that persists for life. rarely, there is severe visceral dissemi ...201323767386
purification and characterization of a novel anti-hsv-2 protein with antiproliferative and peroxidase activities from stellaria media.a novel antiviral protein, designated as stellarmedin a, was purified from stellaria media (l.) vill. (caryophyllaceae) by using ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography system. gel electrophoresis analysis showed that stellarmedin a is a highly basic glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 35.1 kda and an isoelectric point of ∼8.7. the n-terminal 14-amino acid sequence, mgntgvltgerndr, is similar to those of other plant peroxidases. this protein inhibited herpes simplex vi ...201323761431
pan-hsv-2 igg antibody in vaccinated mice and guinea pigs correlates with protection against herpes simplex virus 2.we lack a correlate of immunity to herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) that may be used to differentiate whether a hsv-2 vaccine elicits robust or anemic protection against genital herpes. this gap in knowledge is often attributed to a failure to measure the correct component of the adaptive immune response to hsv-2. however, efforts to identify a correlate of immunity have focused on subunit vaccines that contain less than 3% of hsv-2's 40,000-amino-acid proteome. we were interested to determine if ...201323755244
the utility of a composite biological endpoint in hiv/sti prevention trials.a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as a biological endpoint in hiv prevention trials may not be feasible, so investigators have used surrogate biological outcomes. in a multisite trial, the epidemiology of stis may be different across sites and preclude using one sti as the outcome. this study explored using a composite sti outcome to address that problem. the combined biological endpoint was the incidence of any of six new stis (chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomonas (women only), syphilis, herpes ...201323748863
the lantibiotic peptide labyrinthopeptin a1 demonstrates broad anti-hiv and anti-hsv activity with potential for microbicidal applications.lantibiotics are peptides, produced by bacteria, that contain the noncanonical amino acid lanthionine and many of them exhibit antibacterial activities. the labyrinthopeptin a1 (labya1) is a prototype peptide of a novel class of carbacyclic lantibiotics. here, we extensively evaluated its broad-spectrum activity against hiv and hsv in vitro, studied its mechanism of action and evaluated potential microbicidal applications. labya1 exhibited a consistent and broad anti-hiv activity (ec50s: 0.70-3. ...201323724015
neonatal herpes simplex 2 infection presenting with supraglottitis.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a double stranded dna virus capable of causing primary and recurrent infection. we describe an unusual case of neonatal hsv-2 infection presenting with supraglottitis. despite a 2 month course of intravenous aciclovir followed by 2 months of oral valaciclovir, the infant subsequently developed hsv-2 encephalitis which responded to further antiviral treatment. the subsequent diagnosis of encephalitis highlights the importance of testing csf for hsv to establish the p ...201323709315
a cross-sectional study of sexually transmitted pathogen prevalence and condom use with commercial and noncommercial sex partners among clients of female sex workers in southern india.clients of female sex workers (fsws) are an important bridging population for hiv and other sexually transmitted infections. however, the extent of risk to female noncommercial partners (ncps) of clients has not been explored.201323677022
immune surveillance by cd8αα+ skin-resident t cells in human herpes virus infection.most herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) reactivations in humans are subclinical and associated with rapid expansion and containment of virus. previous studies have shown that cd8(+) t cells persist in genital skin and mucosa at the dermal-epidermal junction (dej)--the portal of neuronal release of reactivating virus--for prolonged time periods after herpes lesions are cleared. the phenotype and function of this persistent cd8(+) t-cell population remain unknown. here, using cell-type-specific laser ...201323657257
public health strategies for prevention and control of hsv-2 in persons who use drugs in the united states.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) affects hiv acquisition, transmission, and disease progression. effective medications for genital herpes and for hiv/aids exist. parenteral transmission of hiv among persons who inject drugs is decreasing. reducing sexual transmission of hiv and hsv-2 among persons who use drugs (pwud; i.e., heroin, cocaine, "speedball", crack, methamphetamine through injection or non-injection) necessitates relevant services.201323647730
use of transcriptional profiling to delineate the initial response of mice to intravaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.intravaginal (ivag) infection of mice with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) causes genital tissue damage, quickly followed by development of fatal encephalopathy. to delineate initial host responses generated by hsv-2 infection, here oligonucleotide microarrays compared gene expression in vaginal tissue from uninfected mice and mice 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days after ivag infection with 10(4) pfu hsv-2. while comparison of mrna expression in uninfected and hsv-infected vaginal tissue detected ...201323638732
antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes.serine protease inhibitor elafin (e) and its precursor, trappin-2 (tr), have been associated with mucosal resistance to hiv-1 infection. we recently showed that tr/e are among principal anti-hiv-1 molecules in cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) fluid, that e is ∼130 times more potent than tr against hiv-1, and that tr/e inhibited hiv-1 attachment and transcytosis across human genital epithelial cells (ecs). since herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is a major sexually transmitted infection and risk factor f ...201323637403
rapid localized spread and immunologic containment define herpes simplex virus-2 reactivation in the human genital tract.herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) is shed episodically, leading to occasional genital ulcers and efficient transmission. the biology explaining highly variable shedding patterns, in an infected person over time, is poorly understood. we sampled the genital tract for hsv dna at several time intervals and concurrently at multiple sites, and derived a spatial mathematical model to characterize dynamics of hsv-2 reactivation. the model reproduced heterogeneity in shedding episode duration and viral pro ...201323606943
optical coherence tomography for assessment of microbicide safety in a small animal model.sensitive imaging techniques for small animals are needed to assess drug toxicity in preclinical studies. optical coherence tomography (oct) provides a noninvasive tool for high-resolution, depth-resolved visualization of drug-induced changes in tissue morphology. in a mouse model, we utilize oct to assess vaginal tissue integrity following the application of topical microbicides (drugs used to prevent infection). mice are challenged with herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) to determine the correlati ...201323588808
fatal herpes simplex virus type 2 hepatitis in a heart transplant recipient: a case report and review of the literature.herpes simplex virus (hsv) hepatitis is often unrecognized clinically with most untreated cases diagnosed postmortem. hsv hepatitis has been reported in solid organ transplant (sot) recipients, mostly in kidney and liver transplants, and rarely in heart transplant recipients. we describe a fatal case of community-acquired hsv-2 hepatitis in a 24-year-old heart transplant recipient occurring 3 years after transplant. we also review the literature summarizing hsv hepatitis and the potential role o ...201323578273
detection of a new variant of herpes simplex virus type 2 among hiv-1-infected individuals. 201323567026
hsv-2 specifically down regulates hla-c expression to render hsv-2-infected dcs susceptible to nk cell killing.both nk cells and ctls kill virus-infected and tumor cells. however, the ways by which these killer cells recognize the infected or the tumorigenic cells are different, in fact almost opposite. ctls are activated through the interaction of the tcr with mhc class i proteins. in contrast, nk cells are inhibited by mhc class i molecules. the inhibitory nk receptors recognize mainly mhc class i proteins and in this regard practically all of the hla-c proteins are recognized by inhibitory nk cell rec ...201323555244
griffithsin protects mice from genital herpes by preventing cell-to-cell spread.griffithsin, which binds n-linked glycans on gp120 to prevent hiv entry, has the most potent hiv-1 inhibitory activity described for any antiviral lectin and is being developed for topical preexposure prophylaxis. the current studies were designed to further assess its potential by exploring its activity against herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), a cofactor for hiv acquisition, in vitro and in a murine model. safety was evaluated by examining its impact on epithelial barrier integrity in polarized ...201323536670
mast cells play a key role in host defense against herpes simplex virus infection through tnf-α and il-6 production.the essential contribution of mast cells (mcs) to bacterial host defense has been well established; however, little is known about their role in viral infections in vivo. here, we found that intradermal injection with herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) into mc-deficient kit(w/wv) mice led to increased clinical severity and mortality with elevated virus titers in hsv-infected skins. ex vivo hsv-specific tetramer staining assay demonstrated that mc deficiency did not affect the frequency of hsv-specif ...201323528820
[elsberg syndrome].a syndrome involving acute urinary retention in combination with sacral radiculitis and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was first described by the american neurosurgeon charles elsberg in 1931. in many instances the aetiology is herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) reactivation from sensory neurons. in this case report we present a 34-year-old pregnant woman with previous undiagnosed sensory lumbosacral symptoms. she was hospitalized with hsv-2 meningitis and lumbosacral radiculitis but no genita ...201325353608
[expression of herpes simplex virus type 2 latency associated transcript orf1 and its anti-apoptotic function].to study the expression of herpes simplex virus type 2 latency-associated transcript (lat) open reading frame 1 (orf1) and its anti-apoptosis function induced by actinomycin d in vero cells. the recombinant plasmid pegfp-orf1 was constructed and transfected into vero cells, and the expression of orf1 was identified by rt-pcr. the changes of vero cells morphology induced by actinomycin d were observed by fluorescence microscopy, hochest33258 fluorescence staining. cells viability was evaluated by ...201324660625
herpes simplex virus type 2 or human herpesvirus 8 infection and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis.prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed type of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer mortality among males worldwide. the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) or human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) and the risk of prostate cancer. a systematic literature search was performed using pubmed, cochrane library, web of science, scopus, cnki and cbm. the association of hsv-2 or hhv-8 infection with the risk of ...201324648964
herpes simplex virus 2 : a boon to develop other sexually transmitted infections.genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. though, mostly asymptomatic, it acts as a potential risk factor for acquisition of other sexually transmitted infections (stis). the present study was undertaken to know sero-prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv2), syphilis and hiv among sti clinic attendees and to detect the diagnostic utility of hsv2 igm antibodies. the study group included 170 individuals attending sti clinic irrespective of their presenting compla ...201324475553
treg depletion attenuates the severity of skin disease from ganglionic spread after hsv-2 flank infection.regulatory t cells (tregs) attenuate lesion severity and disease after hsv ocular or genital infection, but their role in cutaneous infection remains unclear. treg depletion (anti-cd25 mab in c57bl/6 mice or diphtheria toxin (dt) in dereg mice) prior to tk-deficient hsv-2 flank infection significantly decreased skin lesion severity, granulocyte receptor-1(gr-1(+)) cell number, and chemokine (kc) expression in the secondary skin, but significantly increased immune effectors and chemokine expressi ...201324210095
multipurpose prevention technologies: products in development.multipurpose prevention technologies (mpts) are broadly defined as products capable of simultaneously addressing multiple sexual and reproductive health needs including unintended pregnancy, stis including hiv-1, and other reproductive tract infections. mpts have been discussed for a few decades but little product development has occurred. with the recent proof-of-concept that a topically applied antiretroviral (arv) can effectively reduce sexual transmission of hiv-1 (tenofovir 1% gel) the impe ...201324188708
an indole alkaloid from a tribal folklore inhibits immediate early event in hsv-2 infected cells with therapeutic efficacy in vaginally infected mice.herpes genitalis, caused by hsv-2, is an incurable genital ulcerative disease transmitted by sexual intercourse. the virus establishes life-long latency in sacral root ganglia and reported to have synergistic relationship with hiv-1 transmission. till date no effective vaccine is available, while the existing therapy frequently yielded drug resistance, toxicity and treatment failure. thus, there is a pressing need for non-nucleotide antiviral agent from traditional source. based on ethnomedicina ...201324167591
herpes simplex virus type 2 and hiv disease progression: a systematic review of observational studies.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is a common co-infection among hiv-infected adults that is hypothesized to accelerate hiv disease progression.201324164861
the elusive diagnosis: recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis.recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis (rblm) or mollaretmeningitis is a rare disease with a prevalence of 1-2.2/100,000 population. it is characterized by recurrent episodes of aseptic meningitis. the diagnosis is made via history fitting bruyn's criteria, and confirmatory detection of hsv-2 in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) via polymerase chain reaction (pcr).201324156176
whole blood polymerase chain reaction in a neonate with disseminated herpes simplex virus infection and liver failure.a late preterm neonate born by cesarean section with intact membranes presented at 9 days of life with shock and liver failure. surface cultures were negative but whole blood polymerase chain reaction was positive for herpes simplex virus type 2, underscoring the value of this test in early diagnosis of perinatally acquired disseminated herpes simplex virus infection without skin lesions.201324147237
in vitro anti-herpes simplex virus activity of crude extract of the roots of nauclea latifolia smith (rubiaceae).nauclea latifolia smith, a shrub belonging to the family rubiaceae is a very popular medicinal plant in cameroon and neighboring countries where it is used to treat jaundice, yellow fever, rheumatism, abdominal pains, hepatitis, diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, as well as diabetes. the ethno-medicinal use against yellow fever, jaundice and diarrhea prompted us to investigate on the antiviral activity of the root bark of n. latifolia. in this study, hsv-2 was chosen as a viral model because of ...201324131916
sexuality and sexual health: constructs and expressions in the extended middle east and north africa.the extended middle east and north africa (emena) region is the world region with the second youngest population, where globalization, migration, information technology, and political changes are contributing to the shaping of sexuality and sexual behaviors. understanding the various sociocultural, demographic and public health dimensions of sexual and reproductive health of young people is fundamental to understanding the pattern of sexual behavior and the burden of sexually transmitted infecti ...201324331819
application and tolerability of herpotherm(®) in the treatment of genital herpes.genital herpes is the manifestation of a herpes simplex virus 2 infection. standard treatment uses both local and systemic approaches. here, we report on the results of a local therapy approach with 31 female patients at a gynecological practice. in the here-described approach, established genital herpes infection was treated with the medical device herpotherm(®), with or without virostatic drugs. herpotherm(®) is a certified medical device operating on the basis of local heat application. param ...201323776340
sexual risk reduction interventions for hiv prevention among south african youth: a meta-analytic review.to examine the efficacy of sexual risk reduction interventions among south african youth.201324476351
prevalence of viruses in stool of premature neonates at a neonatal intensive care unit.premature neonates represent a population highly vulnerable to infection. this study aims to profile viral colonisation of gut and the associated clinical manifestations among premature neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) in australia.201323432694
short communication: t cell activation in hiv-1/herpes simplex virus-2-coinfected kenyan women receiving valacyclovir.herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) suppression with acyclovir or valacyclovir reduces hiv-1 viral rna levels; one hypothesis is that hsv-2 suppression reduces immune activation. we measured t cell immune activation markers among women participating in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of valacyclovir to reduce hiv-1 rna levels among pregnant women. although valacyclovir was associated with lower hiv-1 rna levels, the distribution of both cd4(+) and cd8(+) cd38(+)hla-dr(+) t cells was not differe ...201322852760
pathogenesis of neonatal herpes simplex 2 disease in a mouse model is dependent on entry receptor expression and route of inoculation.herpes simplex virus (hsv) pathogenesis in mice differs based on availability of the principal entry receptors herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem) and nectin-1 in a manner dependent upon route of inoculation. after intravaginal or intracranial inoculation of adult mice, nectin-1 is a major mediator of neurologic disease, while the absence of either receptor attenuates disease after ocular infection. we tested the importance of receptor availability and route of infection on disease in mouse models ...201323097453
midtrimester fetal herpes simplex-2 diagnosis by serology, culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.the acquisition of herpes simplex virus (hsv) in utero comprises a minority of neonatal herpes infections. prenatal diagnosis is rare. we describe a midtrimester diagnosis of fetal hsv-2 infection. ultrasound at 20 weeks for elevated maternal serum α-fetoprotein (msafp) showed lagging fetal growth, echogenic bowel, echogenic myocardium, and liver with a mottled pattern of echogenicity. amniocentesis demonstrated normal karyotype, elevated afp and positive acetylcholinesterase. culture isolated h ...201323075531
synthetic analogues of bovine bactenecin dodecapeptide reduce herpes simplex virus type 2 infectivity in mice.we have evaluated the potential of four synthetic peptides (denoted hh-2, 1002, 1006, 1018) with a distant relationship to the host defense peptide bovine bactenecin dodecapeptide for their ability to prevent genital infections with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in mice. all four peptides showed antiviral properties in vitro and reduced hsv-2 infection of vero cells in a dose-dependent manner. detailed analysis showed that the peptides were able to interfere with both viral attachment and ...201324012999
safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein d genital herpes vaccine in healthy girls 10-17 years of age: results from a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial.the investigational as04-adjuvanted herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) glycoprotein d (gd2) subunit prophylactic vaccine ('hsv vaccine'; glaxosmithkline vaccines) has been shown to be well tolerated in adults, but limited data exist for pre-teen and adolescent girls, a likely target population. the primary objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of serious adverse events (saes) over 12 months between hsv vaccine recipients and saline recipients (placebo control group) in pre-teen ...201323850416
individual and network factors associated with prevalent hepatitis c infection among rural appalachian injection drug users.we determined the factors associated with hepatitis c (hcv) infection among rural appalachian drug users.201323153148
utilization and cost of diagnostic methods for sexually transmitted infection screening among insured american youth, 2008.private sector utilization and cost information on testing for sexually transmitted infections (stis) in the united states is limited.201323588123
the estimated direct medical cost of selected sexually transmitted infections in the united states, 2008.millions of cases of sexually transmitted infections (stis) occur in the united states each year, resulting in substantial medical costs to the nation. previous estimates of the total direct cost of stis are quite dated. we present updated direct medical cost estimates of stis in the united states.201323403600
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 replication, and its activity may be mediated through dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (pdtc) is widely used as an antioxidant or an nf-κb inhibitor. it has been reported to inhibit the replication of human rhinoviruses, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and influenza virus. in this paper, we report that pdtc could inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). pdtc suppressed the expression of hsv-1 and hsv-2 viral immediate early (ie) and late (membrane protein gd) genes and the production of viral progeny. this antiviral propert ...201323740985
recombinant glycoprotein g analog for determination of specific immunoglobulins to herpes simplex virus type 2 by elisa.in order to the detection of type-specific igg to herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in human serum or plasma the recombinant analog of hsv-2 glycoprotein g (gg2) was created. to construct an expression vector the dna fragment with a sequence identical to immunodominant regions of hsv-2 gg2 was cloned into modified vector pet28a containing of the glutation-s-transferase sequence (pet28-gst). escherichia coli bl21 (de3) were transformed with the recombinant plasmid. the target protein was expres ...201323933396
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